2767:
1947:
1857:
1809:
1354:
2701:
2645:
2589:
2368:
2326:
2263:
2207:
2136:
2063:
1899:
1686:
1031:, an easily accessible and relatively unused source. It is currently being used regularly to treat ulcers by closing the hole in the tissue that lines the stomach, but further research is currently being done by many universities as well as the U.S. Government for wounded soldier applications. As of early 2007, testing was being carried out on a military base in Texas. Scientists are using a powdered form on Iraq War veterans whose hands were damaged in the war.
1017:
process. In human fetuses, for example, the extracellular matrix works with stem cells to grow and regrow all parts of the human body, and fetuses can regrow anything that gets damaged in the womb. Scientists have long believed that the matrix stops functioning after full development. It has been used in the past to help horses heal torn ligaments, but it is being researched further as a device for tissue regeneration in humans.
263:
40:
600:. MBVs cargo includes different protein molecules, lipids, DNA, fragments, and miRNAs. Similar to ECM bioscaffolds, MBVs can modify the activation state of macrophages and alter different cellular properties such as; proliferation, migration and cell cycle. MBVs are now believed to be an integral and functional key component of ECM bioscaffolds.
456:(swelling) force by absorbing significant amounts of water. Hyaluronic acid is thus found in abundance in the ECM of load-bearing joints. It is also a chief component of the interstitial gel. Hyaluronic acid is found on the inner surface of the cell membrane and is translocated out of the cell during biosynthesis.
1041:
Extracellular matrix proteins are commonly used in cell culture systems to maintain stem and precursor cells in an undifferentiated state during cell culture and function to induce differentiation of epithelial, endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vitro. Extracellular matrix proteins can also be
877:
Due to its diverse nature and composition, the ECM can serve many functions, such as providing support, segregating tissues from one another, and regulating intercellular communication. The extracellular matrix regulates a cell's dynamic behavior. In addition, it sequesters a wide range of cellular
957:
is the main ECM component, the matrix displays both structural and signaling properties. High-molecular weight hyaluronan acts as a diffusional barrier that can modulate diffusion in the extracellular space locally. Upon matrix degradation, hyaluronan fragments are released to the extracellular
2858:
The almost transparent collagen matrix consists of medically purified pig intestine, which is broken down by the scavenger cells (macrophages) of the immune system. After about 1 year the collagen has been almost completely (90-95%) replaced by normal body tissue: only the tiny metal framework
1016:
Extracellular matrix has been found to cause regrowth and healing of tissue. Although the mechanism of action by which extracellular matrix promotes constructive remodeling of tissue is still unknown, researchers now believe that Matrix-bound nanovesicles (MBVs) are a key player in the healing
997:
Fibronectins bind to ECM macromolecules and facilitate their binding to transmembrane integrins. The attachment of fibronectin to the extracellular domain initiates intracellular signalling pathways as well as association with the cellular cytoskeleton via a set of adaptor molecules such as
304:(hyaluronic acid is a notable exception; see below). Proteoglycans have a net negative charge that attracts positively charged sodium ions (Na), which attracts water molecules via osmosis, keeping the ECM and resident cells hydrated. Proteoglycans may also help to trap and store
487:
is the most abundant protein in the ECM, and is the most abundant protein in the human body. It accounts for 90% of bone matrix protein content. Collagens are present in the ECM as fibrillar proteins and give structural support to resident cells. Collagen is exocytosed in
1024:, the extracellular matrix serves two main purposes. First, it prevents the immune system from triggering from the injury and responding with inflammation and scar tissue. Next, it facilitates the surrounding cells to repair the tissue instead of forming scar tissue.
451:
consisting of alternating residues of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine, and unlike other GAGs, is not found as a proteoglycan. Hyaluronic acid in the extracellular space confers upon tissues the ability to resist compression by providing a counteracting
655:
of virtually all animals. Rather than forming collagen-like fibers, laminins form networks of web-like structures that resist tensile forces in the basal lamina. They also assist in cell adhesion. Laminins bind other ECM components such as collagens and
723:
Cells can sense the mechanical properties of their environment by applying forces and measuring the resulting backlash. This plays an important role because it helps regulate many important cellular processes including cellular contraction,
821:. The term was coined by Lo CM and colleagues when they discovered the tendency of single cells to migrate up rigidity gradients (towards more stiff substrates) and has been extensively studied since. The molecular mechanisms behind
179:
evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.
668:
There are many cell types that contribute to the development of the various types of extracellular matrix found in the plethora of tissue types. The local components of ECM determine the properties of the connective tissue.
2996:
Gospodarowicz D, Vlodovsky I, Greenburg G, Johnson LK (1979). "Cellular shape is determined by the extracellular matrix and is responsible for the control of cellular growth and function". In Sato GH, Ross R (eds.).
2381:
Wahbi, Wafa; Naakka, Erika; Tuomainen, Katja; Suleymanova, Ilida; Arpalahti, Annamari; Miinalainen, Ilkka; Vaananen, Juho; Grenman, Reidar; Monni, Outi; Al-Samadi, Ahmed; Salo, Tuula (February 2020).
675:
are the most common cell type in connective tissue ECM, in which they synthesize, maintain, and provide a structural framework; fibroblasts secrete the precursor components of the ECM, including the
596:
In 2016, Huleihel et al., reported the presence of DNA, RNA, and Matrix-bound nanovesicles (MBVs) within ECM bioscaffolds. MBVs shape and size were found to be consistent with previously described
1034:
Not all ECM devices come from the bladder. Extracellular matrix coming from pig small intestine submucosa are being used to repair "atrial septal defects" (ASD), "patent foramen ovale" (PFO) and
950:. They also detect elasticity and adjust their gene expression accordingly, which has increasingly become a subject of research because of its impact on differentiation and cancer progression.
1122:: plasmodesma) are pores that traverse the cell walls of adjacent plant cells. These channels are tightly regulated and selectively allow molecules of specific sizes to pass between cells.
787:(MSCs) have been shown to specify lineage and commit to phenotypes with extreme sensitivity to tissue-level elasticity. MSCs placed on soft matrices that mimic the brain differentiate into
580:, which releases the precursor molecule upon contact with a fiber of mature elastin. Tropoelastins are then deaminated to become incorporated into the elastin strand. Disorders such as
744:
blocks most of these effects, indicating that they are indeed tied to sensing the mechanical properties of the ECM, which has become a new focus in research during the past decade.
833:
that acts as the primary site of contact between the cell and the ECM. This complex contains many proteins that are essential to durotaxis including structural anchoring proteins (
1083:, but it is flexible enough to allow cell growth when needed; it also serves as a medium for intercellular communication. The cell wall comprises multiple laminate layers of
2544:
Liotta LA, Tryggvason K, Garbisa S, Hart I, Foltz CM, Shafie S (March 1980). "Metastatic potential correlates with enzymatic degradation of basement membrane collagen".
628:
to facilitate cell movement. Fibronectins are secreted by cells in an unfolded, inactive form. Binding to integrins unfolds fibronectin molecules, allowing them to form
994:. Integrins are cell-surface proteins that bind cells to ECM structures, such as fibronectin and laminin, and also to integrin proteins on the surface of other cells.
2842:
1321:"The cell wall polysaccharide metabolism of the brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus. Insights into the evolution of extracellular matrix polysaccharides in Eukaryotes"
330:(PG) in which two or three HS chains are attached in close proximity to cell surface or ECM proteins. It is in this form that HS binds to a variety of protein
3118:
712:, from soft brain tissues to hard bone tissues. The elasticity of the ECM can differ by several orders of magnitude. This property is primarily dependent on
1150:
The importance of the extracellular matrix has long been recognized (Lewis, 1922), but the usage of the term is more recent (Gospodarowicz et al., 1979).
771:, whose contractile forces are transmitted through transcellular structures are thought to play key roles in the yet to be discovered molecular pathways.
3541:
548:, in contrast to collagens, give elasticity to tissues, allowing them to stretch when needed and then return to their original state. This is useful in
2822:
886:
activities that cause local release of such stores. This allows the rapid local growth-factor-mediated activation of cellular functions without
1610:
Gallagher JT, Lyon M (2000). "Molecular structure of
Heparan Sulfate and interactions with growth factors and morphogens". In Iozzo RV (ed.).
1716:
1594:
1470:
1432:
799:
levels. Similarly stiffer matrices that mimic muscle are myogenic, and matrices with stiffnesses that mimic collagenous bone are osteogenic.
199:
and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various
4189:
2714:
Soria FN, Paviolo C, Doudnikoff E, Arotcarena ML, Lee A, DannΓ© N, Mandal AK, Gosset P, Dehay B, Groc L, Cognet L, Bezard E (July 2020).
620:
that connect cells with collagen fibers in the ECM, allowing cells to move through the ECM. Fibronectins bind collagen and cell-surface
2339:
Wang HB, Dembo M, Wang YL (November 2000). "Substrate flexibility regulates growth and apoptosis of normal but not transformed cells".
2826:
3415:
3062:
3037:
3010:
1627:
251:
1038:. After one year, 95% of the collagen ECM in these patches has been replaced by the body with the normal soft tissue of the heart.
1045:
A class of biomaterials derived from processing human or animal tissues to retain portions of the extracellular matrix are called
3111:
1743:
Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, Zipursky SL, Darnell J (2008). "Integrating Cells Into
Tissues".
1488:
119:
2871:
Kleinman HK, Luckenbill-Edds L, Cannon FW, Sephel GC (October 1987). "Use of extracellular matrix components for cell culture".
3432:
3090:
246:
components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules. Some single-celled organisms adopt multicellular
3080:
1824:"Mapping the ligand-binding sites and disease-associated mutations on the most abundant protein in the human, type I collagen"
4199:
3534:
2716:"Synucleinopathy alters nanoscale organization and diffusion in the brain extracellular space through hyaluronan remodeling"
2660:"Matrix density-induced mechanoregulation of breast cell phenotype, signaling and gene expression through a FAK-ERK linkage"
2383:"The critical effects of matrices on cultured carcinoma cells: Human tumor-derived matrix promotes cell invasive properties"
459:
Hyaluronic acid acts as an environmental cue that regulates cell behavior during embryonic development, healing processes,
4220:
3921:
3825:
3800:
2846:
3953:
3882:
3820:
3815:
274:. Once secreted, they then aggregate with the existing matrix. The ECM is composed of an interlocking mesh of fibrous
4225:
3871:
3830:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3620:
3380:
3292:
3104:
2806:
2081:
Discher DE, Janmey P, Wang YL (November 2005). "Tissue cells feel and respond to the stiffness of their substrate".
4230:
3909:
3845:
3788:
3760:
3750:
3680:
3613:
987:
720:
concentrations, and it has recently been shown to play an influential role in regulating numerous cell functions.
3898:
3633:
3595:
3527:
1486:
Brownlee, Colin (October 2002). "Role of the extracellular matrix in cell-cell signalling: paracrine paradigms".
3471:
3363:
1110:. The components of the glycoprotein matrix help cell walls of adjacent plant cells to bind to each other. The
946:. Cells actively sense ECM rigidity and migrate preferentially towards stiffer surfaces in a phenomenon called
943:
924:
780:
733:
107:
95:
1525:"Bacterial biofilms: development, dispersal, and therapeutic strategies in the dawn of the postantibiotic era"
958:
space, where they function as pro-inflammatory molecules, orchestrating the response of immune cells such as
3407:
3372:
1207:
505:
335:
228:
2766:
1946:
1856:
1808:
1353:
266:
1: Microfilaments 2: Phospholipid
Bilayer 3: Integrin 4: Proteoglycan 5: Fibronectin 6: Collagen 7: Elastin
191:. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of
2700:
2644:
2588:
2367:
2325:
2262:
2206:
2135:
2098:
2062:
1898:
1685:
1111:
1035:
784:
501:
176:
2022:"Force fluctuations within focal adhesions mediate ECM-rigidity sensing to guide directed cell migration"
861:
etc.) which cause changes in cell shape and actomyosin contractility. These changes are thought to cause
3967:
1232:
Theocharis AD, Skandalis SS, Gialeli C, Karamanos NK (February 2016). "Extracellular matrix structure".
1011:
903:. An understanding of ECM structure and composition also helps in comprehending the complex dynamics of
509:
489:
2908:"Insights into the origin of metazoan multicellularity from predatory unicellular relatives of animals"
1585:
The extracellular matrix and cell adhesion, in Cells (eds Lewin B, Cassimeris L, Lingappa V, Plopper G)
2487:
Kanchanawong P, Shtengel G, Pasapera AM, Ramko EB, Davidson MW, Hess HF, Waterman CM (November 2010).
632:
so that they can function properly. Fibronectins also help at the site of tissue injury by binding to
112:
3395:
3390:
2780:
2727:
2553:
2500:
2169:
2090:
1976:
935:
796:
709:
1130:
The extracellular matrix functionality of animals (Metazoa) developed in the common ancestor of the
3794:
2103:
1963:
Huleihel L, Hussey GS, Naranjo JD, Zhang L, Dziki JL, Turner NJ, Stolz DB, Badylak SF (June 2016).
1752:
970:
Many cells bind to components of the extracellular matrix. Cell adhesion can occur in two ways; by
520:. The collagen can be divided into several families according to the types of structure they form:
381:
370:
270:
Components of the ECM are produced intracellularly by resident cells and secreted into the ECM via
2821:
In 2009, the St. Francis Heart Center announced the use of the extracellular matrix technology in
4133:
3944:
3264:
3093:- July 19 interview discussing ECM and its uses in cardiac tissue repair (requires MP3 playback).
2978:
2577:
2420:
2314:
2251:
2124:
1674:
1021:
920:
729:
577:
196:
311:
Described below are the different types of proteoglycan found within the extracellular matrix.
4138:
3948:
3739:
3486:
3463:
3127:
3058:
3033:
3006:
2939:
2888:
2755:
2689:
2633:
2569:
2526:
2469:
2412:
2356:
2306:
2243:
2195:
2116:
2051:
2002:
1935:
1887:
1845:
1797:
1722:
1712:
1666:
1623:
1619:
1590:
1554:
1505:
1466:
1428:
1398:
1342:
1301:
1249:
1174:
888:
597:
585:
561:
354:
343:
290:
279:
204:
188:
57:
45:
4063:
4058:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3744:
3608:
3256:
2970:
2929:
2919:
2880:
2745:
2735:
2679:
2671:
2623:
2615:
2561:
2516:
2508:
2459:
2451:
2402:
2394:
2348:
2296:
2233:
2185:
2177:
2108:
2041:
2033:
1992:
1984:
1925:
1879:
1835:
1787:
1779:
1744:
1704:
1656:
1611:
1544:
1536:
1497:
1388:
1380:
1332:
1291:
1283:
1241:
1169:
1091:
1065:
676:
224:
184:
3085:
2818:
4184:
4041:
4036:
4031:
3627:
3589:
3287:
2830:
1462:
1080:
1046:
971:
916:
830:
783:, the process by which a cell changes from one cell type to another. In particular, naive
753:
444:
408:
397:
319:
220:
27:
Network of proteins and molecules outside cells that provides structural support for cells
1745:
2731:
2557:
2504:
2173:
2094:
1980:
915:
as metastasis often involves the destruction of extracellular matrix by enzymes such as
3671:
3385:
3218:
3193:
2999:
2934:
2907:
2750:
2715:
2684:
2659:
2628:
2603:
2521:
2488:
2464:
2439:
2190:
2157:
2046:
2021:
1997:
1964:
1792:
1767:
1549:
1524:
1422:
1393:
1368:
1296:
1271:
979:
939:
866:
826:
814:
725:
637:
513:
448:
424:
358:
323:
305:
192:
168:
2181:
1708:
1501:
4214:
3972:
3554:
3299:
2884:
2424:
2352:
1768:"Identification of hyaluronic acid binding sites in the extracellular domain of CD44"
1661:
1644:
1612:
1453:
1337:
1320:
1139:
1115:
1099:
1095:
896:
882:
and acts as a local store for them. Changes in physiological conditions can trigger
879:
842:
757:
629:
617:
569:
549:
152:
149:
2982:
2318:
2222:"Close dependence of fibroblast proliferation on collagen scaffold matrix stiffness"
1678:
1451:
Alberts B, Bray D, Hopin K, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2004).
262:
39:
17:
4096:
2581:
2128:
1699:
Hensch, Takao K. (2005). "Critical Period
Mechanisms in Developing Visual Cortex".
1164:
1061:
862:
768:
652:
625:
573:
460:
339:
327:
301:
294:
232:
212:
172:
164:
2255:
1914:"Cbfa1 contributes to the osteoblast-specific expression of type I collagen genes"
1193:
854:
756:. Although the mechanism by which this is done has not been thoroughly explained,
564:, and these tissues contain high amounts of elastins. Elastins are synthesized by
3027:
100:
4174:
4103:
3839:
3784:
3447:
3198:
3141:
2398:
1822:
Di Lullo GA, Sweeney SM, Korkko J, Ala-Kokko L, San
Antonio JD (February 2002).
1540:
1131:
1087:
1028:
752:
Differing mechanical properties in ECM exert effects on both cell behaviour and
680:
613:
493:
412:
216:
53:
2740:
2619:
2301:
2284:
2037:
1245:
3805:
3476:
3231:
3208:
3183:
2924:
2440:"ECM stiffness primes the TGFΞ² pathway to promote chondrocyte differentiation"
1883:
1870:
Karsenty G, Park RW (1995). "Regulation of type I collagen genes expression".
1384:
1073:
954:
908:
895:
Formation of the extracellular matrix is essential for processes like growth,
688:
672:
581:
565:
347:
271:
200:
49:
3494:
3420:
3324:
3319:
3309:
3226:
3203:
3188:
2455:
2112:
1583:
1114:
of the cell wall is chiefly governed by pectins in the glycoprotein matrix.
1084:
1069:
991:
959:
947:
931:
834:
822:
818:
808:
741:
737:
705:
684:
411:
have a variable sulfate content and, unlike many other GAGs, do not contain
243:
2943:
2759:
2693:
2637:
2530:
2473:
2416:
2382:
2360:
2310:
2247:
2199:
2120:
2055:
2006:
1988:
1939:
1930:
1913:
1849:
1840:
1823:
1726:
1703:. Current Topics in Developmental Biology. Vol. 69. pp. 215β237.
1558:
1509:
1402:
1346:
1305:
1253:
3519:
2974:
2892:
2573:
1891:
1801:
1783:
1670:
1042:
used to support 3D cell culture in vitro for modelling tumor development.
640:
and facilitating cell movement to the affected area during wound healing.
3957:
3936:
3573:
3437:
3282:
3146:
2675:
1107:
912:
900:
883:
850:
846:
713:
633:
621:
497:
484:
389:
362:
247:
208:
156:
2512:
2407:
148:), also called intercellular matrix (ICM), is a network consisting of
4179:
4170:
4118:
4091:
3986:
3962:
3926:
3914:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3650:
3550:
3336:
3331:
3304:
2859:
remains. An entirely absorbable implant is currently under development.
1159:
1135:
1077:
983:
858:
717:
657:
648:
545:
297:
275:
137:
125:
4123:
3887:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3755:
3690:
3685:
3643:
3638:
3600:
3442:
3425:
3081:
Extracellular matrix: review of its roles in acute and chronic wounds
2565:
2238:
2221:
1103:
1027:
For medical applications, the required ECM is usually extracted from
788:
765:
453:
428:
416:
385:
331:
160:
3096:
2958:
1287:
3086:
Usage of
Extracellular Matrix from pigs to regrow human extremities
2781:"Pitt researchers solve mystery on how regenerative medicine works"
588:
are associated with deficient or absent elastin fibers in the ECM.
4148:
4143:
4113:
4108:
4086:
4068:
4046:
3655:
3504:
2020:
Plotnikov SV, Pasapera AM, Sabass B, Waterman CM (December 2012).
1645:"Matrix proteoglycans: from molecular design to cellular function"
1057:
999:
986:. This cell-to-ECM adhesion is regulated by specific cell-surface
975:
904:
761:
553:
467:
development. It interacts with a specific transmembrane receptor,
464:
393:
366:
261:
236:
75:
2843:"First Ever Implantation of Bioabsorbable Biostar Device at DHZB"
1319:
Michel G, Tonon T, Scornet D, Cock JM, Kloareg B (October 2010).
1272:"Remodelling the extracellular matrix in development and disease"
334:
and regulates a wide variety of biological activities, including
4128:
3499:
3314:
3151:
2658:
Provenzano PP, Inman DR, Eliceiri KW, Keely PJ (December 2009).
838:
792:
557:
517:
468:
420:
250:
in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of
3523:
3100:
1766:
Peach RJ, Hollenbaugh D, Stamenkovic I, Aruffo A (July 1993).
1194:"Matrix - Definition and Examples - Biology Online Dictionary"
300:
and mostly attached to extracellular matrix proteins to form
1614:
Proteoglycans: structure, biology and molecular interactions
373:
are the main proteins to which heparan sulfate is attached.
2285:"Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification"
1751:(5th ed.). New York: WH Freeman and Company. pp.
1523:
Kostakioti M, Hadjifrangiskou M, Hultgren SJ (April 2013).
2158:"Cell movement is guided by the rigidity of the substrate"
3168:
2489:"Nanoscale architecture of integrin-based cell adhesions"
2283:
Engler AJ, Sen S, Sweeney HL, Discher DE (August 2006).
2226:
Journal of Tissue
Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
982:, connecting the ECM to intermediate filaments such as
3057:(5th ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 553.
2604:"Mechanoregulation of gene expression in fibroblasts"
1912:
Kern B, Shen J, Starbuck M, Karsenty G (March 2001).
1958:
1956:
1076:. The cell wall provides lateral strength to resist
4163:
4079:
3985:
3935:
3664:
3581:
3572:
3561:
3485:
3462:
3406:
3371:
3362:
3355:
3273:
3255:
3244:
3217:
3176:
3167:
3160:
3134:
2602:Wang JH, Thampatty BP, Lin JS, Im HJ (April 2007).
2220:Hadjipanayi E, Mudera V, Brown RA (February 2009).
1965:"Matrix-bound nanovesicles within ECM bioscaffolds"
500:to allow extracellular assembly. Disorders such as
106:
94:
86:
74:
69:
64:
32:
2998:
1618:. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, New York. pp.
1582:
1452:
1072:is the relatively rigid structure surrounding the
865:rearrangements in order to facilitate directional
2438:Allen JL, Cooke ME, Alliston T (September 2012).
384:contribute to the tensile strength of cartilage,
2341:American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology
1424:Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease
3053:Rieger R, Michaelis A, Green MM (2012-12-06).
2156:Lo CM, Wang HB, Dembo M, Wang YL (July 2000).
3535:
3112:
3055:Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular
3005:. Coldspring Harbor Laboratory. p. 561.
1369:"Diverse evolutionary paths to cell adhesion"
44:Illustration depicting extracellular matrix (
8:
2802:
2800:
2076:
2074:
2072:
326:found in all animal tissues. It occurs as a
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
1529:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
1270:Bonnans C, Chou J, Werb Z (December 2014).
837:) and signaling proteins (adhesion kinase (
3578:
3569:
3542:
3528:
3520:
3368:
3359:
3252:
3173:
3164:
3119:
3105:
3097:
3091:Sound Medicine - Heart Tissue Regeneration
2845:. DHZB NEWS. December 2007. Archived from
572:cells. Elastins are highly insoluble, and
38:
2933:
2923:
2749:
2739:
2683:
2627:
2520:
2463:
2406:
2300:
2237:
2189:
2102:
2045:
1996:
1929:
1839:
1791:
1660:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1548:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1392:
1336:
1295:
1265:
1263:
938:of the ECM has important implications in
624:, causing a reorganization of the cell's
187:includes the interstitial matrix and the
1427:(7th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier.
704:The ECM can exist in varying degrees of
496:), which is then cleaved by procollagen
353:In the extracellular matrix, especially
48:and interstitial matrix) in relation to
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
1185:
2807:'Pixie dust' helps man grow new finger
1738:
1736:
1276:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
825:are thought to exist primarily in the
687:and produce the cartilaginous matrix.
396:. They have also been known to affect
175:support to surrounding cells. Because
123:
29:
3029:The extracellular matrix: an overview
1446:
1444:
7:
813:Stiffness and elasticity also guide
795:profiles, cytoskeletal markers, and
791:-like cells, showing similar shape,
691:are responsible for bone formation.
4190:Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein
1918:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1872:International Reviews of Immunology
1828:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1589:. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
1367:Abedin M, King N (December 2010).
524:Fibrillar (Type I, II, III, V, XI)
252:extracellular polymeric substances
25:
3416:Dense irregular connective tissue
2765:
2699:
2643:
2587:
2366:
2353:10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.5.C1345
2324:
2261:
2205:
2134:
2061:
1945:
1897:
1855:
1807:
1684:
1662:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.609
1489:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
1352:
1338:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03374.x
120:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
3433:Dense regular connective tissue
2959:"The adhesive quality of cells"
435:Non-proteoglycan polysaccharide
2906:Tikhonenkov, Denis V. (2020).
1234:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
1208:"Body Tissues | SEER Training"
1020:In terms of injury repair and
207:in animals has a type of ECM:
195:and fibrous proteins fill the
1:
2444:Molecular Biology of the Cell
2182:10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76279-5
1709:10.1016/S0070-2153(05)69008-4
1649:Annual Review of Biochemistry
1502:10.1016/S1369-5266(02)00286-8
1421:Kumar; Abbas; Fausto (2005).
3954:Cartilage associated protein
2885:10.1016/0003-2697(87)90538-0
740:). Inhibition of nonmuscle
171:that provide structural and
3274:
2399:10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111885
1772:The Journal of Cell Biology
1541:10.1101/cshperspect.a010306
988:cellular adhesion molecules
978:filaments of the cell, and
533:Basement membrane (Type IV)
4247:
2819:Humans Can Regrow Fingers?
2741:10.1038/s41467-020-17328-9
2620:10.1016/j.gene.2007.01.014
2387:Experimental Cell Research
2302:10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.044
2038:10.1016/j.cell.2012.11.034
1246:10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.001
1126:In Pluriformea and Filozoa
1009:
806:
779:ECM elasticity can direct
651:are proteins found in the
536:Other (Type VI, VII, XIII)
530:Short chain (Type VIII, X)
415:. They are present in the
3001:Hormones and Cell Culture
2925:10.1186/s12915-020-0762-1
1884:10.3109/08830189509056711
1385:10.1016/j.tcb.2010.08.002
925:matrix metalloproteinases
817:, this process is called
775:Effect on differentiation
748:Effect on gene expression
527:Facit (Type IX, XII, XIV)
203:cells rest. Each type of
183:The animal extracellular
118:
37:
1212:training.seer.cancer.gov
974:, connecting the ECM to
781:cellular differentiation
700:Stiffness and elasticity
2873:Analytical Biochemistry
2829:March 10, 2007, at the
2456:10.1091/mbc.E12-03-0172
2113:10.1126/science.1116995
1461:. New York and London:
942:, gene expression, and
506:osteogenesis imperfecta
447:(or "hyaluronan") is a
336:developmental processes
242:The plant ECM includes
229:loose connective tissue
3026:Mecham R, ed. (2011).
1989:10.1126/sciadv.1600502
1931:10.1074/jbc.M006215200
1841:10.1074/jbc.M110709200
1747:Molecular Cell Biology
1459:Essential cell biology
1373:Trends in Cell Biology
1112:selective permeability
785:mesenchymal stem cells
604:Cell adhesion proteins
592:Extracellular vesicles
576:are secreted inside a
502:Ehlers Danlos Syndrome
267:
155:and minerals, such as
81:matrix extracellularis
3968:Procollagen peptidase
2975:10.1002/ar.1090230708
2720:Nature Communications
1784:10.1083/jcb.122.1.257
1012:Regenerative medicine
1006:Clinical significance
516:in collagen-encoding
510:epidermolysis bullosa
265:
4221:Extracellular matrix
2676:10.1038/onc.2009.299
1454:"Tissues and Cancer"
953:In the brain, where
797:transcription factor
382:Chondroitin sulfates
227:comprise the ECM of
215:comprise the ECM of
142:extracellular matrix
33:Extracellular matrix
18:Intercellular matrix
2732:2020NatCo..11.3440S
2558:1980Natur.284...67L
2513:10.1038/nature09621
2505:2010Natur.468..580K
2174:2000BpJ....79..144L
2162:Biophysical Journal
2095:2005Sci...310.1139D
1981:2016SciA....2E0502H
1325:The New Phytologist
1196:. 24 December 2021.
921:threonine proteases
392:, and walls of the
377:Chondroitin sulfate
4226:Matrices (biology)
4134:Matrix gla protein
3945:Prolyl hydroxylase
1701:Neural Development
1581:Plopper G (2007).
1022:tissue engineering
758:adhesion complexes
730:cell proliferation
578:chaperone molecule
355:basement membranes
291:Glycosaminoglycans
280:glycosaminoglycans
268:
197:interstitial space
113:H2.00.03.0.02001
4231:Tissues (biology)
4208:
4207:
4159:
4158:
3981:
3980:
3949:Lysyl hydroxylase
3740:basement membrane
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3458:
3457:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3240:
3239:
3128:Connective tissue
2957:Lewis WH (1922).
2089:(5751): 1139β43.
1718:978-0-12-153169-0
1643:Iozzo RV (1998).
1596:978-0-7637-3905-8
1472:978-0-8153-3481-1
1434:978-0-7216-0187-8
1175:Temporal feedback
586:Williams syndrome
562:ligamentum nuchae
344:blood coagulation
322:(HS) is a linear
205:connective tissue
189:basement membrane
134:
133:
129:
58:connective tissue
46:basement membrane
16:(Redirected from
4238:
3579:
3570:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3521:
3369:
3360:
3288:Reticular fibers
3257:Ground substance
3253:
3174:
3165:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3098:
3069:
3068:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3004:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2937:
2927:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2839:
2833:
2815:
2809:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2753:
2743:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2687:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2641:
2631:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2566:10.1038/284067a0
2541:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2410:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2304:
2280:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2241:
2239:10.1002/term.136
2217:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2193:
2153:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2106:
2078:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2049:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1969:Science Advances
1960:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1933:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1843:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1795:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1664:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1617:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1588:
1578:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1456:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1418:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1340:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1170:Perineuronal net
917:serine proteases
736:and cell death (
677:ground substance
512:are linked with
409:Keratan sulfates
308:within the ECM.
225:ground substance
221:reticular fibers
177:multicellularity
126:edit on Wikidata
42:
30:
21:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4155:
4075:
3977:
3931:
3814:transmembrane:
3660:
3564:
3557:
3548:
3518:
3509:
3481:
3454:
3402:
3343:
3283:Collagen fibers
3269:
3247:
3236:
3219:Wandering cells
3213:
3156:
3130:
3125:
3077:
3075:Further reading
3072:
3065:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3013:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2852:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2831:Wayback Machine
2817:HowStuffWorks,
2816:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2789:
2787:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2670:(49): 4326β43.
2657:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2499:(7323): 580β4.
2486:
2485:
2481:
2450:(18): 3731β42.
2437:
2436:
2432:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2347:(5): C1345-50.
2338:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2282:
2281:
2270:
2260:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2155:
2154:
2143:
2133:
2080:
2079:
2070:
2060:
2019:
2018:
2014:
1975:(6): e1600502.
1962:
1961:
1954:
1944:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1878:(2β4): 177β85.
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1719:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1580:
1579:
1566:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1463:Garland Science
1450:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1420:
1419:
1410:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1288:10.1038/nrm3904
1282:(12): 786β801.
1269:
1268:
1261:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1156:
1148:
1128:
1081:turgor pressure
1055:
1047:ECM Biomaterial
1036:inguinal hernia
1014:
1008:
990:(CAM) known as
972:focal adhesions
968:
944:differentiation
875:
831:protein complex
811:
805:
777:
754:gene expression
750:
734:differentiation
702:
697:
666:
646:
611:
606:
594:
543:
514:genetic defects
482:
477:
445:Hyaluronic acid
442:
440:Hyaluronic acid
437:
406:
404:Keratan sulfate
398:neuroplasticity
379:
320:Heparan sulfate
317:
315:Heparan sulfate
288:
260:
193:polysaccharides
130:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4244:
4242:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4213:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3991:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3902:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3875:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3791:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3624:
3617:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3585:
3583:
3582:Fibril forming
3576:
3567:
3563:Extracellular
3559:
3558:
3555:scleroproteins
3549:
3547:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3366:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3312:
3307:
3300:Elastic fibers
3297:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3250:
3246:Extracellular
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3194:Reticular cell
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3171:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3088:
3083:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3045:
3038:
3018:
3011:
2988:
2969:(7): 387β392.
2949:
2898:
2863:
2834:
2823:repair surgery
2810:
2796:
2772:
2706:
2650:
2594:
2552:(5751): 67β8.
2536:
2479:
2430:
2373:
2331:
2268:
2212:
2141:
2104:10.1.1.318.690
2068:
2032:(7): 1513β27.
2012:
1952:
1924:(10): 7101β7.
1904:
1862:
1834:(6): 4223β31.
1814:
1758:
1732:
1717:
1691:
1635:
1628:
1602:
1595:
1564:
1535:(4): a010306.
1515:
1496:(5): 396β401.
1478:
1471:
1440:
1433:
1408:
1379:(12): 734β42.
1359:
1311:
1259:
1224:
1199:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1127:
1124:
1090:embedded in a
1054:
1051:
1007:
1004:
980:hemidesmosomes
967:
964:
940:cell migration
913:cancer biology
880:growth factors
874:
871:
827:focal adhesion
815:cell migration
807:Main article:
804:
801:
776:
773:
749:
746:
726:cell migration
701:
698:
696:
693:
665:
662:
645:
642:
638:blood clotting
610:
607:
605:
602:
593:
590:
542:
539:
538:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
481:
478:
476:
473:
449:polysaccharide
441:
438:
436:
433:
405:
402:
378:
375:
371:collagen XVIII
324:polysaccharide
316:
313:
306:growth factors
287:
284:
259:
256:
235:is the ECM of
169:hydroxyapatite
153:macromolecules
132:
131:
122:
116:
115:
110:
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
78:
72:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4243:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3974:
3973:Lysyl oxidase
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3066:
3064:9783642753336
3060:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3039:9783642165559
3035:
3031:
3030:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3012:9780879691257
3008:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2849:on 2008-12-11
2848:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2614:(1β2): 1β15.
2613:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2393:(1): 111885.
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2295:(4): 677β89.
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2168:(1): 144β52.
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1778:(1): 257β64.
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1655:(1): 609β52.
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1629:9780824703349
1625:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1140:Ichthyosporea
1137:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:Plasmodesmata
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:hemicellulose
1097:
1096:glycoproteins
1093:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1005:
1003:
1001:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:Cell adhesion
965:
963:
961:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
907:invasion and
906:
902:
898:
897:wound healing
893:
891:
890:
885:
881:
872:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
810:
802:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
774:
772:
770:
767:
763:
759:
755:
747:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
699:
694:
692:
690:
686:
683:are found in
682:
678:
674:
670:
663:
661:
659:
654:
653:basal laminae
650:
643:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:glycoproteins
615:
608:
603:
601:
599:
591:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:tropoelastins
571:
570:smooth muscle
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:blood vessels
547:
540:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
522:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
479:
474:
472:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
450:
446:
439:
434:
432:
430:
426:
422:
419:, cartilage,
418:
414:
410:
403:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
376:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
346:, and tumour
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
314:
312:
309:
307:
303:
302:proteoglycans
299:
296:
292:
286:Proteoglycans
285:
283:
281:
277:
273:
264:
257:
255:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:glycoproteins
162:
158:
154:
151:
150:extracellular
147:
143:
139:
127:
121:
117:
114:
111:
109:
105:
102:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
79:
77:
73:
68:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4097:Tropoelastin
4053:
4026:
3994:
3904:
3894:
3877:
3867:
3838:
3793:
3743:
3697:
3675:
3626:
3619:
3607:
3588:
3562:
3265:Tissue fluid
3245:
3054:
3048:
3032:. Springer.
3028:
3021:
3000:
2991:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2857:
2851:. Retrieved
2847:the original
2837:
2813:
2788:. Retrieved
2784:
2775:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2408:10138/325579
2390:
2386:
2376:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2292:
2288:
2232:(2): 77β84.
2229:
2225:
2215:
2165:
2161:
2086:
2082:
2029:
2025:
2015:
1972:
1968:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1746:
1700:
1694:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1613:
1605:
1584:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1458:
1423:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1331:(1): 82β97.
1328:
1324:
1314:
1279:
1275:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:
1202:
1188:
1165:Interstitium
1149:
1138:, after the
1129:
1119:
1098:, including
1088:microfibrils
1056:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1029:pig bladders
1026:
1019:
1015:
996:
969:
952:
929:
894:
887:
876:
863:cytoskeletal
812:
778:
769:cytoskeleton
751:
722:
703:
681:Chondrocytes
671:
667:
647:
626:cytoskeleton
614:Fibronectins
612:
595:
544:
483:
461:inflammation
458:
443:
407:
380:
359:multi-domain
352:
340:angiogenesis
328:proteoglycan
318:
310:
295:carbohydrate
289:
269:
241:
233:blood plasma
213:bone mineral
182:
145:
141:
135:
80:
4175:Cytokeratin
4104:Vitronectin
3785:multiplexin
3487:Specialized
3477:Mesenchymal
3448:Aponeurosis
3199:Tendon cell
3161:Composition
3142:Soft tissue
2912:BMC Biology
2879:(1): 1β13.
2785:EurekAlert!
2726:(1): 3440.
1132:Pluriformea
1062:tessellated
892:synthesis.
689:Osteoblasts
673:Fibroblasts
664:Development
609:Fibronectin
566:fibroblasts
494:procollagen
413:uronic acid
293:(GAGs) are
217:bone tissue
211:fibers and
173:biochemical
70:Identifiers
54:endothelium
4215:Categories
3806:Endostatin
3795:type XVIII
3232:Macrophage
3209:Melanocyte
3184:Fibroblast
3135:Physiology
2918:(39): 39.
2853:2008-08-05
2790:2017-03-01
1217:12 January
1181:References
1142:diverged.
1074:plant cell
1060:cells are
1010:See also:
955:hyaluronan
936:elasticity
909:metastasis
829:, a large
710:elasticity
695:Physiology
582:cutis laxa
560:, and the
423:, and the
348:metastasis
272:exocytosis
201:epithelial
87:Acronym(s)
50:epithelium
4185:Reticulin
3878:type VIII
3495:Cartilage
3464:Embryonic
3421:Submucosa
3381:Reticular
3310:Fibrillin
3227:Mast cell
3204:Adipocyte
3189:Fibrocyte
2425:211035510
2099:CiteSeerX
1085:cellulose
1070:cell wall
1053:In plants
992:integrins
960:microglia
948:durotaxis
932:stiffness
867:migration
855:Ξ±-actinin
835:integrins
823:durotaxis
819:durotaxis
809:Durotaxis
803:Durotaxis
742:myosin II
738:apoptosis
706:stiffness
685:cartilage
634:platelets
622:integrins
498:proteases
490:precursor
390:ligaments
361:proteins
258:Structure
244:cell wall
4200:diseases
4196:See also
4139:Tectorin
3958:Leprecan
3868:type VII
3698:type XII
3621:type III
3574:Collagen
3438:Ligament
3177:Resident
3152:Scarring
3147:Fibrosis
2983:84566330
2963:Anat Rec
2944:32272915
2827:Archived
2760:32651387
2694:19826415
2664:Oncogene
2638:17331678
2531:21107430
2474:22833566
2417:32017929
2361:11029281
2319:16109483
2311:16923388
2248:19051218
2200:10866943
2121:16293750
2056:23260139
2007:27386584
1940:11106645
1850:11704682
1727:16243601
1679:14638091
1559:23545571
1510:12183177
1403:20817460
1347:20618907
1306:25415508
1254:26562801
1240:: 4β27.
1154:See also
1120:singular
1108:extensin
1064:to form
901:fibrosis
884:protease
873:Function
851:paxillin
847:vinculin
760:and the
714:collagen
658:nidogens
649:Laminins
598:exosomes
546:Elastins
485:Collagen
480:Collagen
475:Proteins
363:perlecan
298:polymers
282:(GAGs).
276:proteins
248:biofilms
209:collagen
157:collagen
4180:Gelatin
4171:Keratin
4119:Decorin
4092:Elastin
3987:Laminin
3963:ADAMTS2
3937:Enzymes
3927:COL28A1
3922:COL27A1
3915:COL11A2
3910:COL11A1
3905:type XI
3899:COL10A1
3840:type VI
3837:other:
3831:COL25A1
3826:COL23A1
3821:COL17A1
3816:COL13A1
3801:COL18A1
3789:COL15A1
3745:type IV
3733:COL22A1
3728:COL21A1
3723:COL20A1
3718:COL19A1
3713:COL16A1
3708:COL14A1
3702:COL12A1
3676:type IX
3656:COL26A1
3651:COL24A1
3609:type II
3551:Protein
3386:Adipose
3337:Elaunin
3332:EMILIN1
3305:Elastin
2935:7147346
2893:3314585
2751:7351768
2728:Bibcode
2685:2795025
2629:2893340
2582:4356057
2574:6243750
2554:Bibcode
2522:3046339
2501:Bibcode
2465:3442419
2191:1300921
2170:Bibcode
2129:9036803
2091:Bibcode
2083:Science
2047:3821979
1998:4928894
1977:Bibcode
1892:7650420
1802:8314845
1793:2119597
1671:9759499
1550:3683961
1394:2991404
1297:4316204
1160:Anoikis
1146:History
1136:Filozoa
1078:osmotic
1066:tissues
984:keratin
889:de novo
859:GTPases
718:elastin
644:Laminin
636:during
541:Elastin
429:animals
386:tendons
332:ligands
254:(EPS).
161:enzymes
138:biology
101:D005109
65:Details
4124:FAM20C
3895:type X
3888:COL8A2
3883:COL8A1
3872:COL7A1
3861:COL6A5
3856:COL6A3
3851:COL6A2
3846:COL6A1
3776:COL4A6
3771:COL4A5
3766:COL4A4
3761:COL4A3
3756:COL4A2
3751:COL4A1
3691:COL9A3
3686:COL9A2
3681:COL9A1
3644:COL5A3
3639:COL5A2
3634:COL5A1
3628:type V
3614:COL2A1
3601:COL1A2
3596:COL1A1
3590:type I
3565:matrix
3472:Mucoid
3443:Tendon
3426:Dermis
3364:Proper
3293:COL3A1
3275:Fibers
3248:matrix
3061:
3036:
3009:
2981:
2942:
2932:
2891:
2758:
2748:
2692:
2682:
2636:
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