222:
such signals is the P300, hence the name. BCIs that rely on steady state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) instead rely on items that flicker instead of flash. The user focuses on one of the flickering items, producing SSVEP activity at the same frequency as that item. SSVEP signals are often found at harmonics of the stimulation frequency as well, which most SSVEP BCIs (including intendiX) exploit to improve performance. Therefore, a BCI can determine the target item by identifying the peak frequencies in the user's visual areas, which can only correspond to one of the many items on the monitor.
63:
99:
22:
221:
In a P300 BCI, different items on the monitor (such as letters) flash while the user is instructed to silently count each time a target item flashes. The BCI can identify the target item by determining which flashes elicited brain signals reflecting attention to that item. One of the most distinct
321:
The intendiX system interacts with users in different ways, depending on whether it is a P300 or SSVEP BCI. Both approaches require paying attention to different regions of the monitor to produce distinct brain signals that the BCI can recognize. intendiX also includes software to determine when
302:
Initially, intendiX was used to control a speller. Using the extendiX system, users can also control any smart home device such as a television, music player, air conditioner, or light. extendiX can control other devices as well, such as mobile robots or games. extendiX receives commands from
218:. Both of these are very well established paradigms in BCI research, Research articles have shown that nearly all people with a healthy visual system can use these types of BCIs. Both of these approaches require the user to pay attention to a specific region of the monitor.
397:
Allison, B.Z., Faller, J., and Neuper, C. (2012). BCIs that Use Steady-State Visual Evoked
Potentials or Slow Cortical Potentials. In: Brain-Computer Interfaces: Principles and Practice, editors: Wolpaw, J.R. and Wolpaw, E.W. Oxford University
280:
will determine how to best utilize information from the different electrodes, and pattern classification may categorize the resulting data. The intendiX system uses different signal processing algorithms for different types of brain signals.
288:(SWLDA), The more general approach, LDA, is used in other types of BCIs as well. With SSVEP activity, intendiX instead relies on bandpower at different frequencies. A simple SSVEP BCI might present two stimuli on a monitor; the left stimulus
269:
and other electronics within each electrode, whereas passive electrodes first send brain signals along cables before amplification. In 2010, g.tec introduced the Sahara dry electrode, which does not require gel.
425:
Wolpaw, J.R. and Wolpaw, E.W. (2012). Brain-Computer
Interfaces: Something New Under the Sun. In: Brain-Computer Interfaces: Principles and Practice, editors: Wolpaw, J.R. and Wolpaw, E.W. Oxford University
326:. This way, the system can easily enter a "sleep" mode without any instruction from the user, and return to an active state when the user again begins paying attention to the activity on the monitor.
407:
Wolpaw, J.R., Birbaumer, N., McFarland, D.J., Pfurtscheller, G., and
Vaughan, T. M. (2002). Brain–computer interfaces for communication and control. Clinical Neurophysiology, 113(6), 767-791.
250:
operating environment that connects these components to each other and mediate interaction with the user. (Wolpaw et al., 2002; Allison et al., 2007, 2012; Wolpaw and Wolpaw, 2012).
303:
intendiX via UDP and could thereby control any external device. In March 2012, g.tec presented the pre-release of their new Screen
Overlay Control Interface (SOCI) at the
265:, like conventional electrodes, the active electrodes do not require skin preparation and are more robust to external noise. This is because active electrodes feature
416:
Allison, B.Z., Wolpaw, E.W., & Wolpaw, J.R. (2007). Brain computer interface systems: Progress and prospects. British review of medical devices, 4(4):463-474.
194:
While intendiX has been used as an assistive technology by persons with severe disabilities, performance may be worse among users with disabilities due to
184:(BCI) environment. It is a personal BCI that anyone can use without technical training or outside support at home or in a hospital. Users can control any
188:
device such as a television, music player, air conditioner and light. intendiX can control other devices as well, such as mobile robots or games.
435:
C. Guger, H. Ramoser, G. Pfurtscheller, Real-time analysis with subject-specific spatial patterns. IEEE Trans
Rehabil Eng. 2000 Dec;8(4):447-56.
468:
355:
Farwell, LA; Donchin, E (1988). "Talking off the top of your head: toward a mental prosthesis utilizing event-related brain potentials".
164:
146:
49:
128:
109:
335:
285:
296:, a signal processing algorithm can identify this spike and thus infer that the user is focusing on the left stimulus.
35:
202:. Most people can use intendiX to spell five to ten characters per minute within about ten minutes of training.
181:
124:
292:
at 8 Hz and the right at 13 Hz. If the user's visual areas show an increase at 8 Hz and its
315:, and additional game interfaces are being developed. The SOCI will be publicly available later in 2012.
307:
exposition in
Hannover, Germany. Visitors to the g.tec booth could use the intendiX system to play
276:
In typical BCIs, signal processing often involves different stages. For example, spatial filtering
211:
380:
257:
The first intendiX system, released in 2009, allowed users to work with either passive or active
372:
308:
241:
364:
185:
76:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
235:
120:
462:
368:
41:
384:
323:
312:
289:
277:
266:
262:
258:
376:
293:
195:
199:
304:
215:
247:
a device or application where the output signal is sent; and an
92:
56:
15:
244:
algorithms that identify relevant brain signals in real time;
198:, visual deficits, or impaired concentration, attention, or
448:
191:
116:
453:
127:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
357:
Electroencephalography and
Clinical Neurophysiology
284:With P300 signals, intendiX relies on stepwise
230:The intendiX system requires four components:
322:users are not paying attention based on their
8:
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
261:. While both of these electrodes require
165:Learn how and when to remove this message
147:Learn how and when to remove this message
347:
108:contains content that is written like
7:
14:
31:This article has multiple issues.
97:
61:
20:
39:or discuss these issues on the
1:
369:10.1016/0013-4694(88)90149-6
286:linear discriminant analysis
485:
70:This article needs to be
469:Brain–computer interface
336:Brain–computer interface
182:brain-computer interface
319:Operating Environment:
210:intendiX can rely on
129:neutral point of view
234:sensors that detect
300:Device/Application:
226:intendiX components
121:promotional content
274:Signal processing:
123:and inappropriate
309:World of Warcraft
242:signal processing
175:
174:
167:
157:
156:
149:
91:
90:
54:
476:
436:
433:
427:
423:
417:
414:
408:
405:
399:
395:
389:
388:
352:
180:is a commercial
170:
163:
152:
145:
141:
138:
132:
110:an advertisement
101:
100:
93:
86:
83:
77:
65:
64:
57:
46:
24:
23:
16:
484:
483:
479:
478:
477:
475:
474:
473:
459:
458:
445:
440:
439:
434:
430:
424:
420:
415:
411:
406:
402:
396:
392:
354:
353:
349:
344:
332:
228:
208:
171:
160:
159:
158:
153:
142:
136:
133:
114:
102:
98:
87:
81:
78:
75:
66:
62:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
482:
480:
472:
471:
461:
460:
457:
456:
451:
444:
443:External links
441:
438:
437:
428:
418:
409:
400:
390:
346:
345:
343:
340:
339:
338:
331:
328:
252:
251:
248:
245:
239:
236:brain activity
227:
224:
207:
204:
173:
172:
155:
154:
125:external links
105:
103:
96:
89:
88:
69:
67:
60:
55:
29:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
481:
470:
467:
466:
464:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
442:
432:
429:
422:
419:
413:
410:
404:
401:
394:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
363:(6): 510–23.
362:
358:
351:
348:
341:
337:
334:
333:
329:
327:
325:
320:
316:
314:
310:
306:
301:
297:
295:
291:
287:
282:
279:
275:
271:
268:
264:
263:electrode gel
260:
256:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
233:
232:
231:
225:
223:
219:
217:
213:
205:
203:
201:
197:
192:
189:
187:
183:
179:
169:
166:
151:
148:
140:
130:
126:
122:
118:
112:
111:
106:This article
104:
95:
94:
85:
73:
68:
59:
58:
53:
51:
44:
43:
38:
37:
32:
27:
18:
17:
431:
421:
412:
403:
393:
360:
356:
350:
318:
317:
299:
298:
283:
273:
272:
254:
253:
229:
220:
214:waves p and
209:
193:
190:
177:
176:
161:
143:
137:October 2022
134:
119:by removing
115:Please help
107:
82:January 2021
79:
71:
47:
40:
34:
33:Please help
30:
324:EEG signals
313:Angry Birds
206:Description
342:References
290:oscillates
278:algorithms
267:amplifiers
259:electrodes
186:smart home
117:improve it
36:improve it
294:harmonics
42:talk page
463:Category
449:intendiX
330:See also
255:Sensors:
178:intendiX
385:4547500
377:2461285
196:fatigue
72:updated
426:Press.
398:Press.
383:
375:
200:memory
381:S2CID
305:CeBIT
216:SSVEP
454:Gtec
373:PMID
311:and
212:P300
365:doi
465::
379:.
371:.
361:70
359:.
45:.
387:.
367::
238:;
168:)
162:(
150:)
144:(
139:)
135:(
131:.
113:.
84:)
80:(
74:.
52:)
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.