965:, the intendant was introduced by the Constitution of the Republic (2019) to head the Administrative Councils - subordinate to the Municipal Assemblies of People's Power (town halls) - and with strictly executive-administrative functions. As the highest local authority is the President of the Municipal Assembly (mayor), it is up to him to designate and remove the intendant, after agreement with the majority of the Delegates of People's Power (councilors).
817:
144:. A product of the centralization policies of the French crown, intendants were appointed "commissions," and not purchasable hereditary "offices," which thus prevented the abuse of sales of royal offices and made them more tractable and subservient emissaries of the king. Intendants were sent to supervise and enforce the king's will in the provinces and had jurisdiction over three areas: finances, policing and justice.
276:. Their mission was always for a specific mandate and lasted for a limited period. Along with these, there were also commissioners sent to the army, in charge of provisioning the army, policing and finances; they would supervise accountants, providers, merchants, and generals, and attend war councils and tribunals for military crimes. Such commissioners are found in
394:, the Intendant in his "généralité" had at his service a small team of secretaries. In the 18th century, the "généralité" was subdivided into "subdelegations" at the head of which was placed a "subdelegate" (having also a team of secretaries) chosen by the Intendant. In this way, the Intendant was relatively understaffed given his large jurisdiction.
299:
ascended the throne in 1589, one of his prime focuses was to reduce the privileges of the provincial governors who, in theory, represented "the presence of the king in his province" but had, during the civil wars of the early modern period, proven themselves to be highly intractable; these positions
567:
was appointed directly by the Crown and had responsibility to oversee the treasury, the collection of taxes, and corruption practices and to promote agriculture and economic growth in general. With fiscal powers that gave them a say in almost all administrative, ecclesiastical and military matters,
381:
A 2021 study, which used a dataset of 430 intendants from 1640 to 1789, found that less than half of these officials went through the legally-specified training path. The study raised questions about the impersonal nature of these bureaucrats, with evidence indicating that familial and marital ties
1038:
The position of intendant was part of the tsarist
Russian army from 1812 to 1868; intendants were responsible for supplies, finances, etc. in the field. After the 1935 rank reform that established 'personal ranks' in the Soviet military, it was reintroduced as the rank title for administrative and
1098:
On 7 May 1940, the rank title system for all Soviet Army senior officers was changed to bring it closer in line with standard
European practice, and the ranks of major general of the intendant service, lieutenant general of the intendant service, and colonel general of the intendant service were
802:
From 1760 to 1832, the head of the Police of the
Kingdom of Portugal had the title of "Intendant General of the Police of the Court and of the Kingdom". A similar title - that of "Intendant General of the Public Security" - was used from 1928 to 1932 to designate the head of the Portuguese Civil
350:
between 1677 and 1691, further expanded the power of the provincial intendants. They monitored Louis's refinements of the French military, including the institution of a merit promotion system and a policy of enlistment limited to single men for periods of four years. After 1680, Intendants in
576:
had been in France a century earlier. Throughout the 18th century the
Bourbons experimented with the powers and duties of the intendants, both in Spain and overseas, so what follows is only a general description of the Spanish intendancy. In any given area at any given time, the duties of the
930:, "Intendencia" is the Spanish name of the Quartermaster Corps, and its members are informally called "intendentes". In some organizations, such as clubs, gated communities, large companies, etc., "intendente" is the name given to the person in charge of general maintenance of common spaces.
1102:
On 30 March 1942, the 'intendant' ranks equivalent to those between lieutenant and colonel were abolished, and officers holding those ranks also underwent a re-attestation process and received ranks ranging from lieutenant of the intendant service to colonel of the administrative service.
1131:
was the
Intendant of the City, roughly corresponding to a mayor. The title Intendant was also used in other Lowcountry towns, where the office was assisted by "wardens," a system which may have derived from earlier ecclesiastical administration under colonial rule.
61:
713:, the main city in Yucatán. These administrative changes codified existing regional divisions of Center (Mexico, Veracruz, Puebla, Michoacan), South (Oaxaca, Mérida), and North (Zacatecas, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, Durango, and Sonora).
867:
Nowadays in the
Spanish armed forces, the title Intendant refers to a Colonel in the Supply Branch either in the Navy, Army or Air Force. It is also used in some branches of the administration such as the Catalan Police,
151:
described their functions as "to learn about all crimes, misdemeanors and financial misdealings committed by our officials and of other things concerning our service and the tranquility of our people" ("
572:
were conceived by the
Bourbon kings to be a check on other local officials (who in the past couple of centuries had come to gain their position through the sale of offices or inheritance), just as the
1191:
643:
in 1764. The Cuban intendant had oversight of the army's and the royal treasury's finances. (Two new intendancies with oversight only over the treasury were established in 1786 in
553:. The reforms were designed by the new dynasty to make political administration more efficient and to promote economic, commercial, and fiscal development of their new realms. An
128:. Regions were divided into districts, each administered by an intendant. The title continues in use in Spain and in parts of Spanish America for particular government officials.
1186:
343:
356:
191:
1478:
335:
gave in to these demands except in the case of border provinces threatened by
Spanish or Imperial attack. At the end of the Fronde, the Intendants were reinstated.
264:
to report on royal and administrative issues and to undertake any necessary action. These agents of the king were recruited from among the masters of requests, the
213:, the only Minister of Finances since 1720 who had not himself been an intendant, accused them of incompetence because of their youth and social aspirations. The
201:
A symbol of royal centralization and absolutism, the intendant had numerous adversaries. Those nostalgic for an administration based on noble lineage (such as
319:
in 1635, the
Intendants became a permanent institution in France. No longer mere inspectors, their role became one of government administrators. During the
1319:
459:
494:
187:
450:
30:
This article is about public officials especially in non-English-speaking countries called "intendants" in
English. For administrators of theaters, see
403:
153:
informer de tous crimes, abus et malversations commises par nos officiers et autres choses concernant notre service et le soulagement de notre peuple
147:
Their missions were always temporary, which helped reduce favorable bias toward a province, and were focused on royal inspection. Article 54 of the
120:
secured its hold on the throne of Spain; it extended a French-style intendancy system to Spain and Portugal - and subsequently worldwide through the
1565:
472:
1502:
780:
725:
249:
825:
202:
1457:
347:
179:
1259:
744:
or the governor, but eventually in many places the offices were granted to one person due to conflicts that emerged between these two.
1441:
1099:
introduced. Senior officers from brigintendant to armintendant rank underwent a re-attestation process and were given a general rank.
378:. The title was maintained thereafter for military officers with responsibility for financial auditing at regimental level and above.
1415:
942:
604:) oversaw the finances of the army and of the territories conquered by the Bourbons, and after the war, they were made permanent (
760:
1426:
Excerpts of the Cuban intendancy regulations can be found at "Establishment of the Intendancy in Cuba" in Charles Gibson, ed.
411:
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721:
502:
445:
391:
227:
175:
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1560:
585:
481:
195:
170:
113:
424:
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304:
families in the realm. The Intendants to the provinces —- the term "Intendant" appears around 1620 during the reign of
183:
1158:
903:
165:
1153:
1128:
772:
39:
1210:
908:
768:
1148:, given to an individual in a managerial position, generally having control over all aspects of the company.
1575:
979:
748:
522:
265:
215:
1535:
1515:
1116:
1018:
784:
616:.) In 1749 an intendancy was established in every province, with the intendant also holding the office of
205:) saw intendants as parvenus and usurpers of noble power. Partisans of a less absolute monarchy (such as
949:. Between 1976 (1974 in some regions) and 2021, each region was headed by an intendant, appointed by the
206:
993:
913:
617:
530:
710:
1540:
Spanish Colonial Administration, 1782–1818: the Intendant System in the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata
1339:"The Royal Consultants: The Intendants of France and the Bureaucratic Transition in Pre-modern Europe"
974:
870:
662:
316:
305:
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of 1789 depicted them as over zealous agents of fiscal policies which weighed heavily on the people.
756:
752:
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593:
339:
273:
261:
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352:
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1030:(departmental intendant). The intendants are popularly elected, and serve a term of five years.
950:
829:
312:
296:
160:
148:
1005:(municipal intendant), these intendants are popularly elected, and serve a term of five years.
859:
in the center. The rank insignia of a sub-intendant is similar but with only a single PSP star.
698:
1498:
1461:
1411:
1368:
1304:
652:
597:
534:
467:
375:
125:
1039:
supply officers. The specific ranks, their collar insignia, and their line equivalents were:
651:.) After a two years of experimentation with the new office, an intendancy was introduced in
577:
intendant would have been specified by the laws that established that particular intendancy.
1358:
1350:
1263:
1230:
1145:
946:
917:
848:
648:
328:
141:
117:
88:
80:
1115:
intendant is an archaic title meaning "supervisor" or "curator". The senior officer of the
816:
1525:
1181:
776:
550:
332:
301:
54:
31:
1338:
1309:
362:
commissaires départis dans les généralités du royaume pour l'exécution des ordres du roi
1245:
927:
608:). (After 1724, most intendancies lost their military character except in areas with a
546:
210:
121:
1549:
1380:
1314:
1196:
852:
105:
35:
855:
and two PSP stars. Each PSP star consists in a six points silver star with the "SP"
833:
1277:
920:
media in countries other than Argentina tend to refer to Argentine city mayors as
669:(Mexico). The first one was set up in central Mexico in 1786, followed in 1787 by
382:
were factors in appointments, and that appointment duration had wide variability.
1141:
998:
682:
644:
1094:(i.e., army intendant), four diamonds, komandarm (army commander) second class.
1162:
690:
678:
526:
514:
1465:
1372:
887:
844:
694:
666:
609:
589:
269:
164:("administrative nobility") or the upper-bourgeoisie. Generally, they were
832:. Analogously, the police rank of sub-intendant corresponds to the rank of
620:
of the capital city. (The offices were separated again in 1766). District
525:, who was responsible to the French King. New France's first intendant was
182:
for those who were to be sent in border provinces. They were often young:
17:
1363:
1354:
1119:
was called an Intendant in the document establishing the force in 1800.
1112:
916:). This meaning is not at all connected to the usage in other countries.
856:
670:
489:
476:
463:
454:
428:
260:
As early as the 15th century, the French kings sent commissioners to the
137:
101:
1510:
Government and Society in Colonial Peru: The Intendant System, 1784-1814
1323:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 683.
1214:
1013:
922:
837:
820:
Rank insignia of an intendant of the Portuguese Public Security Police.
741:
716:
In 1776 Gálvez, now Minister of the Indies, established an intendancy (
702:
613:
498:
485:
415:
407:
289:
281:
277:
728:
in 1783. Most of the overseas intendants were assisted by officials (
1082:(i.e., division intendant), two diamonds, komdiv (division commander)
836:, while the police rank of superintendent corresponds to the rank of
706:
686:
674:
518:
320:
285:
112:
was a centralizing administrative system developed in France. In the
93:
632:
and assisted him in managing the province and implementing reforms.
529:, comte d'Orsainville in 1665, and the last one, at the time of the
158:
In the 17th and 18th centuries, the intendants were chosen from the
1209:
Portions of the section on France are a translation of the article
1076:(i.e., brigade intendant), one diamond, kombrig (brigade commander)
1479:
Siete nuevos municipios elegirán por primera vez a sus autoridades
1168:
938:
899:
815:
740:. Initially intendancies were held by a separate person from the
441:
97:
1088:(i.e., corps intendant), three diamonds, komkor (corps commander)
1308:
1187:
List of governors and intendants in the Viceroyalty of New Spain
962:
640:
437:
419:
92:) was, and sometimes still is, a public official, especially in
1430:(Columbia, University of South Carolina Press, 1968), 223–228.
1294:, vol. 3, pp. 286-87. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
1127:
For much of its history, the chief magistrate of the city of
1022:(departments). The executive power of each department is the
799:
in Portuguese) has been mainly associated with police roles.
1192:
List of intendants in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
926:, which is the most common Spanish word for mayor. In the
843:
The rank insignia of an intendant consists of a dark blue
557:
was in charge of a Spanish administrative unit, called an
374:
The position of Intendant remained in existence until the
27:
Term for public official in non-English-speaking countries
1410:, Tomo V. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1991. Pgs. 678–679.
248:
was used for certain commissioned positions close to the
1278:"Intendant: Meaning and Definition of | Infoplease"
390:
Appointed and revoked by the king and reporting to the
351:
France had a permanent position in a fixed region (or "
1144:
in Europe, where it is the equivalent to the title of
1397:, New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, pp. 352.
1140:
It is also commonly found today in many theaters and
1260:"Oxford Languages | the Home of Language Data"
1292:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
795:In Portugal, historically, the title "intendant" (
1522:. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1929.
824:Presently, intendant is a rank of officer in the
600:set up his new government. The first intendants (
584:were established in Spain after 1711, during the
563:, which could include one or more provinces. The
226:was also used for certain positions close to the
308:– became an effective tool of regional control.
1495:Reform and Politics in Bourbon Chile, 1755-1796
874:in Catalan) or in some Autonomous Communities (
807:Current use in Hispanic and Lusophone countries
1290:Jacquelyn Briggs Kent, "Intendancy System" in
545:Intendants were introduced into Spain and the
517:, which later became the Canadian province of
300:had long been held by only the highest ranked
983:(departments), each of which is headed by an
828:, roughly equivalent to the military rank of
8:
1497:. Ottawa, University of Ottawa Press, 1980.
327:demanded that the Intendants be suppressed;
192:Louis Bénigne François Berthier de Sauvigny
1532:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1947.
34:. For administrators of opera houses, see
1362:
665:created a plan to set up intendancies in
323:in 1648, the members of Parlement of the
460:Antoine-Martin Chaumont de La Galaizière
358:intendant de justice, police et finances
1520:The Intendant System in Spanish America
1444:[Municipal State in Argentina]
1343:Journal of Historical Political Economy
1223:
602:superintendentes generales del ejército
521:, also had a senior official called an
747:More intendancies were established in
473:Jean-Baptiste Antoine Auget de Montyon
404:Claude-François Bertrand de Boucheporn
366:
230:(see this term for more information):
186:became an intendant at the age of 32,
1052:, three rectangles, senior lieutenant
87:
74:
53:
7:
1393:James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz,
1332:
1330:
1016:is divided administratively into 19
977:is administratively divided into 17
628:were subordinated to the provincial
513:The French North American colony of
451:Nicolas-François Dupré de Saint-Maur
209:) called for them to be abolished.
606:intendentes de ejército y provincia
425:Paul Esprit Marie de la Bourdonnaye
240:intendants of the sovereign council
140:civil servants in France under the
132:Development of the system in France
1442:"El Estado municipal en Argentina"
1408:Enciclopedia de Historia de España
25:
1161:. The mirror universe version of
1044:technician-intendant second class
116:of 1701 to 1714 the French royal
1428:The Spanish Tradition in America
1050:technician-intendant first class
783:prevented their installation in
355:"); their official titles being
1157:, Intendant was a title in the
987:(departmental governor). These
315:, with France's entry into the
1001:), districts are headed by an
791:Portugal and Portuguese Empire
549:during the eighteenth-century
503:Controller-General of Finances
446:Controller-General of Finances
392:Controller-General of Finances
342:(1643–1715) was in power, the
176:Controller-General of Finances
1:
1530:The Spanish Empire in America
1217:, accessed on 13 August 2006.
586:War of the Spanish Succession
482:Louis-Urbain-Aubert de Tourny
196:Louis-Urbain-Aubert de Tourny
114:War of the Spanish Succession
1566:Offices in the Ancien Régime
1232:American Heritage Dictionary
1070:, three rectangles, colonel.
1046:, two rectangles, lieutenant
724:in 1776, and several in the
639:an intendancy was set up in
434:Charles Alexandre de Calonne
311:Under Louis XIII's minister
184:Charles Alexandre de Calonne
178:who asked the advice of the
1026:(intendancy), headed by an
596:to help his young grandson
1592:
1154:Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
1129:Charleston, South Carolina
531:British conquest of Quebec
495:Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot
244:In the same way, the term
180:Secretary of State for War
174:. They were chosen by the
40:intendant (disambiguation)
29:
1246:"Definition of INTENDANT"
1234:definition of "intendant"
1211:Intendant (Ancien Régime)
902:– heads of government of
1458:Universidad de Los Andes
1058:, one rectangle, captain
1028:intendente departamental
985:gobernador departamental
943:administratively divided
541:Spain and Spanish Empire
252:of War and of the Navy.
1516:Fisher, Lillian Estelle
1320:Encyclopædia Britannica
1064:, two rectangles, major
1034:Russia and Soviet Union
781:Revolt of the Comuneros
732:) who replaced the old
592:, who had been sent by
1440:Mensa, Andrea (2007).
1266:on September 25, 2016.
1215:French Knowledge (XXG)
1117:City of Glasgow Police
1062:intendant second class
997:(districts) (plus the
826:Public Security Police
821:
237:intendants of commerce
194:at the age of 34, and
84:
71:
38:. For other uses, see
1165:held the position of
1068:intendant first class
1056:intendant third class
991:are divided into 261
914:Buenos Aires Province
876:Comunidades Autónomas
819:
630:intendente-corregidor
280:as early as 1553, in
234:intendants of finance
89:[intenˈdente]
1571:Gubernatorial titles
1561:Government of France
1355:10.1561/115.00000008
1003:intendente municipal
975:Republic of Paraguay
266:Councillors of State
216:cahiers de doléances
1556:Government of Chile
1526:Haring, Clarence H.
1395:Early Latin America
1337:Sasaki, Yu (2021).
635:As a result of the
594:Louis XIV of France
325:Chambre Saint-Louis
268:and members of the
171:Conseil des parties
166:masters of requests
1493:Barbier, Jacques.
830:lieutenant-colonel
822:
398:Notable intendants
344:Marquis of Louvois
313:Cardinal Richelieu
228:Controller-General
198:at the age of 40.
76:[ĩtẽˈdẽtɨ]
55:[ɛ̃tɑ̃dɑ̃]
1503:978-2-7603-5010-6
1310:"Intendant"
871:Mossos d'Esquadra
847:with two crossed
660:Visitador General
610:captaincy general
588:on the advice of
376:French Revolution
317:Thirty Years' War
274:Court of Accounts
250:State Secretaries
246:intendant général
126:Portuguese Empire
110:intendancy system
16:(Redirected from
1583:
1508:Fisher, John R.
1481:
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1262:. Archived from
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1146:general director
999:capital district
918:Spanish-language
767:, more areas of
738:alcaldes mayores
718:superintendencia
649:Santiago de Cuba
637:Seven Years' War
622:alcaldes mayores
370:
364:
288:in 1594, and in
161:noblesse de robe
136:Intendants were
118:House of Bourbon
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699:San Luis Potosí
658:That same year
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32:theater manager
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928:Argentine Army
904:municipalities
898:(f) refers to
883:
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861:
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709:, and in 1789
681:in Michoacan,
663:José de Gálvez
547:Spanish Empire
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535:François Bigot
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1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
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1297:
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1273:
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1261:
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1198:
1197:Quartermaster
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
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1179:
1175:
1173:
1171:
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1167:Intendant of
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1133:
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1123:United States
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
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1072:
1069:
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952:
948:
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925:
924:
919:
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911:
910:
905:
901:
897:
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881:
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878:in Spanish).
877:
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862:
860:
858:
854:
853:laurel wreath
850:
846:
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839:
835:
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827:
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806:
804:
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720:) for all of
719:
714:
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385:
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372:
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348:War Secretary
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106:Latin America
103:
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90:
86:
82:
77:
73:
69:
62:
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41:
37:
36:opera manager
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1529:
1519:
1509:
1494:
1474:
1453:
1449:
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1422:
1407:
1402:
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1389:
1346:
1342:
1318:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1272:
1264:the original
1254:
1240:
1231:
1226:
1208:
1166:
1152:
1150:
1142:opera houses
1139:
1126:
1110:
1101:
1097:
1092:armintendant
1091:
1086:korindendant
1085:
1080:divintendant
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1012:
1002:
992:
988:
984:
978:
972:
960:
937:
921:
907:
895:
891:
885:
875:
869:
866:
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801:
796:
794:
746:
737:
734:corregidores
733:
730:subdelegados
729:
717:
715:
659:
657:
634:
629:
625:
621:
605:
601:
582:intendencias
581:
579:
573:
569:
564:
559:
558:
554:
544:
512:
389:
380:
373:
367:
361:
357:
337:
324:
310:
294:
284:in 1592, in
259:
245:
243:
223:
221:
214:
200:
169:
159:
157:
152:
146:
135:
109:
46:
44:
1536:Lynch, John
1024:intendencia
900:city mayors
785:New Granada
775:(1786) and
761:Puerto Rico
757:Philippines
683:Guadalajara
626:coregidores
570:intendentes
560:intendencia
203:Saint-Simon
149:Code Michau
1550:Categories
1203:References
1163:Kira Nerys
1136:Other uses
896:intendenta
892:intendente
849:horsewhips
797:intendente
691:Guanajuato
679:Valladolid
618:corregidor
580:The first
574:intendants
565:intendente
555:intendente
527:Jean Talon
515:New France
509:New France
488:, then in
440:, then in
353:généralité
306:Louis XIII
270:Parlements
142:Old Regime
85:intendente
72:intendente
68:Portuguese
18:Intendancy
1466:1317-9535
1450:Provincia
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1373:2693-9290
1213:from the
994:distritos
951:president
888:Argentina
882:Argentina
851:inside a
769:New Spain
765:Guatemala
722:Venezuela
695:Zacatecas
667:New Spain
653:Louisiana
590:Jean Orry
523:intendant
501:, future
444:, future
386:Functions
340:Louis XIV
292:in 1596.
262:provinces
224:intendant
222:The term
47:intendant
1512:. (1970)
1307:(1911).
1176:See also
1113:Scotland
1107:Scotland
969:Paraguay
923:alcaldes
909:partidos
857:monogram
812:Portugal
803:Police.
763:(1784),
671:Veracruz
655:(1764).
645:Camagüey
598:Philip V
490:Bordeaux
477:Poitiers
468:Lorraine
466:then in
464:Soissons
455:Bordeaux
429:Poitiers
297:Henry IV
102:Portugal
1317:(ed.).
1014:Uruguay
1009:Uruguay
947:regions
894:(m) or
845:epaulet
838:colonel
742:viceroy
703:Durango
614:Navarre
612:and in
499:Limoges
486:Limoges
416:Bayonne
408:Corsica
329:Mazarin
290:Limoges
282:Bourges
278:Corsica
272:or the
256:History
207:Fénelon
168:in the
81:Spanish
51:French:
1542:(1958)
1505:(1980)
1501:
1464:
1460:: 43.
1414:
1379:
1371:
945:in 16
777:Cuenca
711:Mérida
707:Sonora
687:Oaxaca
675:Puebla
519:Quebec
321:Fronde
286:Troyes
188:Turgot
108:. The
104:, and
94:France
1446:(PDF)
1377:S2CID
1313:. In
1169:Bajor
939:Chile
934:Chile
863:Spain
834:major
773:Chile
749:Quito
442:Lille
410:then
406:, in
338:When
302:noble
295:When
138:royal
98:Spain
1499:ISBN
1462:ISSN
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1369:ISSN
973:The
963:Cuba
957:Cuba
906:(or
753:Peru
647:and
641:Cuba
533:was
438:Metz
420:Auch
418:and
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1351:doi
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705:,
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1361::
1353::
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868:(
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20:)
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