Constructed wetland

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flow constructed wetland the effluent moves horizontally via gravity, parallel to the surface, with no surface water thus avoiding mosquito breeding. Vertical flow constructed wetlands are considered to be more efficient with less area required compared to horizontal flow constructed wetlands. However, they need to be interval-loaded and their design requires more know-how while horizontal flow constructed wetlands can receive wastewater continuously and are easier to build.

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with wetland scientists that increase the community value and appreciation of a project through well designed access, interpretation, and views of the project. Landscape architecture has a long history of engagement with the aesthetic dimension of wetlands. Landscape architects also guide through the laws and regulations associated with constructing a wetland.

729:, floating-leaved macrophytes, or submerged macrophytes; however, typical free water surface systems are usually constructed with emergent macrophytes. Subsurface flow-constructed wetlands with a vertical or a horizontal flow regime are also common and can be integrated into urban areas as they require relatively little space. 1171:

are needed in this design process. The landscape architect can utilize a wide range of skills to help accomplish the task of constructing a wetland that may not be thought of by other professions. Ecological landscape architects are also qualified to create wetland restoration designs in coordination

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Since constructed wetlands are self-sustaining their lifetime costs are significantly lower than those of conventional treatment systems. Often their capital costs are also lower compared to conventional treatment systems. They do take up significant space, and are therefore not preferred where real

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An integrated constructed wetland is an unlined free surface flow constructed wetland with emergent vegetated areas and local soil material. Its objectives is not only to treat wastewater from farmyards and other wastewater sources, but also to integrate the wetland infrastructure into the landscape

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In subsurface flow constructed wetlands the flow of wastewater occurs between the roots of the plants and there is no water surfacing (it is kept below gravel). As a result, the system is more efficient, does not attract mosquitoes, is less odorous and less sensitive to winter conditions. Also, less

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Removal in a properly designed and operated free water surface flow wetland is reported to be less than 1 to 2 log10 for bacteria, less than 1 to 2 log10 for viruses, 1 to 2 log10 for protozoa, and 1 to 2 log10 for helminths. In subsurface flow wetlands, the expected removal of pathogens is reported

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reduction of pathogens; however, bacteria and virus removal may be less than 1 log10 reduction in systems that are heavily planted with vegetation. This is because constructed wetlands typically include vegetation which assists in removing other pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore,

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Constructed wetland systems are highly controlled environments that intend to mimic the occurrences of soil, flora, and microorganisms in natural wetlands to aid in treating wastewater. They are constructed with flow regimes, micro-biotic composition, and suitable plants in order to produce the most

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in infants, which decreases the blood's oxygen transport ability. Moreover, excess input of N from point and non-point sources to surface water promotes eutrophication in rivers, lakes, estuaries, and coastal oceans which causes several problems in aquatic ecosystems e.g. toxic algal blooms, oxygen

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Pathogens are destroyed by natural decay, predation from higher organisms, sedimentation and UV irradiation since the water is exposed to direct sunlight. The soil layer below the water is anaerobic but the roots of the plants release oxygen around them, this allows complex biological and chemical

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Surface flow constructed wetlands always have horizontal flow of wastewater across the roots of the plants, rather than vertical flow. They require a relatively large area to purify water compared to subsurface flow constructed wetlands and may have increased smell and lower performance in winter.

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The former types are placed in a basin with a substrate to provide a surface area upon which large amounts of waste degrading biofilms form, while the latter relies on a flooded treatment basin upon which aquatic plants are held in flotation till they develop a thick mat of roots and rhizomes upon

1211:) are common in constructed wetlands because of their widespread abundance, ability to grow at different water depths, ease of transport and transplantation, and broad tolerance of water composition (including pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen and contaminant concentrations). Elsewhere, Common Reed ( 964:

compared to surface flow wetlands, as there is no water exposed to the surface. Mosquitos can be a problem in surface flow constructed wetlands. Subsurface flow systems have the advantage of requiring less land area for water treatment than surface flow. However, surface flow wetlands can be more

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Especially in warm and dry climates the effects of evapotranspiration and precipitation are significant. In cases of water loss, a vertical flow constructed wetland is preferable to a horizontal because of an unsaturated upper layer and a shorter retention time, although vertical flow systems are

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Subsurface flow wetlands can be further classified as horizontal flow or vertical flow constructed wetlands. In the vertical flow constructed wetland, the effluent moves vertically from the planted layer down through the substrate and out (requiring air pumps to aerate the bed). In the horizontal

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Aquatic vegetation may play an important role in phosphorus removal and, if harvested, extend the life of a system by postponing phosphorus saturation of the sediments. Plants create a unique environment at the biofilm's attachment surface. Certain plants transport oxygen which is released at the

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Physical, chemical, and biological processes combine in wetlands to remove contaminants from wastewater. An understanding of these processes is fundamental not only to designing wetland systems but to understanding the fate of chemicals once they enter the wetland. Theoretically,

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grow they are thought to disturb and loosen the medium, increasing its porosity, which may allow more effective fluid movement in the rhizosphere. When roots decay they leave behind ports and channels known as macropores which are effective in channeling water through the soil.

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The design of a constructed wetland can greatly effect the surrounding environment. A wide range of skills and knowledge is needed in the construction and can easily be detrimental to the site if not done correctly. A long list of professions ranging from civil engineers to

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Nitrification is the biological conversion of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds from a reduced state to a more oxidized state, based on the action of two different bacteria types. Nitrification is strictly an aerobic process in which the end product is nitrate

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However, surface flow constructed wetlands may encourage mosquito breeding. They may also have high algae production that lowers the effluent quality and due to open water surface mosquitos and odours, it is more difficult to integrate them in an urban neighbourhood.

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plants require less space. The advantage of subsurface flow constructed wetlands compared to those technologies is their operational robustness which is particularly important in developing countries. The fact that constructed wetlands do not produce secondary sludge

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usually does not tend to have a colour. Concerning pathogen levels, treated greywater meets the standards of pathogen levels for safe discharge to surface water. Treated domestic wastewater might need a tertiary treatment, depending on the intended reuse application.

155:, although that is not their main purpose. Subsurface flow constructed wetlands are designed to have either horizontal flow or vertical flow of water through the gravel and sand bed. Vertical flow systems have a smaller space requirement than horizontal flow systems. 705:

The log10 removal efficiencies reported here can also be understood in terms of the common way of reporting removal efficiencies as percentages: 1 log10 removal is equivalent to a removal efficiency of 90%; 2 log10 = 99%; 3 log10 = 99.9%; 4 log10 = 99.99% and so on.

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Constructed wetlands are not designed for pathogen removal, but have been designed to remove other water quality constituents such as suspended solids, organic matter (biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand) and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus).

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Subsurface flow constructed wetland – this wetland can be either with vertical flow (the effluent moves vertically, from the planted layer down through the substrate and out) or with horizontal flow (the effluent moves horizontally, parallel to the

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Integrated constructed wetland facilitates may be more robust treatment systems compared to other constructed wetlands. This is due to the greater biological complexity and generally relatively larger land area use and associated longer hydraulic

865:) can be used as well (the use of lavastone will allow for a surface reduction of about 20% over limestone) is mainly deployed in horizontal flow systems though it does not work as efficiently as sand (but sand will clog more readily). 591:

is referred to as soluble reactive phosphorus (SR-P). Dissolved organic phosphorus and insoluble forms of organic and inorganic phosphorus are generally not biologically available until transformed into soluble inorganic forms.

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have different rates of heavy metal uptake, a consideration for plant selection in a constructed wetland used for water treatment. Constructed wetlands are of two basic types: subsurface flow and surface flow wetlands.

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Hallin, Sara; Hellman, Maria; Choudhury, Maidul I.; Ecke, Frauke (2015). "Relative importance of plant uptake and plant associated denitrification for removal of nitrogen from mine drainage in sub-arctic wetlands".

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All types of pathogens are expected to be removed in a constructed wetland; however, greater pathogen removal is expected to occur in a subsurface wetland. In a free water surface flow wetland one can expect 1 to 2

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Brix, H., Schierup, H. (1989): Danish experience with sewage treatment in constructed wetlands. In: Hammer, D.A., ed. (1989): Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Lewis publishers, Chelsea, Michigan, pp.

1238: 128:) from the water. Constructed wetlands are designed to remove water pollutants such as suspended solids, organic matter and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). All types of pathogens (i.e., bacteria, viruses, 3417: 1009:

Schematic of a free-water surface constructed wetland: It aims to replicate the naturally occurring processes, where particles settle, pathogens are destroyed, and organisms and plants utilize the nutrients.

888:(UASB) reactor. The following treatment is based on different biological and physical processes like filtration, adsorption or nitrification. Most important is the biological filtration through a biofilm of 2074:

Sanchez-Ramos, David; Aragones, David G.; Florín, Máximo (2019). "Effects of flooding regime and meteorological variability on the removal efficiency of treatment wetlands under a Mediterranean climate".

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phosphorus is typically the major limiting nutrient. Under undisturbed natural conditions, phosphorus is in short supply. The natural scarcity of phosphorus is demonstrated by the explosive growth of

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for decades before environmental regulations discouraged the practice. Subsurface flow constructed wetlands with sand filter beds have their origin in China and are now used in Asia in small cities.

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can be characterized as closed. The removal and storage of phosphorus from wastewater can only occur within the constructed wetland itself. Phosphorus may be sequestered within a wetland system by:

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Guntensbergen, G.R., Stearns, F., Kadlec, J.A. (1989): Wetland vegetation. In Hammer, D.A., ed. (1989): Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Lewis publishers, Chelsea, Michigan, pp. 73–88

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Subsurface flow wetlands require the following maintenance tasks: regular checking of the pretreatment process, of pumps when they are used, of influent loads and distribution on the filter bed.

896:. Coarse sand in the filter bed provides a surfaces for microbial growth and supports the adsorption and filtration processes. For those microorganisms the oxygen supply needs to be sufficient. 818:

The "French System" combines primary and secondary treatment of raw wastewater. The effluent passes various filter beds whose grain size is getting progressively smaller (from gravel to sand).

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There are two main types of constructed wetlands: subsurface flow and surface flow. The planted vegetation plays an important role in contaminant removal. The filter bed, consisting usually of

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systems which means that the effluent needs to first pass a primary treatment which effectively removes solids. Such a primary treatment can consist of sand and grit removal, grease trap,

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for primary treatment (or other types of systems) in order to separate the solids from the liquid effluent. Some constructed wetland designs however do not use upfront primary treatment.

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are popular in European constructed subsurface flow wetlands, although at least twenty other plant species are usable. Many fast growing timer plants can be used, as well for example as

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The term of constructed wetlands can also be used to describe restored and recultivated land that was destroyed in the past through draining and converting into farmland, or mining.

261:. Constructed wetlands mimic the functions of natural wetlands to capture stormwater, reduce nutrient loads, and create diverse wildlife habitat. Constructed wetlands are used for 845:

The quality of the effluent is determined by the design and should be customized for the intended reuse application (like irrigation or toilet flushing) or the disposal method.

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Overloading peaks should not cause performance problems while continuous overloading lead to a loss of treatment capacity through too much suspended solids, sludge or fats.

2424: 409:. Wastewater nitrogen removal is important because of ammonia's toxicity to fish if discharged into watercourses. Excessive nitrates in drinking water is thought to cause 93:. The design of the constructed wetland has to be adjusted according to the type of wastewater to be treated. Constructed wetlands have been used in both centralized and 783: 3337: 2248:

Carty A., Scholz M., Heal K., Gouriveau F. and Mustafa A. (2008), The Universal Design, Operation and Maintenance Guidelines for Farm Constructed Wetlands (FCW) in

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Hedin, R.S., Nairn, R.W.; Kleinmann, R.L.P. (1994): Passive treatment of coal mine drainage. Information Circular (Pittsburgh, PA.: U.S. Bureau of Mines) (9389).

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The costs of subsurface flow constructed wetlands mainly depend on the costs of sand with which the bed has to be filled. Another factor is the cost of land.

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Schematic of a vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland: Effluent flows through pipes on the subsurface of the ground through the root zone to the ground.

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Mustafa A., Scholz M., Harrington R. and Carrol P. (2009) Long-term Performance of a Representative Integrated Constructed Wetland Treating Farmyard Runoff.

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filter out as they settle in the water column in surface flow wetlands or are physically filtered out by the medium within subsurface flow wetlands. Harmful

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Sievers, Michael; Parris, Kirsten M.; Swearer, Stephen E.; Hale, Robin (June 2018). "Stormwater wetlands can function as ecological traps for urban frogs".

1615:. (C. Haas, J.R. Mihelcic and M.E. Verbyla) (eds) Part 4 Management Of Risk from Excreta and Wastewater) Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO. 3544: 1307:

wetlands provide habitat for amphibians but the pollutants they accumulate can affect the survival of larval stages, potentially making them function as "

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is 5,450 (in 2015). Due to legal requirements (nitrification), only vertical flow constructed wetlands are implemented in Austria as they achieve better

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Due to the increased efficiency a vertical flow subsurface constructed wetland requires only about 3 square metres (32 sq ft) of space per

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biofilm/root interface, adding oxygen to the wetland system. Plants also increase soil or other root-bed medium hydraulic conductivity. As roots and

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sp. then converts nitrite to nitrate. Under anaerobic conditions, nitrate is reduced to relatively harmless nitrogen gas that enters the atmosphere.

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For urban applications the area requirement of a subsurface flow constructed wetland might be a limiting factor compared to conventional municipal

1768: 752:, concrete or clay (when there is appropriate clay type) in order to protect the water table and surrounding grounds. The substrate can be either 136:) are expected to be removed to some extent in a constructed wetland. Subsurface wetlands provide greater pathogen removal than surface wetlands. 826:

Subsurface flow wetlands can treat a variety of different wastewaters, such as household wastewater, agricultural, paper mill wastewater, mining

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Denitrification is the biochemical reduction of oxidized nitrogen anions, nitrate and nitrite to produce the gaseous products nitric oxide (NO),

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Surface flow wetlands, also known as free water surface constructed wetlands, can be used for tertiary treatment or polishing of effluent from

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in water receiving heavy discharges of phosphorus-rich wastes. Because phosphorus does not have an atmospheric component, unlike nitrogen, the

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Scholz M., Sadowski A. J., Harrington R. and Carroll P. (2007b), Integrated Constructed Wetlands Assessment and Design for Phosphate Removal.

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more dependent on an external energy source. Evapotranspiration (as is rainfall) is taken into account in designing a horizontal flow system.

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Aragones, David G.; Sanchez-Ramos, David; Calvo, Gabriel F. (2020). "SURFWET: A biokinetic model for surface flow constructed wetlands".

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Langergraber, Guenter; Weissenbacher, Norbert (2017-05-25). "Survey on number and size distribution of treatment wetlands in Austria".

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Ammonia removal occurs in constructed wetlands – if they are designed to achieve biological nutrient removal – in a similar ways as in

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Technology review of constructed wetlands – Subsurface flow constructed wetlands for greywater and domestic wastewater treatment

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plants, except that no external, energy-intensive addition of air (oxygen) is needed. It is a two-step process, consisting of

4071: 3624: 3323: 2267:"For Peat's Sake: Behind the Scenes of Wetland Restoration: Critical Roles for Landscape Architects | The Complete Wetlander" 1399: 1353:

performance than horizontal flow constructed wetlands. Only about 100 of these constructed wetlands have a design size of 50

97:. Primary treatment is recommended when there is a large amount of suspended solids or soluble organic matter (measured as 4051: 4046: 3855: 3679: 3184: 2899: 2623: 1143:

since about 2007. Farm constructed wetlands, which are a subtype of integrated constructed wetlands, are promoted by the

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A combination of different types of constructed wetlands is possible to use the specific advantages of each system.

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Scholz M., Harrington R., Carroll P. and Mustafa A. (2007a), The Integrated Constructed Wetlands (ICW) Concept.

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Dotro, G.; Langergraber, G.; Molle, P.; Nivala, J.; Puigagut Juárez, J.; Stein, O. R.; von Sperling, M. (2017).

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Davies, T.H.; Hart, B.T. (1990). "Use of Aeration to Promote Nitrification in Reed Beds Treating Wastewater".

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The large roots of this uprooted plant growing in a constructed wetlands indicate a healthy plant (Lima, Peru)

989:. However, primary sludge from primary settling tanks does get produced and needs to be removed and treated. 787:

Schematic of the Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland: Effluent flows horizontally through the bed.

3880: 3820: 3747: 3589: 2854: 2132:(2nd ed.). Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). 1429: 986: 702:

to be 1 to 3 log10 for bacteria, 1 to 2 log10 for viruses, 2 log10 for protozoa, and 2 log10 for helminths.

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Constructed wetlands have been used to remove ammonia and other nitrogenous compounds from contaminated

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is completed as follows: ammonia in the wastewater is converted to ammonium ions; the aerobic bacterium

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occurs naturally in both organic and inorganic forms. The analytical measure of biologically available

1675:"Performance of a vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland under different operational conditions" 1486: 853:

Depending on the type of constructed wetlands, the wastewater passes through a gravel and more rarely

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removal and waste breakdown. The plants remove about seven to ten percent of pollutants, and act as a

167:, soil infiltration beds, treatment wetlands, engineered wetlands, man-made or artificial wetlands. A 30: 3946: 3757: 3094: 2162: 2084: 1874: 1765:

For example, see Urban Drainage and Flood Control District, Denver, CO. "Treatment BMP Fact Sheets:"

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are the main species used in constructed wetland due to their effectiveness, even though they can be

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Carpenter, S.R., Caraco, N.F., Correll, D.L., Howarth, R.W., Sharpley, A.N. & Smith, V.H. (1998)

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the importance of sunlight exposure in removing viruses and bacteria is minimized in these systems.

3860: 3845: 3599: 3502: 3274: 1218: 1168: 977: 869: 258: 86: 3986: 3951: 3895: 3815: 3790: 3559: 3539: 3473: 3468: 3386: 3138: 3056: 2965: 2839: 2824: 2804: 2705: 2700: 2186: 2108: 1933: 1464: 1245: 1151: 908: 677: 314: 117: 714: 221:. The periphyton and natural chemical processes are responsible for approximately 90 percent of 217:

can grow as they break down organic materials. This community of microorganisms is known as the

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Tilley, Elizabeth; Ulrich, Lukas; Lüthi, Christoph; Reymond, Philippe; Zurbrügg, Chris (2014).

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Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands: Eco-engineering Systems for Wastewater and Sludge Treatment

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Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands: Eco-engineering Systems for Wastewater and Sludge Treatment

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Mitsch, J.W., Gosselink, J.G. (1986): Wetlands. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, p. 536

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The binding of phosphorus in organic matter as a result of incorporation into living biomass,

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Surface flow wetlands have a similar appearance to ponds for wastewater treatment (such as "

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area is needed to purify water. A downside to the system are the intakes, which can clog or

694: 604: 418: 406: 386: 354: 310: 242: 74: 70: 3976: 3850: 3639: 3564: 3391: 3371: 3294: 3169: 3106: 2864: 2859: 2715: 2606: 2366:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council. December 2003. 1608: 1452: 1308: 1294: 1207: 505: 426: 338: 322: 293:

within a constructed wetland occurs as it passes through the wetland medium and the plant

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Constructed wetlands have been used extensively for the removal of dissolved metals and

4001: 3981: 3971: 3966: 3956: 3936: 3875: 3770: 3702: 3644: 3629: 3574: 3244: 3051: 2725: 2360: 1815: 1663:. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, Germany 1566: 1525: 1487:"Recent research challenges in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: A review" 1136: 827: 430: 147:, has an equally important role to play. Some constructed wetlands may also serve as a 133: 198:

Constructed wetland for domestic wastewater treatment in Bayawan City, the Philippines

4040: 3659: 3584: 3579: 3254: 3008: 2579: 2190: 1366: 1350: 1140: 982: 656:. Although these contaminants are prevalent in mine drainage, they are also found in 511: 454: 422: 318: 230: 214: 2457: 2174: 2112: 2096: 1549: 472:). The process of nitrification oxidizes ammonium (from the wastewater) to nitrite ( 257:

Constructed wetlands can be used to treat raw sewage, storm water, agricultural and

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Stefanakis, Alexandros; Akratos, Christos; Tsihrintzis, Vassilios (5 August 2014).

1996:

Stefanakis, Alexandros; Akratos, Christos; Tsihrintzis, Vassilios (5 August 2014).

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Vegetation in a wetland provides a substrate (roots, stems, and leaves) upon which

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A constructed wetland is an engineered sequence of water bodies designed to treat

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of integrated constructed wetland compared to conventional constructed wetlands.

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Surface flow wetlands can be supported by a wide variety of soil types including

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or a mixture of various sizes of media (for vertical flow constructed wetlands).

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has some similarities with a constructed wetland, but is usually without plants.

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Constructed wetland systems can be surface flow systems with only free-floating

441: 77:. Constructed wetlands are engineered systems that use the natural functions of 1691: 1674: 756:—generally limestone or pumice/volcanic rock, depending on local availability, 3961: 3825: 3525: 3376: 3346: 3224: 2920: 2884: 2750: 2740: 2643: 2618: 2611: 2594: 2589: 2584: 1972: 1854:

Wetzel, R.G. (1983): Limnology. Orlando, Florida: Saunders college publishing.

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which biofilms form. In most cases, the bottom is lined with either a polymer

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Many regulatory agencies list treatment wetlands as one of their recommended "

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Technical and Regulatory Guidance Document for Constructed Treatment Wetlands

1965:

Wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands with horizontal sub-surface flow

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Abdelhakeem, Sara G.; Aboulroos, Samir A.; Kamel, Mohamed M. (2016-09-01).

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on the gravel or sand media in subsurface flow and vertical flow systems.

3722: 3614: 3549: 3463: 3458: 3234: 3229: 3219: 3041: 2993: 2988: 2971: 2829: 2809: 2774: 2690: 2653: 2648: 2393: 2027:

Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies – (2nd Revised Edition)

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can be added to surface flow constructed wetlands to eliminate or reduce

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easily, although some larger sized gravel will often solve this problem.

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plants, trickling filters, rotating discs, submerged aerated filters or

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for a sewage treatment plant with subsurface flow constructed wetlands.

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treatment at an ecological housing estate in Hamburg-Allermöhe, Germany

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Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Lüthi, C., Reymond, Ph., Zurbrügg, C. (2014):

1369:, one of the waste dumps was transformed into an engineered wetland. 317:

micro-organisms facilitate decomposition of organic matter. Microbial

34:

Constructed wetland in an ecological settlement in Flintenbreite near

27:

Artificial wetland to treat wastewater, greywater or stormwater runoff

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or more. The remaining 5,350 treatment plants are smaller than that.

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The dominant forms of nitrogen in wetlands that are of importance to

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Surface flow constructed wetland (this wetland has horizontal flow)

3569: 2844: 2799: 2789: 2769: 2720: 2685: 2660: 2633: 2529: 1004: 933: 790: 782: 774: 713: 600: 539:), with concomitant oxidation of organic matter. The end product, 414:

depletion in water, fish mortality, loss of aquatic biodiversity.

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Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen

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Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

668:), for which treatment wetlands have been constructed for mines. 2998: 2819: 2695: 2425:"Turning an old dump into new wetland in Happy Valley-Goose Bay" 1612: 1526:"Constructed wetlands for greywater recycle and reuse: A review" 1365:

As part of the remediation efforts to remove contamination from

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Similar to natural wetlands, constructed wetlands also act as a

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Primary clarifier effluent was discharged directly to natural

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source for the microbes when they decay. Different species of

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Hoffmann, H., Platzer, C., von Münch, E., Winker, M. (2011):

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plants. They are also suitable to treat stormwater drainage.

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Vertical flow type of constructed wetlands (subsurface flow)

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The main three broad types of constructed wetlands include:

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Many terms are used to denote constructed wetlands, such as

3717: 2472: 2053:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. p. 392. 2458:

Constructed Wetlands – US Environmental Protection Agency

1906: 1904: 1272:

A hybrid system using Flowforms in a treatment pond, in

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The effluent can have a yellowish or brownish colour if

1217:) are common (both in blackwater treatment but also in 676:

Constructed wetlands can also be used for treatment of

1485:

Vymazal, Jan; Zhao, Yaqian; Mander, Ülo (2021-11-01).

664:

and other sources (e.g., leachate or FDG washwater at

551:, and to a lesser extent the intermediary by product, 1436: 65:. It may also be designed for land reclamation after 1623:

Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported

3929: 3756: 3678: 3532: 3446: 3410: 3354: 3207: 3152: 3093: 3065: 3034: 2981: 2953: 2913: 2517: 2510: 868:Constructed subsurface flow wetlands are meant as 2129:Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies 1735:Volume 7. Biological Wastewater Treatment Series 1607:Maiga, Y., von Sperling, M., Mihelcic, J. 2017. 439:sp. oxidizes ammonium to nitrite; the bacterium 2002:(1st ed.). Elsevier Science. p. 392. 1808:Constructed Wetlands in Water Pollution Control 1775:"T-09. Constructed Wetland Channel" (Nov. 2010) 1611:. In: J.B. Rose and B. Jiménez-Cisneros, (eds) 985:) is another advantage as there is no need for 3075:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia 1850: 1848: 1779:Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual, Volume 3 3510: 3331: 3160:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board 3085:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type 2488: 972:. High rate aerobic treatment processes like 861:medium (generally limestone or volcanic rock 815:, down to 1.5 square metres in hot climates. 8: 2202: 2200: 1769:"T-08. Constructed Wetland Pond" (Nov. 2015) 1345:The total number of constructed wetlands in 1131:Integrated constructed wetlands are used in 484:), and then nitrite is oxidized to nitrate ( 369:are reduced by filtration and adsorption by 2021: 2019: 1655: 1653: 1651: 960:Subsurface wetlands are less hospitable to 3517: 3503: 3495: 3418:Continuous monitoring and adaptive control 3338: 3324: 3316: 3099: 2514: 2495: 2481: 2473: 2244: 2242: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 564:, are gases that re-enter the atmosphere. 353:compounds located in the root-bed medium. 2460:— Handbook, studies and related resources 2336: 1967:. Environmental Pollution. Vol. 14. 1963:Vymazal, J. & Kröpfleova, L. (2008). 1932:. Technology.infomine.com. Archived from 1930:"Wetlands for Treatment of Mine Drainage" 1690: 1565: 1097:Same constructed wetland, two years later 763:Constructed wetlands can be used after a 405:. Total nitrogen refers to all nitrogen 237:Constructed wetlands are one example of 186:Effluent from a constructed wetland for 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1477: 1443: 1234: 1075: 297:. A thin film around each root hair is 3180:Meadowview Biological Research Station 3112:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands 1244:Newly planted constructed wetland for 1145:Scottish Environment Protection Agency 301:due to the leakage of oxygen from the 2375: 2373: 1842:.Ecological Applications, 8, 559–568. 857:medium on which plants are rooted. A 7: 2464:Publications on constructed wetlands 1791: 1789: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1182:Organisms used in water purification 3175:Irish Peatland Conservation Council 3906:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation 1816:10.1016/b978-0-08-040784-5.50012-7 1061:spp. are used worldwide (although 25: 3776:Agricultural wastewater treatment 2429:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1085:Newly planted constructed wetland 576:, including cyanide and nitrate. 4020: 4019: 3300: 3299: 3288: 2155:Science of the Total Environment 2077:Science of the Total Environment 1616: 1530:Science of the Total Environment 1524:Arden, S.; Ma, X. (2018-07-15). 1458: 1446: 1265: 1253: 1237: 1090: 1078: 672:Mine water—Acid drainage removal 95:decentralized wastewater systems 3836:Industrial wastewater treatment 3806:Decentralized wastewater system 2671:Flooded grasslands and savannas 2468:Sustainable Sanitation Alliance 2296:Landscape Architecture Magazine 2175:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137650 2097:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.006 1550:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.218 1380:Decentralized wastewater system 1221:systems to purify wastewater). 1049:Plants such as water hyacinth ( 965:suitable for wildlife habitat. 886:upflow anaerobic sludge blanket 884:, anaerobic baffled reactor or 710:Types and design considerations 568:Ammonia removal from mine water 73:step for natural areas lost to 1613:Global Water Pathogens Project 1400:Integrated constructed wetland 1232:reasons and optimum workings. 1111:Integrated constructed wetland 18:Integrated Constructed Wetland 1: 3856:Rotating biological contactor 3195:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust 3185:Society of Wetland Scientists 1503:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106318 617:of insoluble phosphates with 249:efficient treatment process. 112:and/or can remove a range of 2810:Peatland, mire, and quagmire 2382:Water Science and Technology 1887:10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.060 1679:Journal of Advanced Research 1420:Water-sensitive urban design 1205:In North America, cattails ( 1202:outside their native range. 956:Comparisons with other types 634:Biomass plants incorporation 3080:National Wetlands Inventory 1415:Vegetative treatment system 970:wastewater treatment plants 85:, and organisms to provide 4113: 3921:Wastewater treatment plant 3688:Adsorbable organic halides 3397:Stormwater detention vault 3165:Delta Waterfowl Foundation 1737:. London: IWA Publishing. 1692:10.1016/j.jare.2015.12.002 1179: 1176:Plants and other organisms 1167:to wildlife biologists to 743:Floating treatment wetland 503: 452: 4092:Water and the environment 4062:Environmental terminology 4057:Environmental engineering 4015: 3693:Biochemical oxygen demand 3283: 3102: 2292:"The return of the swamp" 1973:10.1007/978-1-4020-8580-2 1026:waste stabilization ponds 945:Operation and maintenance 274:best management practices 151:for native and migratory 116:(such as organic matter, 99:biochemical oxygen demand 3144:Wetland indicator status 1405:Passive treatment system 4067:Sewerage infrastructure 3881:Sewage sludge treatment 3821:Fecal sludge management 3781:API oil–water separator 3748:Wastewater surveillance 3355:Treatment / Containment 2855:Freshwater swamp forest 2317:Ecological Applications 1320:estate costs are high. 987:sewage sludge treatment 666:coal-fired power plants 629:found in wetland soils. 284:Removal of contaminants 4087:Ecological restoration 3738:Total suspended solids 3733:Total dissolved solids 3698:Chemical oxygen demand 3433:Hydrodynamic separator 3428:Flow control structure 3190:Wetlands International 2961:List of wetland plants 2466:in the library of the 2254:Bioresource Technology 2221:Ecological Engineering 2208:Biosystems Engineering 1491:Ecological Engineering 1425:Wetland classification 1395:Floodplain restoration 1385:Ecological engineering 1355:population equivalents 1248:treatment (Lima, Peru) 1069:are highly invasive). 1010: 796: 788: 780: 722: 239:nature-based solutions 199: 191: 103:chemical oxygen demand 38: 4072:Stormwater management 3605:Industrial wastewater 3423:Flood control channel 3402:Stormwater harvesting 3349:management structures 2835:Salt pannes and pools 2256:, 99 (15), 6780–6792. 1432:(a company in Brazil) 1390:Ecological sanitation 1228:in that location for 1008: 849:Design considerations 794: 786: 778: 717: 504:Further information: 453:Further information: 197: 185: 63:industrial wastewater 33: 4052:Artificial landforms 4047:Constructed wetlands 3947:Groundwater recharge 2394:10.2166/wst.2017.112 1731:"Treatment wetlands" 1609:Constructed Wetlands 1430:Wetlands Construídos 1214:Phragmites australis 1169:landscape architects 1158:Other design aspects 1118:biological diversity 1052:Eichhornia crassipes 1015:wastewater treatment 911:is treated. Treated 894:facultative bacteria 719:Process flow diagram 527:) and nitrogen gas ( 291:wastewater treatment 263:wastewater treatment 3861:Secondary treatment 3846:Membrane bioreactor 3801:Constructed wetland 3600:Infiltration/Inflow 3367:Constructed wetland 3295:Wetlands portal 2926:Constructed wetland 2511:Types and landforms 2167:2020ScTEn.723m7650A 2089:2019ScTEn.668..577S 1879:2015WatRe..85..377H 1542:2018ScTEn.630..587A 1224:Plants are usually 1219:greywater treatment 978:membrane bioreactor 905:domestic wastewater 870:secondary treatment 838:processing wastes, 259:industrial effluent 87:secondary treatment 43:constructed wetland 4097:Chinese inventions 4077:Sustainable design 4026:Category: Sewerage 3987:Septic drain field 3952:Infiltration basin 3896:Stabilization pond 3816:Facultative lagoon 3680:Quality indicators 3560:Blackwater (waste) 3540:Acid mine drainage 3474:Percolation trench 3469:Infiltration basin 3387:Oil-grit separator 3139:Salt marsh die-off 3057:Salt marsh dieback 2966:List of fen plants 2805:Palustrine wetland 2706:Intertidal wetland 2701:Interdunal wetland 2290:Walsh, P. (2015). 2250:Temperate Climates 2236:, 27 (2), 337–354. 2223:, 35 (5), 779–790. 2210:, 97 (3), 415–423. 1810:. pp. 77–84. 1286:Locally grown non- 1152:Environment Agency 1116:and enhancing its 1011: 797: 789: 781: 723: 678:acid mine drainage 597:aquatic ecosystems 580:Phosphorus removal 385:treatment include 276:" for controlling 208:storm water runoff 200: 192: 39: 4034: 4033: 3811:Extended aeration 3758:Treatment options 3708:Oxygen saturation 3555:Blackwater (coal) 3533:Sources and types 3492: 3491: 3484:Semicircular bund 3313: 3312: 3215:Aquatic ecosystem 3203: 3202: 3122:Ramsar Convention 2949: 2948: 2931:Converted wetland 2873:Peat swamp forest 2736:Inland salt marsh 2388:(10): 2309–2315. 2139:978-3-906484-57-0 2035:978-3-906484-57-0 2009:978-0-12-404612-2 1982:978-1-4020-8579-6 813:person equivalent 680:from coal mines. 662:landfill leachate 411:methemoglobinemia 45:is an artificial 16:(Redirected from 4104: 4023: 4022: 3942:Evaporation pond 3930:Disposal options 3901:Trickling filter 3886:Sewage treatment 3786:Carbon filtering 3766:Activated sludge 3519: 3512: 3505: 3496: 3479:Permeable paving 3340: 3333: 3326: 3317: 3303: 3302: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3275:Will-o'-the-wisp 3208:Related articles 3100: 2900:Whitewater river 2850:Coniferous swamp 2731:Freshwater marsh 2624:Clearwater river 2540:Blackwater river 2515: 2497: 2490: 2483: 2474: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2431:. Archived from 2420: 2414: 2413: 2377: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2340: 2329:10.1002/eap.1714 2323:(4): 1106–1115. 2312: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2263: 2257: 2246: 2237: 2230: 2224: 2217: 2211: 2204: 2195: 2194: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2044: 2038: 2023: 2014: 2013: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1960: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1941: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1899: 1898: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1843: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1803: 1797: 1793: 1784: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1726: 1705: 1704: 1694: 1670: 1664: 1657: 1626: 1620: 1605: 1580: 1579: 1569: 1521: 1515: 1514: 1482: 1463: 1462: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1309:ecological traps 1269: 1257: 1241: 1149:Northern Ireland 1094: 1082: 974:activated sludge 931:spp., cattails ( 684:Pathogen removal 605:phosphorus cycle 563: 561: 560: 550: 549: 548: 538: 537: 536: 526: 524: 523: 495: 494: 493: 483: 482: 481: 471: 470: 469: 419:sewage treatment 387:organic nitrogen 377:Nitrogen removal 355:Suspended solids 309:, and rootlets. 243:phytoremediation 75:land development 21: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4011: 3977:Reclaimed water 3925: 3851:Reverse osmosis 3752: 3674: 3640:Reverse osmosis 3565:Boiler blowdown 3528: 3523: 3493: 3488: 3442: 3406: 3392:Retention basin 3372:Detention basin 3350: 3344: 3314: 3309: 3289: 3287: 3279: 3199: 3170:Ducks Unlimited 3148: 3107:Clean Water Act 3089: 3067:Classifications 3061: 3030: 2977: 2945: 2909: 2860:Mangrove forest 2506: 2501: 2454: 2449: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2423:Barker, Jacob. 2422: 2421: 2417: 2379: 2378: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2300: 2298: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2275: 2273: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2247: 2240: 2231: 2227: 2218: 2214: 2205: 2198: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2061: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2024: 2017: 2010: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1983: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1939: 1937: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1902: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1846: 1837: 1833: 1826: 1805: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1787: 1764: 1760: 1745: 1728: 1727: 1708: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1658: 1629: 1606: 1583: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1457: 1447: 1445: 1437: 1435: 1375: 1363: 1343: 1338: 1326: 1317: 1284: 1277: 1270: 1261: 1258: 1249: 1242: 1208:Typha latifolia 1189: 1184: 1178: 1160: 1113: 1105: 1098: 1095: 1086: 1083: 1003: 995: 958: 947: 851: 824: 773: 771:Subsurface flow 712: 686: 674: 650: 636: 589:orthophosphates 582: 570: 559: 556: 555: 554: 552: 547: 544: 543: 542: 540: 535: 532: 531: 530: 528: 522: 519: 518: 517: 515: 508: 506:Denitrification 502: 500:Denitrification 492: 489: 488: 487: 485: 480: 477: 476: 475: 473: 468: 465: 464: 463: 461: 457: 451: 427:denitrification 379: 323:denitrification 321:and subsequent 286: 255: 180: 161: 36:Lübeck, Germany 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4110: 4108: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4039: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4028: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4009: 4004: 4002:Surface runoff 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3982:Sanitary sewer 3979: 3974: 3972:Marine outfall 3969: 3967:Marine dumping 3964: 3959: 3957:Injection well 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3937:Combined sewer 3933: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3876:Settling basin 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3771:Aerated lagoon 3768: 3762: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3703:Coliform index 3700: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3645:Sanitary sewer 3642: 3637: 3632: 3630:Produced water 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3575:Combined sewer 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3514: 3507: 3499: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3320: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3307: 3297: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3245:Drainage basin 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3135: 3134: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3071: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3059: 3054: 3052:Paludification 3049: 3044: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3006: 3004:Sapric or muck 3001: 2991: 2985: 2983: 2982:Soil mechanics 2979: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2968: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2726:Brackish marsh 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2604: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2521: 2519: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2492: 2485: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2461: 2453: 2452:External links 2450: 2447: 2446: 2415: 2369: 2352: 2307: 2282: 2258: 2238: 2225: 2212: 2196: 2145: 2138: 2118: 2066: 2059: 2039: 2015: 2008: 1988: 1981: 1955: 1946: 1921: 1912: 1900: 1867:Water Research 1856: 1844: 1831: 1824: 1798: 1785: 1783: 1782: 1777:. Part of the 1772: 1758: 1743: 1706: 1685:(5): 803–814. 1665: 1627: 1581: 1516: 1476: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1467: 1455: 1434: 1433: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1362: 1359: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1325: 1322: 1316: 1313: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1271: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1252: 1250: 1243: 1236: 1188: 1185: 1177: 1174: 1159: 1156: 1126:residence time 1112: 1109: 1104: 1103:Hybrid systems 1101: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1077: 1002: 999: 994: 991: 957: 954: 946: 943: 850: 847: 823: 820: 772: 769: 745: 744: 741: 738: 711: 708: 685: 682: 673: 670: 649: 648:Metals removal 646: 635: 632: 631: 630: 612: 595:In freshwater 581: 578: 569: 566: 557: 545: 533: 520: 501: 498: 490: 478: 466: 450: 447: 431:nitrogen cycle 378: 375: 339:coprecipitated 329:as gas to the 285: 282: 254: 251: 231:aquatic plants 215:microorganisms 179: 176: 160: 157: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4109: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4027: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3866:Sedimentation 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3660:Sewage sludge 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3585:Cooling water 3583: 3581: 3580:Cooling tower 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3545:Ballast water 3543: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3515: 3513: 3508: 3506: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3322: 3321: 3318: 3306: 3298: 3296: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3255:Riparian zone 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153:Organizations 3151: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3009:Tropical peat 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2890:Várzea forest 2888: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 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Constructed wetland

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