97:, can also be found in intergenic regions—although they may also be located within genes in introns. It is possible that these regions contain as of yet unidentified functional elements, such as non-coding genes or regulatory sequences. This indeed occurs occasionally, but the amount of functional DNA discovered usually constitute only a tiny fraction of the overall amount of intergenic or intronic DNA.
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Papadopoulos, Chris; Callebaut, Isabelle; Gelly, Jean-Christophe; Hatin, Isabelle; Namy, Olivier; Renard, Maxime; Lespinet, Olivier; Lopes, Anne (2021).
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sequences that mimic those of protein coding genes, and can therefore lead to the evolution of novel protein-coding genes in a process known as
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inference and bioinformatics methods have shown that intergenic regions can—on geological timescales—transiently evolve into
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Papadopoulos C, Callebaut I, Gelly JC, Hatin I, Namy O, Renard M, Lespinet O, Lopes A (December 2021).
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Functional elements in intergenic regions will evolve slowly because their sequence is maintained by
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585:"Intergenic ORFs as elementary structural modules of de novo gene birth and protein evolution"
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477:"Intergenic ORFs as elementary structural modules of de novo gene birth and protein evolution"
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Gardner MJ, Hall N, Fung E, White O, Berriman M, Hyman RW, et al. (October 2002).
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Intergenic regions may contain a number of functional DNA sequences such as
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338:"Similar Ratios of Introns to Intergenic Sequence across Animal Genomes"
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of intergenic regions vary considerably among species. For example in
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387:"Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum"
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In genetics, a stretch of DNA sequences located between genes
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Characterization of intergenic regions and gene definition.
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rate of evolution. Junk DNA sequences are not maintained by
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In humans, intergenic regions comprise about 50% of the
42:. Intergenic regions may contain functional elements and
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mutations with deleterious fitness effects can occur.
287:"Non-coding RNA: what is functional and what is junk?"
122:, many intergenic regions have an AT content of 90%.
261:(4th ed.). Garland Pub. pp. 172–209.
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112:As with most other non-coding DNA, the
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336:Francis WR, Wörheide G (June 2017).
229:Molecular Biology: Genes to Proteins
85:Non-functional DNA elements such as
532:Palazzo AF, Gregory TR (May 2014).
285:Palazzo AF, Lee ES (January 2015).
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231:. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
56:promoters and regulatory elements
432:Molecular Biology and Evolution
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426:Lynch, Michael (2006-02-01).
93:, both of which are types of
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342:Genome Biology and Evolution
76:scaffold attachment regions
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138:and it will evolve at the
38:sequences located between
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70:. They may also contain
50:Properties and functions
635:ENCODE threads Explorer
534:"The Case for Junk DNA"
257:Alberts, Bruce (2014).
209:Whole genome sequencing
80:transposons and viruses
259:Essential Cell Biology
72:origins of replication
66:, and (in eukaryotes)
601:10.1101/gr.275638.121
493:10.1101/gr.275638.121
445:10.1093/molbev/msj050
404:10.1093/molbev/msj050
291:Frontiers in Genetics
119:Plasmodium falciparum
144:purifying selection
354:10.1093/gbe/evx103
179:Promoter (biology)
162:de novo gene birth
158:open reading frame
154:Phylostratigraphic
132:negative selection
659:Molecular biology
595:(12): 2303–2315.
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227:Tropp BE (2008).
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114:GC-content
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60:enhancers
619:34810219
570:24809441
519:34810219
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168:See also
136:junk DNA
95:junk DNA
44:junk DNA
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314:4306305
140:neutral
64:spacers
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184:ENCODE
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78:, and
40:genes
615:PMID
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515:PMID
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458:PMID
450:ISSN
409:PMID
368:PMID
319:PMID
263:ISBN
233:ISBN
174:Exon
146:but
89:and
654:DNA
605:PMC
597:doi
556:PMC
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36:DNA
30:An
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