1739:
1526:
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Derchang Kau; Tang, Stephen; Karpov, Ilya V.; Dodge, Rick; Klehn, Brett; Kalb, Johannes A.; Strand, Jonathan; Diaz, Aleshandre; Leung, Nelson; Wu, Jack; Sean Lee; Langtry, Tim; Kuo-Wei Chang; Papagianni, Christina; Jinwook Lee; Hirst, Jeremy; Erra, Swetha; Flores, Eddie; Righos, Nick; Castro, Hernan;
1809:
Intel distinguishes between "Intel Optane Memory" and "Intel Optane SSDs". As a memory component, Optane requires specific chipset and CPU support. As an ordinary SSD, Optane is broadly compatible with a very wide range of systems, and its main requirements are much like any other SSD – ability to be
1770:
described the Optane 900p in
December 2017 as being like a "mythical creature" that must be seen to be believed, and which doubled the speed of the best previous consumer devices. ServeTheHome concluded in 2017 that in read, write and mixed tests, Optane SSDs were consistently around 2.5Ă— as fast as
2492:
products will be available in 2016, in both standard SSD (PCIe) form factors for everything from
Ultrabooks to servers, and in a DIMM form factor for Xeon systems for even greater bandwidth and lower latencies. As expected, Intel will be providing storage controllers optimized for the 3D XPoint
1795:
Intel responded at the time that its ability to supply Intel Optane products would not be affected. However, Intel had already discontinued its consumer line of Optane products in
January 2021,. In July 2022, Intel announced the winding down of the Optane division, effectively discontinuing the
1742:
Optane 900p sequential mixed read-write performance, compared to a wide range of well reputed consumer SSDs. The graph shows how traditional SSD's performance drops sharply to around 500–700 MB/s for all but nearly-pure read and write tasks, whereas the 3D XPoint device is unaffected and
1671:
According to reverse engineering firm TechInsights, 3D XPoint uses germanium-antimony-tellurium (GST) with low silicon content as the data storage material which is accessed by ovonic threshold switches (OTSes) made of ternary phased selenium-germanium-silicon with arsenic doping.
1659:
have been noted, but 3D XPoint uses different storage physics. Specifically, transistors are replaced by threshold switches as selectors in the memory cells. 3D XPoint developers indicate that it is based on changes in resistance of the bulk material. Intel CEO
1753:
Despite the initial lukewarm reception when first released, 3D XPoint – particularly in the form of Intel's Optane range – has been highly acclaimed and widely recommended for tasks where its specific features are of value, with reviewers such as
2095:
1836:
standalone format. When Optane is used as an ordinary SSD (in any of these formats), its compatibility requirements are the same as for any traditional SSD. Therefore, compatibility depends only upon whether the
1775:
noted that consumer Optane-based SSDs were similar in performance to the best non-3D-XPoint SSDs for large transfers, with both being "blown away" by the large transfer performance of enterprise Optane SSDs.
1711:
LLC (an Intel-Micron joint venture) made small quantities of 128 Gbit chips in 2015. They stack two 64 Gbit planes. In early 2016 mass production of the chips was expected in 12 to 18 months.
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SSD drives (QuantX X100) which maintained compatibility with NVMe capable systems. Native support as an acceleration device is not supported (although tiered storage can be used).
1607:
are designed with inbuilt support for 3D XPoint, which allows it to be used as a caching or acceleration disk, and it is also fast enough to be used as non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) or
1664:
responded to ongoing questions on the XPoint material that the switching was based on "bulk material properties". Intel has stated that 3D XPoint does not use a phase-change or
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1867:(non volatile main memory) or for certain kinds of caching or accelerating roles, but unlike general SSD roles, this requires newer hardware, since the chipset and
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1568:, in conjunction with a stackable cross-grid data access array, using a phenomenon known as Ovonic Threshold Switch (OTS). Initial prices are less than
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An Intel spokesperson categorically denied that it was a phase-change memory process or a memristor technology. Spin-transfer torque was also dismissed
4683:
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The Optane with cross-point architecture is constructed through layering a storage element and a selector known as the ovonic threshold switch (OTS).
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3D XPoint has been the most widely produced standalone memory based on other than charge storage, whereas other alternative memories, like ReRAM or
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1985:"The switching mechanism is via changes in resistance of the bulk material," was all Intel would add in response to questions sent via email.
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brand) estimated the memory to be sold for about half the price of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), but four to five times the price of
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2453:"Micron reveals marketing details about 3D XPoint memory QuantX: Intel, Micron may have made a mistake announcing 3D XPoint a year ago"
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materials for both selector and storage parts of the memory cell that are faster and more stable than traditional PCM materials like
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throughput with 9 microsecond latency. This low latency significantly increases IOPS at low queue depths for random operations. At
1587:. Although the first generations of 3D XPoint were not especially large or fast, 3D XPoint was used to create some of the fastest
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https://web.archive.org/web/20240902193350/https://files.futurememorystorage.com/proceedings/2017/20170808_FR12_Choe.pdf
2247:
https://web.archive.org/web/20240902193350/https://files.futurememorystorage.com/proceedings/2017/20170808_FR12_Choe.pdf
1569:
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630:
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On March 16, 2021, Micron announced that it would cease development of 3D XPoint in order to develop products based on
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3492:
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https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/286317-can-threshold-switches-replace-transistors-in-the-memory-cell/
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1730:(SSDs). On March 19, 2017, Intel announced their first product: a PCIe card available in the second half of 2017.
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As a non-volatile memory, 3D XPoint has a number of features that distinguish it from other currently available
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3256:
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can support NVMe and similar SSDs. Optane SSDs are therefore compatible with a wide range of older and newer
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plugged into the hardware, operating system, BIOS/UEFI and driver support for NVMe, and adequate cooling.
1603:
used to enhance traditional SSDs are not needed to obtain high performance. In addition, chipsets such as
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concluding in August 2018 that for low-latency workloads, 3D XPoint was producing 500,000 4K sustained
2128:
1726:(PCIe) 140 GB development boards showing 2.4–3× improvement in benchmarks compared to PCIe NAND flash
1714:
In early 2016, IM Flash announced that the first generation of solid-state drives would achieve 95000
1651:
3D XPoint has been stated to use electrical resistance and to be bit addressable. Similarities to the
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2277:
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/can-threshold-switches-replace-transistors-memory-cell-frederick-chen
2096:"Intel and Micron Jointly Unveil Disruptive, Game-Changing 3D XPoint Memory, 1000x Faster than NAND"
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3DXP cell stack consists of a thick PCM, an ovonic threshold switch (OTS), and multiple electrodes
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Development of 3D XPoint began around 2012. Intel and Micron had developed other non-volatile
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67:
57:
4794:
3711:
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2415:
2260:"Intel, Micron reveal Xpoint, a new memory architecture that could outclass DDR4 and NAND"
1560:. It was announced in July 2015 and was available on the open market under the brand name
1344:
1171:
1158:
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567:
521:
381:
301:
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176:
62:
33:
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1648:. According to patents a variety of materials can be used as the chalcogenide material.
4995:
4859:
4483:
4251:
3915:
3066:
3000:
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2116:
Intel's Rob Crooke explained, 'You could put the cost somewhere between NAND and DRAM.'
1788:(CXL), due to a lack of demand. The Lehi fab was never fully utilized, and was sold to
1661:
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of Micron said 3D XPoint architecture differs from previous offerings of PCM, and uses
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consistently produces around 2200–2400 MB/s throughput in the same test. Credit:
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3878:
3868:
3827:
3564:
2509:
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2020:
2001:
1976:
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latencies, and that at present "there is currently nothing that comes close", while
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1096:
1091:
1060:
815:
725:
541:
531:
526:
506:
341:
331:
211:
196:
2795:"Intel to Wind Down Optane Memory Business - 3D XPoint Storage Tech Reaches Its End"
4918:
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4600:
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4446:
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4131:
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3131:
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221:
2871:"Micron X100 NVMe SSD (3D XPoint) Unveiled | StorageReview.com - Storage Reviews"
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2040:
1564:(Intel) from April 2017 to July 2022. Bit storage is based on a change of bulk
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896:
650:
416:
411:
286:
151:
77:
2751:"Micron to Sell 3D XPoint Memory Fab and Cease Further Development (Updated)"
1595:. As the memory is inherently fast, and byte-addressable, techniques such as
4815:
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4336:
4321:
4281:
4114:
4109:
4104:
3998:
3993:
3900:
3895:
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3166:
3016:
1772:
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brand for storage products based on 3D XPoint technology. Micron (using the
1665:
1457:
1422:
1259:
1188:
1086:
948:
645:
588:
356:
276:
17:
2058:
2294:"Just ONE THOUSAND times BETTER than FLASH! Intel, Micron's amazing claim"
4954:
4528:
4488:
4331:
3910:
3559:
3421:
3146:
3006:
1386:
1329:
1264:
1219:
1204:
974:
943:
916:
891:
749:
635:
361:
271:
166:
161:
1771:
the best Intel datacentre SSDs which had preceded them, the P3700 NVMe.
4363:
4261:
4099:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4042:
3963:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3922:
3622:
3617:
3156:
3151:
3041:
1923:
1850:
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1229:
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911:
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667:
1517:
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3431:
3026:
2994:
2988:
1864:
1641:
1279:
1239:
1121:
1010:
808:
351:
1817:: Optane devices can be used as the storage element of an ordinary
4964:
4913:
4838:
4693:
3850:
3386:
3185:
3161:
2973:
2681:"The Intel Optane Memory (SSD) Preview: 32GB of Kaby Lake Caching"
1737:
1645:
1584:
1553:
1524:
1516:
1214:
1151:
1146:
1141:
803:
760:
754:
640:
620:
605:
1947:"Intel Launches Optane Memory M.2 Cache SSDs for Consumer Market"
1871:
must be designed to work specifically with Optane in those roles.
4533:
4198:
4015:
3885:
3863:
3659:
3201:
2077:
How
Selector-Only Memory Emerged as the Leading Solution for CXL
1759:
1715:
1679:, have so far only been widely developed on embedded platforms.
1668:
technology, although this is disputed by independent reviewers.
1612:
1209:
496:
146:
4758:
3215:
2946:
2846:"System Requirements for an Intel Optane SSD 900P Series Drive"
2551:"Intel's first Optane SSD: 375 GB that you can also use as RAM"
3792:
3744:
3531:
3206:
2655:"Intel Optane: Hands-on Real World Benchmark and Test Results"
1854:
1833:
1822:
1588:
1534:
1249:
1136:
906:
2484:"Intel Announces Optane Storage Brand For 3D XPoint Products"
2435:"Intel Announces Optane Storage Brand For 3D XPoint Products"
2401:"Patent Search Supports View 3D XPoint Based on Phase-Change"
2220:"Patent Search Supports View 3D XPoint Based on Phase-Change"
2185:"Patent Search Supports View 3D XPoint Based on Phase-Change"
2769:"Intel quietly kills its face-melting Optane desktop SSDs"
4574:
List of Intel graphics processing units (2013 or earlier)
2528:"Intel's 140 GB Optane 3D Xpoint PCIe SSD Spotted at IDF"
2942:
2577:"Intel's first hyper-fast 3D drive is meant for servers"
2821:"Intel Optane Memory: Before You Buy, Key Requirements"
2344:
2009 IEEE International
Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM)
2706:"Micron Will Stop Making 3D XPoint Memory This Year"
2376:"Intel, Numonyx claim phase-change memory milestone"
2167:"Intel, Numonyx claim phase-change memory milestone"
4973:
4937:
4886:
4877:
4847:
4831:
4802:
4793:
4506:
4455:
4434:
4427:
4386:
4299:
4239:
4051:
3849:
3791:
3742:
3709:
3679:
3672:
3598:
3591:
3530:
3430:
3385:
3376:
3249:
3049:
3035:
2980:
2021:"Chalcogenide Ovonic Threshold Switching Selector"
2628:"Intel Optane SSD 900P 256GB Performance Testing"
4704:Intel International Science and Engineering Fair
4414:Intel Corporation Inc. v CPM United Kingdom Ltd
4770:
3227:
2958:
2732:"Micron Abandons 3D XPoint Memory Technology"
2340:"A stackable cross point Phase Change Memory"
2149:"Intel, Micron Launch "Bulk-Switching" ReRAM"
1977:"Intel, Micron Launch "Bulk-Switching" ReRAM"
1644:. But today, it is thought of as a subset of
1498:
8:
2749:updated, Paul Alcorn last (March 16, 2021).
1926:presented 64 Gb stackable PCM chips in 2009.
4404:Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
4394:Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp.
2808:Why Intel killed its Optane memory business
1861:As a memory or on-board acceleration device
4883:
4799:
4777:
4763:
4755:
4431:
3676:
3595:
3382:
3234:
3220:
3212:
3072:Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
2965:
2951:
2943:
1505:
1491:
29:
4684:List of mergers and acquisitions by Intel
2316:"How 3D XPoint Phase-Change Memory Works"
2048:
4674:List of semiconductor fabrication plants
2027:, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 81,
1857:(including non-Intel chipsets and CPUs).
4399:High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation
4312:Process–architecture–optimization model
2234:"Interconnection for memory electrodes"
1938:
1915:
1591:available as of 2019, with small-write
771:
566:
32:
2503:
2501:
2002:"Intel's Krzanich: CEO Q&A at IDF"
1552:(NVM) technology developed jointly by
3117:Intel Display Power Saving Technology
2142:
2140:
2138:
1995:
1993:
1970:
1968:
1863:: Optane devices can also be used as
1780:Sale of Lehi fab, and discontinuation
1762:for both reads and writes, with 3–15
1046:Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus
7:
4419:Silvaco Data Systems v. Intel Corp.
3172:Performance acceleration technology
2602:"Intel Optane SSD DC P4800X Review"
4659:Intel Outstanding Researcher Award
4519:Mac transition to Intel processors
4514:Intel Foundation Achievement Award
2094:Evangelho, Jason (July 28, 2015).
1815:As a standards-based NVMe-PCIe SSD
207:Data validation and reconciliation
25:
5031:Non-volatile random-access memory
4729:Supervisor Mode Access Prevention
4679:List of Intel manufacturing sites
2653:Robinson, Cliff (24 April 2017).
2451:Mearian, Lucas (August 9, 2016).
2414:LaPedus, Mark (August 16, 2018).
2314:Malventano, Allyn (2 June 2017).
1687:In mid-2015, Intel announced the
257:Distributed file system for cloud
27:Discontinued computer memory type
4327:Intel HD, UHD, and Iris Graphics
2549:Bright, Peter (March 19, 2017).
2510:"3D XPoint Steps Into the Light"
2202:"Partnership Puts ReRAM in SSDs"
2129:"Intel Optane SSD P5800X Review"
105:Areal density (computer storage)
4709:Regeneron Science Talent Search
4559:Dynamic video memory technology
3415:P6 variant (Enhanced Pentium M)
2526:Cutress, Ian (26 August 2016).
2019:Zhao, Zihao (11 January 2024),
1632:(PCM) technologies previously;
924:Programmable metallization cell
3082:Client Initiated Remote Access
3040:4Group Holdings (50% owned by
2482:Smith, Ryan (18 August 2015),
2292:Mellor, Chris (28 July 2015).
2183:Clarke, Peter (31 July 2015),
2165:McGrath, Dylan (28 Oct 2009),
2147:Clarke, Peter (28 July 2015),
1975:Clarke, Peter (28 July 2015),
1653:resistive random-access memory
1521:3D Cross Point 2 layer diagram
487:Persistence (computer science)
1:
4786:Primary computer data storage
4569:List of Intel microprocessors
3192:Stable Image Platform Program
2575:Figas, Jon (March 19, 2017).
2508:Merrick, Rick (14 Jan 2016),
2258:Hruska, Joel (29 July 2015).
1355:Electronic quantum holography
3137:Intel system development kit
2877:. 2019-10-24. Archived from
2416:"Next-Gen Memory Ramping Up"
1570:dynamic random-access memory
706:Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)
502:Non-RAID drive architectures
4654:Intel Mobile Communications
4579:I/O Acceleration Technology
3122:Intel Modular Server System
3077:Cache Acceleration Software
2810:, The Register, 2022-07-22.
2433:Smith, Ryan (18 Aug 2015),
2338:Spadini, Gianpaolo (2009).
5047:
4719:Single-chip Cloud Computer
3092:Flexible Display Interface
2041:10.1007/s40820-023-01289-x
1796:development of 3D XPoint.
1295:Holographic Versatile Disc
1194:Compact Disc Digital Audio
1066:Magnetic-tape data storage
685:Content-addressable memory
4724:Software Guard Extensions
4714:Simple Firmware Interface
2420:Semiconductor Engineering
2352:10.1109/IEDM.2009.5424263
1722:2016, Intel demonstrated
492:Persistent data structure
387:Digital rights management
1367:DNA digital data storage
1350:Holographic data storage
839:Solid-state hybrid drive
125:Network-attached storage
4524:Intel Architecture Labs
2719:Micron ceases 3D XPoint
1362:5D optical data storage
1179:3D optical data storage
902:Universal Flash Storage
307:Replication (computing)
252:Distributed file system
142:Single-instance storage
120:Direct-attached storage
100:Continuous availability
3410:P6 variant (Pentium M)
3127:Intel Quick Sync Video
3087:Direct Media Interface
2932:"Intel Micron Webcast"
1792:for USD 900 million.
1750:
1538:
1522:
1235:Nintendo optical discs
452:Storage virtualization
322:Information repository
262:Distributed data store
4589:IM Flash Technologies
4584:IA-32 Execution Layer
4564:Intel Extreme Masters
4554:Intel Developer Forum
4409:Intel Corp. v. Hamidi
3142:Intel Upgrade Service
2875:www.storagereview.com
1741:
1720:Intel Developer Forum
1709:IM Flash Technologies
1655:under development by
1572:(DRAM) but more than
1528:
1520:
738:Mellon optical memory
726:Williams–Kilburn tube
442:Locality of reference
247:Clustered file system
73:Memory access pattern
38:computer data storage
4991:Magnetic-core memory
4664:Intel SHA extensions
2463:on September 6, 2017
1880:Micron offered NVMe
1821:(SSD), typically in
1786:Compute Express Link
1677:Magnetoresistive RAM
1548:) is a discontinued
1434:Magnetic-core memory
1081:Digital Data Storage
1041:Quadruplex videotape
482:In-memory processing
372:Information transfer
267:Distributed database
130:Storage area network
110:Block (data storage)
4879:Non-volatile memory
4644:Intel Compute Stick
4639:Intel Cluster Ready
4544:Convera Corporation
2033:2024NML....16...81Z
1630:phase-change memory
1550:non-volatile memory
1546:three-D cross point
1031:Phonograph cylinder
969:Electrochemical RAM
821:Solid-state storage
437:Memory segmentation
135:Block-level storage
4699:Intel PRO/Wireless
4209:Sandy Bridge-based
3378:Microarchitectures
3363:Microarchitectures
3062:Accounts & SSO
3022:Wind River Systems
2775:. January 19, 2021
2378:. 28 October 2009.
2106:on August 15, 2016
1894:Intel Turbo Memory
1751:
1728:solid-state drives
1683:Initial production
1539:
1523:
1440:Plated-wire memory
1405:Paper data storage
1051:Magnetic recording
477:In-memory database
462:Memory-mapped file
407:Volume boot record
402:Master boot record
392:Volume (computing)
367:Data communication
292:Data deduplication
5008:
5007:
5004:
5003:
4873:
4872:
4855:Delay-line memory
4752:
4751:
4744:Timeline of Intel
4614:The Beauty Inside
4502:
4501:
4382:
4381:
4295:
4294:
3668:
3667:
3587:
3586:
3197:Virtual 8086 mode
3112:Intel Clear Video
3012:Recon Instruments
2736:www.anandtech.com
2634:. 4 December 2017
2361:978-1-4244-5639-0
1899:NAND flash memory
1819:solid-state drive
1790:Texas Instruments
1701:wafer fabrication
1609:persistent memory
1597:read-modify-write
1558:Micron Technology
1515:
1514:
1112:8 mm video format
1036:Phonograph record
855:Flash Core Module
833:Solid-state drive
732:Delay-line memory
691:Computational RAM
594:Scratchpad memory
432:Disk partitioning
157:Unstructured data
83:Secondary storage
16:(Redirected from
5038:
4884:
4800:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4756:
4739:Intel Tera-Scale
4621:The Power Inside
4432:
4214:Ivy Bridge-based
3805:8/16-bit databus
3677:
3596:
3592:Current products
3383:
3243:Intel processors
3236:
3229:
3222:
3213:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2944:
2938:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2906:. Archived from
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2727:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2459:. Archived from
2448:
2442:
2441:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2346:. pp. 1–4.
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2318:. PC Perspective
2311:
2305:
2304:
2289:
2283:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2255:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2144:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2102:. Archived from
2091:
2085:
2084:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2052:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1943:
1927:
1920:
1904:NOR flash memory
1843:operating system
1507:
1500:
1493:
1452:Thin-film memory
1446:Core rope memory
1372:Universal memory
1335:Millipede memory
1325:Racetrack memory
1290:Ultra HD Blu-ray
1102:Linear Tape-Open
1056:Magnetic storage
1024:Analog recording
467:Software entropy
427:Disk aggregation
187:Data degradation
172:Data compression
68:Memory hierarchy
58:Memory coherence
30:
21:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5021:Computer memory
5011:
5010:
5009:
5000:
4969:
4933:
4869:
4843:
4827:
4795:Volatile memory
4789:
4783:
4753:
4748:
4498:
4451:
4423:
4378:
4307:Tick–tock model
4291:
4235:
4224:Broadwell-based
4115:Extreme Edition
4047:
3845:
3787:
3738:
3705:
3664:
3583:
3526:
3426:
3372:
3245:
3240:
3211:
3045:
3031:
2976:
2971:
2930:
2927:
2922:
2913:
2911:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2884:
2882:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2730:Tallis, Billy.
2729:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2679:Tallis, Billy.
2678:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2403:. 31 July 2015.
2399:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2275:
2271:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2222:. 31 July 2015.
2218:
2217:
2213:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2146:
2145:
2136:
2131:. 6 April 2021.
2127:
2126:
2122:
2109:
2107:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2080:, 30 May 2023,
2074:
2073:
2069:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2000:Merrick, Rick,
1999:
1998:
1991:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1953:. 27 March 2017
1945:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1890:
1878:
1807:
1802:
1782:
1736:
1699:. Initially, a
1685:
1626:
1621:
1511:
1482:
1481:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1345:Patterned media
1315:
1307:
1306:
1174:
1164:
1163:
1159:Hard disk drive
1026:
1016:
1015:
996:
985:
984:
939:
929:
928:
850:IBM FlashSystem
845:USB flash drive
784:
767:
766:
721:
713:
712:
701:Dual-ported RAM
579:
562:
561:
522:Cloud computing
382:Copy protection
302:Data redundancy
232:Shared resource
202:Data validation
177:Data corruption
152:Structured data
63:Cache coherence
48:
34:Computer memory
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5044:
5042:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5026:Intel products
5023:
5013:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4996:Twistor memory
4993:
4988:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4890:
4888:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4860:Selectron tube
4857:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4806:
4804:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4759:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4598:
4595:The Innovators
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4484:Brian Krzanich
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4062:
4060:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4026:NetBurst-based
4023:
4013:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3953:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3860:
3858:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3832:32-bit databus
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3814:16-bit databus
3812:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3754:
3752:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3717:
3715:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3697:
3690:
3688:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3539:
3537:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3441:
3439:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3269:
3264:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3067:Amplify Tablet
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3001:Intel Security
2997:
2992:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2926:
2925:External links
2923:
2921:
2920:
2904:www.micron.com
2891:
2862:
2837:
2812:
2800:
2786:
2760:
2755:Tom's Hardware
2741:
2722:
2711:
2697:
2671:
2645:
2632:Tom's Hardware
2619:
2608:. 31 July 2018
2606:Storage review
2593:
2567:
2541:
2518:
2497:
2474:
2457:Computer World
2443:
2425:
2406:
2392:
2381:
2367:
2360:
2329:
2306:
2284:
2269:
2250:
2239:
2225:
2211:
2193:
2175:
2157:
2134:
2120:
2086:
2067:
2011:
1989:
1964:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1858:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1781:
1778:
1768:Tom's Hardware
1756:Storage Review
1746:Tom's Hardware
1735:
1732:
1707:, operated by
1684:
1681:
1662:Brian Krzanich
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1464:Twistor memory
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1382:Quantum memory
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1314:In development
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1225:Super Video CD
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1186:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
997:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
977:
972:
966:
961:
951:
946:
940:
935:
934:
931:
930:
927:
926:
921:
920:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
882:MultiMediaCard
879:
874:
869:
859:
858:
857:
852:
847:
842:
836:
830:
818:
813:
812:
811:
806:
796:
791:
785:
780:
779:
776:
775:
769:
768:
765:
764:
758:
752:
747:
744:Selectron tube
741:
735:
729:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
709:
708:
698:
693:
688:
682:
677:
672:
671:
670:
660:
659:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
598:
597:
596:
591:
584:Hardware cache
580:
575:
574:
571:
570:
564:
563:
560:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
537:Edge computing
534:
529:
524:
519:
517:Grid computing
514:
512:Bank switching
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
457:Virtual memory
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
422:Disk mirroring
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
377:Temporary file
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
327:Knowledge base
324:
319:
317:Storage record
314:
312:Memory refresh
309:
304:
299:
297:Data structure
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
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182:Data cleansing
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55:
49:
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4981:Bubble memory
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4865:Williams tube
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4649:Intel Ireland
4647:
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4637:
4635:
4634:Intel Capital
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4549:Copy Exactly!
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4494:Pat Gelsinger
4492:
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4479:Paul Otellini
4477:
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4474:Craig Barrett
4472:
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4229:Skylake-based
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4219:Haswell-based
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4207:
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4204:Nehalem-based
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3565:Goldmont Plus
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3177:Shooting Star
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2910:on 2020-07-24
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2881:on 2019-12-18
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2208:. 2017-09-27.
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2025:Research Gate
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1800:Compatibility
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542:Dew computing
540:
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532:Fog computing
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527:Cloud storage
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93:floating-gate
91:
90:
89:
86:
84:
81:
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76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
50:
44:
43:
39:
35:
31:
19:
4919:Flash memory
4897:
4788:technologies
4689:Intel Museum
4619:
4612:
4605:
4601:Inside Films
4593:
4539:Classmate PC
4469:Andrew Grove
4465:Gordon Moore
4462:Robert Noyce
4447:Robert Noyce
4442:Gordon Moore
3673:Discontinued
3510:Cypress Cove
3469:Sandy Bridge
3132:Intel Reader
3056:
2999:
2987:
2981:Subsidiaries
2939:, 44 minutes
2935:
2912:. Retrieved
2908:the original
2903:
2894:
2883:. Retrieved
2879:the original
2874:
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2849:
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2824:
2815:
2803:
2789:
2779:February 15,
2777:. Retrieved
2772:
2763:
2754:
2744:
2735:
2725:
2714:
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2684:
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2658:
2648:
2636:. Retrieved
2631:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2605:
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2580:
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2555:Ars Technica
2554:
2544:
2532:. Retrieved
2521:
2513:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2461:the original
2456:
2446:
2438:
2428:
2419:
2409:
2395:
2384:
2370:
2343:
2332:
2320:. Retrieved
2309:
2301:
2298:The Register
2297:
2287:
2272:
2263:
2253:
2242:
2228:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2188:
2178:
2170:
2160:
2152:
2123:
2115:
2108:. Retrieved
2104:the original
2100:Hot Hardware
2099:
2089:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2062:
2024:
2014:
2005:
1984:
1980:
1955:. Retrieved
1950:
1941:
1918:
1879:
1860:
1814:
1808:
1794:
1783:
1755:
1752:
1744:
1713:
1703:facility in
1697:flash memory
1692:
1688:
1686:
1674:
1670:
1650:
1638:chalcogenide
1627:
1605:Cascade Lake
1578:
1574:flash memory
1561:
1545:
1544:(pronounced
1541:
1540:
1530:
1417:Punched tape
1411:Punched card
1377:Time crystal
1245:Hyper CD-ROM
1184:Optical disc
1076:Tape library
1011:FeFET memory
992:Early-stage
957:
872:CompactFlash
867:Memory Stick
827:Flash memory
789:Diode matrix
773:Non-volatile
557:Kryder's law
547:Amdahl's law
472:Software rot
447:Logical disk
347:File copying
282:Data storage
237:File sharing
222:Data cluster
18:Intel Optane
4986:Drum memory
4669:Intel Teach
3522:Golden Cove
3517:Willow Cove
3498:Cannon Lake
3107:Intel AZ210
3097:Hella Zippy
2530:. Anandtech
2264:ExtremeTech
2110:January 21,
2008:, p. 2
1957:13 November
1869:motherboard
1832:format, or
1830:PCI Express
1764:microsecond
1724:PCI Express
1634:Mark Durcan
1624:Development
1537:card format
1476:Floppy disk
1428:Drum memory
862:Memory card
829:is used in:
763:(2002–2010)
728:(1946–1947)
552:Moore's law
397:Boot sector
337:Object file
242:File system
53:Memory cell
5015:Categories
4974:Historical
4848:Historical
4387:Litigation
4317:Intel GPUs
4031:Core-based
3795:(external
3683:oriented (
3553:Silvermont
3505:Sunny Cove
3474:Ivy Bridge
3257:Processors
3102:Intel 1103
2914:2019-12-18
2885:2019-12-18
1934:References
1922:Intel and
1705:Lehi, Utah
1566:resistance
1399:Historical
1071:Tape drive
897:SmartMedia
720:Historical
417:Disk image
412:Disk array
287:Data store
88:MOS memory
78:Memory map
4898:3D XPoint
4816:DDR SDRAM
4629:Intel ADX
4369:Codenames
4282:StrongARM
4120:Dual-Core
4093:Dual-Core
4004:Dual-Core
3974:OverDrive
3923:A100/A110
3916:OverDrive
3710:pre-x86 (
3577:Gracemont
3486:Broadwell
3167:Omni-Path
3057:3D XPoint
3017:Virtutech
2685:Anandtech
2586:March 31,
2581:En Gadget
2560:March 31,
2534:26 August
2488:Anandtech
2467:March 31,
2439:AnandTech
1951:AnandTech
1773:AnandTech
1734:Reception
1666:memristor
1615:package.
1542:3D XPoint
1458:Disk pack
1423:Plugboard
1260:DVD-Video
1189:LaserDisc
1087:Videotape
958:3D XPoint
949:Memristor
589:CPU cache
357:Core dump
277:Data bank
227:Directory
4529:ASCI Red
4489:Bob Swan
4435:Founders
4374:Larrabee
4252:iAPX 432
4187:11th gen
4182:10th gen
4021:P6-based
3911:RapidCAD
3653:14th gen
3648:13th gen
3643:12th gen
3638:11th gen
3633:10th gen
3560:Goldmont
3548:Saltwell
3462:Westmere
3422:NetBurst
3368:Chipsets
3147:Intel740
3050:Products
3007:Mobileye
2855:15 April
2830:15 April
2690:15 April
2664:15 April
2638:15 April
2612:15 April
2514:EE Times
2279:also at
2206:EE Times
2189:EE Times
2171:EE Times
2153:EE Times
2059:38206440
2050:10784450
2006:EE Times
1981:EE Times
1888:See also
1851:chipsets
1839:hardware
1387:UltraRAM
1265:DVD card
1220:Video CD
1205:CD Video
975:Nano-RAM
944:Memistor
917:XQD card
892:SIM card
750:Dekatron
636:XDR DRAM
631:EDO DRAM
568:Volatile
362:Hex dump
272:Database
167:Metadata
162:Big data
4887:Current
4803:Current
4507:Related
4364:Stratix
4300:Related
4262:Itanium
4177:9th gen
4172:8th gen
4167:7th gen
4162:6th gen
4157:5th gen
4152:4th gen
4147:3rd gen
4142:2nd gen
4137:1st gen
4100:Pentium
4083:Celeron
4043:Tolapai
3964:Pentium
3947:(1998)
3945:Celeron
3836:80387DX
3828:80387SX
3623:Pentium
3618:Celeron
3572:Tremont
3543:Bonnell
3493:Skylake
3481:Haswell
3457:Nehalem
3356:Itanium
3272:Pentium
3267:Celeron
3157:IXP1200
3152:InTru3D
3042:Vantiva
2936:YouTube
2773:PCWorld
2029:Bibcode
1924:Numonyx
1847:drivers
1619:History
1601:caching
1593:latency
1472:(~1970)
1466:(~1968)
1448:(1960s)
1285:Blu-ray
1275:MiniDVD
1270:DVD-RAM
1230:Mini CD
1172:Optical
1132:U-matic
1127:MicroMV
1107:Betamax
971:(ECRAM)
912:MicroP2
887:SD card
877:PC Card
668:1T-SRAM
626:QDRSRAM
217:Storage
47:General
4938:Future
4909:EEPROM
4832:Future
4814:e.g.,
4734:Tarari
4607:Inside
4428:People
4287:XScale
4057:64-bit
4053:x86-64
3958:(2004)
3855:32-bit
3818:80C187
3811:(1980)
3784:(1982)
3778:(1982)
3772:(1982)
3766:(1979)
3760:(1978)
3749:16-bit
3743:Early
3735:(1977)
3729:(1974)
3723:(1972)
3702:(1974)
3696:(1971)
3604:64-bit
3600:x86-64
3450:Penryn
3436:64-bit
3432:x86-64
3391:32-bit
3027:Xircom
2995:Altera
2989:3Dlabs
2900:"X100"
2493:memory
2358:
2322:8 June
2057:
2047:
1876:Micron
1865:NVDIMM
1693:QuantX
1689:Optane
1562:Optane
1531:Optane
1529:Intel
1478:(1971)
1460:(1962)
1454:(1962)
1442:(1957)
1436:(1949)
1430:(1932)
1419:(1725)
1413:(1725)
1407:(1725)
1280:HD DVD
1240:CD-ROM
1196:(CDDA)
1122:MiniDV
841:(SSHD)
823:(SSS)
809:EEPROM
757:(2009)
746:(1952)
740:(1951)
734:(1947)
352:Backup
4965:SONOS
4945:FeRAM
4914:EPROM
4904:EAROM
4839:Z-RAM
4694:OnCue
4359:PIIXs
4240:Other
4038:Quark
3851:IA-32
3841:80487
3823:80287
3782:80286
3776:80188
3770:80186
3712:8-bit
3685:4-bit
3387:IA-32
3351:Quark
3250:Lists
3186:X25-M
3162:OFono
2974:Intel
2850:Intel
2825:Intel
1910:Notes
1805:Intel
1646:ReRAM
1611:in a
1585:NVRAM
1554:Intel
1340:ECRAM
1320:CBRAM
1255:DVD+R
1215:CD-RW
1152:D-VHS
1147:VHS-C
1142:S-VHS
1083:(DDS)
1006:ReRAM
1001:FeRAM
994:NVRAM
980:CBRAM
937:NVRAM
835:(SSD)
804:EPROM
761:Z-RAM
755:T-RAM
687:(CAM)
675:ReRAM
641:RDRAM
621:LPDDR
616:SGRAM
611:SDRAM
606:eDRAM
40:types
4960:PRAM
4955:NRAM
4950:MRAM
4924:PROM
4894:RRAM
4823:SRAM
4810:DRAM
4534:BiiN
4456:CEOs
4354:ICHs
4349:SCHs
4344:PCHs
4277:i960
4272:i860
4267:RISC
4257:EPIC
4247:CISC
4199:Xeon
4127:Core
4066:Atom
4016:Xeon
4011:Core
3928:Atom
3886:i486
3864:i386
3857:x86)
3809:8087
3797:FPUs
3764:8088
3758:8086
3733:8085
3727:8080
3721:8008
3700:4040
3694:4004
3660:Xeon
3628:Core
3613:Atom
3445:Core
3393:x86)
3346:Xeon
3309:Core
3262:Atom
3202:WiDi
3182:SSDs
2857:2019
2832:2019
2781:2021
2692:2019
2666:2019
2640:2019
2614:2019
2588:2017
2562:2017
2536:2016
2469:2017
2356:ISBN
2324:2017
2112:2016
2055:PMID
1959:2017
1855:CPUs
1853:and
1845:and
1827:NVMe
1760:IOPS
1716:IOPS
1613:DIMM
1599:and
1589:SSDs
1583:and
1556:and
1330:NRAM
1302:WORM
1210:CD-R
964:MRAM
799:PROM
794:MROM
696:VRAM
680:QRAM
663:SRAM
651:GDDR
601:DRAM
497:RAID
147:Data
36:and
4929:ROM
4337:Arc
4322:GMA
4071:SoC
3989:III
3979:Pro
3938:SoC
3901:DX4
3896:DX2
3874:376
3793:x87
3745:x86
3681:BCD
3535:ULV
3532:x86
3287:III
3277:Pro
3207:x86
2348:doi
2045:PMC
2037:doi
1882:AIC
1834:U.2
1823:M.2
1642:GST
1581:RAM
1535:M.2
1533:in
1250:DVD
1137:VHS
954:PCM
907:SxS
782:ROM
656:HBM
646:DDR
577:RAM
5017::
4896:(
4332:Xe
4076:CE
3984:II
3933:CE
3906:SL
3891:SX
3879:EX
3869:SX
3405:P6
3400:P5
3334:i9
3329:i7
3324:i5
3319:i3
3282:II
2934:,
2902:.
2873:.
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2023:,
2004:,
1992:^
1983:,
1979:,
1967:^
1949:.
1841:,
1576:.
1200:CD
1117:DV
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4192:M
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4110:D
4105:4
4088:D
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