39:
162:, RN. The document synthesized the results of all the inter-Staff College studies of preceding years and made specific recommendations that two new organizations should be set up: a Permanent Committee, drawn from all three Service Ministries; and a Training and Development Centre, also to be inter-service. The Centre should have a permanent force attached to it, preferably of Royal Marines, and its functions were to be as follows:
324:(CCO). Soon after, the decision was made to dismember the ISTDC. One part now came under COHQ's newly appointed Director of Experiments and Developments (later Director of Experiments and Operational Requirements, or DXOR). The other part became the Combined Operations Development Centre which in August 1942 was absorbed into the newly established Combined Ops Experimental Establishment (COXE) in North Devon.
289:
The system provided for an approach under cover of darkness in fast ships carrying special craft; the craft being sent ashore while the ships lay out of sight of land; small-craft smoke and gun protection while the beachhead was seized; the landing of a reserve; the capture of a covering position far
290:
enough inland to secure the beach and anchorage from enemy fire; the bringing in of ships carrying the main body; and finally the discharge of vehicles and stores by other craft specially designed to do so directly on to beaches. And in all this it was important to achieve tactical surprise.
294:
The ISTDC staff went everywhere seeking material and devices and running experiments to discover how sea assaults could proceed. For ships with sufficient speed to become
Landing Ships Infantry, the best available was a class of four fast passenger-carrying cargo ships (referred to as
189:, Deputy Chief of the General Staff, followed covering similar concerns. In May 1938 the Chiefs of Staff established the Inter-Services Training and Development Centre at Fort Cumberland, near Portsmouth. The Royal Marine contingent was not authorized; but there were four
313:. This class could make eighteen knots, be equipped with suitable davits for hoisting out landing craft, and each be adapted to carry a complete battalion, plus some vehicles. They were duly earmarked for commandeering in the event of war.
272:
By the end of 1939 the ISTDC had codified a policy for landings, and defended it at Staff
College discussions. Operational experience would suggest modifications to this landing policy, but it would be essentially the policy used in the
106:
1915–16. During the inter-war period, however, a combination of recent experience and economic stringency contributed to the delay in procuring equipment and adopting a universal doctrine for amphibious operations.
647:
157:
at
Greenwich, drafted a document detailing combined operations requirements and submitted it to the Chiefs of Staff on 22 February 1936. Its principal author was the Director of the Staff College, Captain
222:
The ISTDC existed only briefly, from May 1938 to mid-1942 (being briefly disbanded between
September and December 1939). The Centre had direct access to the Deputy Chiefs of Staff, and the
193:
representing the three services (and one serving as adjutant), a small clerical staff, direct access to the Deputy Chiefs of Staff, and £30,000 (£10,000 from each of the services).
234:
at Hythe regarding small arms ballistics. Also, ISTDC engaged private industry such as
Fleming about small nesting boats and the Porton Gas School to design a floating smoke bomb.
122:
satisfied many in naval and military circles that the age of amphibious operations had come to a close. Still, throughout the 1920s and 1930s, animated discussion in
223:
170:(ii) To develop the materiel necessary for such methods, with special regard to protection of troops, speed of landing, and the attainment of surprise;
176:(iv) In time of war, the whole force to be employed for carrying out minor operations by itself; or in conjunction with military forces, as the
173:(iii) To develop methods and materiel for the destruction or neutralization of enemy defenses, including bombardment and aircraft co-operation;
597:
611:
583:
568:
554:
533:
519:
91:
227:
321:
139:
201:
154:
24:
42:
Combined
Operations badge. The ISTDC came under the command of Combined Operations Headquarters in June 1940.
231:
95:
281:
landings four years later. The essential shape of this landing policy is described by
Bernard Fergusson in
652:
190:
371:
333:
71:
226:. It was also given authority to seek advice more broadly, contacting service departments such as the
135:
90:. For centuries the Royal Navy had been landing soldiers on hostile shores, prominent examples being
143:
59:
32:
344:
186:
111:
103:
607:
593:
579:
564:
550:
529:
515:
317:
466:
398:
295:"cargo-liners") then under construction for Alfred Holt's Glen Line Far Eastern trade: the
278:
274:
115:
83:
55:
150:
assured that such theoretical talk would not result in the procurement of any equipment.
38:
177:
159:
99:
21:
641:
147:
123:
79:
75:
375:
296:
51:
28:
46:
The ISTDC came into being in May 1938 bringing together representatives from the
127:
47:
58:
convened with the portfolio of developing methods and equipment to use in
119:
320:
was promoted to vice-admiral and was appointed to the new position of
131:
338:
213:
Captain Peter-Picton-Phillips, Royal
Marines, serving as Adjutant.
237:
The Centre was instructed to examine certain specific problems:
204:, RN, Commandant of the ISTDC from 1 July 1938 to September 1939
167:(i) To train in all methods for the seizure of defended beaches;
87:
356:
Landing Craft crew training base at
Northney on Hayling Island
31:
for the purpose of developing methods and equipment to use in
648:
Military history of the United
Kingdom during World War II
625:
Combined Operations: The Official Story of the Commandos
467:"Sea Your History - Advancing amphibious capabilities"
528:, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1994.
196:The original officers appointed to the ISTDC were:
353:Infra-red directional beacons for landing accuracy
540:The Watery Maze; The Story of Combined Operations
368:Floating Piers (pontoons) to bridge the water gap
287:
180:to seize and hold beaches for the main landing.
164:
578:, Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd., London, 1982.
138:compared with the strategic stalemate of the
18:Inter-Service Training and Development Centre
8:
592:, Seaforth Publishing, Barnsley, UK, 2009.
210:Wing Commander Guy Knocker, Royal Air Force
549:, Hippocrene Books, Inc., New York, 1976.
268:the use of small craft in amphibious raids
142:. The economic austerity of the worldwide
134:surrounded the strategic potential of the
399:"Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939-1945 -- M"
347:; substantial assistance to the designer
37:
563:, Macdonalds and Jane's, London, 1978.
390:
118:coupled with the emerging potential of
634:, US Government Printing Office, 1944.
620:, Methuen & Co. Ltd., London 1949.
146:and the government's adoption of the
7:
606:, New English Library, London 1976.
561:Commandos and Rangers of World War 2
514:, Chatham Publishing, London, 1999.
359:Support Landing Craft LCS(1), LCS(2)
20:(ISTDC) was a department under the
244:air supply of stores and equipment
207:Major MWM MacLeod, Royal Artillery
14:
365:Land/Sea Smoke Generating devices
623:Saunders, Hilary A. St. George.
78:reaches back at least as far as
602:Lund, Paul, and Ludlam, Harry.
547:Assault From the Sea: 1939–1945
362:Standard Naval Bombardment Code
328:Accomplishments and innovations
265:the landing of water and petrol
632:Allied Landing Craft and Ships
228:Director of Naval Construction
1:
350:Manual on Combined Operations
230:with regard to hulls and the
627:, New York: Macmillan, 1943.
322:Chief of Combined Operations
224:Joint Intelligence Committee
669:
345:Landing Craft Tank (Mk. 1)
110:The costly failure of the
202:Loben Edward Harold Maund
155:Royal Naval Staff College
604:War of the Landing Craft
339:Mechanized Landing Craft
82:'s legions crossing the
542:, Holt, New York, 1961.
247:craft for landing tanks
292:
183:
43:
590:Assault Landing Craft
576:Royal Marine Commando
372:Landing Ship Infantry
334:Assault Landing Craft
241:troop landings by air
72:amphibious operations
41:
618:Assault From the Sea
538:Fergusson, Bernard.
262:underwater obstacles
136:Dardanelles campaign
185:Another paper from
144:economic depression
126:in Britain and the
60:Combined Operations
33:Combined Operations
256:headquarters ships
250:beach organisation
232:School of Musketry
112:Gallipoli campaign
44:
630:US Navy ONI 226.
598:978-1-84832-050-5
524:Buffetaut, Yves.
438:Ladd, 1976, p. 16
318:Louis Mountbatten
130:Staff College at
660:
510:Bruce, Colin J.
498:
497:Fergusson, p. 41
495:
489:
486:
480:
479:Fergusson, p. 40
477:
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429:Fergusson, p. 38
427:
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374:, as an example
27:set up prior to
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588:Lavery, Brian.
559:Ladd, James D.
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330:
283:The Watery Maze
259:amphibian tanks
220:
218:Service history
187:Sir Ronald Adam
116:First World War
86:to invade from
70:The history of
68:
56:Royal Air Force
25:Chiefs of Staff
12:
11:
5:
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420:Maund, pp. 3–4
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316:In March 1942
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253:floating piers
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178:covering force
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160:Bertram Watson
124:Staff Colleges
67:
64:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
665:
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653:Landing craft
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148:Ten Year Rule
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140:Western Front
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80:Julius Caesar
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76:British Isles
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53:
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40:
36:
34:
30:
26:
23:
19:
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616:Maund, LEH.
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456:Maund, p. 18
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69:
45:
29:World War II
17:
15:
526:D-Day Ships
447:Maund, p. 2
411:Keyes, p. 8
311:Breconshire
128:Indian Army
114:during the
642:Categories
574:Ladd, JD.
545:Ladd, JD.
505:References
102:1918, and
48:Royal Navy
488:Maund, p.
376:HMS
104:Gallipoli
100:Zeebrugge
512:Invaders
378:Glengyle
303:Glenearn
298:Glengyle
200:Captain
191:officers
120:airpower
307:Glenroy
84:Channel
74:in the
66:Origins
22:British
610:
596:
582:
567:
553:
532:
518:
341:LCM(1)
309:, and
132:Quetta
98:1900,
96:Peking
94:1759,
92:Quebec
54:, and
385:Notes
279:Husky
275:Torch
608:ISBN
594:ISBN
580:ISBN
565:ISBN
551:ISBN
530:ISBN
516:ISBN
277:and
153:The
88:Gaul
52:Army
16:The
644::
305:,
301:,
285:,
62:.
50:,
35:.
571:.
469:.
401:.
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