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other side. The screen would be placed inside a lightproof holder and on a tripod for stability. When exposed each tiny lens would function as a camera and record the surroundings from a slightly different angle than neighboring lenses. When developed and lit from behind the lenses should project the life-size image of the recorded subject in space. He could not yet present concrete results in March 1908, but by the end of 1908 he claimed to have exposed some
Integral photography plates and to have seen the "resulting single, full-sized image". However, the technique remained experimental since no material or technique seemed to deliver the optical quality desired. At the time of his death in 1921 Lippmann reportedly had a system with only twelve lenses.
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each microlens allows each observing eye to see only the area of the associated micro-image containing the portion of the subject that would have been visible through that space from that eye's location. The optical geometry can perhaps be visualized more easily by substituting pinholes for the microlenses, as has actually been done for some demonstrations and special applications.
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or viewing lens. In capture mode, in which a film or detector is coupled to the microlens array, each microlens allows an image of the subject as seen from the viewpoint of that lens's location to be acquired. In reproduction mode, in which an object or source array is coupled to the microlens array,
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Inventor
Gabriel Lippmann called the technique "photographie intégrale" (in French). It is usually translated literally as "integral photography", which suggests the integration of a whole image from parts of many small ones. However, a more usual meaning of the French word "intégrale" is "complete"
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autostereograms of
Frederic Ives and Eugène Estanave, representing Estanave at several presentations of Estanave's works at the French Academy of Sciences. Lippmann suggested to use a screen of tiny lenses. Spherical segments should be pressed into a sort of film with photographic emulsion on the
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worked on integral photography and corresponded with
Lippman about the technique. Lumière patented a system a few years after Lippmann's death, but never seems to have actually manufactured lenticular screens.
125:. In 1930 he had 432 lenses in a 6.5 x 9 cm plate with viewable results, but then abandoned the lenticular screen and continued his integral photography experiments with pinholes.
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in all directions, perspective that changes with the position and distance of the observer, and, if the lenses are small enough and the images of sufficient quality, the cue of
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and have only a subjective location in space, allowing a scene of infinite depth to be displayed without resorting to an auxiliary large magnifying lens or mirror.
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Eugène
Estanave performed further experiments with Lippmann's technique. He exhibited an integral photograph in 1925 and published about his findings in
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or "unabridged", so that "complete photography" is another valid translation of
Lippmann's perhaps deliberately ambiguous name for it.
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2010 Japan's NHK broadcasting company and
Toshiba each showed a demo featuring a prototype display view-able with a 25 degree window.
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presented his ideas for "Photographie intégrale", based on insect eyes. He was probably also inspired by the
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display, the latest is based around an 8k screen showing 45 different possible angles simultaneously
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Diffraction
Influence on the Field of View and Resolution of Three-Dimensional Integral Imaging
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263:"Integral 3D TV - Creating Autostereoscopic Content from Multi-perspective Videos #DigInfo"
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292:"Glasses-Free 3D Display Using Integral Imaging - Toshiba : DigInfo"
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is a three-dimensional imaging technique that captures and reproduces a
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The result is a visual reproduction complete with all significant
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240:"Integral 3D TV system projects a promising future (w/ Video)"
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On March 2, 1908 Nobel prize winning French physicist
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144:2015 "Looking glass factory" started work on their
50:A display using integral imaging is a type of
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88:autostereograms and in turn partly inspired
317:— Comprehensive history of integral imaging
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84:Integral imaging was partly inspired by
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805:Stereoscopic Displays and Applications
214:3D and Animated Lenticular Photography
315:The History of Integral Print Methods
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34:by using a two-dimensional array of
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445:Vergence-accommodation conflict
238:Zyga, Lisa (August 27, 2010).
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611:Stereo photography techniques
621:Stereoscopic depth rendition
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636:Stereoscopic video coding
631:Stereoscopic spectroscopy
395:Convergence insufficiency
732:Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D
669:3D-enabled mobile phones
626:Stereoscopic rangefinder
463:Active shutter 3D system
704:Virtual reality headset
699:Stereoscopic video game
548:Virtual retinal display
596:Multiview Video Coding
591:Computer stereo vision
400:Correspondence problem
488:Head-mounted display
420:Kinetic depth effect
18:Integral photography
576:2D to 3D conversion
528:Specular holography
523:Polarized 3D system
440:Stereoscopic acuity
435:Stereopsis recovery
164:Lenticular printing
90:lenticular printing
52:light field display
558:Wiggle stereoscopy
553:Volumetric display
518:Parallax scrolling
75:volumetric display
831:French inventions
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774:Sharp Actius RD3D
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415:Epipolar geometry
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211:(31 July 2015).
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28:Integral imaging
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281:Archived at
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252:Archived at
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606:Pseudoscope
538:Stereoscope
468:Anaglyph 3D
357:Stereoscopy
184:Stereoscopy
146:multiscopic
36:microlenses
32:light field
826:3D imaging
820:Categories
793:Miscellany
684:Digital 3D
679:Blu-ray 3D
543:Vectograph
508:Multiscopy
493:Holography
483:Bubblegram
430:Stereopsis
368:Perception
361:3D display
209:Timby, Kim
190:References
179:3D display
73:in a true
59:depth cues
123:La Nature
96:Etymology
44:objective
784:XpanD 3D
769:RealD 3D
727:Dolby 3D
722:AMD HD3D
715:products
285:and the
256:and the
153:See also
63:parallax
40:lenslets
752:New 3DS
737:Infitec
713:Notable
674:4D film
659:3D film
645:Product
454:Display
297:YouTube
268:YouTube
105:History
79:virtual
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71:voxels
647:types
567:Other
359:and
219:ISBN
38:(or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.