249:. This is because, unlike in most works of fiction, the main character is closely associated with the player, and the events are seen to be happening as the player plays. While older text adventures often identified the protagonist with the player directly, newer games tend to have specific, well-defined protagonists with separate identities from the player. The classic essay "Crimes Against Mimesis" discusses, among other IF issues, the nature of "You" in interactive fiction. A typical response might look something like this, the response to "look in tea chest" at the start of
209:, where going north from area A takes you to area B, but going south from area B did not take you back to area A. This can create mazes that do not behave as players expect, and thus players must maintain their own map. These illogical spaces are much more rare in today's era of 3D gaming, and the Interactive Fiction community in general decries the use of mazes entirely, claiming that mazes have become arbitrary 'puzzles for the sake of puzzles' and that they can, in the hands of inexperienced designers, become immensely frustrating for players to navigate.
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216:('MUDs'). MUDs, which became popular in the mid-1980s, rely on a textual exchange and accept similar commands from players as do works of IF; however, since interactive fiction is single player, and MUDs, by definition, have multiple players, they differ enormously in gameplay styles. MUDs often focus gameplay on activities that involve communities of players, simulated political systems, in-game trading, and other gameplay mechanics that are not possible in a single player environment.
877:(1992). During this period, the Club de Aventuras AD (CAAD), the main Spanish speaking community around interactive fiction in the world, was founded, and after the end of Aventuras AD in 1992, the CAAD continued on its own, first with their own magazine, and then with the advent of Internet, with the launch of an active internet community that still produces interactive non commercial fiction nowadays.
149:
638:. When writing this game, it was not possible to include all of the information in the limited (80KB) disk space, so Infocom created the first feelies for this game; extra items that gave more information than could be included within the digital game itself. These included police interviews, the coroner's findings, letters, crime scene evidence and photos of the murder scene.
1846:, but replaced P with Z for Zork, the celebrated adventure game of 1977–79. The Z-machine evolved during the 1980s but over 30 years later, it remains in use essentially unchanged. Glulx was designed by Andrew Plotkin in the late 1990s as a new-generation IF virtual machine. It overcomes the technical constraint on the Z-machine by being a 32-bit rather than 16-bit processor.
103:", however, graphical text adventure games, where the text is accompanied by graphics (still images, animations or video) still fall under the text adventure category if the main way to interact with the game is by typing text. Some users of the term distinguish between interactive fiction, known as "Puzzle-free", that focuses on narrative, and "text adventures" that focus on
358:). Having just gone through a divorce, he was looking for a way to connect with his two young children. Over the course of a few weekends, he wrote a text based cave exploration game that featured a sort of guide/narrator who spoke in full sentences and who understood simple two word commands that came close to natural English. Adventure was programmed in
1858:. Over time it was ported to other platforms, such as Unix, RISC OS, Mac OS and most recently iOS. Modern Glulx interpreters are based on "Glulxe", by Andrew Plotkin, and "Git", by Iain Merrick. Other interpreters include Zoom for Mac OS X, or for Unix or Linux, maintained by Andrew Hunter, and Spatterlight for Mac OS X, maintained by Tor Andersson.
1071:, further helped to improve the quality and complexity of the games. Modern games go much further than the original "Adventure" style, improving upon Infocom games, which relied extensively on puzzle solving, and to a lesser extent on communication with non player characters, to include experimentation with writing and story-telling techniques.
834:, who produced 70 games in the Italian language. The wave of interactive fiction in Italy lasted for a couple of years thanks to the various magazines promoting the genre, then faded and remains still today a topic of interest for a small group of fans and less known developers, celebrated on Web sites and in related newsgroups.
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which allowed the user to type complex instructions to the game. Unlike earlier works of interactive fiction which only understood commands of the form 'verb noun', Infocom's parser could understand a wider variety of sentences. For instance one might type "open the large door, then go west", or "go
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to take input from their user and respond in a virtual and conversational manner. ELIZA simulated a psychotherapist that appeared to provide human-like responses to the user's input, while SHRDLU employed an artificial intelligence that could move virtual objects around an environment and respond to
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that many interpreters support. A filename ending .zblorb is a story file intended for a Z-machine in a Blorb wrapper, while a filename ending .gblorb is a story file intended for a Glulx in a Blorb wrapper. It is not common but IF files are sometimes also seen without a Blorb wrapping, though this
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are the software used to play the works of interactive fiction created with a development system. Since they need to interact with the player, the "story files" created by development systems are programs in their own right. Rather than running directly on any one computer, they are programs run by
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elements not available in other interactive fiction. While SwordThrust published seven different titles, it was vastly overshadowed by the non-commercial Eamon system which allowed private authors to publish their own titles in the series. By March 1984, there were 48 titles published for the Eamon
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was widely regarded as the best of its era. It accepted complex, complete sentence commands like "put the blue book on the writing desk" at a time when most of its competitors parsers were restricted to simple two word verb-noun combinations such as "put book". The parser was actively upgraded with
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Some IF works dispense with second-person narrative entirely, opting for a first-person perspective ('I') or even placing the player in the position of an observer, rather than a direct participant. In some 'experimental' IF, the concept of self-identification is eliminated, and the player instead
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These materials were very difficult for others to copy or otherwise reproduce, and many included information that was essential to completing the game. Seeing the potential benefits of both aiding game-play immersion and providing a measure of creative copy-protection, in addition to acting as a
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In addition to commercial distribution venues and individual websites, many works of free interactive fiction are distributed through community websites. These include the
Interactive Fiction Database (IFDb), The Interactive Fiction Reviews Organization (IFRO), a game catalog and recommendation
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While familiarity with a programming language leads many new authors to attempt to produce their own complete IF application, most established IF authors recommend use of a specialised IF language, arguing that such systems allow authors to avoid the technicalities of producing a full featured
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Some special-purpose interactive fiction development systems were used by the ordinary home computer owner of the 1980s. An important early one was Donald Brown's 1980 freeware system Eamon, a system for creating text-based role-playing games... Eamon was used to create more than 240
1078:, a former Implementor at Infocom, started a new game company, Cascade Mountain Publishing, whose goals were to publish interactive fiction. Despite the Interactive Fiction community providing social and financial backing, Cascade Mountain Publishing went out of business in 2000.
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titles together with plot-specific coins and other trinkets. This concept would be expanded as time went on, such that later game feelies would contain passwords, coded instructions, page numbers, or other information that would be required to successfully complete the game.
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Despite their lack of graphics, text adventures include a physical dimension where players move between rooms. Many text adventure games boasted their total number of rooms to indicate how much gameplay they offered. These games are unique in that they may create an
201:), could understand complete sentences. Later parsers could handle increasing levels of complexity parsing sentences such as "open the red box with the green key then go north". This level of complexity is the standard for works of interactive fiction today.
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In Italy, interactive fiction games were mainly published and distributed through various magazines in included tapes. The largest number of games were published in the two magazines Viking and
Explorer, with versions for the main 8-bit home computers
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Due to their text-only nature, they sidestepped the problem of writing for widely divergent graphics architectures. This feature meant that interactive fiction games were easily ported across all the popular platforms at the time, including
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were also closed in 1985, leaving
Infocom as the leading company producing text-only adventure games on the Apple II with sophisticated parsers and writing, and still advertising its lack of graphics as a virtue. The company was bought by
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usually means cover art, help files, and so forth are missing, like a book with the covers torn off. Z-machine story files usually have names ending .z5 or .z8, the number being a version number, and Glulx story files usually end .ulx.
287:, above, for an example). The late Douglas Adams, in designing the IF version of his 'Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy', created a unique solution to the final puzzle of the game: the game requires the one solitary item that the player
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by
Admiral Jota (2007). A comedic interactive fiction about an orc finding a pig that escaped from his farm. It won best game, best writing, best individual non-player character, and best individual player character in the 2007
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new features like undo and error correction, and later games would 'understand' multiple sentence input: 'pick up the gem and put it in my bag. take the newspaper clipping out of my bag then burn it with the book of matches'.
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led to the wide success of interactive fiction during the late 1970s, when home computers had little, if any, graphics capability. Many elements of the original game have survived into the present, such as the command
1469:, by Andrew Plotkin (2004). Designed for those new to IF, it provides an extensive help section and tutorials. Although the puzzles are not too difficult, it can be a challenge for both novice and experienced players.
115:(not known for gaming or strong graphics capabilities). The number of interactive fiction works is increasing steadily as new ones are produced by an online community, using freely available development systems.
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is one of the first interactive fiction games, as well as being one of the first commercially sold. It is one of the most famous interactive fiction games. Here it is portrayed running on
Gargoyle, a modern
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is a cornerstone of the online IF community; there currently exist dozens of different independently programmed versions, with additional elements, such as new rooms or puzzles, and various scoring systems.
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The breakthrough that allowed the interactive fiction community to truly prosper, however, was the creation and distribution of two sophisticated development systems. In 1987, Michael J. Roberts released
122:, where the reader is instead given choices at different points in the text; these decisions determine the flow and outcome of the story. The most famous example of this form of printed fiction is the
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takes the role of an inanimate object, a force of nature, or an abstract concept; experimental IF usually pushes the limits of the concept and challenges many assumptions about the medium.
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Interpreters, or virtual machines, which are designed specially for IF. They may be part of the development system, or can be compiled together with the work of fiction as a standalone
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to a Z-Code story file. Each of these systems allowed anyone with sufficient time and dedication to create a game, and caused a growth boom in the online interactive fiction community.
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in 1989. It started out from the ashes of
Infocom. The text adventures produced by Legend Entertainment used (high-resolution) graphics as well as sound. Some of their titles include
197:. Parsers may vary in sophistication; the first text adventure parsers could only handle two-word sentences in the form of verb-noun pairs. Later parsers, such as those built on ZIL (
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Despite the lack of commercial support, the availability of high quality tools allowed enthusiasts of the genre to develop new high quality games. Competitions such as the annual
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The term
Implementer was the self-given name of the creators of the text adventure series Zork. It is for this reason that game designers and programmers can be referred to as an
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encompasses topics related to playing interactive fiction games, such as hint requests and game reviews. As of late 2011, discussions between writers have mostly moved from
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Interactive fiction features two distinct modes of writing: the player input and the game output. As described above, player input is expected to be in simple command form (
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deterrent to software piracy, Infocom and later other companies began creating feelies for numerous titles. In 1987, Infocom released a special version of the first three
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questions asked about the environment's shape. The development of effective natural language processing would become an essential part of interactive fiction development.
494:, thus creating the first commercial adventure game. In 1979 he founded Adventure International, the first commercial publisher of interactive fiction. That same year,
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1437:(2000). Galatea is focused entirely on interaction with the animated statue of the same name. Galatea has one of the most complex interaction systems for a
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In Spain, interactive fiction was considered a minority genre, and was not very successful. The first
Spanish interactive fiction commercially released was
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260:"That was the first place you tried, hours and hours ago now, and there's nothing there but that boring old book. You pick it up anyway, bored as you are."
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genre. The player uses text input to control the game, and the game state is relayed to the player via text output. Interactive fiction usually relies on
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In a non-technical sense, Infocom was responsible for developing the interactive style that would be emulated by many later interpreters. The
Infocom
2273:"Even the description of the volcano, which some writers have claimed was modelled after Mount Doom, was written with no particular vision in mind."
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1650:-like programming language called ZIL (Zork Implementation Language or Zork Interactive Language; it was referred to as both) that compiled into a
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After the decline of the commercial interactive fiction market in the 1990s, an online community eventually formed around the medium. In 1987, the
1761:, most games were written for Inform, with a strong minority of games for TADS and ADRIFT, followed by a small number of games for other systems.
2015:
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Keller, Daniel. "Reading and playing: what makes interactive fiction unique" p. 276-298. in
Williams, J. P., & Smith, J. H. (2007).
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389:, and in 1977 obtained and expanded Crowther's source code (with Crowther's permission). Woods's changes were reminiscent of the writings of
3289:(IFRO), huge repository for text adventure game reviews written and rated by Interactive Fiction community players and members since 2004.
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While the majority of modern interactive fiction that is developed is distributed for free, there are some commercial endeavors. In 1998,
699:, Infocom's database software program, and stopped producing text adventures a few years later. Soon after Telaium/Trillium also closed.
1250:, by Steve Meretzky of Infocom (1985), a story-heavy, puzzle-light game often touted as Infocom's first serious work of science fiction.
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132:" format has also been described as a form of interactive fiction. The term "interactive fiction" is sometimes used also to refer to
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setting, the game integrates meta-game functionality (saving, restoring, restarting) into the game world itself. The game won four
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853:, emerged from Dinamic, became the main interactive fiction publisher in Spain, including titles like a Spanish adaptation of
624:(physical props associated with a game). The tradition of 'feelies' (and the term itself) is believed to have originated with
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1757:, but they diverged in their approach to IF-writing during the 2000s, giving today's IF writers an objective choice. By 2006
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input, although text-to-speech synthesizers allow blind and visually impaired users to play interactive fiction titles as
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programming language. Considered one of the first "modern" games to meet the high standards set by Infocom's best titles.
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Works may be distributed for playing with in a separate interpreter. In which case they are often made available in the
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usually depends on the author's desired balance of ease of use versus power, and the portability of the final product.
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1885:. For example, the 'Parchment' project is for web browser-based IF Interpreter, for both Z-machine and Glulx files.
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For years, amateurs with the IF community produced interactive fiction works of relatively limited scope using the
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283:), address the player with an informal tone, sometimes including sarcastic remarks (see the transcript from
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830:). The software house producing those games was Brainstorm Enterprise, and the most prolific IF author was
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3319:, a z-machine interpreter written in javascript and playable in any browser. Links to many playable games.
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wrote that "the demands of the market are weighted heavily toward hi-res graphics" in games like Sierra's
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Many other companies such as Level 9 Computing, Magnetic Scrolls, Delta 4 and Zenobi had closed by 1992.
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that could be implemented on a large number of platforms, and took standardized "story files" as input.
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and Steve Meretzky of Infocom (1984), involved the author of the original work in the reinterpretation.
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Seegert, Alf. (2009), "'Doing there' vs. 'being there': performing presence in interactive fiction",
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The term can also be used to refer to literary works that are not read in a linear fashion, known as
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for Z-Code story files. As a result, it became possible to play Infocom's work on modern computers.
321:(1968–1970) can formally be considered early examples of interactive fiction, as both programs used
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to the hall". With the Z-machine, Infocom was able to release most of their games for most popular
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for both impressive graphics and realistic physics. In 2004, Legend Entertainment was acquired by
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gaming system for the Apple II. SwordThrust and Eamon were simple two-word parser games with many
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3301:(IFDB), a community site where one can find personalized recommendations for IF games to play.
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Robinson Wheeler, J, & Kevin, Jackson-Mead (2014), "IF Theory Reader", JRW Digital Media.
1944:(MUD), which may be considered as a kind of multiplayer or collaborative interactive fiction.
1528:. It is commonly seen as an easy gateway for people to get involved with interactive fiction.
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claimed to be the first game character who evoked a strong emotional commitment from players.
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became the dominant form of the genre on computers with graphics, like the Apple II. By 1982
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in 1999 including the XYZZY Award for Best Game, and had a scholarly essay written about it.
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Probably the first commercial work of interactive fiction produced outside the U.S. was the
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as designated by the "if" graphic that was displayed on startup. Their titles included the
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6. A number of systems for writing interactive fiction now exist. The most popular remain
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3307:, a beginner's introduction and setup guide to Interactive Fiction games and interpreters
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began releasing versions of its games with graphics. The company went bankrupt in 1985.
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During the 1990s Interactive fiction was mainly written with C-like languages, such as
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One of the most important early developments was the reverse-engineering of Infocom's
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in two volumes, a collection containing most of Infocom's games, followed in 1996 by
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3295:, a large archive of free-to-download and play interactive fiction (random mirror).
3283:, a timeline of events in interactive fiction history at the Brass Lantern website.
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by Michael Mateas, Andrew Stern and John Grieve (2005). An interactive drama using
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Interactive fiction became a standard product for many software companies. By 1982
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2971:"Face It, Tiger, You Just Hit the Jackpot: Reading and Playing Cadre's Varicella"
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1168:(1979 onwards) was the first text adventure to see widespread commercial release.
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Though neither program was developed as a narrative work, the software programs
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This is a reformatted version of a set of articles originally posted to Usenet:
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1397:(1998), one of the first almost entirely puzzle-free games. It won the annual
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2306:"Jerz's Introduction (Storytelling and Computer Games; UWEC Panel, May 2001)"
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3331:, the quarterly e-zine of the Society for the Promotion of Adventure Gaming
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The original Interactive fiction Colossal Cave Adventure was programmed in
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played the game and decided to design one of their own, but with graphics.
393:, and included a troll, elves, and a volcano, which some claim is based on
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1950:, which are occasionally described as another form of interactive fiction.
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once, rather than once each game. Each game file included a sophisticated
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In order to make its games as portable as possible, Infocom developed the
340:, a programmer and an amateur caver, wrote the first text adventure game,
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into interactive fiction, with several independent non-player characters.
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40:"Text-based video game" redirects here. For the video game graphics, see
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was also directly responsible for the founding of Sierra Online (later
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and influence the environment. Works in this form can be understood as
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Many text adventures, particularly those designed for humour (such as
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The players' realm: studies on the culture of video games and gaming.
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1413:(1998), an award-winning espionage story with many twists and turns.
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but the project fell through and she ended up releasing it herself.
412:, and was included with the floppy-disk distribution of Microsoft's
3325:– MobyGames examines the history (and future) of this gaming genre.
2633:
2548:"Le collane avventurose in Italia (Adventure game series in Italy)"
4342:
4183:
2940:
1900:, reducing the requirement for an Interpreter or virtual machine.
1871:
1847:
1727:
1531:
1342:
942:
511:
314:
3334:
3316:
2836:
1155:, is considered one of the defining works of interactive fiction.
1893:
1750:
1738:
1711:
1647:
1643:
1538:. It is a "serialized speculative fiction multimedia narrative."
1520:
1230:
game with a large vocabulary and unique character personalities.
1160:
1115:
To learn more about the history of interactive fiction, see the
1037:
523:
267:
112:
3344:
517:
The largest company producing works of interactive fiction was
2863:"Interactive Fiction Bibliography - Manifestos and Taxonomies"
1855:
1765:
parser, while allowing broad community support. The choice of
1633:
1100:, a graphically enhanced cyberpunk game and various titles by
949:
and released for both Microsoft Windows and Microsoft's Xbox.
827:
189:
Input is usually provided by the player in the form of simple
2031:
XYZZY News - The Magazine for Interactive Fiction Enthusiasts
3286:
2889:"History of the 14th Annual Interactive Fiction Competition"
921:
The last text adventure created by Legend Entertainment was
350:
because a filename could only be six characters long in the
3969:
3033:"Results of the 9th Annual Interactive Fiction Competition"
2659:
2071:"The Next Generation 1996 Lexicon A to Z: Text Adventure".
193:
such as "get key" or "go east", which are interpreted by a
3328:
3191:
Twisty Little Passages: An Approach to Interactive Fiction
3133:"Games of the 12th Annual Interactive Fiction Competition"
2520:
Twisty Little Passages: An Approach to Interactive Fiction
2395:"FAQ 2/3: (2.3) How did Infocom make those neat packages?"
2215:
Twisty Little Passages: An Approach To Interactive Fiction
1842:, in 1979. They were influenced by the then-new idea of a
1453:, by Star C. Foster and Daniel Ravipinto (2003). Set in a
1176:, by Chuck Benton, a popular adult game that inspired the
590:
In early 1979, the game was completed. Ten members of the
408:
to this day. The game has since been ported to many other
3310:
3054:
1881:
Alternatively, works may be distributed for playing in a
995:
is interactive fiction authorship and programming, while
3298:
2522:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. p. 196.
2052:
High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games
1850:
is a modern Z-machine interpreter originally written in
1349:
original), surreal text adventure that has shipped with
572:. The game was programmed in a computer language called
1506:(2014). An interactive adventure based on the novel by
1262:(1986), a trilogy of interactive science fiction games.
927:(1992), while the last game ever created by Legend was
238:
The responses from the game are usually written from a
2607:
3277:, a more user-friendly interface for the IF archive.
1938:, adventure games with roots in interactive fiction.
1081:
Other commercial endeavors include: Peter Nepstad's
4390:
4306:
4270:
4232:
4126:
4119:
4044:
3960:
3935:
3885:
3850:
3822:
3784:
3775:
3713:
3683:
3653:
3610:
3584:
3511:
3488:
3423:
3400:
3391:
3313:, a MediaWiki wiki specific to Interactive Fiction.
1550:(2018). An interactive film in the science fiction
1210:of Infocom (1983), featured Floyd the robot, which
486:, which was loosely patterned after the (original)
2430:"Genuine Zorkmid coin minted for the Zork Trilogy"
1377:(1998) is a highly rated horror story inspired by
587:, often shortened to "Imp", rather than a writer.
79:. These works can also be understood as a form of
56:simulating environments in which players use text
3007:"Photopia is a short story, Varicella is a world"
2917:. Xyzzynews.com. 6 February 1999. Archived from
2482:
2480:
2478:
2554:(in Italian). Roberto Nicoletti. Archived from
1087:, several games by Howard Sherman published as
212:Interactive fiction shares much in common with
166:Text adventures are one of the oldest types of
3275:Baf's Guide to the Interactive Fiction Archive
2054:McGraw-Hill/Osborne, Berkeley, Calif., p. 52,
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1838:The Z-machine was designed by the founders of
968:Classic Text Adventure Masterpieces of Infocom
620:Several companies offered optional commercial
366:. Crowther's original version was an accurate
3356:
2811:"XYZZYnews Issue #1 Interview: Graham Nelson"
2050:DeMaria, Rusel and Wilson, Johnny L. (2002)
1867:engine, and the Interactive Fiction Archive.
1017:in 1987 by a group of enthusiasts called the
8:
3287:The Interactive Fiction Reviews Organization
2518:Montfort, Nick (2005) . "The Independents".
2217:. Cambridge: The MIT Press. pp. 84–85.
1190:, by Philip Mitchell and Veronika Megler of
1003:to the Interactive Fiction Community Forum.
849:. After several other attempts, the company
1194:(1982) was an early reinterpretation of an
387:Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
4123:
3781:
3397:
3363:
3349:
3341:
3228:Creating Interactive Fiction with Inform 7
3078:"These Are the Top 10 Video Games of 2014"
3051:"People's Republic of Interactive Fiction"
1978:Montfort, Nick & Urbano, Paulo (Tr.).
760:also produced interactive fiction for the
598:when it was incorporated later that year.
2733:The Escapist, Issue #7: Classical Studies
2276:"Interactive Fiction? I prefer Adventure"
1961:, a documentary about interactive fiction
527:series and many other titles, among them
3305:Interactive Fiction: More Than Retro Fun
2333:"A short history of interactive fiction"
1313:(1991), a text-based spy adventure game.
476:(not to be confused with the creator of
147:
2008:Rollings, Andrew; Ernest Adams (2006).
1971:
1896:, the standard language used to create
560:began writing the mainframe version of
510:, spawning legions of similar games in
400:In early 1977, Adventure spread across
3281:A Brief History of Interactive Fiction
3088:from the original on 23 November 2017.
2656:"Home of the Best Interactive Fiction"
2644:from the original on 25 December 2011.
2409:from the original on 18 September 2009
2238:
2236:
2234:
2169:Giner-Sorolla, Roger (29 April 2006).
2150:Giner-Sorolla, Roger (25 April 2006).
2131:Giner-Sorolla, Roger (18 April 2006).
2112:Giner-Sorolla, Roger (11 April 2006).
2018:from the original on 17 February 2009.
1675:of the time simultaneously, including
1325:(1993), the first game written in the
987:was created, and was soon followed by
630:(1982), the third Infocom title after
91:. In common usage, the term refers to
3215:Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co.
3039:from the original on 13 January 2013.
2312:from the original on 30 December 2010
2255:from the original on 6 September 2007
2028:Soultanis, Greg. Mullin, Eileen, ed.
1301:, a text-only adventure published by
1108:was commissioned to develop the game
1021:and the subsequent development of an
857:, an adaptation of the Spanish comic
377:Stanford University graduate student
7:
3251:Journal of Gaming and Virtual Worlds
3166:from the original on 5 December 2006
3160:"Choosing a Text Adventure Language"
3013:from the original on 18 January 2007
2843:from the original on 27 January 2011
2791:from the original on 27 January 2011
2765:from the original on 25 January 2011
2393:Stephen van Egmond (17 April 2004).
2374:from the original on 12 October 2007
2286:from the original on 4 February 2012
2243:Jerz, Dennis G. (17 February 2004).
2177:from the original on 2 November 2011
2158:from the original on 2 November 2011
2139:from the original on 2 November 2011
2120:from the original on 2 November 2011
1922:, interactive fiction with graphics.
1695:(one disc worked on both machines),
1235:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
536:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
274:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
128:book series, and the collaborative "
3323:Something about Interactive Fiction
3139:from the original on 3 January 2007
3113:from the original on 7 January 2017
2947:from the original on 9 January 2011
2739:from the original on 18 August 2007
2689:from the original on 9 January 2007
2343:from the original on 27 August 2007
2245:"Colossal Cave Adventure (c. 1975)"
2092:Giner-Sorolla, Roger (April 2006).
1772:Other development systems include:
1516:as their Game of the Year for 2014.
1445:called Galatea "the best NPC ever".
570:MIT Laboratory for Computer Science
99:where the entire interface can be "
2588:from the original on 12 March 2008
2463:from the original on 11 April 2009
1981:A quarta Era da Ficção Interactiva
1421:by Adam Cadre (1999). It won four
725:). Other leading companies in the
25:
3337:, an online z-machine interpreter
2987:from the original on 19 June 2008
2869:from the original on 3 March 2011
2499:from the original on 11 July 2014
1823:Interpreters and virtual machines
799:as a commercial successor to the
3575:
2969:; Stuart Moulthrop (July 2003).
2895:from the original on 7 June 2011
2362:Allen Varney (9 December 2006).
2171:"Crimes Against Mimesis, Part 4"
2152:"Crimes Against Mimesis, Part 3"
2133:"Crimes Against Mimesis, Part 2"
2114:"Crimes Against Mimesis, Part 1"
1441:in an interactive fiction game.
1353:since 1994, and thus comes with
721:(later expanded and reissued by
3293:The Interactive Fiction Archive
2813:. Xyzzynews.com. Archived from
2727:Allen Varney (23 August 2005).
2614:from the original on 8 May 2011
2487:Maher, Jimmy (28 August 2012).
1991:. Nada, Volume 8. October 2006.
1565:Interactive Fiction Competition
1399:Interactive Fiction Competition
1091:, The General Coffee Company's
1061:Interactive Fiction Competition
433:', which is now included as an
2681:Emily Short (5 October 2003).
2658:. Textfyre.com. Archived from
2034:. Issue #4. July/August 1995.
1854:by Stefan Jokisch in 1995 for
1654:able to run on a standardized
1274:, a risqué sci-fi parody from
780:Empire II: Interstellar Sharks
354:he was using, and later named
291:choose at the outset of play.
1:
4453:Role-playing game terminology
2634:"intfiction.org • Index page"
2610:. Caad.es. 13 November 2010.
1803:Professional Adventure Writer
1642:'s games of 1979–88, such as
962:The Lost Treasures of Infocom
737:. Also worthy of mention are
693:in 1986 after the failure of
3311:The Interactive Fiction Wiki
3299:Interactive Fiction Database
2915:"XYZZY Awards: 1998 Winners"
2337:The Inform Designer's Manual
1563:The games that won both the
1294:winning science fiction and
1084:1893: A World's Fair Mystery
814:in total as of March 2013).
592:MIT Dynamics Modelling Group
228:). A typical command may be:
199:Zork Implementation Language
3099:Bibby, Jay (11 June 2008).
2978:fineArt Forum Vol. 17 No. 8
2331:Graham Nelson (July 2001).
2011:Fundamentals of Game Design
1479:natural language processing
1267:Leather Goddesses of Phobos
1052:and set of libraries which
669:The Wizard and the Princess
323:natural language processing
309:Natural language processing
280:Leather Goddesses of Phobos
140:software popular in Japan.
83:, either in the form of an
4474:
3573:
2943:. Wurb.com. 30 June 2000.
2839:. Wurb.com. 30 June 2000.
1632:, originally developed by
1543:Black Mirror: Bandersnatch
1067:for longer works, and the
991:. By custom, the topic of
404:, and has survived on the
397:, but Woods says was not.
39:
29:
3383:List of video game genres
3378:
2708:Article at The Dot Eaters
2280:L'avventura è l'avventura
2081:. March 1996. p. 41.
2038:28 September 2004 at the
1788:Graphic Adventure Creator
703:Outside the United States
437:in modern games, such as
370:of part of the real life
170:and form a subset of the
125:Choose Your Own Adventure
3675:Digital collectible card
2455:Robin Lionheart (2009).
2094:"Crimes Against Mimesis"
1954:Interactive storytelling
1852:C (programming language)
1580:Slouching Towards Bedlam
1450:Slouching Towards Bedlam
1361:; often mistaken for an
933:(2003) – the well-known
930:Unreal II: The Awakening
776:Empire I: World Builders
672:and its imitators. Such
480:). In 1978, Adams wrote
71:, either in the form of
3760:Roguelike deck-building
3668:Roguelike deck-building
3232:Delmar Cengage Learning
3189:Montfort, Nick (2005).
2761:. SPAG. 19 April 1995.
2493:The Digital Antiquarian
2368:The Escapist, Issue #64
2213:Montfort, Nick (2003).
1844:virtual Pascal computer
1646:, were written using a
1247:A Mind Forever Voyaging
1132:Colossal Cave Adventure
855:Colossal Cave Adventure
678:Adventure International
542:A Mind Forever Voyaging
488:Colossal Cave Adventure
470:Adventure International
356:Colossal Cave Adventure
3254:1: 1, pp. 23–37,
2865:. Jerz.setonhill.edu.
2608:"Club de Aventuras AD"
2578:"Bonaventura Di Bello"
2428:Peter Scheyen (1987).
2308:. Jerz.setonhill.edu.
1892:publishes directly to
1888:Some software such as
1778:Adventure Game Toolkit
1510:, it was nominated by
1089:Malinche Entertainment
1030:Adventure Game Toolkit
937:action game using the
784:Empire III: Armageddon
263:
236:
163:
77:Interactive narrations
73:Interactive narratives
4443:Collaborative writing
4002:Tactical role-playing
3767:Tactical role-playing
3260:10.1386/jgvw.1.1.23/1
2457:"The Zorkmid Project"
2403:rec.games.int-fiction
2249:Seton Hill University
1915:Electronic literature
1681:Atari 8-bit computers
1063:for short works, the
997:rec.games.int-fiction
989:rec.games.int-fiction
865:trilogy, composed by
440:Microsoft Minesweeper
385:while working at the
257:
230:
178:from a screen and on
151:
138:interactive narrative
36:Interactive narration
32:Interactive narrative
4382:Vertically scrolling
3226:Reed, Aaron (2010).
1439:non-player character
1050:programming language
1001:rec.arts.int-fiction
993:rec.arts.int-fiction
985:rec.arts.int-fiction
935:first-person shooter
886:Legend Entertainment
871:Los templos sagrados
832:Bonaventura Di Bello
552:, Bruce K. Daniels,
521:, which created the
451:Sierra Entertainment
226:imperative sentences
4448:Interactive fiction
4012:Turn-based strategy
3917:Submarine simulator
3723:Action role-playing
3630:Interactive fiction
2714:14 May 2013 at the
2584:. David Cornelson.
1986:17 May 2008 at the
1624:Development systems
1359:Linux distributions
1345:port from the 1983
1032:and similar tools.
867:La diosa de Cozumel
756:In the early 1980s
346:(originally called
214:Multi-User Dungeons
50:Interactive fiction
4413:Video game modding
4355:Nonlinear gameplay
4017:Turn-based tactics
3985:Real-time strategy
3158:Granade, Stephen.
3057:on 12 January 2011
2921:on 2 February 2007
2662:on 2 February 2011
2638:www.intfiction.org
2247:. Dennis G. Jerz,
1948:Role-playing games
1942:Multi-User Dungeon
1936:Graphic adventures
1784:Incentive Software
1685:IBM PC compatibles
1612:The Wizard Sniffer
1182:video game series.
1179:Leisure Suit Larry
1173:Softporn Adventure
955:In 1991 and 1992,
674:graphic adventures
497:Dog Star Adventure
424:The popularity of
164:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4418:Video game remake
4326:Emergent gameplay
3997:Real-time tactics
3956:
3955:
3895:Flight simulation
3625:Graphic adventure
3571:
3570:
3372:Video game genres
3241:978-1-4354-5506-1
3221:978-0-7864-2832-8
3204:978-0-262-63318-5
2817:on 5 January 2013
2683:"City of Secrets"
2529:978-0-262-13436-1
2014:. Prentice Hall.
1910:Hypertext fiction
1776:David Malmberg's
1375:Michael S. Gentry
1260:Level 9 Computing
861:, and mainly the
810:system (and over
735:Level 9 Computing
500:was published in
410:operating systems
89:role-playing game
18:Interactive novel
16:(Redirected from
4465:
4408:Video game clone
4124:
4120:Related concepts
3927:Vehicular combat
3782:
3655:Digital tabletop
3635:Interactive film
3595:Grand Theft Auto
3586:Action-adventure
3579:
3536:Platform fighter
3415:Platform fighter
3398:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3342:
3245:
3208:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3053:. Archived from
3047:
3041:
3040:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3009:. January 2002.
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2975:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2941:"Spider and Web"
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2724:
2718:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2558:on 14 March 2010
2544:
2538:
2537:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2484:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2432:. Archived from
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2240:
2229:
2228:
2210:
2204:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2096:. Archived from
2089:
2083:
2082:
2068:
2062:
2048:
2042:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2005:
1992:
1976:
1767:authoring system
1701:Commodore Plus/4
1552:anthology series
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
945:, who published
899:Eric the Unready
881:During the 1990s
843:Dinamic Software
731:Magnetic Scrolls
682:Synapse Software
594:went on to join
459:Roberta Williams
391:J. R. R. Tolkien
352:operating system
317:(1964–1966) and
261:
234:
21:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4422:
4386:
4377:Twitch gameplay
4302:
4266:
4228:
4115:
4067:Survival horror
4040:
3990:Time management
3952:
3931:
3922:Train simulator
3881:
3846:
3818:
3771:
3709:
3679:
3649:
3606:
3580:
3567:
3507:
3503:Survival horror
3484:
3419:
3387:
3374:
3369:
3271:
3242:
3225:
3205:
3188:
3185:
3183:Further reading
3180:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3076:Peckham, Matt.
3075:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2973:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2922:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2716:Wayback Machine
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2530:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2486:
2485:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2436:on 16 June 2006
2427:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2242:
2241:
2232:
2225:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2111:
2103:
2101:
2100:on 19 June 2005
2091:
2090:
2086:
2077:. No. 15.
2074:Next Generation
2070:
2069:
2065:
2049:
2045:
2040:Wayback Machine
2027:
2023:
2007:
2006:
1995:
1988:Wayback Machine
1977:
1973:
1968:
1906:
1864:
1833:executable file
1825:
1656:virtual machine
1626:
1621:
1548:Charlie Brooker
1379:H. P. Lovecraft
1303:Electronic Arts
1299:Thomas M. Disch
1127:
1110:City of Secrets
1015:virtual machine
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
888:was founded by
883:
743:Melbourne House
705:
658:
653:
607:virtual machine
576:, a variant of
564:(also known as
472:was founded by
467:
334:
311:
306:
301:
259:
233:> PULL Lever
232:
222:
207:illogical space
146:
93:text adventures
45:
42:Text-based game
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4471:
4469:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4435:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4372:Side-scrolling
4369:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4352:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4217:Climate change
4214:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4175:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4034:Grand strategy
4026:
4025:
4024:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
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3939:
3937:
3933:
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3902:
3891:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3752:
3750:Monster-taming
3747:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3728:Looter shooter
3719:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3590:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3524:Hack and slash
3515:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3410:Endless runner
3406:
3404:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3335:Web-adventures
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3270:
3269:External links
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3246:
3240:
3223:
3209:
3203:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3150:
3124:
3091:
3068:
3042:
3024:
2998:
2967:Montfort, Nick
2958:
2932:
2906:
2891:. Ifcomp.org.
2880:
2854:
2828:
2802:
2776:
2750:
2719:
2700:
2673:
2647:
2625:
2599:
2569:
2539:
2528:
2510:
2474:
2447:
2420:
2385:
2354:
2323:
2297:
2266:
2230:
2223:
2205:
2196:Nelson, Graham
2188:
2084:
2063:
2043:
2021:
1993:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1875:package format
1863:
1860:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1805:
1800:
1791:
1781:
1673:home computers
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1561:
1560:
1539:
1529:
1517:
1495:
1482:
1470:
1462:
1446:
1426:
1414:
1411:Andrew Plotkin
1406:Spider and Web
1402:
1386:
1383:Cthulhu Mythos
1366:
1330:
1314:
1306:
1296:fantasy author
1279:
1272:Steve Meretzky
1263:
1255:Silicon Dreams
1251:
1243:
1231:
1224:Michael Berlyn
1215:
1208:Steve Meretzky
1199:
1196:existing novel
1183:
1169:
1156:
1144:
1126:
1123:
1076:Michael Berlyn
976:
973:
882:
879:
704:
701:
657:
654:
652:
649:
548:In June 1977,
466:
465:Commercial era
463:
333:
328:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
221:
218:
168:computer games
145:
142:
97:adventure game
85:adventure game
27:Software genre
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4470:
4459:
4458:Fiction forms
4456:
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4451:
4449:
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4444:
4441:
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4290:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4262:Single-player
4260:
4256:
4253:
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4246:
4243:
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4118:
4112:
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4097:
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4089:
4085:
4082:
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4077:
4075:
4072:
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4065:
4064:
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4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4007:Tower defense
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3949:
3948:Immersive sim
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3837:City-building
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3740:Dungeon crawl
3738:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3705:Tile-matching
3703:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3694:
3693:Hidden object
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3663:Deck-building
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
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3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:Battle royale
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3464:
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3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
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3396:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3354:
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3347:
3346:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3196:
3195:The MIT Press
3192:
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3182:
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3161:
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3125:
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2324:
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2301:
2298:
2285:
2282:. June 2001.
2281:
2277:
2270:
2267:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2224:0-262-13436-5
2220:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2176:
2172:
2157:
2153:
2138:
2134:
2119:
2115:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2079:Imagine Media
2076:
2075:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:0-07-222428-2
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1932:
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1911:
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1744:
1740:
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1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1705:Commodore 128
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1669:
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1657:
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1500:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:The Dreamhold
1463:
1460:
1456:
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1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
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1371:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1323:Graham Nelson
1320:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:Stellar Agent
1307:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
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1269:
1268:
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1240:Douglas Adams
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1232:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1192:Beam Software
1189:
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1180:
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1174:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1157:
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1149:
1148:Adventureland
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:Will Crowther
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:Notable works
1124:
1122:
1121:documentary.
1120:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
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1094:
1090:
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1079:
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1043:
1042:Graham Nelson
1039:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1019:InfoTaskForce
1016:
1013:
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1004:
982:
974:
972:
970:
969:
964:
963:
958:
953:
950:
948:
944:
940:
939:Unreal Engine
936:
932:
931:
926:
925:
919:
917:
916:Frederik Pohl
913:
912:
907:
906:
901:
900:
895:
891:
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880:
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803:
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781:
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759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:
710:
709:dungeon crawl
702:
700:
698:
697:
692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:
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664:
656:United States
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492:Adventureland
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483:Adventureland
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375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:
339:
338:Will Crowther
336:Around 1975,
332:
329:
327:
324:
320:
316:
308:
304:1960s and 70s
303:
298:
296:
292:
290:
286:
282:
281:
276:
275:
270:
269:
262:
256:
254:
253:
248:
247:present tense
244:
243:point of view
241:
240:second-person
235:
229:
227:
220:Writing style
219:
217:
215:
210:
208:
202:
200:
196:
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187:
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143:
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135:
134:visual novels
131:
127:
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55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
4403:Toys-to-life
4343:
4336:
4288:
4233:Player modes
4197:Personalized
4182:
4171:
4139:
4045:Other genres
3975:Auto battler
3943:Falling-sand
3905:Lunar Lander
3715:Role-playing
3698:
3640:Visual novel
3629:
3602:Metroidvania
3594:
3548:
3480:Third-person
3453:Shoot 'em up
3438:First-person
3249:
3227:
3212:
3190:
3168:. Retrieved
3153:
3141:. Retrieved
3127:
3115:. Retrieved
3106:Jay Is Games
3104:
3094:
3081:
3071:
3059:. Retrieved
3055:the original
3045:
3027:
3015:. Retrieved
3001:
2989:. Retrieved
2977:
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2935:
2923:. Retrieved
2919:the original
2909:
2897:. Retrieved
2883:
2871:. Retrieved
2857:
2845:. Retrieved
2837:"Anchorhead"
2831:
2819:. Retrieved
2815:the original
2805:
2793:. Retrieved
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2753:
2741:. Retrieved
2732:
2722:
2703:
2691:. Retrieved
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2660:the original
2650:
2637:
2628:
2616:. Retrieved
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2581:
2572:
2560:. Retrieved
2556:the original
2551:
2542:
2533:
2519:
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2492:
2465:. Retrieved
2450:
2438:. Retrieved
2434:the original
2423:
2411:. Retrieved
2388:
2376:. Retrieved
2367:
2357:
2345:. Retrieved
2336:
2326:
2314:. Retrieved
2300:
2288:. Retrieved
2279:
2269:
2257:. Retrieved
2214:
2208:
2198:
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2160:. Retrieved
2141:. Retrieved
2122:. Retrieved
2102:. Retrieved
2098:the original
2087:
2072:
2066:
2051:
2046:
2029:
2024:
2010:
1979:
1974:
1920:Visual novel
1887:
1880:
1869:
1865:
1862:Distribution
1837:
1828:Interpreters
1826:
1771:
1763:
1736:
1697:Commodore 64
1638:
1627:
1610:
1609:(2013), and
1606:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1569:XYZZY Awards
1562:
1556:Black Mirror
1554:
1541:
1519:
1512:
1497:
1492:XYZZY Awards
1484:
1472:
1464:
1459:XYZZY Awards
1448:
1428:
1423:XYZZY Awards
1416:
1404:
1388:
1368:
1332:
1316:
1308:
1292:Nebula Award
1281:
1265:
1253:
1245:
1233:
1217:
1212:Allen Varney
1201:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1159:
1146:
1130:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1101:
1095:
1093:Future Boy!,
1092:
1082:
1080:
1073:
1069:XYZZY Awards
1065:Spring Thing
1058:
1034:
1027:
1005:
978:
966:
960:
954:
951:
946:
928:
922:
920:
918:'s novels).
909:
905:Spellcasting
903:
897:
884:
875:Chichen Itzá
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
851:Aventuras AD
846:
841:in 1983, by
838:
836:
824:Commodore 64
816:
807:role-playing
801:
794:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
755:
712:
706:
694:
667:
661:
659:
643:
640:
635:
631:
625:
619:
611:
600:
591:
589:
582:
565:
561:
558:Dave Lebling
554:Tim Anderson
547:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
505:
495:
491:
487:
481:
468:
446:
445:
438:
425:
423:
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399:
382:
376:
372:Mammoth Cave
355:
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278:
272:
266:
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258:
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237:
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211:
206:
203:
188:
165:
152:
136:, a type of
123:
117:
109:
95:, a type of
92:
49:
48:
46:
4319:Hypercasual
4240:Multiplayer
4156:Educational
4106:Programming
4101:Photography
4074:Incremental
3870:Kart racing
3814:Virtual pet
3645:Walking sim
3620:Escape room
3519:Beat 'em up
3458:Bullet hell
3170:17 December
3143:17 December
3061:4 September
3017:17 December
2991:17 December
2729:"Read Game"
2181:17 December
2162:17 December
2143:17 December
2124:17 December
2104:17 December
1883:web browser
1798:inklewriter
1689:Amstrad CPC
1658:called the
1508:Jules Verne
1435:Emily Short
1339:Ron Schnell
1286:(1987), by
1153:Scott Adams
1106:Emily Short
1023:interpreter
1010:format and
908:series and
873:(1991) and
847:Don Quijote
820:ZX Spectrum
796:SwordThrust
791:CE Software
696:Cornerstone
605:, a custom
585:implementer
502:source code
474:Scott Adams
381:discovered
195:text parser
184:audio games
160:interpreter
60:to control
4437:Categories
4360:Open world
4271:Production
4192:Nonviolent
3875:Sim racing
3842:Government
3777:Simulation
3468:Twin-stick
3402:Platformer
2951:1 February
2925:1 February
2899:1 February
2873:1 February
2847:1 February
2821:1 February
2795:1 February
2785:"ISSUE #9"
2769:1 February
2759:"ISSUE #5"
2743:1 November
2693:1 November
2666:1 February
2618:1 February
2347:1 November
2316:1 February
2259:20 October
1926:Addventure
1607:Coloratura
1526:Adam Cadre
1443:Adam Cadre
1395:Adam Cadre
1370:Anchorhead
1363:easter egg
1288:Hugo Award
1203:Planetfall
1187:The Hobbit
1164:series by
983:newsgroup
975:Modern era
957:Activision
924:Gateway II
914:(based on
894:Mike Verdu
812:270 titles
793:published
745:, and the
723:Topologika
691:Activision
568:), at the
550:Marc Blank
435:Easter Egg
395:Mount Doom
368:simulation
130:addventure
81:video game
69:narratives
62:characters
30:See also:
4146:Christian
4134:Advergame
4022:Artillery
3755:Roguelike
3733:Soulslike
3612:Adventure
3448:Light gun
3317:Parchment
2413:7 October
2399:Newsgroup
2364:"Feelies"
1898:web pages
1812:The Quill
1720:Macintosh
1660:Z-machine
1652:byte code
1574:All Roads
1455:steampunk
1418:Varicella
1357:and most
1351:GNU Emacs
1219:Suspended
1141:Don Woods
1044:released
1012:Z-Machine
959:released
947:Unreal II
890:Bob Bates
863:Ci-U-Than
859:El Jabato
789:In 1981,
719:Acornsoft
686:Acornsoft
603:Z-machine
447:Adventure
426:Adventure
418:Adventure
383:Adventure
379:Don Woods
343:Adventure
331:Adventure
191:sentences
172:adventure
120:gamebooks
101:text-only
4398:Minigame
4350:Masocore
4296:Fan game
4166:Licensed
4091:Non-game
3962:Strategy
3832:Business
3531:Fighting
3490:Survival
3475:Tactical
3164:Archived
3137:Archived
3135:. 2006.
3111:Archived
3086:Archived
3037:Archived
3011:Archived
2982:Archived
2945:Archived
2893:Archived
2867:Archived
2841:Archived
2789:Archived
2787:. SPAG.
2763:Archived
2737:Archived
2712:Archived
2710:. 2006.
2687:Archived
2642:Archived
2612:Archived
2586:Archived
2497:Archived
2461:Archived
2407:Archived
2372:Archived
2341:Archived
2310:Archived
2284:Archived
2253:Archived
2175:Archived
2156:Archived
2137:Archived
2118:Archived
2036:Archived
2016:Archived
1984:Archived
1959:Get Lamp
1931:Gamebook
1904:See also
1724:Atari ST
1716:TI-99/4A
1677:Apple II
1664:computer
1619:Software
1615:(2017).
1605:(2010),
1603:Aotearoa
1601:(2008),
1595:(2007),
1592:Lost Pig
1589:(2005),
1583:(2003),
1577:(2001),
1567:and the
1536:Jon Bois
1486:Lost Pig
1401:in 1998.
1390:Photopia
1355:Mac OS X
1118:Get Lamp
1102:Textfyre
1054:compiled
869:(1990),
774:series (
767:Prisoner
762:Apple II
758:Edu-Ware
749:company
747:homebrew
711:game of
663:Softline
627:Deadline
507:SoftSide
504:form in
416:1.0 OS.
406:Internet
362:for the
66:literary
58:commands
54:software
52:(IF) is
4365:Sandbox
4207:Serious
4140:BishĹŤjo
4057:Fitness
4029:Wargame
3887:Vehicle
3860:Fishing
3799:Farming
3699:Sokoban
3563:Stealth
3549:Pac-Man
3425:Shooter
3117:12 June
2592:6 March
2562:6 March
2552:Ready64
2503:10 July
2467:10 July
2440:10 July
2401::
2378:10 July
2203:, 1993.
1840:Infocom
1808:Gilsoft
1640:Infocom
1630:Fortran
1586:Vespers
1499:80 Days
1430:Galatea
1347:MacLisp
1283:Amnesia
1276:Infocom
1228:Infocom
1226:was an
1166:Infocom
911:Gateway
739:Delta 4
714:Acheton
622:feelies
596:Infocom
566:Dungeon
530:Trinity
519:Infocom
478:Dilbert
402:ARPAnet
360:Fortran
299:History
176:reading
105:puzzles
4314:Casual
4307:Design
4289:Doujin
4202:Sci-fi
4178:Sexual
4151:Comedy
4127:Themes
4111:Typing
4084:Rhythm
4062:Horror
3900:Combat
3865:Racing
3852:Sports
3809:Social
3794:Dating
3745:MMORPG
3685:Puzzle
3393:Action
3238:
3219:
3201:
3101:"9:05"
2582:IFWiki
2535:games.
2526:
2489:"SAGA"
2290:22 May
2221:
2200:Curses
2058:
1759:IFComp
1755:ADRIFT
1747:Inform
1743:Inform
1741:2 and
1732:TRS-80
1730:, and
1709:Kaypro
1668:parser
1598:Violet
1474:Façade
1341:(1992
1334:DUNNET
1327:Inform
1318:Curses
1097:Cypher
1046:Inform
1008:Z-Code
981:Usenet
902:, the
839:Yenght
826:, and
772:Empire
751:Zenobi
632:Zork I
614:parser
556:, and
414:MS-DOS
364:PDP-10
348:ADVENT
319:SHRDLU
289:didn't
285:Curses
277:, and
252:Curses
180:typing
154:Zork I
144:Medium
4391:Other
4344:Kaizo
4337:Gacha
4283:Indie
4245:Co-op
4184:Eroge
4172:Otome
4161:Girls
4096:Party
4079:Music
3936:Other
3910:Space
3597:clone
3558:Snake
3551:clone
3512:Other
3433:Arena
2985:(PDF)
2974:(PDF)
1966:Notes
1890:Twine
1872:Blorb
1848:Frotz
1817:Twine
1794:Inkle
1790:(GAC)
1780:(AGT)
1753:, or
1728:Amiga
1546:, by
1532:17776
1504:inkle
1433:, by
1409:, by
1393:, by
1373:, by
1343:eLisp
1337:, by
1321:, by
1258:, by
1238:, by
1206:, by
1151:, by
1135:, by
943:Atari
802:Eamon
729:were
651:1980s
512:BASIC
431:xyzzy
315:ELIZA
245:, in
4291:soft
4222:News
4052:Cozy
3980:MOBA
3786:Life
3543:Maze
3463:Rail
3443:Hero
3329:SPAG
3236:ISBN
3217:ISBN
3199:ISBN
3172:2006
3145:2006
3119:2018
3082:Time
3063:2013
3019:2006
2993:2006
2953:2011
2927:2011
2901:2011
2875:2011
2849:2011
2823:2011
2797:2011
2771:2011
2745:2006
2695:2006
2668:2011
2620:2011
2594:2008
2564:2008
2524:ISBN
2505:2014
2469:2009
2442:2009
2415:2009
2380:2009
2349:2006
2318:2011
2292:2007
2261:2006
2219:ISBN
2183:2006
2164:2006
2145:2006
2126:2006
2106:2006
2056:ISBN
1894:HTML
1751:TADS
1739:TADS
1712:CP/M
1648:LISP
1644:Zork
1571:are
1521:9:05
1513:TIME
1290:and
1161:Zork
1158:The
1139:and
1048:, a
1038:TADS
892:and
770:and
733:and
684:and
644:Zork
634:and
578:LISP
562:Zork
539:and
524:Zork
457:and
268:Zork
113:CP/M
34:and
4331:FMV
4278:AAA
4255:PVP
4250:MMO
4212:Art
3824:CMS
3804:God
3256:doi
1856:DOS
1810:'s
1796:'s
1786:'s
1693:PCW
1634:IBM
1534:by
1524:by
1502:by
1381:'s
1270:by
1222:by
828:MSX
786:).
574:MDL
455:Ken
453:);
87:or
75:or
4439::
3970:4X
3234:.
3230:.
3197:.
3193:.
3162:.
3109:.
3103:.
3084:.
3080:.
3035:.
2980:.
2976:.
2735:.
2731:.
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2640:.
2636:.
2580:.
2550:.
2532:.
2495:.
2491:.
2477:^
2459:.
2405:.
2397:.
2370:.
2366:.
2339:.
2335:.
2278:.
2251:.
2233:^
2173:.
2154:.
2135:.
2116:.
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1835:.
1749:,
1734:.
1726:,
1722:,
1718:,
1714:,
1707:,
1703:,
1699:,
1687:,
1683:,
1679:,
1104:.
971:.
822:,
782:,
778:,
753:.
741:,
727:UK
636:II
580:.
545:.
533:,
514:.
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271:,
255::
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107:.
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3357:t
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