946:
to allow a quick and effective method for standardizing the cataloging of voids. Once the spherical cells are mined from all of the structure data, each cell is expanded until the underdensity returns to average expected wall density values. One of the helpful features of void regions is that their boundaries are very distinct and defined, with a cosmic mean density that starts at 10% in the body and quickly rises to 20% at the edge and then to 100% in the walls directly outside the edges. The remaining walls and overlapping void regions are then gridded into, respectively, distinct and intertwining zones of filaments, clusters, and near-empty voids. Any overlap of more than 10% with already known voids are considered to be subregions within those known voids. All voids admitted to the catalog had a minimum radius of 10 Mpc in order to ensure all identified voids were not accidentally cataloged due to sampling errors.
955:
not contain free parameters or presumed shape tessellations. Therefore, this technique can create more accurately shaped and sized void regions. Although this algorithm has some advantages in shape and size, it has been criticized often for sometimes providing loosely defined results. Since it has no free parameters, it mostly finds small and trivial voids, although the algorithm places a statistical significance on each void it finds. A physical significance parameter can be applied in order to reduce the number of trivial voids by including a minimum density to average density ratio of at least 1:5. Subvoids are also identified using this process which raises more philosophical questions on what qualifies as a void. Void finders such as VIDE are based on ZOBOV.
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when the cosmological parameters have different values from the outside universe. Due to the observation that larger voids predominantly remain in a linear regime, with most structures within exhibiting spherical symmetry in the underdense environment; that is, the underdensity leads to near-negligible particle-particle gravitational interactions that would otherwise occur in a region of normal galactic density. Testing models for voids can be performed with very high accuracy. The cosmological parameters that differ in these voids are Ω
778:
56:
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morphology-density correlation that holds discrepancies with these voids. Such observations like the morphology-density correlation can help uncover new facets about how galaxies form and evolve on the large scale. On a more local scale, galaxies that reside in voids have differing morphological and spectral properties than those that are located in the walls. One feature that has been found is that voids have been shown to contain a significantly higher fraction of
984:
function bias just as first-class methods do, DIVA is devised such that this bias can be precisely calibrated, leading to much more reliable results. Multiple shortfalls of this
Lagrangian-Eulerian hybrid approach exist. One example is that the resulting voids from this method are intrinsically different than those found by other methods, which makes an all-data points inclusive comparison between results of differing algorithms very difficult.
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84:
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density. The second class are those which try to find voids via the geometrical structures in the dark matter distribution as suggested by the galaxies. The third class is made up of those finders which identify structures dynamically by using gravitationally unstable points in the distribution of dark matter. The three most popular methods through the study of cosmic voids are listed below:
4502:
1139:, another theory elaborates on the possibility of our galaxy being part of a very large, not-so-underdense, cosmic void. According to this theory, such an environment could naively lead to the demand for dark energy to solve the problem with the observed acceleration. As more data has been released on this topic the chances of it being a realistic solution in place of the current
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619:
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843:. The new redshift surveys revolutionized the field of astronomy by adding depth to the two-dimensional maps of cosmological structure, which were often densely packed and overlapping, allowing for the first three-dimensional mapping of the universe. Through redshift surveys, their depth was calculated from the individual
954:
This particular second-class algorithm uses a
Voronoi tessellation technique and mock border particles in order to categorize regions based on a high-density contrasting border with a very low amount of bias. Neyrinck introduced this algorithm in 2008 with the purpose of introducing a method that did
818:
Voids have a mean density less than a tenth of the average density of the universe. This serves as a working definition even though there is no single agreed-upon definition of what constitutes a void. The matter density value used for describing the cosmic mean density is usually based on a ratio of
745:
in the early universe, the anisotropies grew larger in scale over time. Regions of higher density collapsed more rapidly under gravity, eventually resulting in the large-scale, foam-like structure or "cosmic web" of voids and galaxy filaments seen today. Voids located in high-density environments are
1016:
The simultaneous existence of the largest-known voids and galaxy clusters requires about 70% dark energy in the universe today, consistent with the latest data from the cosmic microwave background. Voids act as bubbles in the universe that are sensitive to background cosmological changes. This means
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The insides of voids often seem to adhere to cosmological parameters which differ from those of the known universe. It is because of this unique feature that cosmic voids are useful laboratories to study the effects that gravitational clustering and growth rates have on local galaxies and structure
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This first-class method uses each galaxy in a catalog as its target and then uses the
Nearest Neighbor Approximation to calculate the cosmic density in the region contained in a spherical radius determined by the distance to the third-closest galaxy. El Ad & Piran introduced this method in 1997
963:
This third-class method is drastically different from the previous two algorithms listed. The most striking aspect is that it requires a different definition of what it means to be a void. Instead of the general notion that a void is a region of space with a low cosmic mean density; a hole in the
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There exist a number of ways for finding voids with the results of large-scale surveys of the universe. Of the many different algorithms, virtually all fall into one of three general categories. The first class consists of void finders that try to find empty regions of space based on local galaxy
1044:
Neutrinos, due to their very small mass and extremely weak interaction with other matter, will free-stream in and out of voids which are smaller than the mean-free path of neutrinos. This has an effect on the size and depth distribution of voids, and is expected to make it possible with future
983:
of voids and how they evolve in the large-scale structure, subsequently leading to the classification of three distinct types of voids. These three morphological classes are True voids, Pancake voids, and
Filament voids. Another notable quality is that even though DIVA also contains selection
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Cosmic voids contain a mix of galaxies and matter that is slightly different than other regions in the universe. This unique mix supports the biased galaxy formation picture predicted in
Gaussian adiabatic cold dark matter models. This phenomenon provides an opportunity to modify the
2193:; Cross, N. G. J.; Deeley, K.; DePropris, R.; Driver, S. P.; Efstathiou, G.; Ellis, R. S.; Frenk, C. S.; Glazebrook, K.; Jackson, C. A.; Lahav, O.; Lewis, I. J.; Lumsden, S. L.; Madgwick, D. S.; Peacock, J. A.; Peterson, B. A.; Price, I. A.; Seaborne, M.; Taylor, K. (2001).
979:. The purpose for this change in definitions was presented by Lavaux and Wandelt in 2009 as a way to yield cosmic voids such that exact analytical calculations can be made on their dynamical and geometrical properties. This allows DIVA to heavily explore the
1017:
that the evolution of a void's shape is in part the result of the expansion of the universe. Since this acceleration is believed to be caused by dark energy, studying the changes of a void's shape over a period of time can be used to constrain the standard
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of 30 and ending at redshift 0. The model makes it clear to see how the matter-dense regions contract under the collective gravitational force while simultaneously aiding in the expansion of cosmic voids as the matter flees to the walls and filaments.
694:
dominates, which prevents the formation of galaxy clusters and massive galaxies. Hence, although even the emptiest regions of voids contain more than ~15% of the average matter density of the
Universe, the voids look almost empty to an observer.
1086:. The specific large-scale magnetic structure of the universe suggests primordial "magnetogenesis", which in turn could have played a role in the formation of magnetic fields within galaxies, and could also change estimates of the timeline of
2686:
Sutter, P. M.; Lavaux, Guilhem; Wandelt, Benjamin D.; Weinberg, David H. (2013). "A response to arXiv:1310.2791: A self-consistent public catalogue of voids and superclusters in the SDSS Data
Release 7 galaxy surveys".
689:
bound together, creating huge cosmic structures known as galaxy filaments. The cosmological evolution of the void regions differs drastically from the evolution of the
Universe as a whole: there is a long stage when
904:
1983 – Computer simulations sophisticated enough to provide relatively reliable results of growth and evolution of the large-scale structure emerged and yielded insight on key features of the large-scale galaxy
1114:
was accounted for in the possible solution. Anomalies in CMB screenings are now being potentially explained through the existence of large voids located down the line-of-sight in which the cold spots lie.
785:
The structure of the
Universe can be broken down into components that can help describe the characteristics of individual regions of the cosmos. These are the main structural components of the cosmic web:
208:
1226:
1058:
1298:
Lindner, Ulrich; Einasto, Jaan; Einasto, Maret; Freudling, Wolfram; Fricke, Klaus; Tago, Erik (1995). "The structure of supervoids. I. Void hierarchy in the
Northern Local Supervoid".
915:
1989 – The Center for Astrophysics Redshift Survey revealed that large voids, sharp filaments, and the walls that surround them dominate the large-scale structure of the universe.
2326:
Mao, Qingqing; Berlind, Andreas A.; Scherrer, Robert J.; Neyrinck, Mark C.; Scoccimarro, Román; Tinker, Jeremy L.; McBride, Cameron K.; Schneider, Donald P.; Pan, Kaike (2017).
2896:
Mao, Qingqing; Berlind, Andreas A.; Scherrer, Robert J.; Neyrinck, Mark C.; Scoccimarro, Román; Tinker, Jeremy L.; McBride, Cameron K.; Schneider, Donald P. (25 January 2017).
2106:
P. Kirshner, Robert; Oemler Jr, August; L. Schechter, Paul; A. Shectman, Stephen; L. Tucker, Douglas (1991). "The Las Campanas Deep Redshift Survey". In Blanchard, A. (ed.).
3008:
Pisani, Alice; Sutter, P. M.; Hamaus, Nico; Alizadeh, Esfandiar; Biswas, Rahul; Wandelt, Benjamin D.; Hirata, Christopher M. (2015). "Counting voids to probe dark energy".
579:
927:
2009 – The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data combined with previous large-scale surveys now provide the most complete view of the detailed structure of cosmic voids.
4272:
878:
1978 – The first two papers on the topic of voids in the large-scale structure were published referencing voids found in the foreground of the Coma/A1367 clusters.
1705:
4319:
2252:
Abazajian, Kevork N.; Adelman-McCarthy, Jennifer K.; Agüeros, Marcel A.; et al. (2009-06-01). "The Seventh Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey".
992:
Voids have contributed significantly to the modern understanding of the cosmos, with applications ranging from shedding light on the current understanding of
4563:
2189:
Colless, Matthew; Dalton, G. B.; Maddox, S. J.; Sutherland, W. J.; Norberg, P.; Cole, S.; Bland-Hawthorn, J.; Bridges, T. J.; Cannon, R. D.; Collins, C. A.;
649:
1154:
The abundance of voids, particularly when combined with the abundance of clusters of galaxies, is a promising method for precision tests of deviations from
3969:
1335:
Granett, B. R.; Neyrinck, M. C.; Szapudi, I. (2008). "An Imprint of Superstructures on the Microwave Background due to the Integrated Sachs-Wolfe Effect".
3377:
Alexander, Stephon; Biswas, Tirthabir; Notari, Alessio; Vaid, Deepak (2009). "Local Void vs Dark Energy: Confrontation with WMAP and Type Ia Supernovae".
800:– the regions that contain the typical cosmic mean density of matter abundance. Walls can be further broken down into two smaller structural features:
1078:
Voids offer opportunities to study the strength of intergalactic magnetic fields. For example, a 2015 study concluded, based on the deflection of
924:
2001 – The completed two-degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey adds a significantly large amount of voids to the database of all known cosmic voids.
1136:
1049:) to measure the sum of the masses of all neutrino species by comparing the statistical properties of void samples to theoretical predictions.
2120:
1734:
1282:
918:
1991 – The Las Campanas Redshift Survey confirmed the abundance of voids in the large-scale structure of the universe (Kirshner et al. 1991).
1107:
383:
2136:
Fisher, Karl; Huchra, John; Strauss, Michael; Davis, Marc; Yahil, Amos; Schlegel, David (1995). "The IRAS 1.2 Jy Survey: Redshift Data".
3702:
4385:
4304:
3483:
Nan, Yue; Yamamoto, Kazuhiro (2018-08-28). "Gravitational redshift in the void-galaxy cross-correlation function in redshift space".
1501:
1471:
592:
59:
Simulation of the matter distribution in a cubic section of the universe. The blue fiber structures represent the matter (primarily
921:
1995 – Comparisons of optically selected galaxy surveys indicate that the same voids are found regardless of the sample selection.
3685:
3595:(June 2024). "Cosmic Nothing: Huge empty patches of the universe could help solve some of the greatest mysteries in the cosmos".
3232:
1757:
Abell, George O. (1961). "Evidence regarding second-order clustering of galaxies and interactions between clusters of galaxies".
642:
909:
225:
1110:, could possibly be explained by an extremely large cosmic void that has a radius of ~120 Mpc, as long as the late integrated
4390:
898:
719:
587:
301:
1855:
Kirshner, Robert P.; Oemler, Augustus Jr.; Schechter, Paul L.; Shectman, Stephen A. (1987). "A survey of the Bootes void".
1644:
4117:
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gamma-ray emissions that travel through voids, that intergalactic space contains a magnetic field of strength at least 10
1033:
839:
led two separate teams of astrophysicists in 1978 to identify superclusters and voids in the distribution of galaxies and
230:
153:
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2305:
Thompson, Laird A.; Gregory, Stephen A. (2011). "An Historical View: The Discovery of Voids in the Galaxy Distribution".
863:
A summarized timeline of important events in the field of cosmic voids from its beginning to recent times is as follows:
1812:
Kirshner, R. P.; Oemler, A. Jr.; Schechter, P. L.; Shectman, S. A. (1981). "A million cubic megaparsec void in Bootes".
726:
4287:
1099:
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A 43×43×43-megaparsec cube shows the evolution of the large-scale structure over a logarithmic period starting from a
750:
635:
611:
158:
38:
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4405:
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4168:
3757:
3752:
3725:
377:
357:
165:
110:
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Rudnick, Lawrence; Brown, Shea; Williams, Liliya R. (2007). "Extragalactic Radio Sources and the WMAP Cold Spot".
4086:
1955:
Frenk, C. S.; White, S. D. M.; Davis, M. (1983). "Nonlinear evolution of large-scale structure in the universe".
1087:
848:
203:
3430:
Sahlén, Martin; Silk, Joseph (2018-05-03). "Cluster-void degeneracy breaking: Modified gravity in the balance".
4370:
4282:
4277:
4183:
4079:
4037:
3747:
3720:
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distribution of galaxies, it defines voids to be regions in which matter is escaping; which corresponds to the
372:
137:
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4350:
4297:
3956:
3944:
3939:
3853:
3818:
3789:
3779:
340:
220:
1111:
806:– highly concentrated zones where walls meet and intersect, adding to the effective size of the local wall.
777:
754:
3868:
3767:
2955:
Lee, Jounghun; Park, Daeseong (2007). "Constraining the Dark Energy Equation of State with Cosmic Voids".
1025:
758:
1036:. Additionally the abundance of voids is a promising way to constrain the dark energy equation of state.
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4292:
3994:
1337:
691:
545:
347:
289:
31:
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Fairall, A. P.; Paverd, W. R.; Ashley, R. P. (1994). "Visualization of Nearby Large-Scale Structures".
3178:
Constantin, Anca; Hoyle, Fiona; Vogeley, Michael S. (2007). "Active Galactic Nuclei in Void Regions".
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Sahlén, Martin (2019-03-22). "Cluster-void degeneracy breaking: Neutrino properties and dark energy".
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2731:
2652:
2597:
2534:
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Hoyle, Fiona; Vogeley, Michael S. (2002). "Voids in the PSCz Survey and the Updated Zwicky Catalog".
2419:
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2011:
1964:
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1821:
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558:
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352:
2000:"A 21 CM survey of the Pisces-Perseus supercluster. I – The declination zone +27.5 to +33.5 degrees"
685:. In spite of their size, most galaxies are not located in voids. This is because most galaxies are
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997:
972:. Void centers are then considered to be the maximal source of the displacement field denoted as
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with Sergei Shandarin, Dept. Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
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1980:
1937:
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757:. Colder regions correlate with voids, and hotter regions correlate with filaments because of
715:
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4222:
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3813:
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2019:
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55:
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1522:
Pan, Danny C.; Vogeley, Michael S.; Hoyle, Fiona; Choi, Yun-Young; Park, Changbom (2011).
840:
836:
809:
734:
686:
670:
550:
485:
470:
455:
440:
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294:
2508:
2107:
1395:"Cluster–Void Degeneracy Breaking: Dark Energy, Planck, and the Largest Cluster and Void"
852:
191:
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3559:
3506:
3453:
3408:
3400:
3347:
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3148:
3087:
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2015:
1968:
1923:
1868:
1825:
1770:
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1608:
1549:
1420:
1360:
1249:
769:, the existence of voids is significant in providing physical evidence for dark energy.
4542:
4178:
4011:
3914:
3909:
3863:
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803:
790:
Voids – vast, largely spherical regions with very low cosmic mean densities, up to 100
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2932:
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2881:
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2362:
2283:
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3934:
3897:
3885:
3737:
3732:
3522:
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2941:
2744:
2709:
2610:
2575:
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per unit volume rather than the total mass of the matter contained in a unit volume.
520:
505:
405:
49:
3575:
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3363:
3310:
3217:
3111:
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2672:
2619:
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2238:
2175:
2115:. Vol. 2. Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France: Editions Frontières. pp. 595–597.
2092:
1376:
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4173:
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3164:
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832:
707:
525:
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17:
714:. They were first discovered in 1978 in a pioneering study by Stephen Gregory and
2068:
1724:
1491:
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4137:
4127:
3924:
3890:
3830:
3710:
2798:
2327:
1132:
993:
965:
766:
761:. As the Sachs–Wolfe effect is only significant if the universe is dominated by
678:
273:
266:
60:
3514:
3461:
3095:
3039:
2767:
Sutter, P. M. (2015). "VIDE: The Void IDentification and Examination toolkit".
1394:
4132:
4069:
1932:
1907:
980:
738:
703:
515:
42:
3618:
3103:
2898:"Cosmic Voids in the SDSS DR12 BOSS Galaxy Sample: the Alcock–Paczyński test"
2371:
2291:
2076:
2033:
1984:
1941:
1884:
1841:
1786:
1676:
1438:
1258:
1221:
4142:
1001:
762:
465:
3302:
2576:"Properties of Dark Matter Haloes in Clusters, Filaments, Sheets and Voids"
2529:
2084:
1146:
interpretation has been largely diminished but not all together abandoned.
882:
2511:; Sheth, Ravi K.; Diaferio, Antonaldo; Gao, Liang; Yoshida, Naoki (2005).
3550:
3139:
2647:
2592:
2469:
2211:
2150:
1312:
1062:
1005:
844:
730:
674:
198:
100:
93:
2633:
El-Ad, Hagai; Piran, Tsvi (1997). "Voids in the Large-Scale Structure".
1118:
812:– the branching arms of walls that can stretch for tens of megaparsecs.
3257:
Chen, Wenlei; Buckley, James H.; Ferrer, Francesc (16 November 2015).
83:
3979:
3964:
3694:
1690:
Jõeveer, M.; Einasto, J. (1978). Longair, M. S.; Einasto, J. (eds.).
1201:
1079:
820:
791:
699:
682:
3632:
3536:
Goldberg, David M.; Vogeley, Michael S. (2004). "Simulating Voids".
1908:"Clustering velocities in the adiabatic picture of galaxy formation"
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3567:
3497:
3444:
3355:
3209:
3156:
3078:
3022:
2914:
2664:
2486:
2344:
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2024:
1999:
1976:
1876:
1833:
1778:
1668:
1411:
1368:
1240:
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of young, hot stars when compared to samples of galaxies in walls.
746:
smaller than voids situated in low-density spaces of the universe.
4052:
4047:
4042:
3999:
3391:
3338:
3275:
3192:
2969:
2863:
2781:
2726:
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2414:
2311:
2266:
1599:
1540:
1351:
1196:
1117:
1056:
776:
54:
3667:
2398:"Precision cosmology with voids: Definition, methods, dynamics"
749:
Voids appear to correlate with the observed temperature of the
63:) and the empty regions in between represent the cosmic voids.
30:
This article is about astronomical voids. For other uses, see
3259:"Search for GeV γ-Ray Pair Halos Around Low Redshift Blazars"
2047:
Geller, M. J.; Huchra, J. P. (1989). "Mapping the Universe".
908:
1985 – Details of the supercluster and void structure of the
889:
Mpc in diameter (which was later recalculated to be about 34
871:
features such as "second-order clusters", a specific type of
733:, collapses of mass followed by implosions of the compressed
706:); particularly large voids, defined by the absence of rich
3663:
1008:. Some popular applications are mentioned in detail below.
27:
Vast empty spaces between filaments with few or no galaxies
1227:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
1524:"Cosmic Voids in Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7"
875:, were brought to the astronomical community's attention.
3233:"The Hidden Magnetic Universe Begins to Come Into View"
2845:
Lavaux, Guilhem; Wandelt, Benjamin D. (1 August 2012).
2195:"The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey: Spectra and redshifts"
1466:(International ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 522.
1460:
Ryden, Barbara Sue; Peterson, Bradley M. (2010-01-01).
1393:
Sahlén, Martin; Zubeldía, Íñigo; Silk, Joseph (2016).
1222:"The central region of a void: an analytical solution"
4478:
3645:
Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series
37:"Super void" redirects here. Not to be confused with
4343:
4258:
4151:
4110:
4020:
3955:
3846:
3701:
1490:Carroll, Bradley W.; Ostlie, Dale A. (2013-07-23).
2822:"We Live in a Cosmic Void, Another Study Confirms"
2391:
2389:
2328:"A Cosmic Void Catalog of SDSS DR12 BOSS Galaxies"
1135:is currently the most popular explanation for the
3125:Peebles, P. J. E. (2001). "The Void Phenomenon".
2714:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2580:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2517:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2402:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2199:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1912:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1587:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1528:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1496:(International ed.). Pearson. p. 1171.
1273:Freedman, Roger A.; Kaufmann, William J. (2008).
2710:"ZOBOV: A parameter-free void-finding algorithm"
1723:; Schneider, Nicholas; Voit, Mark (1998-12-01).
1583:"ZOBOV: a parameter-free void-finding algorithm"
1032:) model and provide a more accurate dark energy
831:Study of cosmic voids within the discipline of
3633:Animated views of voids and their distribution
3379:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
2396:Lavaux, Guilhem; Wandelt, Benjamin D. (2010).
1799:
1645:"The Coma/A1367 supercluster and its environs"
1638:
1636:
4320:List of the most distant astronomical objects
3679:
1137:acceleration in the expansion of the universe
698:Voids typically have a diameter of 10 to 100
643:
8:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1158:on large scales and in low-density regions.
950:Zone bordering on voidness (ZOBOV) algorithm
2254:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
2138:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
3686:
3672:
3664:
2847:"Precision Cosmography with Stacked Voids"
2513:"Voids in a [Lambda] CDM Universe"
1704:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
725:Voids are believed to have been formed by
650:
636:
250:
124:
82:
66:
3549:
3496:
3443:
3390:
3337:
3292:
3274:
3191:
3138:
3077:
3021:
2968:
2931:
2913:
2880:
2862:
2780:
2743:
2725:
2692:
2646:
2609:
2591:
2546:
2528:
2468:
2431:
2413:
2361:
2343:
2310:
2265:
2228:
2210:
2149:
2023:
1931:
1729:. Pearson College Division. p. 602.
1692:The Large Scale Structure of the Universe
1616:
1598:
1557:
1539:
1428:
1410:
1350:
1311:
1257:
1239:
1643:Gregory, S. A.; Thompson, L. A. (1978).
1277:(3rd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
959:Dynamical void analysis (DIVA) algorithm
881:1981 – Discovery of a large void in the
4485:
1212:
1053:Galactic formation and evolution models
281:
253:
145:
74:
1998:Giovanelli, R.; Haynes, M. P. (1985).
1697:
1493:An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics
3059:
3057:
1719:Rex, Andrew F.; Bennett, Jeffrey O.;
1004:Galaxy is in a cosmic void named the
885:region of the sky that was nearly 50
673:(the largest-scale structures in the
7:
1485:
1483:
1388:
1386:
1108:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe
4564:Large-scale structure of the cosmos
2570:Hahn, Oliver; Porciani, Cristiano;
3231:Wolchover, Natalie (2 July 2020).
378:2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")
25:
3611:10.1038/scientificamerican0124-20
1694:. Dordrecht: Reidel. p. 241.
1581:Neyrinck, Mark C. (29 Feb 2008).
1399:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
593:Timeline of cosmological theories
358:Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
4536:
4524:
4512:
4500:
4488:
4460:
4449:
4448:
2820:Howell, Elizabeth (2017-06-14).
2745:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13180.x
2611:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11318.x
2548:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09064.x
2433:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16197.x
2230:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04902.x
1906:Merlott, A. L. (November 1983).
1618:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13180.x
1559:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20197.x
737:. Starting from initially small
617:
606:
605:
1045:astronomical surveys (e.g. the
996:, to refining and constraining
373:Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
226:Future of an expanding universe
4391:Galaxy formation and evolution
4386:Galaxy color–magnitude diagram
3294:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.211103
899:dimensionless Hubble parameter
720:Kitt Peak National Observatory
588:History of the Big Bang theory
384:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
48:For various cosmic voids, see
1:
3409:10.1088/1475-7516/2009/09/025
1122:CMB screening of the universe
1024:model, or further refine the
580:Discovery of cosmic microwave
231:Ultimate fate of the universe
2069:10.1126/science.246.4932.897
1275:Universe. Stars and galaxies
835:began in the mid-1970s when
727:baryon acoustic oscillations
4273:Galaxies named after people
2987:10.1088/0004-637X/696/1/L10
2933:10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/160
2882:10.1088/0004-637X/754/2/109
2799:10.1016/j.ascom.2014.10.002
2363:10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/161
2284:10.1088/0067-0049/182/2/543
1463:Foundations of Astrophysics
1100:cosmic microwave background
847:of the galaxies due to the
751:cosmic microwave background
348:Black Hole Initiative (BHI)
4580:
4406:Gravitational microlensing
4361:Galactic coordinate system
3515:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.043527
3462:10.1103/PhysRevD.97.103504
3096:10.1103/PhysRevD.99.063525
3040:10.1103/PhysRevD.92.083531
2708:Neyrinck, Mark C. (2008).
1800:Jõeveer & Einasto 1978
1430:10.3847/2041-8205/820/1/L7
1300:Astronomy and Astrophysics
669:) are vast spaces between
111:Chronology of the universe
47:
36:
29:
4444:
3538:The Astrophysical Journal
3326:The Astrophysical Journal
3180:The Astrophysical Journal
3127:The Astrophysical Journal
2957:The Astrophysical Journal
2902:The Astrophysical Journal
2851:The Astrophysical Journal
2635:The Astrophysical Journal
2574:; Dekel, Avishai (2007).
2457:The Astrophysical Journal
2332:The Astrophysical Journal
1957:The Astrophysical Journal
1857:The Astrophysical Journal
1814:The Astrophysical Journal
1649:The Astrophysical Journal
1094:Anomalies in anisotropies
849:expansion of the universe
759:gravitational redshifting
204:Expansion of the universe
4371:Galactic magnetic fields
4184:Brightest cluster galaxy
4080:Luminous infrared galaxy
2004:The Astronomical Journal
1759:The Astronomical Journal
368:Planck space observatory
154:Gravitational wave (GWB)
4366:Galactic habitable zone
4351:Extragalactic astronomy
3940:Supermassive black hole
3854:Active galactic nucleus
3263:Physical Review Letters
2791:2015A&C.....9....1S
2769:Astronomy and Computing
1933:10.1093/mnras/205.3.637
1322:1995A&A...301..329L
1220:Baushev, A. N. (2021).
1090:in the early universe.
710:, are sometimes called
221:Inhomogeneous cosmology
4118:Low surface brightness
3869:Central massive object
1726:The Cosmic Perspective
1259:10.1093/mnrasl/slab036
1150:Gravitational theories
1123:
1067:
998:cosmological evolution
869:Large-scale structural
782:
64:
4396:Galaxy rotation curve
1338:Astrophysical Journal
1121:
1060:
910:Perseus–Pisces region
781:A map of galaxy voids
780:
773:Large-scale structure
753:(CMB) because of the
312:Large-scale structure
290:Shape of the universe
58:
4431:Population III stars
4426:Intergalactic travel
4376:Galactic orientation
4243:Voids and supervoids
3593:Lemonick, Michael D.
2572:Marcella Carollo, C.
1028:+ Cold Dark Matter (
941:VoidFinder algorithm
901:, approximately 0.7.
743:quantum fluctuations
624:Astronomy portal
582:background radiation
559:List of cosmologists
4421:Intergalactic stars
4310:Large quasar groups
4305:Groups and clusters
4169:Groups and clusters
4028:Lyman-alpha emitter
3920:Interstellar medium
3657:1994ASPC...67...21F
3598:Scientific American
3560:2004ApJ...605....1G
3507:2018PhRvD..98d3527N
3454:2018PhRvD..97j3504S
3401:2009JCAP...09..025A
3348:2007ApJ...671...40R
3285:2015PhRvL.115u1103C
3202:2008ApJ...673..715C
3149:2001ApJ...557..495P
3088:2019PhRvD..99f3525S
3032:2015PhRvD..92h3531P
2979:2009ApJ...696L..10L
2924:2017ApJ...835..160M
2873:2012ApJ...754..109L
2736:2008MNRAS.386.2101N
2657:1997ApJ...491..421E
2602:2007MNRAS.375..489H
2539:2005MNRAS.360..216C
2479:2002ApJ...566..641H
2424:2010MNRAS.403.1392L
2354:2017ApJ...835..161M
2276:2009ApJS..182..543A
2221:2001MNRAS.328.1039C
2160:1995ApJS..100...69F
2061:1989Sci...246..897G
2016:1985AJ.....90.2445G
1969:1983ApJ...271..417F
1924:1983MNRAS.205..637M
1869:1987ApJ...314..493K
1826:1981ApJ...248L..57K
1771:1961AJ.....66..607A
1661:1978ApJ...222..784G
1609:2008MNRAS.386.2101N
1550:2012MNRAS.421..926P
1421:2016ApJ...820L...7S
1361:2008ApJ...683L..99G
1250:2021MNRAS.504L..56B
1192:Observable universe
968:equation of state,
932:Methods for finding
702:(30 to 300 million
324:Structure formation
216:Friedmann equations
106:Age of the universe
70:Part of a series on
18:Intercluster medium
4416:Intergalactic dust
4401:Gravitational lens
4356:Galactic astronomy
4325:Starburst galaxies
4065:blue compact dwarf
4021:Energetic galaxies
3985:BL Lacertae object
2530:astro-ph/0409162v2
2109:Physical cosmology
1156:general relativity
1124:
1112:Sachs–Wolfe effect
1098:Cold spots in the
1073:starburst galaxies
1068:
794:(Mpc) in diameter.
783:
755:Sachs–Wolfe effect
692:the curvature term
363:Dark Energy Survey
307:Large quasar group
76:Physical cosmology
65:
4559:Voids (astronomy)
4476:
4475:
4436:Galaxy X (galaxy)
4411:Illustris project
4381:Galactic quadrant
4102:Wolf-Rayet galaxy
4092:Green bean galaxy
4087:Hot dust-obscured
4038:Luminous infrared
3802:Elliptical galaxy
3485:Physical Review D
3432:Physical Review D
3066:Physical Review D
3010:Physical Review D
2509:Colberg, Joerg M.
2122:978-2-86332-094-5
2055:(4932): 897–903.
1736:978-0-201-47399-5
1284:978-0-7167-9561-2
1034:equation of state
716:Laird A. Thompson
677:), which contain
660:
659:
331:
330:
173:
172:
16:(Redirected from
4571:
4541:
4540:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4493:
4492:
4484:
4464:
4452:
4451:
4097:Hanny's Voorwerp
4007:Relativistic jet
3881:Dark matter halo
3688:
3681:
3674:
3665:
3660:
3622:
3580:
3579:
3553:
3551:astro-ph/0307191
3533:
3527:
3526:
3500:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3447:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3394:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3341:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3296:
3278:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3195:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3142:
3140:astro-ph/0101127
3122:
3116:
3115:
3081:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3025:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2972:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2917:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2866:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2784:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2729:
2720:(4): 2101–2109.
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2650:
2648:astro-ph/9702135
2630:
2624:
2623:
2613:
2595:
2593:astro-ph/0610280
2567:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2532:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2472:
2470:astro-ph/0109357
2452:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2417:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2365:
2347:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2269:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2214:
2212:astro-ph/0106498
2205:(4): 1039–1063.
2186:
2180:
2179:
2153:
2151:astro-ph/9502101
2133:
2127:
2126:
2114:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2027:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1602:
1593:(4): 2101–2109.
1578:
1572:
1571:
1561:
1543:
1519:
1508:
1507:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1432:
1414:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1354:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1313:astro-ph/9503044
1295:
1289:
1288:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1243:
1217:
1047:Euclid satellite
837:redshift surveys
652:
645:
638:
622:
621:
620:
609:
608:
302:Galaxy formation
262:Lambda-CDM model
251:
243:Components
125:
86:
67:
21:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4535:
4525:
4523:
4513:
4511:
4501:
4499:
4487:
4479:
4477:
4472:
4440:
4339:
4254:
4147:
4106:
4016:
3951:
3930:Galaxy filament
3874:Galactic Center
3842:
3697:
3692:
3642:
3629:
3591:
3588:
3586:Further reading
3583:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3237:Quanta Magazine
3230:
3229:
3225:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2830:
2828:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2408:(3): 403–1408.
2395:
2394:
2387:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2112:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2046:
2045:
2041:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1696:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1521:
1520:
1511:
1504:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1345:(2): L99–L102.
1334:
1333:
1329:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1165:
1152:
1129:
1096:
1055:
1042:
1014:
990:
978:
961:
952:
943:
934:
861:
829:
775:
735:baryonic matter
687:gravitationally
665:(also known as
656:
618:
616:
598:
597:
584:
581:
574:
572:Subject history
564:
563:
555:
400:
392:
391:
388:
385:
343:
333:
332:
295:Galaxy filament
248:
236:
235:
187:
182:Expansion
175:
174:
159:Microwave (CMB)
138:Nucleosynthesis
122:
53:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4577:
4575:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4533:
4521:
4509:
4497:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4458:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4264:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4228:Stellar stream
4225:
4220:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4035:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3915:Galactic ridge
3912:
3910:Galactic plane
3907:
3906:
3905:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3640:
3628:
3627:External links
3625:
3624:
3623:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3568:10.1086/382143
3528:
3475:
3438:(10): 103504.
3422:
3369:
3356:10.1086/522222
3316:
3269:(21): 211103.
3249:
3223:
3210:10.1086/524310
3186:(2): 715–729.
3170:
3157:10.1086/322254
3133:(2): 495–504.
3117:
3053:
3000:
2963:(1): L10–L12.
2947:
2888:
2837:
2812:
2759:
2700:
2678:
2665:10.1086/304973
2641:(2): 421–435.
2625:
2586:(2): 489–499.
2562:
2523:(1): 216–226.
2500:
2487:10.1086/338340
2463:(2): 641–651.
2447:
2385:
2318:
2297:
2260:(2): 543–558.
2244:
2181:
2168:10.1086/192208
2128:
2121:
2098:
2039:
2025:10.1086/113949
1990:
1977:10.1086/161209
1947:
1918:(3): 637–641.
1898:
1877:10.1086/165080
1847:
1834:10.1086/183623
1804:
1792:
1779:10.1086/108472
1749:
1735:
1721:Donahue, Megan
1711:
1682:
1669:10.1086/156198
1632:
1573:
1534:(2): 926–934.
1509:
1502:
1479:
1472:
1452:
1382:
1369:10.1086/591670
1327:
1290:
1283:
1265:
1234:(1): L56–L60.
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1151:
1148:
1128:
1125:
1104:WMAP cold spot
1102:, such as the
1095:
1092:
1054:
1051:
1041:
1038:
1013:
1010:
989:
986:
976:
960:
957:
951:
948:
942:
939:
933:
930:
929:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
912:were surveyed.
906:
902:
879:
876:
860:
857:
841:Abell clusters
828:
825:
819:the number of
816:
815:
814:
813:
807:
795:
774:
771:
658:
657:
655:
654:
647:
640:
632:
629:
628:
627:
626:
614:
600:
599:
596:
595:
590:
585:
578:
575:
570:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
554:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
402:
401:
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
382:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
344:
339:
338:
335:
334:
329:
328:
327:
326:
314:
309:
304:
292:
284:
283:
279:
278:
277:
276:
264:
256:
255:
249:
242:
241:
238:
237:
234:
233:
228:
223:
218:
206:
201:
188:
181:
180:
177:
176:
171:
170:
169:
168:
166:Neutrino (CNB)
156:
148:
147:
143:
142:
141:
140:
123:
121:Early universe
120:
119:
116:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
88:
87:
79:
78:
72:
71:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4576:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4522:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4498:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4330:Superclusters
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4233:Superclusters
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4164:Galactic tide
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4123:Ultra diffuse
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3957:Active nuclei
3954:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3605:(2s): 20–27.
3604:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3491:(4): 043527.
3490:
3486:
3479:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3250:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3072:(6): 063525.
3071:
3067:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3016:(8): 083531.
3015:
3011:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2690:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1802:, p. 241
1801:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:9781292022932
1499:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1473:9780321595584
1469:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1187:List of voids
1185:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1159:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1088:recombination
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
987:
985:
982:
975:
971:
967:
958:
956:
949:
947:
940:
938:
931:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
907:
905:distribution.
903:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
877:
874:
870:
866:
865:
864:
858:
856:
854:
851:according to
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
826:
824:
822:
811:
808:
805:
802:
801:
799:
796:
793:
789:
788:
787:
779:
772:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:superclusters
705:
701:
696:
693:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
653:
648:
646:
641:
639:
634:
633:
631:
630:
625:
615:
613:
604:
603:
602:
601:
594:
591:
589:
586:
583:
577:
576:
573:
568:
567:
560:
557:
556:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
396:
395:
387:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
342:
337:
336:
325:
322:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
286:
285:
280:
275:
272:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
258:
257:
252:
246:
240:
239:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
193:
190:
189:
185:
179:
178:
167:
164:
160:
157:
155:
152:
151:
150:
149:
144:
139:
136:
132:
129:
128:
127:
126:
118:
117:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
95:
92:
91:
90:
89:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
69:
68:
62:
57:
51:
50:List of voids
44:
40:
33:
19:
4531:Solar System
4466:
4454:
4242:
4189:fossil group
4111:Low activity
3945:Ultramassive
3775:Dwarf galaxy
3758:intermediate
3753:grand design
3648:
3644:
3637:Hume Feldman
3602:
3596:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3332:(1): 40–44.
3329:
3325:
3319:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3240:. Retrieved
3236:
3226:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3069:
3065:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2829:. Retrieved
2825:
2815:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2681:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2583:
2579:
2565:
2520:
2516:
2503:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2405:
2401:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2300:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2202:
2198:
2184:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2108:
2101:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1795:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1740:. Retrieved
1725:
1714:
1691:
1685:
1652:
1648:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1531:
1527:
1492:
1462:
1455:
1402:
1398:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1274:
1268:
1231:
1225:
1215:
1171:
1160:
1153:
1142:
1130:
1097:
1077:
1069:
1043:
1029:
1026:Quintessence
1020:
1015:
1000:models. The
991:
988:Significance
973:
969:
962:
953:
944:
935:
894:
890:
886:
873:supercluster
862:
853:Hubble's law
833:astrophysics
830:
817:
784:
748:
739:anisotropies
724:
711:
697:
666:
663:Cosmic voids
662:
661:
386:Probe (WMAP)
320:
317:Reionization
298:
270:
244:
212:
195:
192:Hubble's law
183:
162:
134:
97:
4519:Outer space
4507:Spaceflight
4248:void galaxy
4211:cannibalism
4196:Interacting
4152:Interaction
4138:Blue Nugget
4128:Dark galaxy
4033:Lyman-break
3925:Protogalaxy
3891:Disc galaxy
2191:J Couch, W.
1133:dark energy
1012:Dark energy
994:dark energy
981:ellipticity
966:dark energy
893:Mpc). Here
792:megaparsecs
767:dark energy
704:light-years
700:megaparsecs
341:Experiments
274:Dark matter
267:Dark energy
209:FLRW metric
146:Backgrounds
61:dark matter
4553:Categories
4288:Polar-ring
4133:Red nugget
4075:faint blue
3935:Spiral arm
3790:spheroidal
3780:elliptical
3763:Magellanic
3748:flocculent
3716:Lenticular
3703:Morphology
3544:(1): 1–6.
3498:1805.05708
3445:1612.06595
3385:(9): 025.
3079:1807.02470
3023:1503.07690
2915:1602.06306
2908:(2): 160.
2857:(2): 109.
2831:2023-11-26
2345:1602.02771
2338:(2): 161.
1412:1511.04075
1241:2104.01359
1208:References
712:supervoids
667:dark space
421:Copernicus
399:Scientists
254:Components
43:Giant Void
39:Great Void
4223:Satellite
4218:Jellyfish
4206:collision
4143:Dead disk
4060:Starburst
3975:Markarian
3847:Structure
3814:Irregular
3785:irregular
3619:0036-8733
3523:119351761
3417:119259755
3392:0712.0370
3339:0704.0908
3276:1410.7717
3193:0710.1631
3104:2470-0010
3048:119253930
2970:0704.0881
2942:119276823
2864:1110.0345
2826:Space.com
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2727:0712.3049
2694:1310.5067
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1885:0004-637X
1842:0004-637X
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1700:cite book
1677:0004-637X
1600:0712.3049
1568:119182772
1541:1103.4156
1447:119286482
1439:2041-8205
1405:(1): L7.
1352:0805.3695
1131:Although
1127:Expansion
1106:found by
1040:Neutrinos
1002:Milky Way
845:redshifts
827:Discovery
810:Filaments
763:radiation
671:filaments
551:Zeldovich
451:Friedmann
426:de Sitter
353:BOOMERanG
282:Structure
247:Structure
131:Inflation
4455:Category
4344:See also
4268:Galaxies
3995:X-shaped
3826:Peculiar
3768:unbarred
3726:unbarred
3695:Galaxies
3576:13242401
3470:73621033
3364:14316362
3311:32638647
3303:26636838
3218:15383038
3112:85530907
2995:18219268
2807:62620511
2673:16336543
2620:14225529
2557:18912038
2442:15294193
2239:40393799
2176:13605316
2093:31328798
2085:17812575
2010:: 2445.
1377:15976818
1181:See also
1063:redshift
1006:KBC Void
859:Timeline
821:galaxies
804:Clusters
731:Big Bang
683:galaxies
679:very few
675:universe
612:Category
531:Suntzeff
491:Lemaître
441:Einstein
406:Aaronson
199:Redshift
101:Universe
94:Big Bang
4543:Science
4481:Portals
4315:Quasars
4283:Nearest
4278:Largest
4179:cluster
4012:Seyfert
3653:Bibcode
3556:Bibcode
3503:Bibcode
3450:Bibcode
3397:Bibcode
3344:Bibcode
3281:Bibcode
3198:Bibcode
3165:2138259
3145:Bibcode
3084:Bibcode
3028:Bibcode
2975:Bibcode
2920:Bibcode
2869:Bibcode
2787:Bibcode
2775:: 1–9.
2754:5670329
2732:Bibcode
2653:Bibcode
2598:Bibcode
2535:Bibcode
2495:5822042
2475:Bibcode
2420:Bibcode
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2272:Bibcode
2217:Bibcode
2156:Bibcode
2057:Bibcode
2049:Science
2012:Bibcode
1965:Bibcode
1963:: 417.
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1865:Bibcode
1863:: 493.
1822:Bibcode
1820:: L57.
1767:Bibcode
1765:: 607.
1657:Bibcode
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1627:5670329
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1546:Bibcode
1417:Bibcode
1357:Bibcode
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867:1961 –
729:in the
718:at the
536:Sunyaev
521:Schmidt
511:Penzias
506:Penrose
481:Huygens
471:Hawking
456:Galileo
4467:Portal
4298:Spiral
4201:merger
3980:Quasar
3965:Blazar
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3795:spiral
3743:barred
3738:anemic
3733:Spiral
3721:barred
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3242:7 July
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2752:
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1500:
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1170:, and
1080:blazar
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681:or no
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546:Wilson
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501:Newton
496:Mather
486:Kepler
476:Hubble
436:Ehlers
416:Alpher
411:Alfvén
319:
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211:
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186:Future
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4495:Stars
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4159:Field
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3519:S2CID
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3387:arXiv
3360:S2CID
3334:arXiv
3307:S2CID
3271:arXiv
3214:S2CID
3188:arXiv
3161:S2CID
3135:arXiv
3108:S2CID
3074:arXiv
3044:S2CID
3018:arXiv
2991:S2CID
2965:arXiv
2938:S2CID
2910:arXiv
2859:arXiv
2803:S2CID
2777:arXiv
2750:S2CID
2722:arXiv
2689:arXiv
2669:S2CID
2643:arXiv
2616:S2CID
2588:arXiv
2553:S2CID
2525:arXiv
2491:S2CID
2465:arXiv
2438:S2CID
2410:arXiv
2376:S2CID
2340:arXiv
2307:arXiv
2262:arXiv
2235:S2CID
2207:arXiv
2172:S2CID
2146:arXiv
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2089:S2CID
1889:S2CID
1742:4 May
1623:S2CID
1595:arXiv
1564:S2CID
1536:arXiv
1443:S2CID
1407:arXiv
1373:S2CID
1347:arXiv
1308:arXiv
1236:arXiv
1197:Space
798:Walls
741:from
526:Smoot
516:Rubin
461:Gamow
446:Ellis
431:Dicke
4293:Ring
3898:Halo
3886:Disc
3831:Ring
3711:Disc
3615:ISSN
3383:2009
3299:PMID
3244:2020
3100:ISSN
2368:ISSN
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2117:ISBN
2081:PMID
2073:ISSN
2030:ISSN
1981:ISSN
1938:ISSN
1881:ISSN
1838:ISSN
1783:ISSN
1744:2014
1731:ISBN
1706:link
1673:ISSN
1498:ISBN
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4070:pea
3859:Bar
3607:doi
3603:330
3564:doi
3542:605
3511:doi
3458:doi
3405:doi
3352:doi
3330:671
3289:doi
3267:115
3206:doi
3184:673
3153:doi
3131:557
3092:doi
3036:doi
2983:doi
2961:696
2928:doi
2906:835
2877:doi
2855:754
2795:doi
2740:doi
2718:386
2661:doi
2639:491
2606:doi
2584:375
2543:doi
2521:360
2483:doi
2461:566
2428:doi
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2280:doi
2258:182
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2203:328
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2142:100
2065:doi
2053:246
2020:doi
1973:doi
1961:271
1928:doi
1916:205
1873:doi
1861:314
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1775:doi
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1653:222
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