375:
86:, including infrastructure, vehicles and users, and in traffic management and mobility management, as well as for interfaces with other modes of transport. ITS may be used to improve the efficiency and safety of transport in many situations, i.e. road transport, traffic management, mobility, etc. ITS technology is being adopted across the world to increase the capacity of busy roads, reduce journey times and enable the collection of information on unsuspecting road users.
645:
Traffic flow radar uses a "side-fire" technique to look across all traffic lanes in a narrow band to count the number of passing vehicles and estimate traffic density. For stopped vehicle detection (SVD) and automatic incident detection, 360-degree radar systems are used as they scan all lanes along large stretches of road. Radar is reported to have better performance over longer ranges than other technologies. SVD radar will be installed on all
841:, which circumnavigates London. On the most heavily travelled 14-mile (23 km) section (junction 10 to 16) of the M25 variable speed limits combined with automated enforcement have been in force since 1995. Initial results indicated savings in journey times, smoother-flowing traffic, and a fall in the number of accidents, so the implementation was made permanent in 1997. Further trials on the M25 have been thus far proven inconclusive.
541:
232:
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678:, a European initiative that assists motorists in the case of a collision. The in-vehicle eCall is generated either manually by the vehicle occupants or automatically via activation of in-vehicle sensors after an accident. When activated, the in-vehicle eCall device will establish an emergency call carrying both voice and data directly to the nearest emergency point (normally the nearest E
523:. Sensing systems for ITS are vehicle- and infrastructure-based networked systems, i.e., intelligent vehicle technologies. Infrastructure sensors are indestructible (such as in-road reflectors) devices that are installed or embedded in the road or surrounding the road (e.g., on buildings, posts, and signs), as required, and may be manually disseminated during preventive
33:
858:
braking activities). The server processes a driving recommendation dedicated to a single or a specific group of drivers and transmits it wirelessly to vehicles. The goal of cooperative systems is to use and plan communication and sensor infrastructure to increase road safety. The definition of cooperative systems in road traffic is according to the
697:
866:"Road operators, infrastructure, vehicles, their drivers and other road users will cooperate to deliver the most efficient, safe, secure and comfortable journey. The vehicle-vehicle and vehicle-infrastructure co-operative systems will contribute to these objectives beyond the improvements achievable with stand-alone systems."
416:
in areas where the same mobile phone towers serve two or more parallel routes (such as a motorway (freeway) with a frontage road, a motorway (freeway) and a commuter rail line, two or more parallel streets, or a street that is also a bus line). By the early 2010s, the popularity of the triangulation method was declining.
689:
of the eCall system, it could be mobile phone-based (Bluetooth connection to an in-vehicle interface), an integrated eCall device, or a functionality of a broader system like navigation, Telematics device, or tolling device. eCall is expected to be offered, at earliest, by the end of 2010, pending standardization by the
997:
aimed at increasing the number of passengers transported in the system and the technological adoption that must be integrated for the management and control of public transportation fleets. Achieving this requires strategic systems to integrate solutions based on intelligent transportation systems and
582:
lines or the height of the camera above the roadway. A single video detection processor can detect traffic simultaneously from one to eight cameras, depending on the brand and model. The typical output from a video detection system is lane-by-lane vehicle speeds, counts, and lane occupancy readings.
572:
do not involve installing any components directly into the road surface or roadbed, this type of system is known as a "non-intrusive" method of traffic detection. Video from cameras is fed into processors that analyse the changing characteristics of the video image as vehicles pass. The cameras are
415:
In metropolitan areas, the distance between antennas is shorter and in theory accuracy increases. An advantage of this method is that no infrastructure needs to be built along the road; only the mobile phone network is leveraged. But in practice the triangulation method can be complicated, especially
1001:
to optimize fleet control and management, electronic fare collection, road safety, and the delivery of information to users. The functionalities to be covered by the technology in these transportation systems include: fleet scheduling; vehicle location and traceability; cloud storage of operational
996:
In the intermediate cities of
Colombia, where the Strategic Public Transportation Systems are implemented, the urban transportation networks must operate under parameters that improve the quality of service provision. Several of the challenges faced by the transportation systems in these cities are
688:
The minimum set of data contains information about the incident, including time, precise location, the direction the vehicle was travelling, and vehicle identification. The pan-European eCall aims to be operative for all new type-approved vehicles as a standard option. Depending on the manufacturer
423:
Vehicle re-identification methods require sets of detectors mounted along the road. In this technique, a unique serial number for a device in the vehicle is detected at one location and then detected again (re-identified) further down the road. Travel times and speed are calculated by comparing the
178:
remain largely rural but are rapidly urbanising and industrialising. In these areas a motorised infrastructure is being developed alongside motorisation of the population. Great disparity of wealth means that only a fraction of the population can motorise, and therefore the highly dense multimodal
857:
Communication cooperation on the road includes car-to-car, car-to-infrastructure, and vice versa. Data available from vehicles are acquired and transmitted to a server for central fusion and processing. These data can be used to detect events such as rain (wiper activity) and congestion (frequent
973:
ERTICO â ITS Europe is a public/private partnership promoting the development and deployment of ITS. They connect public authorities, industry players, infrastructure operators, users, national ITS associations and other organisations together. The ERTICO work programme focuses on initiatives to
594:
is an accurate and inexpensive way to transmit position from a vehicle in motion. Bluetooth devices in passing vehicles are detected by sensing devices along the road. If these sensors are interconnected they are able to calculate travel time and provide data for origin and destination matrices.
464:
Smartphones having various sensors can be used to track traffic speed and density. The accelerometer data from smartphones used by car drivers is monitored to find out traffic speed and road quality. Audio data and GPS tagging of smartphones enables identification of traffic density and possible
644:
Radars are mounted on the side of the road to measure traffic flow and for stopped and stranded vehicle detection purposes. Like video systems, radar learns its environment during set up so can distinguish between vehicles and other objects. It can also operate in conditions of low visibility.
556:) that pass over the loop, while more sophisticated sensors estimate the speed, length, and class of vehicles and the distance between them. Loops can be placed in a single lane or across multiple lanes, and they work with very slow or stopped vehicles as well as vehicles moving at high speed.
1691:
European
Commission, Directorate-General âInformation Societyâ, Directorate C âMiniaturisation, Embedded Systems and Societal Applicationsâ, Unit C.5 âICT for Transport and the Environmentâ, "Towards Cooperative Systems for Road Transport", Transport Clustering Meeting, 8 November
836:
Recently some jurisdictions have begun experimenting with variable speed limits that change with road congestion and other factors. Typically such speed limits only change to decline during poor conditions, rather than being improved in good ones. One example is on
Britain's
710:
The EC-funded project SafeTRIP is developing an open ITS system that will improve road safety and provide a resilient communication through the use of S-band satellite communication. Such a platform will allow for greater coverage of the
Emergency Call Service within the EU.
982:
In the United States, each state has an ITS chapter that holds a yearly conference to promote and showcase ITS technologies and ideas. Representatives from each
Department of Transportation (state, cities, towns, and counties) within the state attend this conference.
829:
612:
Since
Bluetooth devices become more prevalent on board vehicles and with more portable electronics broadcasting, the amount of data collected over time becomes more accurate and valuable for travel time and estimation purposes, more information can be found in.
496:
1390:
Tarnoff, Philip John, Bullock, Darcy M, Young, Stanley E, et al. "Continuing
Evolution of Travel Time Data Information Collection and Processing", Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting 2009 Paper #09-2030. TRB 88th Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers
1053:
577:
or structures above or adjacent to the roadway. Most video detection systems require some initial configuration to "teach" the processor the baseline background image. This usually involves inputting known measurements such as the distance between
527:
maintenance or by sensor injection machinery for rapid deployment. Vehicle-sensing systems include deployment of infrastructure-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure electronic beacons for identification communications and may also employ video
292:
Longer-range communications use infrastructure networks. Long-range communications using these methods are well established, but, unlike the short-range protocols, these methods require extensive and very expensive infrastructure deployment.
223:) systems; and the like. Additionally, predictive techniques are being developed to allow advanced modelling and comparison with historical baseline data. Some of these technologies are described in the following sections.
949:
These new mobility models call for high monetization agility and partner management capabilities. A flexible settlements and billing platform enables revenues to be shared quickly and easily and provides an overall better
877:
and ITS AsiaPacific sponsor the annual ITS World
Congress and exhibition. Each year the event takes place in a different region (Europe, Americas or Asia-Pacific). The first ITS World Congress was held in Paris in 1994.
2010:
107:
of people in urban centres after large casualty events such as a result of a natural disaster or threat. Much of the infrastructure and planning involved with ITS parallels the need for homeland security systems.
102:
of the roadways, which is a priority of homeland security. Funding of many systems comes either directly through homeland security organisations or with their approval. Further, ITS can play a role in the rapid
551:
can be placed in a roadbed to detect vehicles as they pass through the loop's magnetic field. The simplest detectors simply count the number of vehicles during a unit of time (typically 60 seconds in the
450:) systems that have two-way communication with a traffic data provider. Position readings from these vehicles are used to compute vehicle speeds. Modern methods may not use dedicated hardware but instead
685:, PSAP). The voice call enables the vehicle occupant to communicate with the trained eCall operator. At the same time, a minimum set of data will be sent to the eCall operator receiving the voice call.
67:
Some of these technologies include calling for emergency services when an accident occurs, using cameras to enforce traffic laws or signs that mark speed limit changes depending on conditions.
1939:
2003:
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systems, and automatic incident detection or stopped vehicle detection systems; to more advanced applications that integrate live data and feedback from a number of other sources, such as
544:
Saw cut loop detectors for vehicle detection buried in the pavement at this intersection as seen by the rectangular shapes of loop detector sealant at the bottom part of this picture
399:. The phones periodically transmit their presence information to the mobile phone network, even when no voice connection is established. In the mid-2000s, attempts were made to use
970:
The
Network of National ITS Associations is a grouping of national ITS interests. It was officially announced 7 October 2004 in London. The secretariat is at ERTICO â ITS Europe.
1996:
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or some other road legal requirement and automatically ticket offenders based on the license plate number. Traffic tickets are sent by mail. Applications include:
661:
based approach that utilizes the roadside collected acoustic, image and sensor data has been shown to combine the advantages of the different individual methods.
403:
as anonymous traffic probes. As a car moves, so does the signal of any mobile phones that are inside the vehicle. By measuring and analysing network data using
274:
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or vehicle magnetic signature detection technologies at desired intervals to increase sustained monitoring of vehicles operating in critical zones of world.
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998:
278:
79:
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sensing technologies, have enhanced the technical capabilities that will facilitate motorist safety benefits for intelligent transportation systems
1636:
1780:"Functional Requirements for Management and Control of Public Transportation Vehicles, Applied to Sustainable Mobility in Medium-Sized Cities"
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techniques can be used to estimate the traffic state. The accuracy of such a system compares well with the other methods described above.
1002:
data; interoperability with other information systems; centralization of operations; passenger counting; data control and visualization.
384:
reader attached to the pole and its antenna (right) used in traffic monitoring in New York City by using vehicle re-identification method
2570:
1665:
388:"Floating car" or "probe" data collected other transport routes. Broadly speaking, four methods have been used to obtain the raw data:
143:, pose a significant safety risk, and exacerbate feelings of inequities in the society. High population density could be supported by a
1447:
Tyagi, V., Kalyanaraman, S., Krishnapuram, R. (2012). "Vehicular
Traffic Density State Estimation Based on Cumulative Road Acoustics".
2115:
1893:"Key Aspects for IT-Services Integration in Urban Transit Service of Medium-Sized Cities: A Qualitative Exploratory Study in Colombia"
569:
529:
200:
2327:
2137:
1022:
1012:
1203:"Reducing delay due to traffic congestion. [Social Impact]. ITS. The Intelligent Transportation Systems Centre and Testbed"
657:
The data from the different sensing technologies can be combined in intelligent ways to determine the traffic state accurately. A
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are becoming a significant player in these value chains (beyond providing just connectivity). Dedicated apps can be used to take
212:
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improve transport safety, security and network efficiency whilst taking into account measures to reduce environmental impact.
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Technological advances in telecommunications and information technology, coupled with ultramodern/state-of-the-art microchip,
2448:
2172:
1077:
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2105:
1852:"Low-cost computational systems applied to physical architectures in public transportation systems of intermediate cities"
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682:
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Some systems provide additional outputs including gap, headway, stopped-vehicle detection, and wrong-way vehicle alarms.
314:
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2359:
2188:
2147:
2036:
1891:
Ramirez-Guerrero, Tomas; Toro, Mauricio; Tabares, Marta S.; Salazar-Cabrera, Ricardo; PachĂłn de la Cruz, Ălvaro (2022).
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Report (HC 15, 2004â05): Tackling congestion by making better use of England's motorways and trunk roads (Full Report)
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Is limited to how many Bluetooth devices are broadcasting in a vehicle so counting and other applications are limited.
1988:
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and enable users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated, and 'smarter' use of transport networks.
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Various forms of wireless communications technologies have been proposed for intelligent transportation systems.
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and shoppers all over the world. All these new models provide opportunities for solving last-mile issues in
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349:
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Mahmood, Adnan; Siddiqui, Sarah Ali; Sheng, Quan Z.; Zhang, Wei Emma; Suzuki, Hajime; Ni, Wei (June 2022).
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noise. A roadside-installed microphone picks up the audio that comprises the various vehicle noise and
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on a vehicle. A typical vehicle in the early 2000s would have between 20 and 100 individual networked
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Is non-intrusive, which can lead to lower-cost installations for both permanent and temporary sites.
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2227:
1959:
U.S. Department of Transportation â Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office website
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traffic jams. This was implemented in Bangalore, India as a part of a research experimental system
407:, pattern matching or cell-sector statistics (in an anonymous format), the data was converted into
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Intelligent transport systems vary in technologies applied, from basic management systems such as
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Compared to other traffic measurement technologies, Bluetooth measurement has some differences:
1968:
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1048:
873:(ITS World Congress) is an annual trade show to promote ITS technologies. ERTICOâ ITS Europe,
524:
369:
326:
236:
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Japan has installed sensors on its highways to notify motorists that a car is stalled ahead.
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Accurate measurement points with absolute confirmation to provide to the second travel times.
473:
Floating car data technology provides advantages over other methods of traffic measurement:
2349:
2221:
2086:
2056:
2019:
1904:
1871:
1787:
1778:
Ramirez-Guerrero, Tomas; Toro, Mauricio; Villegas López, Gustavo; Castañeda, Leonel (2022).
1549:. Proceedings of the Twenty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.
1497:"Comparison of Stopped Vehicle Detection (SVD) Technologies for Smart Motorway Applications"
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time at which a specific device is detected by pairs of sensors. This can be done using the
318:
112:
56:) is an advanced application that aims to provide innovative services relating to different
17:
937:, provide data insights and navigation tools, offer incentives and discounts, and act as a
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is another form of vehicle detection. Since video detection systems such as those used in
411:
information. With more congestion, there are more cars, more phones, and thus, more probes.
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2301:
2255:
1934:
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In 2015, the EU passed a law required automobile manufacturers to equip all new cars with
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Governmental activity in the area of ITS is further motivated by an increasing focus on
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for the poor is cross-cut by the highly motorised transportation system for the rich.
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2245:
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2183:
1929:
1809:
1348:. ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data (TKDD), 13(4), 45. Archived from
1258:""War Rooms" of the Street: Surveillance Practices in Transportation Control Centres"
1257:
1176:
1054:
National Transportation Communications for Intelligent Transportation System Protocol
911:
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that detect vehicles that cross a stop line or designated stopping place while a red
767:
to detect a vehicle's speed or electromagnetic loops buried in each lane of the road.
553:
425:
404:
204:
140:
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Joshi, V., Rajamani, N., Takayuki, K., Prathapaneni, N., Subramaniam, L. V. (2013).
1468:
1418:
Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems. ACM, 2008.
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787:. In some jurisdictions, bus lanes can also be used by taxis or vehicles engaged in
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Nericell: rich monitoring of road and traffic conditions using mobile smartphones.
914:
is a growing market segment; while new, smart parking solutions are being used by
693:
and commitment from large EU member states such as France and the United Kingdom.
1791:
1428:
Ahmed, Hazem; EL-Darieby, Mohamed; Abdulhai, Baher; Morgan, Yasser (2008-01-13).
1190:
DIRECTIVE 2010/40/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 7 July 2010
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356:. Perhaps the most important of these for intelligent transportation systems is
258:
243:
1786:. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies. Vol. 252. pp. 673â683.
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frequencies are widely used for short and long-range communication within ITS.
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152:
132:
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1953:
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1978:
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Systems are generally quick to set up with little to no calibration needed.
1850:
Ramirez-Guerrero, T; Toro, M; Villegas López, G A; Castañeda, L F (2020).
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1430:"Bluetooth- and Wi-Fi-Based Mesh Network Platform for Traffic Monitoring"
915:
798:
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751:-monitoring device, is used to detect and identify vehicles disobeying a
737:
520:
466:
954:. As well as a better service, users can also be rewarded by discounts,
32:
1909:
1892:
1062:
788:
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381:
220:
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control systems; container management systems; variable message signs;
148:
807:
Double white line cameras that identify vehicles crossing these lines.
564:
Traffic-flow measurement and automatic incident detection using video
2499:
1969:
ITS Safety Applications Factsheet â U.S. Department of Transportation
1948:
1145:"Trust on wheels: Towards secure and resource efficient IoV networks"
744:
516:
442:
An increasing number of vehicles are equipped with in-vehicle satnav/
395:
In developed countries a high proportion of cars contain one or more
175:
160:
128:
886:
New mobility and smart transportation models are emerging globally.
696:
281:. Theoretically, the range of these protocols can be extended using
119:
has progressed differently. Many areas of the developing world have
1414:
Mohan, Prashanth, Venkata N. Padmanabhan, and Ramachandran Ramjee.
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2408:
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Information Fusion Based Learning for Frugal Traffic State Sensing
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2010/40/EU, made on July 7, 2010, defined ITS as systems in which
31:
1964:
Guide to Federal ITS Research â U.S. Department of Transportation
1341:
Ben-Gal, I., Weinstock, S., Singer, G., & Bambos, N. (2019).
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2215:
579:
508:
500:
429:
378:
208:
1992:
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cameras that identify vehicles traveling in lanes reserved for
759:
Speed cameras that identify vehicles travelling over the legal
480:
More coverage (potentially including all locations and streets)
784:
443:
257:
Short-range communications of 350 m can be accomplished using
251:
247:
156:
1973:
1784:
Communication, Smart Technologies and Innovation for Society
653:
Information fusion from multiple traffic sensing modalities
135:, but the automobiles greatly increase congestion in these
813:
cameras that identify vehicles violating HOV requirements.
1958:
1753:
1604:"New cars to automatically inform authorities of crashes"
1343:"Clustering Users by Their Mobility Behavioral Patterns"
1754:"Introducing the Network of National ITS Associations!"
1576:"All Cars In Europe Can Now Call The Police Themselves"
1449:
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
1320:
Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office
832:
Example variable speed limit sign in the United States
235:
Traffic monitoring gantry with wireless communication
70:
Although ITS may refer to all modes of transport, the
743:
A traffic enforcement camera system, consisting of a
486:
Works in all weather conditions, including heavy rain
1984:
CEN standardization of intelligent transport systems
1979:
ISO standardization of intelligent transport systems
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2462:
2389:
2377:
2340:
2277:
2208:
2201:
2161:
2094:
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2027:
1522:"Smart motorway evidence stocktake and action plan"
2022:, self-driving vehicles and enabling technologies
1434:Transportation Research Board 87th Annual Meeting
321:. The current trend is toward fewer, more costly
1061:â similar system to COMPASS used by the City of
98:. Many of the proposed ITS systems also involve
2520:IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society
1088:STREAMS Integrated Intelligent Transport System
871:World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems
691:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
628:, engine noise, engine-idling noise, honks and
305:have led to a move towards fewer, more capable
131:. A small portion of the population can afford
428:from Bluetooth or other devices, or using the
2004:
436:(ETC) transponders (also called "toll tags").
275:Intelligent Transportation Society of America
166:Other parts of the developing world, such as
8:
2510:VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge
1559:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1481:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1372:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1322:. United States Department of Transportation
1034:Intelligent Transportation Systems Institute
624:that consists of the cumulative sound from
2470:
2205:
2091:
2011:
1997:
1989:
1376:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
999:information and communication technologies
882:Smart transportation â new business models
279:United States Department of Transportation
207:to monitor applications, such as security
80:information and communication technologies
1908:
1875:
1276:
344:to be implemented, including model-based
1954:ITS Handbook available for free download
1938:) is being considered for deletion. See
1098:Traffic estimation and prediction system
824:Speed limit § Variable speed limits
797:cameras that identify vehicles crossing
494:
364:Floating car data/floating cellular data
139:systems. They also produce considerable
1135:
665:Intelligent transportation applications
503:tag used for electronic toll collection
187:Intelligent transportation technologies
1832:
1822:
1552:
1474:
1365:
670:Emergency vehicle notification systems
511:(Radio Frequency Identification), and
477:Less expensive than sensors or cameras
1856:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
1597:
1595:
483:Faster to set up and less maintenance
7:
2429:Dedicated short-range communications
267:dedicated short-range communications
1207:SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository
910:are taking off in many cities; the
906:are continuing to gain popularity;
2576:Intelligent transportation systems
2116:Automated emergency braking system
1232:"Smart tech to end fwy congestion"
570:automatic number plate recognition
530:automatic number plate recognition
201:automatic number plate recognition
25:
2138:Advanced driver-assistance system
2047:Intelligent transportation system
1945:Intelligent transportation system
1942:to help reach a consensus. âș
1023:Freeway Traffic Management System
1013:Automated planning and scheduling
908:electric vehicle charging schemes
462:Smartphone-based rich monitoring.
50:intelligent transportation system
2360:Safe speed automotive common law
1681:3rd eSafety Forum, 25 March 2004
1304:from the original on 2022-10-10.
945:Payments and billing flexibility
454:based solutions using so called
213:parking guidance and information
2052:Context-aware pervasive systems
1877:10.1088/1742-6596/1702/1/012018
1646:from the original on 2005-03-11
1113:Vehicular communication systems
1068:Road Weather Information System
853:Cooperative systems on the road
616:It is also possible to measure
273:standard being promoted by the
2449:Radio-frequency identification
2173:Automated Lane Keeping Systems
1663:Trend in Road Accidents, Japan
1078:Scalable Urban Traffic Control
115:, the migration from rural to
1:
2365:Automated lane keeping system
2106:Lane departure warning system
958:and rewards, and engaged via
703:gantry at North Bridge Road,
683:public safety answering point
340:allow for more sophisticated
315:programmable logic controller
2485:American Center for Mobility
2454:Automotive navigation system
2242:, formerly Google Car (2012)
2189:Automotive navigation system
2148:Intelligent speed adaptation
2037:History of self-driving cars
1792:10.1007/978-981-16-4126-8_60
1316:"Frequently Asked Questions"
1029:Intelligent speed adaptation
82:are applied in the field of
18:Intelligent transport system
2143:Driver drowsiness detection
2042:Impact of self-driving cars
845:Collision avoidance systems
811:High-occupancy vehicle lane
730:Automatic speed enforcement
331:real-time operating systems
317:modules with non-real-time
2592:
2571:Transportation engineering
2383:Self-driving car liability
2287:Automated guideway transit
2121:Collision avoidance system
1402:"GPS satellite navigation"
1161:10.1007/s00607-021-01040-7
926:ITS in the connected world
821:
721:Traffic enforcement camera
718:
715:Automatic road enforcement
434:electronic toll collection
421:Vehicle re-identification.
367:
297:Computational technologies
2515:Eureka Prometheus Project
2495:European Land-Robot Trial
2414:Artificial neural network
2370:Regulation (EU) 2019/2144
2062:Smart, connected products
1730:"ITS World Congress 2025"
1461:10.1109/TITS.2012.2190509
1287:10.1080/10714420701715456
763:. Many such devices use
137:multimodal transportation
42:Hungarian highway network
2434:Real-time Control System
2313:Freightliner Inspiration
2178:Vehicular ad hoc network
1940:templates for discussion
1265:The Communication Review
1118:Vehicular Ad Hoc Network
536:Inductive loop detection
261:protocols, specifically
38:graphical user interface
2262:Yandex self-driving car
2164:the driving environment
2131:Adaptive cruise control
2097:the driving environment
1974:SMART Highways Magazine
1256:Monahan, Torin (2007).
1103:Traffic Message Channel
1044:Map database management
736:with ground sensors at
634:audio signal processing
560:Video vehicle detection
358:artificial intelligence
350:artificial intelligence
227:Wireless communications
2419:Computer stereo vision
2367:(unece regulation 157)
2095:Human driver monitors
833:
740:
707:
545:
504:
385:
325:modules with hardware
283:mobile ad hoc networks
239:
219:; bridge de-icing (US
45:
2505:DARPA Grand Challenge
2328:Mobility as a service
2278:Buses and commercial
1637:National Audit Office
831:
822:Further information:
818:Variable speed limits
728:
699:
573:typically mounted on
543:
498:
393:Triangulation method.
377:
342:software applications
234:
181:transportation system
127:and the formation of
35:
2072:Ambient intelligence
2067:Ubiquitous computing
1758:Promotional web site
1709:Promotional web site
1705:"ITS World Congress"
1639:, 26 November 2004,
1108:Traffic optimization
620:on a road using the
448:satellite navigation
432:serial numbers from
354:ubiquitous computing
123:without significant
27:Advanced application
2546:Anthony Levandowski
2228:General Motors EN-V
1868:2020JPhCS1702a2018R
1734:www.ntradeshows.com
1192:. eur-lex.europa.eu
1123:Wardrop equilibrium
1083:Smart traffic light
952:customer experience
860:European Commission
587:Bluetooth detection
307:computer processors
303:vehicle electronics
301:Recent advances in
217:weather information
147:system of walking,
44:and its data points
2323:Self-driving truck
2318:Driverless tractor
2153:Blind spot monitor
2077:Internet of things
1910:10.3390/su14052478
1668:2009-05-21 at the
1039:Internet of things
834:
741:
734:lombada eletrĂŽnica
708:
701:Congestion pricing
546:
505:
440:GPS based methods.
386:
240:
117:urbanized habitats
62:traffic management
58:modes of transport
46:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2424:Image recognition
2336:
2335:
2197:
2196:
2111:Automatic parking
2020:Self-driving cars
1833:|periodical=
1801:978-981-16-4125-1
1501:Ogier Electronics
1049:Mass surveillance
771:Red light cameras
525:road construction
370:Floating car data
327:memory management
319:operating systems
246:communication on
96:homeland security
16:(Redirected from
2583:
2471:
2222:Spirit of Berlin
2206:
2162:System monitors
2092:
2057:Mobile computing
2013:
2006:
1999:
1990:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1701:
1695:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1634:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1602:Gleeson, Colin.
1599:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1472:
1455:(3): 1156â1166.
1444:
1438:
1437:
1425:
1419:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1280:
1262:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1209:. Archived from
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1155:(6): 1337â1358.
1140:
960:direct marketing
939:digital commerce
931:Mobile operators
151:transportation,
113:developing world
21:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2550:
2524:
2477:
2475:
2474:Organizations,
2466:
2465:Projects &
2464:
2463:Organizations,
2458:
2391:
2385:
2373:
2332:
2279:
2273:
2256:LUTZ Pathfinder
2193:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2098:
2096:
2081:
2029:
2023:
2017:
1943:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1831:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1802:
1777:
1776:
1772:
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1760:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1670:Wayback Machine
1661:
1657:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1612:
1610:
1608:The Irish Times
1601:
1600:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1574:Keating, Dave.
1573:
1572:
1568:
1555:cite conference
1551:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1473:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1278:10.1.1.691.8788
1260:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1008:
994:
989:
980:
968:
947:
935:mobile payments
928:
896:scooter sharing
884:
855:
847:
826:
820:
723:
717:
672:
667:
655:
647:Smart motorways
642:
640:Radar detection
618:traffic density
589:
562:
549:Inductive loops
538:
493:
372:
366:
346:process control
335:embedded system
311:microcontroller
299:
287:mesh networking
229:
189:
105:mass evacuation
92:
40:displaying the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2589:
2587:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2541:Alberto Broggi
2538:
2536:Harold Goddijn
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2381:
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2374:
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2371:
2368:
2362:
2357:
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2346:
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2334:
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2325:
2320:
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2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2246:Tesla Model S
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2166:(Levels 3,4,5)
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2126:Cruise control
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2099:(Levels 0,1,2)
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1927:
1923:
1922:External links
1920:
1917:
1916:
1897:Sustainability
1883:
1842:
1800:
1770:
1745:
1721:
1696:
1683:
1674:
1655:
1619:
1591:
1566:
1537:
1513:
1488:
1439:
1420:
1407:
1393:
1383:
1333:
1307:
1271:(4): 367â389.
1248:
1223:
1194:
1182:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1018:Driverless car
1015:
1009:
1007:
1004:
993:
990:
988:
985:
979:
976:
967:
964:
956:loyalty points
946:
943:
927:
924:
883:
880:
868:
867:
854:
851:
846:
843:
819:
816:
815:
814:
808:
805:
795:Level crossing
792:
778:
768:
738:Brasilia, D.F.
719:Main article:
716:
713:
671:
668:
666:
663:
654:
651:
641:
638:
630:air turbulence
610:
609:
606:
603:
600:
588:
585:
561:
558:
537:
534:
492:
489:
488:
487:
484:
481:
478:
471:
470:
459:
456:Telematics 2.0
437:
413:
412:
368:Main article:
365:
362:
323:microprocessor
298:
295:
265:(WAVE) or the
228:
225:
197:traffic signal
193:car navigation
188:
185:
91:
88:
84:road transport
76:European Union
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2455:
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2437:
2435:
2432:
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2427:
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2329:
2326:
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2308:
2305:
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2302:Navia shuttle
2300:
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2266:
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2241:
2238:
2235:
2234:MadeInGermany
2232:
2229:
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2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
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2207:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:Connected car
2182:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
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2101:
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2055:
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2048:
2045:
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2035:
2034:
2032:
2028:Overview and
2026:
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2014:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1995:
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1991:
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1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
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1887:
1884:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1862:(1): 012018.
1861:
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1672:. nilim.go.jp
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1411:
1408:
1404:. 2017-01-12.
1403:
1397:
1394:
1387:
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1379:
1375:
1369:
1355:on 2019-10-14
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1288:
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1237:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1213:on 2017-09-05
1212:
1208:
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1191:
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1024:
1021:
1019:
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1003:
1000:
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987:Latin America
986:
984:
978:United States
977:
975:
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965:
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961:
957:
953:
944:
942:
940:
936:
932:
925:
923:
921:
917:
913:
912:connected car
909:
905:
901:
898:schemes like
897:
893:
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872:
865:
864:
863:
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844:
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782:
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776:
775:traffic light
772:
769:
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731:
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584:
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554:United States
550:
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531:
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463:
460:
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453:
449:
445:
441:
438:
435:
431:
427:
426:MAC addresses
422:
419:
418:
417:
410:
406:
405:triangulation
402:
401:mobile phones
398:
397:mobile phones
394:
391:
390:
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383:
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371:
363:
361:
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210:
206:
205:speed cameras
202:
198:
194:
186:
184:
182:
177:
173:
169:
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162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:air pollution
138:
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89:
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81:
77:
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68:
65:
63:
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55:
51:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2444:Eye tracking
2392:technologies
2355:IEEE 802.11p
2268:Honda Legend
2247:
2046:
1933:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1813:. Retrieved
1783:
1773:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:
1748:
1737:. Retrieved
1733:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1708:
1699:
1686:
1677:
1658:
1648:, retrieved
1628:
1622:
1611:. Retrieved
1607:
1583:. Retrieved
1579:
1569:
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1540:
1529:. Retrieved
1525:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1500:
1491:
1477:cite journal
1452:
1448:
1442:
1433:
1423:
1415:
1410:
1396:
1386:
1357:. Retrieved
1350:the original
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1319:
1310:
1268:
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2350:Legislation
2297:ParkShuttle
1928:âč The
1903:(5): 2478.
1763:10 November
1714:10 November
1326:10 November
920:urban areas
892:car sharing
875:ITS America
777:is showing.
761:speed limit
753:speed limit
659:data fusion
649:in the UK.
513:inexpensive
458:approaches.
259:IEEE 802.11
244:Radio modem
153:motorcycles
133:automobiles
2565:Categories
2478:and events
2342:Regulation
2087:SAE Levels
1739:2023-09-02
1650:2009-09-17
1613:2019-09-25
1585:2019-09-25
1531:2020-04-12
1359:2022-05-29
1242:2020-10-07
1217:2017-09-05
1130:References
1093:Telematics
1025:or COMPASS
804:illegally.
789:carpooling
732:gantry or
626:tyre noise
499:An active
452:Smartphone
333:. The new
145:multimodal
90:Background
2476:projects
2390:Enabling
2378:Liability
2250:Autopilot
1835:ignored (
1825:cite book
1810:244182421
1273:CiteSeerX
1177:246434811
1169:0010-485X
1149:Computing
916:commuters
705:Singapore
592:Bluetooth
338:platforms
215:systems;
121:urbanised
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2307:NuTonomy
2292:CAVForth
2280:vehicles
2202:Vehicles
1930:template
1666:Archived
1641:archived
1469:14434273
1368:cite web
1299:Archived
1295:44101831
1236:PerthNow
1006:See also
992:Colombia
941:medium.
802:at grade
799:railways
781:Bus lane
521:globally
467:Nericell
277:and the
271:802.11bd
2030:context
1932:below (
1864:Bibcode
1063:Toronto
749:vehicle
566:cameras
491:Sensing
382:E-ZPass
269:(DSRC)
263:802.11p
221:deicing
149:bicycle
129:suburbs
111:In the
74:of the
2529:People
2500:Navlab
2467:People
2270:(2021)
2264:(2017)
2258:(2015)
2252:(2015)
2236:(2011)
2230:(2010)
2224:(2007)
2218:(1994)
1949:Curlie
1935:Curlie
1815:23 May
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1580:Forbes
1526:GOV.UK
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966:Europe
747:and a
745:camera
517:beacon
352:, and
176:Brazil
161:trains
159:, and
2439:rFpro
2409:LIDAR
2404:Laser
2399:Radar
2240:Waymo
2180:(V2V)
1806:S2CID
1644:(PDF)
1633:(PDF)
1506:4 May
1465:S2CID
1353:(PDF)
1346:(PDF)
1302:(PDF)
1291:S2CID
1261:(PDF)
1173:S2CID
1073:SCATS
1059:RESCU
785:buses
765:radar
680:1-1-2
676:eCall
575:poles
172:India
168:China
157:buses
2490:DAVI
2309:taxi
2248:with
2216:VaMP
2209:Cars
1860:1702
1837:help
1817:2022
1796:ISBN
1765:2016
1716:2016
1692:2004
1561:link
1508:2020
1483:link
1378:link
1374:link
1328:2016
1165:ISSN
904:Bird
900:Lime
894:and
580:lane
509:RFID
501:RFID
430:RFID
379:RFID
329:and
250:and
209:CCTV
174:and
60:and
36:ITS
1947:at
1905:doi
1872:doi
1788:doi
1457:doi
1391:DVD
1283:doi
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