629:. The P domains of IRK channels exhibit limited sequence similarity to those of the VIC family. Inward rectifiers play a role in setting cellular membrane potentials, and closing of these channels upon depolarization permits the occurrence of long duration action potentials with a plateau phase. Inward rectifiers lack the intrinsic voltage sensing helices found in many VIC family channels. In a few cases, those of Kir1.1a, Kir6.1 and Kir6.2, for example, direct interaction with a member of the ABC superfamily has been proposed to confer unique functional and regulatory properties to the heteromeric complex, including sensitivity to ATP. These ATP-sensitive channels are found in many body tissues. They render channel activity responsive to the cytoplasmic ATP/ADP ratio (increased ATP/ADP closes the channel). The human SUR1 and SUR2
332:, inwardly rectifying K channels support the flow of positively charged K ions into the cell, pushing the membrane potential back to the resting potential. This can be seen in figure 1: when the membrane potential is clamped negative to the channel's resting potential (e.g. -60 mV), inward current flows (i.e. positive charge flows into the cell). However, when the membrane potential is set positive to the channel's resting potential (e.g. +60 mV), these channels pass very little current. Simply put, this channel passes much more current in the inward direction than the outward one, at its operating voltage range. These channels are not perfect rectifiers, as they can pass some outward current in the voltage range up to about 30 mV above resting potential.
355:, which are largely responsible for "leak" K currents. Some inward rectifiers, termed "weak inward rectifiers", carry measurable outward K currents at voltages positive to the K reversal potential (corresponding to, but larger than, the small currents above the 0 nA line in figure 1). They, along with the "leak" channels, establish the resting membrane potential of the cell. Other inwardly rectifying channels, termed "strong inward rectifiers," carry very little outward current at all, and are mainly active at voltages negative to the K reversal potential, where they carry inward current (the much larger currents below the 0 nA line in figure 1).
2009:
279:
29:
316:
A channel that is "inwardly-rectifying" is one that passes current (positive charge) more easily in the inward direction (into the cell) than in the outward direction (out of the cell). It is thought that this current may play an important role in regulating neuronal activity, by helping to stabilize
579:
channel leads to the weaver mouse mutation. "Weaver" mutant mice are ataxic and display a neuroinflammation-mediated degeneration of their dopaminergic neurons. Relative to non-ataxic controls, Weaver mutants have deficits in motor coordination and changes in regional brain metabolism. Weaver mice
347:
potassium channels. Those more "typical" potassium channels preferentially carry outward (rather than inward) potassium currents at depolarized membrane potentials, and may be thought of as "outwardly rectifying." When first discovered, inward rectification was named "anomalous rectification" to
383:
at positive potentials, resulting in a decrease in outward currents. This voltage-dependent block by polyamines results in efficient conduction of current only in the inward direction. While the principal idea of polyamine block is understood, the specific mechanisms are still controversial.
2007:, Wei MH, Chaturvedi K, Guegler K, Webster M, Ketchum KA, Di Francesco V, Beasley E, "Isolated human transporter proteins, nucleic acid molecules encoding human transporter proteins, and uses thereof", published 29 November 2001, assigned to Apperla Corporation
651:, is 333 amino acyl residues (aas) long with two N-terminal TMSs flanking a P-loop (residues 1-150), and the C-terminal half of the protein is hydrophilic. It transports monovalent cations with the selectivity: K ≈ Rb ≈ Cs ≫ Li ≈ Na ≈ NMGM (protonated
296:. (This is a strongly inwardly rectifying current. Downward deflections are inward currents, upward deflections outward currents, and the x-axis is time in seconds.) There are 13 responses superimposed in this image. The bottom-most trace is
1414:
Kubo Y, Adelman JP, Clapham DE, Jan LY, Karschin A, Kurachi Y, et al. (December 2005). "International Union of
Pharmacology. LIV. Nomenclature and Molecular Relationships of Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels".
1458:
Hedrich R, Moran O, Conti F, Busch H, Becker D, Gambale F, et al. (1995). "Inward rectifier potassium channels in plants differ from their animal counterparts in response to voltage and channel modulators".
1961:
Strazielle C, Deiss V, Naudon L, Raisman-Vozari R, Lalonde R (October 2006). "Regional brain variations of cytochrome oxidase activity and motor coordination in Girk2(Wv) (Weaver) mutant mice".
7616:
7567:
6332:
6177:
3105:
1381:
568:
467:
4015:
7384:
3750:
3002:
2935:
1266:
328:
as a downward deflection, while an outward current (positive charge moving out of the cell) is shown as an upward deflection. At membrane potentials negative to potassium's
4564:
231:. To date, seven subfamilies have been identified in various mammalian cell types, plants, and bacteria. They are activated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (
177:
2288:
769:
133:
121:
557:
export surplus potassium into collecting tubules for removal in the urine, or alternatively may be involved in the reuptake of potassium back into the body.
1355:
633:
receptors (spQ09428 and Q15527, respectively) are the ABC proteins that regulate both the Kir6.1 and Kir6.2 channels in response to ATP, and CFTR (
3946:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
1914:"Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the weaver mouse is mediated via neuroinflammation and alleviated by minocycline administration"
3951:
3049:
2321:
7553:
6043:
400:
232:
89:
6483:
6461:
4557:
4003:
3184:
518:
352:
7646:
6356:
3901:
2922:
2338:
1391:
7285:
4590:
3687:
238:). The malfunction of the channels has been implicated in several diseases. IRK channels possess a pore domain, homologous to that of
5211:
2249:
1726:
5555:
263:
6246:
6066:
4550:
4280:
3279:
3057:
2373:
1204:
1173:
591:
510:
344:
340:
4302:
197:
6813:
6543:
4511:
2422:
7612:
3877:
2789:
7636:
7592:
4152:
335:
These channels differ from the potassium channels that are typically responsible for repolarizing a cell following an
1351:
currents in endothelial cells is one of the first known indicators of atherogenesis (the beginning of heart disease).
7641:
2330:
2314:
318:
645:
The crystal structure and function of bacterial members of the IRK-C family have been determined. KirBac1.1, from
466:
K current at negative membrane potentials, they help establish resting membrane potential, and in the case of the
7578:
7152:
6475:
6373:
6057:
5569:
4506:
2716:
647:
423:
239:
7480:
7398:
7299:
7216:
7085:
6508:
6405:
6237:
6006:
4496:
2757:
2633:
2270:
2266:
506:
224:
185:
1759:"The mechanism of inward rectification of potassium channels: "long-pore plugging" by cytoplasmic polyamines"
1274:
6.2. Certain mutations of this gene diminish the channel's ability to regulate insulin secretion, leading to
7426:
7362:
6698:
4604:
4501:
1291:
258:, with a greater tendency for K uptake than K export. The process of inward-rectification was discovered by
7230:
7166:
6557:
5523:
5514:
5078:
5065:
5047:
4989:
4613:
4532:
2524:
2511:
2498:
2478:
2465:
2430:
1367:
1298:
622:
505:
channels close upon depolarization, slowing membrane repolarization and helping maintain a more prolonged
2136:"Mutations in potassium channel Kir2.6 cause susceptibility to thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis"
7449:
7444:
7434:
7194:
7095:
2307:
607:
540:
6673:
5128:
1282:
181:
4999:
2004:
6788:
5319:
5254:
5234:
2405:
2036:
1868:
243:
102:
5057:
5052:
5009:
4719:
4659:
2083:
Enkvetchakul D, Bhattacharyya J, Jeliazkova I, Groesbeck DK, Cukras CA, Nichols CG (November 2004).
1290:
channels. This condition is characterized by the inability of kidneys to recycle potassium, causing
705:
membrane proteins. Each of the four identical protein subunits is composed of two membrane-spanning
7439:
5577:
5123:
4981:
2299:
1311:
496:
7518:
6139:
4884:
4829:
4824:
4789:
2183:
Bockenhauer D, Feather S, Stanescu HC, Bandulik S, Zdebik AA, Reichold M, et al. (May 2009).
7000:
6763:
6693:
5849:
5844:
5747:
5622:
5479:
5454:
5354:
5224:
5098:
4946:
4909:
4809:
4804:
4704:
4689:
4684:
4649:
3872:
2748:
2395:
2062:
1986:
1609:
1484:
1440:
1307:
329:
309:
267:
6319:
5742:
5717:
5632:
5279:
5269:
4859:
4849:
4819:
4814:
4779:
4734:
4679:
4669:
4664:
1629:"Electrical properties of cardiac muscle attributable to inward going (anomalous) rectification"
254:
and each monomer possesses between 2 and 4 TMSs. In terms of function, these proteins transport
7202:
6324:
6304:
6289:
6259:
5677:
5587:
5019:
4924:
4914:
4894:
4874:
4854:
2134:
Ryan DP, da Silva MR, Soong TW, Fontaine B, Donaldson MR, Kung AW, et al. (January 2010).
1228:
1189:
1135:
1108:
1068:
896:
820:
7498:
7238:
7109:
6995:
6990:
6975:
6783:
6427:
6299:
6279:
5546:
5439:
5193:
4976:
4573:
2910:
2245:
2214:
2165:
2116:
2054:
1978:
1943:
1894:
1837:
1788:
1722:
1697:
1648:
1601:
1560:
1476:
1432:
1158:
1032:
1000:
964:
924:
860:
777:
751:
522:
459:
380:
305:
228:
172:
5727:
5707:
5103:
5083:
1628:
7276:
7020:
6773:
6688:
6488:
6342:
6207:
5996:
5991:
5334:
5088:
3679:
2660:
2277:
2204:
2196:
2155:
2147:
2106:
2096:
2044:
1970:
1933:
1925:
1884:
1876:
1827:
1819:
1778:
1770:
1687:
1679:
1640:
1591:
1550:
1542:
1468:
1424:
1326:
530:
514:
475:
336:
251:
7258:
694:
2.3, etc.) that have nearly identical amino acid sequences across known mammalian species.
580:
have been examined in labs interested in neural development and disease for over 30 years.
164:
7528:
7523:
7493:
7322:
7317:
6920:
6885:
6875:
6840:
6447:
6422:
5889:
5582:
5464:
5108:
5034:
4619:
4581:
4215:
2355:
1338:
1857:"Structural basis of PIP2 activation of the classical inward rectifier K+ channel Kir2.2"
2040:
1872:
1306:
2.1. Depending on the mutation, it can be dominant or recessive. It is characterized by
7503:
7459:
7050:
6950:
6860:
6534:
6390:
6134:
6089:
5834:
5824:
5444:
5364:
4994:
4961:
4864:
4011:
2698:
2209:
2184:
2160:
2135:
2111:
2084:
1974:
1938:
1913:
1889:
1856:
1832:
1807:
1783:
1758:
1692:
1667:
1555:
1530:
702:
634:
463:
7630:
7513:
7406:
7352:
7337:
7123:
7060:
6793:
6738:
6733:
6723:
6678:
6498:
6432:
6284:
6094:
6079:
5924:
5617:
5499:
5339:
5219:
5198:
5173:
5093:
4714:
4709:
3965:
3638:
2023:
Kuo A, Gulbis JM, Antcliff JF, Rahman T, Lowe ED, Zimmer J, et al. (June 2003).
325:
324:
By convention, inward current (positive charge moving into the cell) is displayed in
247:
126:
94:
1990:
1613:
1488:
1444:
278:
57:
7133:
7045:
7035:
6945:
6880:
6778:
6708:
6643:
6633:
6588:
6212:
6197:
6144:
6099:
5954:
5909:
5894:
5884:
5869:
5809:
5449:
5429:
5369:
4919:
4774:
4634:
4318:
3709:
2292:
2237:
2066:
1929:
1714:
1683:
1275:
709:(M1 and M2). Heterotetramers can form between members of the same subfamily (i.e. K
630:
160:
138:
70:
1546:
1505:
312:
in this experimental system. Other traces are in 10mV increments between the two.
114:
82:
7184:
7138:
7015:
7010:
7005:
6930:
6915:
6910:
6865:
6844:
6836:
6748:
6743:
6728:
6713:
6648:
6593:
6169:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6129:
6114:
6104:
6084:
5986:
5969:
5959:
5949:
5939:
5934:
5904:
5879:
5874:
5854:
5839:
5804:
5789:
5752:
5687:
5647:
5637:
5494:
5489:
5474:
5459:
5399:
5264:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5148:
5143:
5024:
4971:
4966:
4951:
4794:
4769:
4759:
4749:
4739:
4729:
4644:
4639:
4629:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4120:
3959:
2334:
1912:
Peng J, Xie L, Stevenson FF, Melov S, Di Monte DA, Andersen JK (November 2006).
706:
439:
285:
259:
6333:
6178:
2151:
621:
Voltage-dependence may be regulated by external K, by internal Mg, by internal
7488:
7416:
7411:
7347:
7342:
7332:
7327:
7307:
7128:
7117:
7113:
7080:
6965:
6960:
6935:
6925:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6831:
6821:
6803:
6798:
6768:
6758:
6718:
6683:
6638:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6603:
6568:
6493:
6437:
6414:
6382:
6309:
6269:
6227:
6217:
6192:
6164:
6124:
6109:
6029:
6024:
5964:
5944:
5929:
5919:
5784:
5774:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5682:
5642:
5597:
5592:
5504:
5484:
5424:
5414:
5344:
5324:
5309:
5299:
5289:
5274:
5259:
5249:
5239:
5229:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5153:
5133:
5113:
5039:
5029:
5014:
5004:
4956:
4904:
4839:
4764:
4754:
4744:
4724:
4699:
4694:
4674:
4654:
4624:
4228:
3594:
2962:
2930:
1596:
1579:
1315:
451:
2185:"Epilepsy, ataxia, sensorineural deafness, tubulopathy, and KCNJ10 mutations"
1652:
7508:
7454:
7370:
7253:
7243:
7174:
7103:
7065:
7040:
7030:
6955:
6905:
6850:
6826:
6753:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6613:
6608:
6598:
6583:
6442:
6314:
6294:
6274:
6264:
6222:
6202:
6119:
5914:
5829:
5819:
5799:
5737:
5722:
5712:
5672:
5657:
5627:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5528:
5469:
5419:
5409:
5404:
5389:
5379:
5359:
5349:
5329:
5304:
4934:
4899:
4879:
4844:
4834:
4799:
4784:
4313:
4223:
2049:
2024:
652:
626:
586:
575:
are important regulators, modulated by neurotransmitters. A mutation in the
376:
368:
255:
7385:
2218:
2169:
2120:
2101:
2058:
1982:
1947:
1898:
1841:
1644:
1605:
1564:
1436:
2200:
2025:"Crystal structure of the potassium channel KirBac1.1 in the closed state"
1823:
1792:
1774:
1701:
1535:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
1480:
478:
responses, but their roles in cellular physiology vary across cell types:
98:
7179:
6985:
6980:
6940:
6855:
6703:
6578:
6516:
5899:
5864:
5769:
5384:
5314:
5284:
5244:
5138:
4929:
4889:
4869:
4542:
4326:
3674:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2570:
2565:
372:
293:
77:
2296:- Spatial positions of inward rectifier potassium channels in membranes.
1880:
7248:
7070:
6870:
6395:
5794:
5732:
5394:
5374:
5070:
4941:
4453:
4210:
4046:
2547:
2542:
2537:
1472:
1428:
562:
548:
455:
443:
16:
Group of transmembrane proteins that passively transport potassium ions
28:
7074:
6187:
5859:
5779:
5662:
5652:
5434:
5203:
4130:
4125:
3859:
3854:
3800:
3795:
3611:
3599:
3589:
3584:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3331:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3172:
3167:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3098:
3093:
3083:
3078:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2826:
2821:
2811:
2806:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2491:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
1234:
1195:
1141:
1114:
1074:
902:
826:
599:
447:
297:
192:
5814:
5667:
4364:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4202:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4115:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
3941:
3885:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3714:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3606:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3525:
3520:
3506:
3501:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3473:
3468:
3459:
3454:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3397:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3345:
3340:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3162:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3088:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3012:
3007:
2987:
2972:
2967:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2851:
2831:
2816:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2670:
2665:
2388:
2383:
2378:
1808:"How highly charged anionic lipids bind and regulate ion channels"
1319:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1181:
1164:
1038:
1006:
970:
930:
866:
851:
847:
812:
783:
576:
277:
7312:
6015:
5977:
5760:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4159:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4068:
4021:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3697:
3515:
3073:
2410:
2400:
1386:
887:
808:
804:
757:
301:
154:
109:
64:
52:
6338:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
6183:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
4546:
4474:
3659:
2905:
2693:
2350:
2303:
1578:
Abraham MR, Jahangir A, Alekseev AE, Terzic A (November 1999).
1531:"Lipid agonism: The PIP2 paradigm of ligand-gated ion channels"
3998:
3896:
3017:
2977:
7554:
6044:
6462:
367:
channels is the result of high-affinity block by endogenous
7390:
Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
6357:
2244:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer. pp. 149–154.
1668:"Slow changes in potassium permeability in skeletal muscle"
1580:"Channelopathies of inwardly rectifying potassium channels"
846:
2.3 to form heteromeric channel, auxiliary subunit: SAP97,
7286:
4591:
2085:"Functional characterization of a prokaryotic Kir channel"
33:
crystal structure of an inward rectifier potassium channel
2284:. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
509:. This type of inward-rectifier channel is distinct from
292:
2 inwardly-rectifying potassium channels expressed in an
5556:
6247:
6067:
1382:
G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channel
6544:
1302:
is a rare condition caused by multiple mutations of K
513:, which help repolarize nerve and muscle cells after
438:
channels are found in multiple cell types, including
1757:
Lopatin AN, Makhina EN, Nichols CG (November 1995).
7577:
7552:
7545:
7479:
7472:
7425:
7397:
7383:
7361:
7298:
7284:
7275:
7229:
7215:
7193:
7165:
7151:
7094:
6556:
6542:
6533:
6507:
6474:
6460:
6404:
6372:
6355:
6236:
6056:
6042:
6005:
5568:
5554:
5545:
5513:
4603:
4589:
4580:
4487:
4311:
4200:
3996:
3894:
3870:
3672:
3278:
3183:
3048:
2921:
2788:
2747:
2709:
2421:
2366:
1267:
Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy
191:
171:
153:
148:
132:
120:
108:
88:
76:
63:
51:
43:
38:
21:
415:2.2 with agonist-like properties. In this regard K
7579:
7153:
1506:"1.A.2 Inward Rectifier K Channel (IRK-C) Family"
7217:
1666:Adrian RH, Chandler WK, Hodgkin AL (July 1970).
1270:is related to autosomal recessive mutations in K
662:). Activity is inhibited by Ba, Ca, and low pH.
348:distinguish it from outward potassium currents.
7617:Transient receptor potential channel modulators
1633:Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology
682:7. Each subfamily has multiple members (i.e. K
7559:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels
6049:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
4558:
2315:
2282:IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels
1855:Hansen SB, Tao X, MacKinnon R (August 2011).
304:, and the top-most to +60mV, relative to the
8:
6467:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel
6365:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel
1721:3rd ed. (Sinauer: Sunderland, MA), p. 151.
363:The phenomenon of inward rectification of K
7549:
7476:
7394:
7295:
7291:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel
7281:
7226:
7162:
6553:
6539:
6471:
6369:
6053:
5583:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
5565:
5551:
4600:
4596:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels
4586:
4565:
4551:
4543:
4484:
4471:
3669:
3656:
2918:
2902:
2706:
2690:
2363:
2347:
2322:
2308:
2300:
2289:UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes
1500:
1498:
1356:Thyrotoxic hypokalaemic periodic paralysis
724:
717:2.3) when the channels are overexpressed.
521:, which provide much of the basis for the
246:(TMSs). They may exist in the membrane as
145:
27:
2269:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2208:
2159:
2110:
2100:
2048:
1937:
1888:
1831:
1782:
1691:
1595:
1554:
886:2.3 to form heteromeric channel, PSD-95,
5561:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels
480:
262:in cardiac muscle cells in 1960s and by
6255:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
6075:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
2278:"Inwardly Recifying Potassium Channels"
1403:
1330:is likely due to its ability to block K
539:channels are involved in regulation of
1409:
1407:
18:
6549:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels
2078:
2076:
401:phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
353:tandem pore domain potassium channels
7:
6484:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
1806:Tucker SJ, Baukrowitz T (May 2008).
474:group, they help mediate inhibitory
5578:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
3688:Calcium-activated chloride channels
2267:Inward+Rectifier+Potassium+Channels
2242:Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes
2189:The New England Journal of Medicine
2089:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1719:Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes
1392:Transporter Classification Database
610:subunits) control insulin release.
351:Inward rectifiers also differ from
210:Inward-rectifier potassium channels
2758:Amiloride-sensitive cation channel
1975:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.06.011
270:in 1970 in skeletal muscle cells.
22:Inward rectifier potassium channel
14:
7584:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels
7158:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel
1812:The Journal of General Physiology
1763:The Journal of General Physiology
1371:is caused by mutations in KCNJ10.
1102:2.1 to form heteromeric channels
411:binds to and directly activates K
359:Mechanism of inward rectification
300:elicited by a voltage step to -60
7222:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel
1026:3.2 to form heteromeric channel
994:3.4 to form heteromeric channel
958:3.1 is not functional by itself
918:2.1 to form heteromeric channel
670:There are seven subfamilies of K
274:Overview of inward rectification
4281:Voltage-dependent anion channel
2374:Inositol trisphosphate receptor
1286:can be caused by mutations in K
5040:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)
4303:General bacterial porin family
1930:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3447-06.2006
1684:10.1113/jphysiol.1970.sp009140
1627:Noble, Denis (December 1965).
1:
7613:Receptor/signaling modulators
5015:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)
286:Whole-cell current recordings
149:Available protein structures:
1547:10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.01.011
1359:has been linked to altered K
701:channels are formed from as
511:delayed rectifier K channels
1918:The Journal of Neuroscience
1461:European Biophysics Journal
569:G-protein activated IRKs (K
7663:
7647:Integral membrane proteins
6576:Antiarrhythmics (class I):
3722:Chloride Channel Accessory
2331:Membrane transport protein
2152:10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.024
2005:WO application 0190360
523:resting membrane potential
319:resting membrane potential
308:, which is close to the K
240:voltage-gated ion channels
7606:
7086:Tricyclic antidepressants
6095:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
4528:
4483:
4470:
3668:
3655:
2917:
2901:
2717:Epithelial sodium channel
2705:
2689:
2362:
2346:
1672:The Journal of Physiology
1597:10.1096/fasebj.13.14.1901
648:Burkholderia pseudomallei
424:ligand-gated ion channels
144:
26:
2634:Cation channels of sperm
2271:Medical Subject Headings
637:) may regulate Kir1.1a.
507:cardiac action potential
6699:Eslicarbazepine acetate
2050:10.1126/science.1085028
1417:Pharmacological Reviews
1347:channels. The loss of K
1292:low levels of potassium
519:potassium leak channels
462:. By mediating a small
6443:Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
4574:Ion channel modulators
2102:10.1074/jbc.C400417200
1645:10.1002/jcp.1030660520
1529:Hansen SB (May 2015).
674:channels, denoted as K
313:
244:transmembrane segments
4800:Ryodipine (riodipine)
2710:Constitutively active
2201:10.1056/NEJMoa0810276
1824:10.1085/jgp.200709936
1775:10.1085/jgp.106.5.923
1256:Diseases related to K
541:nitric oxide synthase
407:) for activation. PIP
281:
6789:Valproate semisodium
5320:Carboxyamidotriazole
5255:Gabapentin enacarbil
5235:Arbaclofen placarbil
1368:EAST/SeSAME syndrome
1318:features. (See also
379:ions, that plug the
7440:1,10-Phenanthroline
5997:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
4982:Tetrahydropalmatine
4477:By gating mechanism
2041:2003Sci...300.1922K
1881:10.1038/nature10370
1873:2011Natur.477..495H
1343:may be related to K
1312:cardiac arrhythmias
1299:Andersen's syndrome
744:Associated subunits
7637:Potassium channels
7450:7,8-Benzoquinoline
7445:4,7-Phenanthroline
7435:1,7-Phenanthroline
6811:Local anesthetics:
6343:ML-297 (VU0456810)
5850:Diallyl trisulfide
5845:Dextropropoxyphene
5748:Tetraethylammonium
5455:Pinaverium bromide
5225:4-Methylpregabalin
4004:TRP cation channel
3902:CNG cation channel
3185:Tandem pore domain
2396:Ryanodine receptor
2293:families/family-85
1473:10.1007/BF00211406
1429:10.1124/pr.57.4.11
1308:periodic paralysis
1283:Bartter's syndrome
565:and in heart cells
330:reversal potential
314:
310:reversal potential
229:potassium channels
7642:Electrophysiology
7624:
7623:
7602:
7601:
7541:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7499:Meclofenamic acid
7468:
7467:
7379:
7378:
7271:
7270:
7267:
7266:
7211:
7210:
7147:
7146:
7021:RG7893 (GDC-0287)
6784:Valproate pivoxil
6674:Acetylpheneturide
6529:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6456:
6455:
6428:Meclofenamic acid
6391:Ethanol (alcohol)
6351:
6350:
6300:Minoxidil sulfate
6038:
6037:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5440:Otilonium bromide
5365:Ethanol (alcohol)
5129:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
4865:Phenylalkylamines
4540:
4539:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4512:Stretch-activated
4489:Ion channel class
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
2923:Calcium-activated
2911:Potassium channel
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
1253:
1252:
659:
614:
613:
531:endothelial cells
515:action potentials
460:endothelial cells
399:channels require
388:Activation by PIP
341:delayed rectifier
306:resting potential
223:) are a specific
207:
206:
203:
202:
198:structure summary
7654:
7585:
7581:
7560:
7556:
7550:
7477:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7282:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7163:
7159:
7155:
6774:Sodium valproate
6689:Chlorphenacemide
6671:Anticonvulsants:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6540:
6489:Arachidonic acid
6472:
6468:
6464:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6339:
6335:
6256:
6252:
6208:Dextromethorphan
6184:
6180:
6076:
6072:
6054:
6050:
6046:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5524:L-type-selective
5335:Dimeditiapramine
5297:Others/unsorted:
5079:T-type-selective
5066:R-type-selective
5048:P-type-selective
5000:ω-Conotoxin GVIA
4990:N-type-selective
4620:Dihydropyridines
4614:L-type-selective
4601:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4544:
4485:
4472:
3680:Chloride channel
3670:
3657:
3050:Inward-rectifier
2919:
2903:
2707:
2691:
2661:Two-pore channel
2364:
2348:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2301:
2285:
2255:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2104:
2095:(45): 47076–80.
2080:
2071:
2070:
2052:
2035:(5627): 1922–6.
2020:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1924:(45): 11644–51.
1909:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1599:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1411:
1327:Barium poisoning
725:
657:
497:cardiac myocytes
481:
476:neurotransmitter
419:channels are PIP
337:action potential
146:
31:
19:
7662:
7661:
7657:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7651:
7627:
7626:
7625:
7620:
7598:
7583:
7573:
7558:
7533:
7529:Trifluoperazine
7524:Tolfenamic acid
7494:Flufenamic acid
7464:
7421:
7389:
7375:
7357:
7323:Flufenamic acid
7318:Ethacrynic acid
7290:
7263:
7221:
7207:
7189:
7157:
7143:
7090:
6921:Metabutoxycaine
6886:Diphenhydramine
6876:Cyclomethycaine
6841:Levobupivacaine
6548:
6521:
6503:
6466:
6452:
6448:Tolfenamic acid
6423:Flufenamic acid
6418:
6400:
6386:
6364:
6361:
6347:
6337:
6254:
6251:
6232:
6182:
6074:
6071:
6048:
6034:
6019:
6001:
5981:
5890:Norpropoxyphene
5767:11.1)-specific:
5766:
5560:
5533:
5509:
5465:Rhynchophylline
5215:
4595:
4576:
4571:
4541:
4536:
4516:
4479:
4458:
4307:
4206:
4196:
3992:
3890:
3866:
3664:
3643:
3557:
3434:
3291:
3274:
3179:
3143:
3113:
3069:
3061:
3044:
2998:
2913:
2889:
2862:
2801:
2784:
2743:
2701:
2677:
2560:
2532:
2519:
2506:
2486:
2473:
2438:
2417:
2358:
2356:Calcium channel
2342:
2328:
2276:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2236:
2232:
2230:Further reading
2227:
2226:
2195:(19): 1960–70.
2182:
2181:
2177:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1867:(7365): 495–8.
1854:
1853:
1849:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1713:
1709:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1639:(S2): 127–135.
1626:
1625:
1621:
1590:(14): 1901–10.
1577:
1576:
1572:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1378:
1362:
1350:
1346:
1341:(heart disease)
1339:Atherosclerosis
1333:
1305:
1289:
1273:
1262:
1259:
1246:
1238:
1208:
1199:
1177:
1168:
1145:
1126:
1118:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1042:
1025:
1021:
1010:
993:
989:
985:
974:
957:
953:
949:
945:
934:
917:
906:
885:
881:
870:
845:
841:
830:
802:
798:
787:
761:
723:
716:
712:
700:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
643:
635:TC #3.A.1.208.4
619:
603:
595:
572:
556:
538:
504:
471:
437:
432:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
398:
393:
391:
366:
361:
291:
276:
252:heterooligomers
242:, and flanking
236:
217:
122:OPM superfamily
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7660:
7658:
7650:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7629:
7628:
7622:
7621:
7607:
7604:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7597:
7596:
7588:
7586:
7575:
7574:
7572:
7571:
7563:
7561:
7547:
7543:
7542:
7539:
7538:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7504:Mefenamic acid
7501:
7496:
7491:
7485:
7483:
7474:
7470:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7462:
7460:Phenanthridine
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7431:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7403:
7401:
7392:
7381:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7373:
7367:
7365:
7359:
7358:
7356:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7304:
7302:
7293:
7279:
7273:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7235:
7233:
7224:
7213:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7205:
7199:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7171:
7169:
7160:
7149:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7108:Atracotoxins (
7106:
7100:
7098:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7068:
7063:
7054:
7053:
7051:Zetekitoxin AB
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7024:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6969:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6951:Proxymetacaine
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6861:Chloroprocaine
6858:
6853:
6848:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6807:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6572:
6571:
6562:
6560:
6551:
6537:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6513:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6480:
6478:
6469:
6458:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6416:
6410:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6384:
6378:
6376:
6367:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6249:
6242:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6135:Glyclopyramide
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6090:Chlorpropamide
6087:
6082:
6069:
6062:
6060:
6051:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6017:
6011:
6009:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5835:Clarithromycin
5832:
5827:
5825:Chlorpromazine
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5764:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5574:
5572:
5563:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5519:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5445:Paramethadione
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5220:gabapentinoids
5213:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:Non-selective:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5074:
5073:
5061:
5060:
5058:ω-Agatoxin IVB
5055:
5053:ω-Agatoxin IVA
5043:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5010:Huwentoxin XVI
5007:
5002:
4997:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4962:Cyproheptadine
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4720:Levniguldipine
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4660:Dexniguldipine
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4609:
4607:
4598:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4323:
4321:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4220:
4218:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4019:
4008:
4006:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3906:
3904:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3878:Proton channel
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3684:
3682:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3189:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3111:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2927:
2925:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2754:
2752:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2713:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2699:Sodium channel
2694:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2484:
2476:
2471:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2436:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2344:
2343:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2286:
2274:
2262:
2261:External links
2259:
2257:
2256:
2250:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2175:
2126:
2072:
2015:
1996:
1953:
1904:
1847:
1798:
1749:
1747:Hille, p. 153.
1740:
1738:Hille, p. 155.
1731:
1707:
1658:
1619:
1570:
1521:
1494:
1450:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1004:
996:
995:
991:
987:
983:
980:
977:
972:
968:
960:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
940:
937:
932:
928:
920:
919:
915:
912:
909:
904:
900:
892:
891:
883:
879:
876:
873:
868:
864:
856:
855:
843:
839:
836:
833:
828:
824:
816:
815:
800:
796:
793:
790:
785:
781:
773:
772:
767:
764:
759:
755:
747:
746:
741:
736:
731:
722:
719:
714:
710:
703:homotetrameric
698:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:Classification
664:
642:
639:
618:
615:
612:
611:
601:
593:
589:
582:
581:
570:
566:
559:
558:
554:
551:
545:
544:
536:
533:
527:
526:
502:
499:
493:
492:
487:
469:
435:
431:
428:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
396:
392:
389:
386:
364:
360:
357:
339:, such as the
289:
275:
272:
264:Richard Adrian
234:
215:
205:
204:
201:
200:
195:
189:
188:
175:
169:
168:
158:
151:
150:
142:
141:
136:
130:
129:
124:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
92:
86:
85:
80:
74:
73:
68:
61:
60:
55:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7659:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7619:
7618:
7614:
7611:
7605:
7594:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7582:
7576:
7569:
7565:
7564:
7562:
7557:
7551:
7548:
7544:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7514:Niflumic acid
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7482:
7478:
7475:
7471:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7424:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7407:Glibenclamide
7405:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7393:
7388:
7382:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7360:
7354:
7353:Niflumic acid
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7338:Glibenclamide
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7297:
7294:
7289:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7274:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7232:
7228:
7225:
7220:
7214:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7192:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7168:
7164:
7161:
7156:
7150:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7134:Grayanotoxins
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7124:Batrachotoxin
7122:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7110:ω-Atracotoxin
7107:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7076:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7061:Buprenorphine
7059:
7056:
7055:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6794:Valproic acid
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6739:Oxitriptyline
6737:
6735:
6734:Oxcarbazepine
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6724:Licarbazepine
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6679:Carbamazepine
6677:
6675:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6566:Antianginals:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6547:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6500:
6499:Norfluoxetine
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6470:
6465:
6459:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6433:Niflumic acid
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6403:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6363:
6354:
6344:
6341:
6336:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6285:Levcromakalim
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6253:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6080:Acetohexamide
6078:
6073:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6052:
6047:
6041:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6004:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5925:Roxithromycin
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5618:Charybdotoxin
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5559:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5500:Trimethadione
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5340:Diproteverine
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5199:Ruthenium red
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5174:Levetiracetam
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5124:ω-Agatoxin TK
5122:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5094:Niflumic acid
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4715:Levamlodipine
4713:
4711:
4710:Lercanidipine
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4594:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4535:
4534:
4527:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4507:Voltage-gated
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4455:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4199:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3995:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3869:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3662:Miscellaneous
3658:
3654:
3640:
3639:Shaker (gene)
3637:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:minK/ISK-like
3610:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3280:Voltage-gated
3277:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2790:Voltage-gated
2787:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2423:Voltage-gated
2420:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2251:0-87893-321-2
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:(2): 437–49.
1968:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1769:(5): 923–55.
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1727:0-87893-321-2
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:(3): 645–68.
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:FASEB Journal
1581:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:(2): 107–15.
1466:
1462:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:(4): 509–26.
1422:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1363:2.6 function.
1358:
1357:
1353:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1005:
1003:
1002:
998:
997:
981:
978:
976:
969:
967:
966:
962:
961:
941:
938:
936:
929:
927:
926:
922:
921:
913:
910:
908:
901:
899:
898:
894:
893:
889:
877:
874:
872:
865:
863:
862:
858:
857:
853:
849:
837:
834:
832:
825:
823:
822:
818:
817:
814:
810:
806:
794:
791:
789:
782:
780:
779:
775:
774:
771:
768:
765:
763:
756:
754:
753:
749:
748:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
720:
718:
708:
707:alpha helices
704:
695:
665:
663:
661:
655:
650:
649:
640:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
616:
609:
605:
598:(composed of
597:
590:
588:
584:
583:
578:
574:
567:
564:
561:
560:
552:
550:
547:
546:
542:
534:
532:
529:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
500:
498:
495:
494:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
479:
477:
473:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
429:
427:
425:
402:
387:
385:
382:
378:
375:, as well as
374:
370:
358:
356:
354:
349:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
326:voltage clamp
322:
321:of the cell.
320:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
287:
284:
280:
273:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:potassium (K)
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
230:
226:
222:
218:
211:
199:
196:
194:
190:
187:
183:
179:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
156:
152:
147:
143:
140:
137:
135:
131:
128:
125:
123:
119:
116:
113:
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
93:
91:
87:
84:
81:
79:
75:
72:
69:
66:
62:
59:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
7609:
7608:
7519:Talniflumate
7057:
7046:Tetrodotoxin
7036:Neosaxitoxin
7027:
6972:
6946:Propoxycaine
6881:Dimethocaine
6814:
6810:
6779:Valnoctamide
6709:Fosphenytoin
6670:
6644:Procainamide
6634:Pilsicainide
6589:Disopyramide
6575:
6565:
6413:
6381:
6331:
6245:
6213:Ethosuximide
6198:Cloperastine
6176:
6145:Metahexamide
6140:Glycyclamide
6100:Glibornuride
6065:
6014:
5976:
5955:Thioridazine
5910:Promethazine
5895:Orphenadrine
5885:Ketoconazole
5870:Erythromycin
5759:
5522:
5450:Phensuximide
5430:Ochratoxin A
5370:Ethosuximide
5296:
5218:-selective (
5210:
5120:
5077:
5064:
5046:
4995:ω-Conotoxins
4988:
4938:
4920:Norverapamil
4885:Dexverapamil
4863:
4837:derivatives:
4833:
4830:Vatanidipine
4825:Trombodipine
4790:Palonidipine
4775:Nitrendipine
4730:Mepirodipine
4635:Azelnidipine
4618:
4612:
4530:
4497:Ligand-gated
4488:
4476:
4319:Gap junction
4312:
4201:
3997:
3958:
3936:
3909:
3895:
3871:
3849:
3807:
3755:
3721:
3704:
3692:
3673:
3661:
3616:
3579:
3553:
3430:
3287:
3192:
3139:
3109:
3065:
2994:
2907:
2858:
2797:
2695:
2604:
2577:
2556:
2528:
2515:
2502:
2482:
2469:
2434:
2367:Ligand-gated
2352:
2335:ion channels
2291:
2281:
2241:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2146:(1): 88–98.
2143:
2139:
2129:
2092:
2088:
2032:
2028:
2018:
1999:
1966:
1963:Neuroscience
1962:
1956:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1818:(5): 431–8.
1815:
1811:
1801:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1718:
1715:Bertil Hille
1710:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1541:(5): 620–8.
1538:
1534:
1524:
1513:. Retrieved
1509:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1420:
1416:
1366:
1354:
1337:
1325:
1297:
1294:in the body.
1281:
1276:hypoglycemia
1265:
1227:
1188:
1157:
1134:
1107:
1067:
1031:
999:
963:
923:
895:
859:
819:
776:
750:
743:
738:
733:
728:
696:
669:
653:
646:
644:
631:sulfonylurea
620:
489:
484:
464:depolarizing
433:
394:
381:channel pore
362:
350:
334:
323:
315:
282:
268:Alan Hodgkin
220:
213:
209:
208:
7185:Triamterene
7139:Poneratoxin
7129:Ciguatoxins
7016:Raxatrigine
7011:Ralfinamide
7006:PF-05089771
7001:PF-04531083
6973:Analgesics:
6931:Piperocaine
6916:Meprylcaine
6911:Mepivacaine
6866:Cinchocaine
6845:Ropivacaine
6837:Bupivacaine
6764:Sipatrigine
6749:Pheneturide
6744:Phenacemide
6729:Mephenytoin
6714:Lamotrigine
6694:Elpetrigine
6649:Propafenone
6594:Dronedarone
6170:Tolbutamide
6160:Repaglinide
6155:Nateglinide
6150:Mitiglinide
6130:Glisoxepide
6115:Glimepiride
6105:Glicaramide
6085:Carbutamide
5987:Linopirdine
5970:Vernakalant
5960:Tolterodine
5950:Terfenadine
5940:Tamulotoxin
5935:Solifenacin
5905:PNU-282,987
5880:Haloperidol
5875:Gigactonine
5855:Domperidone
5840:Darifenacin
5805:Bedaquiline
5790:Azaspiracid
5753:Vernakalant
5688:Linopirdine
5648:Dronedarone
5638:Dendrotoxin
5623:Clamikalant
5495:Tolperisone
5490:Tetrandrine
5480:Sipatrigine
5475:Silperisone
5460:Prenylamine
5400:Lidoflazine
5355:Elpetrigine
5265:Mirogabalin
5169:Lamotrigine
5164:Flunarizine
5159:Efonidipine
5149:Cinnarizine
5144:Cilnidipine
5099:NNC 55-0396
5025:Ralfinamide
4972:Fantofarone
4967:Dronedarone
4952:Budiodarone
4947:Brinazarone
4910:Levemopamil
4810:Sornidipine
4805:Sagandipine
4795:Pranidipine
4770:Nisoldipine
4760:Nilvadipine
4750:Niguldipine
4740:Nicardipine
4705:Lemildipine
4690:Iganidipine
4685:Furnidipine
4650:Cronidipine
4645:Clevidipine
4640:Barnidipine
4630:Aranidipine
4502:Light-gated
2984:IK channel
888:Chapsyn-110
585:pancreatic
440:macrophages
294:HEK293 cell
260:Denis Noble
225:lipid-gated
134:OPM protein
39:Identifiers
7631:Categories
7489:Bumetanide
7427:Activators
7417:Piretanide
7412:Lonidamine
7363:Activators
7348:Mibefradil
7343:Mefloquine
7333:Furosemide
7328:Fluoxetine
7308:Crofelemer
7195:Activators
7118:Versutoxin
7114:Robustoxin
7096:Activators
7081:Safinamide
7031:Conotoxins
6966:Trimecaine
6961:Tetracaine
6936:Prilocaine
6926:Orthocaine
6901:Iontocaine
6896:Hexylcaine
6891:Etidocaine
6832:Benzocaine
6822:Amylocaine
6804:Zonisamide
6799:Valpromide
6769:Topiramate
6759:Rufinamide
6719:Lacosamide
6684:Cenobamate
6639:Prajmaline
6629:Moricizine
6624:Mexiletine
6619:Lorcainide
6604:Flecainide
6569:Ranolazine
6509:Activators
6494:Fluoxetine
6438:Nimesulide
6420:-specific:
6406:Activators
6388:-specific:
6340:-specific:
6320:Rilmakalim
6310:Nicorandil
6270:Cromakalim
6257:-specific:
6238:Activators
6228:Tipepidine
6218:Ifenprodil
6193:Caramiphen
6185:-specific:
6165:Tolazamide
6125:Gliquidone
6110:Gliclazide
6077:-specific:
6030:Retigabine
6025:Flupirtine
6022:-specific:
6007:Activators
5984:-specific:
5965:Vanoxerine
5945:Terodiline
5930:Sertindole
5920:Ranolazine
5785:Astemizole
5775:Amiodarone
5743:Terikalant
5718:Pinokalant
5703:Nifekalant
5698:Maurotoxin
5693:Lolitrem B
5683:Kaliotoxin
5643:Dofetilide
5633:Dalazatide
5628:Conotoxins
5598:Amiodarone
5593:Almokalant
5515:Activators
5505:Valperinol
5485:Terodiline
5425:Naftopidil
5415:Mesuximide
5345:Enpiperate
5325:Cycleanine
5310:Bevantolol
5300:Bencyclane
5290:Pregabalin
5280:PD-299,685
5275:PD-217,014
5270:PD-200,347
5260:Imagabalin
5250:Gabapentin
5240:Atagabalin
5230:Arbaclofen
5189:Mibefradil
5184:Loperamide
5179:Lomerizine
5154:Dotarizine
5134:Benidipine
5114:Zonisamide
5030:Safinamide
5005:Caroverine
4957:Celivarone
4905:Gallopamil
4860:Siratiazem
4850:Iprotiazem
4840:Clentiazem
4820:Tiamdipine
4815:Teludipine
4780:Olradipine
4765:Nimodipine
4755:Niludipine
4745:Nifedipine
4735:Mesudipine
4725:Manidipine
4700:Lacidipine
4695:Isradipine
4680:Flordipine
4675:Felodipine
4670:Elnadipine
4665:Elgodipine
4655:Darodipine
4625:Amlodipine
3705:Bestrophin
2963:SK channel
2931:BK channel
2605:γ-subunits
2578:β-subunits
2561:δ-subunits
1515:2016-04-09
1398:References
1316:dysmorphic
1098:5.1, and K
939:GIRK1, KGA
660:-glucamine
627:G-proteins
625:and/or by
617:Regulation
587:beta cells
452:leukocytes
369:polyamines
227:subset of
161:structures
7610:See also:
7509:Mepacrine
7455:Ivacaftor
7371:Carbachol
7254:Ibuprofen
7244:Amiloride
7203:Solnatide
7175:Amiloride
7104:Aconitine
7066:Evenamide
7041:Saxitoxin
6956:Risocaine
6906:Lidocaine
6851:Butacaine
6827:Articaine
6754:Phenytoin
6664:Tocainide
6659:Sparteine
6654:Quinidine
6614:Lorajmine
6609:Lidocaine
6599:Encainide
6584:Aprindine
6325:Sarakalim
6315:Pinacidil
6305:Naminidil
6295:Minoxidil
6290:Mazokalim
6275:Diazoxide
6265:Bimakalim
6260:Aprikalim
6223:Tertiapin
6203:Clozapine
6120:Glipizide
5915:Quinidine
5865:Ergtoxins
5830:Cisapride
5820:BRL-32872
5800:Azimilide
5763:(KCNH2, K
5738:Tedisamil
5723:Quinidine
5713:Paxilline
5678:Inakalant
5673:Ibutilide
5658:Hanatoxin
5613:Bunaftine
5608:Bretylium
5603:Azimilide
5588:Adekalant
5547:Potassium
5529:Bay K8644
5470:Sesamodil
5420:Monatepil
5410:Manoalide
5405:Magnesium
5390:Imepitoin
5380:Fendiline
5360:Ethadione
5350:Eperisone
5330:Dauricine
5305:Berbamine
5216:δ subunit
5020:PD-173212
4935:Verapamil
4925:Ronipamil
4915:Nexopamil
4900:Falipamil
4895:Etripamil
4880:Devapamil
4875:Dagapamil
4855:Nictiazem
4845:Diltiazem
4835:Diltiazem
4785:Oxodipine
4533:disorders
4531:see also
4314:Cytoplasm
4224:Aquaporin
3693:Anoctamin
3516:11.1/hERG
1653:0095-9898
1334:channels.
882:2.1 and K
854:, PSD-95
842:2.1 and K
721:Diversity
713:2.1 and K
641:Structure
377:magnesium
371:, namely
283:Figure 1.
83:IPR013521
7595:instead.
7570:instead.
7481:Blockers
7473:Unsorted
7399:Blockers
7300:Blockers
7277:Chloride
7239:A-317567
7231:Blockers
7180:Benzamil
7167:Blockers
6996:NKTR-171
6991:GDC-0276
6986:Funapide
6981:DSP-2230
6976:AZD-3161
6941:Procaine
6856:Butamben
6704:Ethotoin
6579:Ajmaline
6558:Blockers
6517:Riluzole
6476:Blockers
6374:Blockers
6280:Emakalim
6058:Blockers
5900:Pimozide
5770:Ajmaline
5570:Blockers
5385:Fostedil
5315:Canadine
5285:Phenibut
5245:Baclofen
5194:NP078585
5139:Bepridil
4977:SR-33805
4930:Tiapamil
4890:Emopamil
4870:Anipamil
4605:Blockers
4327:Connexin
3607:minK/ISK
2240:(2001).
2219:19420365
2170:20074522
2121:15448150
2059:12738871
1991:33064439
1983:16844307
1948:17093086
1899:21874019
1842:18411329
1717:(2001).
1614:22205168
1606:10544173
1565:25633344
1489:12718513
1445:11588492
1437:16382105
1376:See also
1260:channels
890:/PSD-93
656:-methyl-
596:channels
490:Function
485:Location
373:spermine
178:RCSB PDB
78:InterPro
7249:Aspirin
7071:Menthol
7058:Others:
7028:Toxins:
6871:Cocaine
6396:GAL-021
6016:KCNQ (K
5978:KCNQ (K
5795:AZD1305
5733:Sotalol
5728:ShK-186
5708:Notoxin
5395:JTV-519
5375:Fasudil
5104:ProTx I
5084:ABT-639
5071:SNX-482
4942:AH-1058
4939:Others:
4582:Calcium
4454:Innexin
4211:solutes
2273:(MeSH).
2238:Hille B
2210:3398803
2161:2885139
2112:8629170
2067:2703162
2037:Bibcode
2029:Science
1939:6674792
1890:3324908
1869:Bibcode
1833:2346576
1793:8648298
1784:2229292
1702:5499788
1693:1348790
1556:4540326
1481:8582318
739:Aliases
734:Protein
563:neurons
549:kidneys
456:neurons
450:cells,
444:cardiac
298:current
58:PF01007
7546:Others
6535:Sodium
6188:Barium
5992:XE-991
5860:E-4031
5810:BeKm-1
5780:AmmTX3
5663:HgeTx1
5653:E-4031
5435:Osthol
5204:TROX-1
5089:ML-218
2751:-gated
2749:Proton
2525:T-type
2512:R-type
2499:Q-type
2479:P-type
2466:N-type
2431:L-type
2248:
2217:
2207:
2168:
2158:
2119:
2109:
2065:
2057:
2011:
1989:
1981:
1946:
1936:
1897:
1887:
1861:Nature
1840:
1830:
1791:
1781:
1725:
1700:
1690:
1651:
1612:
1604:
1563:
1553:
1487:
1479:
1443:
1435:
1229:KCNJ13
1219:, and
1190:KCNJ11
1136:KCNJ16
1109:KCNJ15
1094:4.2, K
1069:KCNJ10
1058:3.2, K
1054:3.1, K
1022:3.1, K
990:3.3, K
986:3.1, K
954:3.5, K
950:3.4, K
946:3.2, K
897:KCNJ14
852:Veli-3
848:Veli-1
821:KCNJ12
813:AKAP79
805:PSD-95
799:2.2, K
770:NHERF2
690:2.2, K
686:2.1, K
517:; and
458:, and
448:kidney
345:A-type
193:PDBsum
167:
157:
103:SUPFAM
71:CL0030
44:Symbol
7580:LGICs
7287:CaCCs
7259:PcTX1
7218:ASICs
6545:VGSCs
5815:BmTx3
5668:HsTx1
5557:VGKCs
4592:VDCCs
4365:GJA10
4216:Porin
4116:TRPML
3886:HVCN1
3580:KCNIP
3435:α7-12
2339:TC 1A
2063:S2CID
1987:S2CID
1610:S2CID
1485:S2CID
1441:S2CID
1320:KCNJ2
1221:SUR2B
1217:SUR2A
1182:SUR2B
1159:KCNJ8
1150:BIR 9
1047:GIRK4
1033:KCNJ5
1015:GIRK3
1001:KCNJ9
979:GIRK2
965:KCNJ6
925:KCNJ3
861:KCNJ4
809:SAP97
803:4.1,
778:KCNJ2
766:ROMK1
752:KCNJ1
678:1 – K
577:GIRK2
395:All K
248:homo-
115:1.A.2
99:SCOPe
90:SCOP2
7593:here
7591:See
7568:here
7566:See
7555:TRPs
7386:CFTR
7313:DIDS
7154:ENaC
7075:mint
6463:K2Ps
6334:GIRK
6179:GIRK
6045:IRKs
5761:hERG
5109:Z944
5035:Z160
4445:GJD4
4440:GJD3
4435:GJD2
4425:GJC3
4420:GJC2
4415:GJC1
4405:GJB7
4400:GJB6
4395:GJB5
4390:GJB4
4385:GJB3
4380:GJB2
4375:GJB1
4360:GJA9
4355:GJA8
4350:GJA5
4345:GJA4
4340:GJA3
4335:GJA1
4160:TRPV
4143:TRPP
4138:TRPN
4069:TRPM
4022:TRPC
4012:TRPA
3850:CLNS
3808:CLIC
3756:CLCN
3751:CFTR
3698:ANO1
3617:MiRP
3545:12.3
3540:12.2
3535:12.1
3526:11.3
3521:11.2
3507:10.2
3502:10.1
3292:α1-6
3106:GIRK
2520:α2.3
2507:α2.1
2474:α2.2
2246:ISBN
2215:PMID
2166:PMID
2140:Cell
2117:PMID
2055:PMID
1979:PMID
1944:PMID
1895:PMID
1838:PMID
1789:PMID
1723:ISBN
1698:PMID
1649:ISSN
1602:PMID
1561:PMID
1539:1851
1510:TCDB
1477:PMID
1433:PMID
1387:hERG
1314:and
1213:SUR1
1062:3.3
911:IRK4
875:IRK3
835:IRK2
792:IRK1
729:Gene
608:SUR1
606:and
446:and
430:Role
403:(PIP
343:and
317:the
288:of K
266:and
186:PDBj
182:PDBe
165:ECOD
155:Pfam
139:3SPG
110:TCDB
95:1n9p
67:clan
65:Pfam
53:Pfam
6817:FBT
6250:ATP
6070:ATP
4209:(+
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3960:HCN
3493:9.3
3488:9.2
3483:9.1
3474:8.2
3469:8.1
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3118:3.1
3099:2.6
3094:2.4
3089:2.3
3084:2.2
3079:2.1
3074:1.1
3060:ATP
3038:5.1
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3023:3.1
3018:2.3
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3008:2.1
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2144:140
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2045:doi
2033:300
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1967:142
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1200:6.2
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1127:1.3
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871:2.3
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