441:
words on a "restricted list" through an automated filter. Applicants whose domain names were rejected received an email containing the notice: "Network
Solutions has a right founded in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to refuse to register, and thereby publish, on the Internet registry of
417:
started a competitive bidding process in 1992; subsequently, in 1993, NSF created the
Internet Network Information Center, known as InterNIC, to extend and coordinate directory and database services and information services for the NSFNET; and provide registration services for non-military Internet
251:
The NIC provided reference service to users (initially over the phone and by physical mail), maintained and published a directory of people (the "white pages"), a resource handbook (the "yellow pages", a list of services) and the protocol handbook. After the
Network Operations Center at
913:
290:
was distributed by the NIC and manually installed on each host on the network to provide a mapping between these names and their corresponding network address. As the network grew, this became increasingly cumbersome. A technical solution came in the form of the
422:
provided information services. General
Atomics was disqualified from the contract in December 1994 after a review found their services not conforming to the standards of its contract. General Atomics' InterNIC functions were assumed by AT&T.
445:
Network
Solutions eventually allowed domain names containing the words on a case-by-case basis, after manually reviewing the names for obscene intent. This profanity filter was never enforced by the government and its use was not continued by
499:
to manage a number of
Internet-related tasks. The role of operating the DNS was privatized, and opened up to competition, while the central management of name allocations would be awarded on a contract tender basis. In July 2010, the
186:. This website is still active today, operated by ICANN, and currently provides reference documents and information related to domain registration. The InterNIC also coordinated the IP address space, including performing
405:
By the 1990s, most of the growth of the
Internet was in the non-defense sector, and even outside the United States. Therefore, the US Department of Defense would no longer fund registration services outside of the
269:
and other members of the
Network Working Group (NWG), developed RFCs into the official set of technical notes for the ARPANET and later the Internet. The NIC provided the first links to online documents using the
256:
brought new hosts onto the network, the NIC registered names, provided access control for terminals, audit trail and billing information, and distributed
Request for Comments (RFCs). Feinler, working with
442:
domain names words that it deems to be inappropriate." Domain names such as "shitakemushrooms.com" would be rejected, but the domain name "shit.com" was active since it had been registered before 1996.
376:(DISA) awarded the administration and maintenance of DDN-NIC, which had been managed by SRI since 1972, to Government Systems, Inc (GSI), which subcontracted it to the small private-sector firm
960:
418:
participants. NSF awarded the contract to manage InterNIC to three organizations; Network
Solutions provided registration services, AT&T provided directory and database services, and
203:
168:
1050:
670:
1166:
1146:
481:
The InterNIC Directory and Database services provided by AT&T were discontinued on March 31, 1998, after their cooperative agreement with NSF expired.
1161:
1136:
1131:
1141:
996:
46:
640:
943:"E-mail from Chuck Gomes of the InterNIC announcing that AT&T would discontinue its Directory and Database Services on March 31, 1998"
352:
241:
373:
214:
The first central authority to coordinate the operation of the network was the Network Information Center (NIC). The NIC was based in
155:
directory services. From its inception in 1972 until October 1, 1991, it was run by the Stanford Research Institute, now known as
1151:
581:
1065:
685:
719:
512:
should perform the in-addr.arpa zone technical management tasks, and this transition to ICANN was completed in February 2011.
174:
It was accessed through the domain name internic.net, with email, FTP and World Wide Web services run at various times by
558:
505:
463:
219:
27:
964:
839:
501:
475:
414:
302:
The Defense Data Network Network Information Center (DDN-NIC) at SRI handled all registration services, including the
199:
19:
This article is about the defunct organization. For "NIC" as a generic term used to refer to a registry operator, see
1156:
533:
885:
496:
369:
909:
1061:
681:
1042:
248:
fulfilled the role of manager of IANA, in addition to his role as the RFC Editor, until his death in 1998.
492:
227:
478:
from the InterNIC project to ARIN via modification of the cooperative agreement with Network Solutions.
360:
271:
577:
733:
595:
524:
a database of InterNIC is featured. It can also be hacked in-game and it ironically has no security.
521:
281:, hosts were given names to be used in place of numeric addresses. Owners of new hosts sent email to
234:
160:
64:
20:
868:"InterNIC Midterm Evaluation and Recommendations: A Panel Report to the National Science Foundation"
399:
183:
942:
853:
619:
432:
292:
144:
83:
978:
648:
474:(ARIN) came into operation. At that time, responsibility for these tasks was transferred by the
928:
377:
266:
223:
215:
179:
175:
164:
156:
101:
96:
914:
United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts, the Internet, and Intellectual Property
723:
611:
438:
388:
303:
296:
253:
956:
419:
348:
1018:
867:
831:
244:(IANA) assigned the numbers, while the NIC published them to the rest of the network.
1125:
1085:
709:
623:
258:
384:
195:
484:
In 1998, both IANA and InterNIC project were reorganized under the control of the
450:
when it took over governance of the distribution of domain names to the public.
391:
283:
148:
489:
459:
262:
245:
187:
895:
736:
713:
807:
782:
778:
751:
598:(July–September 2010). "The Network Information Center and its Archives".
615:
553:
467:
783:"IAB Recommended Policy on Distributing Internet Identifier Assignment"
548:
278:
832:"NSF9224--Network Information Services Manager(s) for NSFNET and NREN"
437:
Beginning in 1996, Network Solutions rejected domain names containing
237:, better known as Jake, became principal investigator of the project.
836:
Division of Networking and Communications Research and Infrastructure
728:
578:"InterNIC service mark registration, U.S. Registration No. 1,874,125"
543:
982:
538:
509:
485:
447:
395:
152:
42:
979:"Registrar Accreditation: History of the Shared Registry System"
890:
607:
471:
337:
331:
325:
319:
313:
307:
274:
Journal system developed at SRI's Augmentation Research Center.
191:
372:
proposed changes to the centralized NIC/IANA arrangement. The
343:
143:) until 1993, was the organization primarily responsible for
1114:
163:. From October 1991 until September 18, 1998, it was run by
113:
961:
National Telecommunications and Information Administration
957:"Domain Names: Management of Internet Names and Addresses"
929:"Cooperative Agreement No. NCR-9218742 Amendment No. 07"
910:"Internet Domain Names and Intellectual Property Rights"
383:
On October 1, 1991, the NIC services were moved from a
351:
administration and Internet number assignments under a
190:
management for North America prior to the formation of
806:
Scott Williamson and Leslie Nobile (September 1991).
854:"NSF Network Information Services Awards (InterNIC)"
167:. Thereafter, the responsibility was assumed by the
486:
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
204:
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
169:
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
120:
108:
90:
78:
70:
60:
52:
38:
1049:Interview by Marc Weber (September 10, 2009).
750:Jon Postel and Joyce Reynolds (October 1984).
8:
33:
1051:"Oral History of Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler"
671:"Oral History of Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler"
222:, at the Stanford Research Institute (now
32:
727:
202:. The use of the term is licensed to the
1021:. American Registry For Internet Numbers
669:Interviewed by Marc Weber (2009-09-10).
635:
633:
997:"Transition of IN-ADDR.ARPA generation"
773:
771:
569:
458:The InterNIC project included Internet
1019:"IN-ADDR.ARPA Zone Transfer Completed"
472:American Registry for Internet Numbers
82:Manage Internet protocol numbers and
7:
1167:Organizations disestablished in 1998
1090:Invisible Revolution Web documentary
286:to request an address. A file named
1147:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
1045:, archived web page from April 1996
945:. IETF Mail Archive. December 1997.
470:tasks until December 1997 when the
359:
353:United States Department of Defense
242:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
1084:Frode Hegland and Fleur Klijnsma.
600:Annals of the History of Computing
468:DNS zone (in-addr.arpa) management
374:Defense Information Systems Agency
14:
1162:Organizations established in 1972
1137:Internet governance organizations
1132:International telecommunications
582:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
126:Network Information Center (NIC)
1142:Internet Standard organizations
1:
1086:"Interview with Jake Feinler"
999:. Internet Architecture Board
886:"Food domain found "obscene""
856:(Press release). 1993-01-05.
808:"Transition of NIC Services"
559:Autonomous system (Internet)
506:Number Resource Organization
220:Augmentation Research Center
28:network interface controller
965:U.S. Department of Commerce
840:National Science Foundation
476:National Science Foundation
415:National Science Foundation
355:contract starting in 1984.
200:U.S. Department of Commerce
194:. InterNIC is a registered
97:Stanford Research Institute
1183:
884:Festa, Paul (1998-04-27).
534:Regional Internet registry
454:Transfer to ARIN and ICANN
430:
427:Inappropriate domain names
137:Network Information Center
25:
18:
715:Documentation Conventions
497:US Department of Commerce
370:Internet Activities Board
347:. DDN-NIC also performed
1058:Reference no: X5378.2009
678:Reference no: X5378.2009
26:Not to be confused with
1152:History of the Internet
1062:Computer History Museum
927:NSF (3 December 1997).
682:Computer History Museum
645:SRI Alumni Hall of Fame
254:Bolt, Bernek and Newman
180:Network Solutions, Inc.
647:. 2000. Archived from
641:"Elizabeth J. Feinler"
493:non-profit corporation
228:Menlo Park, California
752:"Domain Requirements"
1043:"About the InterNIC"
616:10.1109/MAHC.2010.54
596:Elizabeth J. Feinler
522:Uplink: Hacker Elite
460:IP number assignment
387:machine at SRI to a
235:Elizabeth J. Feinler
65:Elizabeth J. Feinler
21:domain name registry
1102:Video of interview.
400:Chantilly, Virginia
92:Parent organization
35:
1071:on August 11, 2011
516:In popular culture
495:contracted by the
433:Scunthorpe problem
293:Domain Name System
145:Domain Name System
84:Domain Name System
74:September 18, 1998
1157:SRI International
378:Network Solutions
304:top-level domains
224:SRI International
165:Network Solutions
157:SRI International
130:
129:
102:Network Solutions
1174:
1118:
1117:
1115:Official website
1101:
1099:
1097:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1064:. Archived from
1055:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
993:
987:
986:
975:
969:
968:
953:
947:
946:
939:
933:
932:
924:
918:
917:
906:
900:
899:
894:. Archived from
881:
875:
874:
873:. December 1994.
872:
864:
858:
857:
850:
844:
843:
828:
822:
821:
819:
818:
803:
797:
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794:
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766:
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763:
762:
747:
741:
740:
731:
729:10.17487/RFC0003
706:
700:
699:
697:
696:
690:
684:. Archived from
675:
666:
660:
659:
657:
656:
637:
628:
627:
592:
586:
585:
574:
439:English language
409:
389:Sun Microsystems
363:
346:
340:
334:
328:
322:
316:
310:
297:Paul Mockapetris
289:
285:
151:allocations and
116:
36:
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1181:
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1176:
1175:
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1172:
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1121:
1113:
1112:
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1053:
1048:
1039:
1037:Further reading
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1024:
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1016:
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1002:
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990:
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976:
972:
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852:
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830:
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816:
814:
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791:
789:
781:(August 1990).
777:
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749:
748:
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708:
707:
703:
694:
692:
688:
673:
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663:
654:
652:
639:
638:
631:
594:
593:
589:
576:
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571:
567:
530:
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456:
435:
429:
420:General Atomics
407:
366:
349:root nameserver
342:
336:
330:
324:
318:
312:
306:
287:
282:
212:
135:, known as the
123:
122:Formerly called
112:
100:
93:
45:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1180:
1178:
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1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1108:
1107:External links
1105:
1104:
1103:
1081:
1046:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1010:
988:
970:
948:
934:
919:
901:
898:on 2012-07-16.
876:
859:
845:
823:
798:
767:
742:
712:(April 1969).
710:Crocker, Steve
701:
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629:
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563:
562:
561:
556:
551:
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541:
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529:
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466:, and reverse
464:ASN assignment
455:
452:
428:
425:
398:4.1 at GSI in
365:
357:
295:, designed by
267:Joyce Reynolds
216:Doug Engelbart
211:
208:
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998:
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974:
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962:
958:
952:
949:
944:
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935:
930:
923:
920:
916:. 1999-07-28.
915:
911:
905:
902:
897:
893:
892:
887:
880:
877:
869:
863:
860:
855:
849:
846:
842:. 1992-03-19.
841:
837:
833:
827:
824:
813:
809:
802:
799:
788:
784:
780:
774:
772:
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757:
753:
746:
743:
738:
735:
730:
725:
721:
717:
716:
711:
705:
702:
691:on 2011-08-11
687:
683:
679:
672:
665:
662:
651:on 2013-02-01
650:
646:
642:
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634:
630:
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621:
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424:
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411:
403:
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397:
393:
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386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
368:In 1990, the
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358:
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333:
327:
321:
315:
309:
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300:
298:
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268:
264:
260:
259:Steve Crocker
255:
249:
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238:
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159:, and led by
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55:
51:
48:
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41:
37:
29:
22:
1094:. Retrieved
1089:
1073:. Retrieved
1066:the original
1057:
1023:. Retrieved
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
991:
973:
951:
937:
922:
904:
896:the original
889:
879:
862:
848:
835:
826:
815:. Retrieved
811:
801:
790:. Retrieved
786:
759:. Retrieved
755:
745:
714:
704:
693:. Retrieved
686:the original
677:
664:
653:. Retrieved
649:the original
644:
603:
599:
590:
572:
519:
508:agreed that
483:
480:
457:
444:
436:
412:
404:
385:DECSYSTEM-20
382:
367:
301:
276:
250:
239:
232:
218:'s lab, the
213:
196:service mark
173:
161:Jake Feinler
140:
136:
132:
131:
114:internic.net
99:(until 1991)
16:Organization
488:(ICANN), a
392:SPARCserver
149:domain name
104:(from 1991)
1126:Categories
817:2011-04-08
792:2011-04-08
761:2011-04-08
695:2011-04-08
655:2012-11-18
565:References
490:California
431:See also:
263:Jon Postel
246:Jon Postel
188:IP address
1096:April 13,
779:Vint Cerf
624:206443021
610:: 83–89.
364:Solutions
288:HOSTS.TXT
233:In 1972,
206:(ICANN).
171:(ICANN).
71:Dissolved
53:Formation
39:Successor
1092:. London
1075:April 8,
1025:16 March
1003:16 March
812:RFC 1261
787:RFC 1174
554:RIPE NCC
528:See also
410:domain.
394:running
184:AT&T
133:InterNIC
34:InterNIC
756:RFC 920
549:AFRINIC
361:Network
279:ARPANET
277:On the
198:of the
109:Website
61:Founder
622:
544:LACNIC
182:, and
147:(DNS)
1069:(PDF)
1054:(PDF)
983:ICANN
871:(PDF)
689:(PDF)
674:(PDF)
620:S2CID
606:(3).
539:APNIC
510:ICANN
448:ICANN
396:SunOS
226:) in
153:X.500
79:Focus
43:ICANN
1098:2011
1077:2011
1027:2013
1005:2013
891:CNET
720:IETF
608:IEEE
504:and
413:The
341:and
240:The
192:ARIN
86:root
56:1972
47:ARIN
734:RFC
724:doi
612:doi
520:In
502:IAB
408:mil
338:com
332:net
326:org
320:edu
314:gov
308:mil
272:NLS
210:SRI
176:SRI
141:NIC
1128::
1088:.
1060:.
1056:.
981:.
963:,
959:.
912:.
888:.
838:.
834:.
810:.
785:.
770:^
754:.
732:.
722:.
718:.
680:.
676:.
643:.
632:^
618:.
604:32
602:.
580:.
462:,
402:.
380:.
344:us
335:,
329:,
323:,
317:,
311:,
299:.
265:,
261:,
230:.
178:,
1100:.
1079:.
1029:.
1007:.
985:.
967:.
931:.
820:.
795:.
764:.
739:.
737:3
726::
698:.
658:.
626:.
614::
584:.
139:(
30:.
23:.
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