615:. Skin reactions with interferon beta are more common with subcutaneous administration and vary greatly in their clinical presentation. They usually appear within the first month of treatment albeit their frequence and importance diminish after six months of treatment. Skin reactions are more prevalent in women. Mild skin reactions usually do not impede treatment whereas necroses appear in around 5% of patients and lead to the discontinuation of the therapy. Also over time, a visible dent at the injection site due to the local destruction of fat tissue, known as
734:
29:
587:(MRI). Interferons reduce relapses by approximately 30% and their safe profile make them the first-line treatments. Nevertheless, not all the patients are responsive to these therapies. It is known that 30% of MS patients are non-responsive to Beta interferon. They can be classified in genetic, pharmacological and pathogenetic non-responders. One of the factors related to non-respondance is the presence of high levels of interferon beta neutralizing
5001:
591:. Interferon therapy, and specially interferon beta 1b, induces the production of neutralizing antibodies, usually in the second 6 months of treatment, in 5 to 30% of treated patients. Moreover, a subset of RRMS patients with specially active MS, sometimes called "rapidly worsening MS" are normally non-responders to interferon beta 1a.
604:
649:. Many patients report influenza-like symptoms hours after taking interferon beta that usually improve within 24 hours, being such symptoms related to the temporary increase of cytokines. This reaction tends to disappear after 3 months of treatment and its symptoms can be treated with over-the-counter
705:
To help prevent injection-site reactions, patients are advised to rotate injection sites and use an aseptic injection technique. Injection devices are available to optimize the injection process. Side effects are often onerous enough that many patients ultimately discontinue taking interferons (or
764:
Avonex was approved in the US in 1996, and in the
European Union in 1997, and is registered in more than 80 countries worldwide. It is the leading MS therapy in the US, with around 40% of the overall market, and in the European Union, with around 30% of the overall market. It is produced by the
2302:
Nafissi S, Azimi A, Amini-Harandi A, Salami S, shahkarami MA, Heshmat R (September 2012). "Comparing efficacy and side effects of a weekly intramuscular biogeneric/biosimilar interferon beta-1a with Avonex in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: a double blind randomized clinical trial".
836:
to be approved as biogeneric / biosimilar medicine. There are several clinical studies to prove the similarity of CinnoVex and Avonex. A more water-soluble variant is currently being investigated by the
Vakzine Projekt Management (VPM) GmbH in Braunschweig, Germany.
804:. It was approved in the European Union in 1998, and in the US in 2002; it has since been approved in more than 90 countries worldwide including Canada and Australia. EMD Serono has had sole rights to Rebif in the US since January 2016. Rebif is administered via
657:, that reduce fever and pain. Another common transient secondary effect with interferon-beta is a functional deterioration of already existing symptoms of the disease. Such deterioration is similar to the one produced in MS patients due to heat, fever or stress (
545:
Interferon beta has not been shown to slow the advance of disability. Interferons are not a cure for MS (there is no known cure); the claim is that interferons may slow the progress of the disease if started early and continued for the duration of the disease.
791:
Rebif is a disease-modifying drug (DMD) used to treat multiple sclerosis in cases of clinically isolated syndromes as well as relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis and is similar to the interferon beta protein produced by the human body. It is co-marketed by
1549:
Jacobs LD, Cookfair DL, Rudick RA, Herndon RM, Richert JR, Salazar AM, et al. (March 1996). "Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. The
Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG)".
1420:
Shirani A, Zhao Y, Karim ME, Evans C, Kingwell E, van der Kop ML, et al. (July 2012). "Association between use of interferon beta and progression of disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis".
885:
In the United States, as of 2015, the cost is between US$ 1,284 and US$ 1,386 per 30 mcg vial. As of 2020, the
National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC) in the United States for Avonex was $ 6,872.94 for a 30 mcg kit.
1505:
Calabresi PA, Kieseier BC, Arnold DL, Balcer LJ, Boyko A, Pelletier J, et al. (July 2014). "Pegylated interferon β-1a for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (ADVANCE): a randomised, phase 3, double-blind study".
559:
The earliest clinical presentation of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis is the clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), that is, a single attack of a single symptom. During a CIS, there is a subacute attack suggestive of
1207:"Rebif- interferon beta-1a kit Rebif Rebidose- interferon beta-1a kit Rebif- interferon beta-1a injection, solution Rebif- interferon beta-1a injection, solution Rebif Rebidose- interferon beta-1a injection, solution"
2281:
1925:
Boster A, Edan G, Frohman E, Javed A, Stuve O, Tselis A, et al. (February 2008). "Intense immunosuppression in patients with rapidly worsening multiple sclerosis: treatment guidelines for the clinician".
873:, which is also indicated for MS, but is formulated with a different dose and administered with a different frequency. Each drug has a different safety/efficacy profile. Interferon beta-1b is marketed only by
594:
While more studies of the long-term effects of the drugs are needed, existing data on the effects of interferons indicate that early-initiated long-term therapy is safe and it is related to better outcomes.
3124:
693:
function. In most cases these effects are non-dangerous and reversible after cessation or reduction of treatment. Nevertheless, recommendation is that all patients should be monitored through laboratory
219:
3215:
4146:
576:
Medications are modestly effective at decreasing the number of attacks in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and in reducing the accumulation of brain lesions, which is measured using
2226:
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2710:
3930:
1153:. A pilot trial in hospitalized patients showed higher odds of clinical improvement with SNG001 compared to placebo and in January 2021 a phase 3 trial in this population started.
2925:
174:
496:
2376:
Nikfar S, Rahimi R, Abdollahi M (October 2010). "A meta-analysis of the efficacy and tolerability of interferon-β in multiple sclerosis, overall and by drug and disease type".
2475:
1882:
Buttinelli C, Clemenzi A, Borriello G, Denaro F, Pozzilli C, Fieschi C (November 2007). "Mitoxantrone treatment in multiple sclerosis: a 5-year clinical and MRI follow-up".
661:), usually appears within 24 hours of treatment, is more common in the initial months of treatment, and may last several days. A symptom specially sensitive to worsening is
2655:"Safety and efficacy of inhaled nebulised interferon beta-1a (SNG001) for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial"
2354:
1214:
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2632:
51:
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102:
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1134:
Interferon beta-1a administered subcutaneously or intravenously was investigated since March 2020 as a potential treatment in patients hospitalized with
779:
Avonex is sold in three formulations, a lyophilized powder requiring reconstitution, a pre-mixed liquid syringe kit, and a pen; it is administered via
718:
Interferon beta balances the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory agents in the brain, and reduces the number of inflammatory cells that cross the
3162:
1302:
Murdoch D, Lyseng-Williamson KA (2005). "Spotlight on subcutaneous recombinant interferon-beta-1a (Rebif) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis".
4615:
4604:
4580:
4070:
3266:
2799:
2256:
722:. Overall, therapy with interferon beta leads to a reduction of neuron inflammation. Moreover, it is also thought to increase the production of
3959:
3314:
3271:
3147:
3094:
2767:
2216:
4106:
3916:
3507:
3281:
3086:
2702:
4238:
3246:
3172:
3132:
1744:
Bates D (January 2011). "Treatment effects of immunomodulatory therapies at different stages of multiple sclerosis in short-term trials".
607:
Injectable medications can produce irritation or bruises at injection site. The bruise depicted was produced by a subcutaneous injection.
3638:
650:
611:
Interferon beta-1a is available only in injectable forms, and can cause skin reactions at the injection site that may include cutaneous
5026:
3970:
1247:
1129:
1280:
5031:
4924:
912:
3205:
2467:
741:, typically activate second messenger systems, like JAK-STAT pathways, as illustrated on the left side of the diagram. Conversely,
1174:"Avonex- interferon beta-1a kit Avonex Pen- interferon beta-1a injection, solution Avonex- interferon beta-1a injection, solution"
3276:
3152:
3142:
3099:
2953:
2920:
2900:
2416:
2347:"Plegridy- peginterferon beta-1a kit Plegridy Pen- peginterferon beta-1a kit Plegridy- peginterferon beta-1a injection, solution"
3885:
3241:
2346:
1206:
1173:
3856:
2873:
2173:
Mitsdoerffer M, Kuchroo V (May 2009). "New pieces in the puzzle: how does interferon-beta really work in multiple sclerosis?".
280:
204:
83:
119:
4635:
4337:
3454:
3157:
3069:
1992:
Walther EU, Hohlfeld R (November 1999). "Multiple sclerosis: side effects of interferon beta therapy and their management".
1395:
4991:
4939:
3367:
3236:
3200:
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373:
633:
in order to help fight the infection. They are responsible for many of the symptoms of influenza infections, including
2446:
1081:
852:
2624:
542:. Some research indicates that interferon injections may result in an 18–38% reduction in the rate of MS relapses.
4929:
4571:
3307:
584:
5036:
4530:
4000:
3753:
3499:
3447:
3362:
3137:
3022:
2812:
1456:
Kappos L, Kuhle J, Multanen J, Kremenchutzky M, Verdun di
Cantogno E, Cornelisse P, et al. (November 2015).
1274:
1241:
745:
typically activate different signaling pathways, like G protein-coupled receptors, seen at the top of the figure.
97:
1839:
Bertolotto A, Gilli F (September 2008). "Interferon-beta responders and non-responders. A biological approach".
816:
Cinnovex is the brand name of recombinant
Interferon beta-1a, which is manufactured as biosimilar/biogeneric in
5041:
2595:
1125:
2546:
Pan H, Peto R, Henao-Restrepo AM, Preziosi MP, Sathiyamoorthy V, Abdool Karim Q, et al. (February 2021).
326:
4283:
3979:
3618:
2857:
780:
658:
167:
156:
3995:
1149:
SNG001, an inhalation formulation of interferon beta-1a, is being developed as a treatment for COVID-19 by
4668:
3512:
2791:
805:
422:
163:
4480:
4475:
4426:
3795:
3623:
3614:
3605:
3300:
2497:
Gleason PP, Alexander GC, Starner CI, Ritter ST, Van Houten HK, Gunderson BW, Shah ND (September 2013).
846:
317:
4065:
2759:
4080:
2736:
2248:
1598:
Freedman MS (January 2011). "Long-term follow-up of clinical trials of multiple sclerosis therapies".
4595:
4431:
4136:
4030:
3628:
3180:
3104:
2837:
699:
259:
4838:
2130:
Kieseier BC (June 2011). "The mechanism of action of interferon-β in relapsing multiple sclerosis".
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4328:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4025:
3748:
3633:
3382:
3008:
2930:
1068:
723:
719:
297:
4299:
4157:
4126:
861:
form of
Interferon beta-1a. Plegridy's advantage is it only needs injecting once every two weeks.
5021:
4460:
4455:
4421:
4416:
4362:
4177:
3950:
3942:
3851:
3829:
3807:
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3657:
3610:
3601:
3109:
2993:
2983:
2973:
2328:
2221:
2198:
2155:
2017:
1951:
1907:
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1726:
1623:
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1531:
1327:
1022:
931:
897:
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833:
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707:
581:
533:
529:
130:
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4253:
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4233:
4167:
4116:
1641:
Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, Cutter GR, Sørensen PS, Thompson AJ, et al. (July 2014).
4878:
4868:
4858:
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733:
28:
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4790:
4755:
4500:
4005:
3939:
3185:
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2878:
2684:
2653:
Monk PD, Marsden RJ, Tear VJ, Brookes J, Batten TN, Mankowski M, et al. (February 2021).
2577:
2528:
2393:
2320:
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2147:
2107:
2058:
2009:
1943:
1899:
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1818:
1761:
1718:
1672:
1615:
1567:
1523:
1487:
1438:
1376:
1319:
1041:
900:. This is because it requires a refrigerated chain of distribution and costs $ 17,000 a year.
642:
232:
41:
4815:
3990:
2041:
The
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques
1458:"Factors influencing long-term outcomes in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: PRISMS-15"
4541:
4470:
4465:
4353:
4010:
3890:
3875:
3669:
3559:
2910:
2674:
2666:
2567:
2559:
2518:
2510:
2385:
2312:
2182:
2139:
2097:
2089:
2048:
2001:
1935:
1891:
1848:
1808:
1800:
1753:
1710:
1662:
1654:
1607:
1559:
1515:
1477:
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1430:
1366:
1358:
1311:
1139:
727:
726:
and consequently improve neuronal survival. In vitro, interferon beta reduces production of
666:
438:
306:
251:
4449:
1236:
382:
5005:
4919:
4896:
4441:
4358:
4121:
3651:
3595:
3526:
3470:
3220:
3190:
1269:
1060:
893:
821:
801:
773:
730:
which are a subset of T lymphocytes believed to have a role in the pathophysiology of MS.
2523:
2498:
4780:
4770:
4697:
4314:
4304:
4228:
4060:
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3712:
3407:
3195:
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2412:
2102:
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1813:
1788:
1667:
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1482:
1457:
1371:
1347:"Neutralising antibodies to interferon beta during the treatment of multiple sclerosis"
1346:
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2093:
1939:
1714:
1519:
5015:
4348:
4131:
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3687:
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3530:
3517:
3377:
3043:
2748:
2143:
1895:
1730:
1315:
1100:
769:
561:
75:
2389:
2202:
2159:
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1955:
1911:
1868:
1627:
1579:
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4934:
4853:
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4662:
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4182:
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4020:
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3895:
3863:
3824:
3717:
3552:
3547:
3474:
3392:
3323:
3003:
2332:
2316:
1331:
1146:) but it did not reduce in-hospital mortality compared to local standard of care.
889:
Avonex and Rebif are on the top ten best-selling multiple sclerosis drugs of 2013.
793:
187:
182:
20:
2499:"Health plan utilization and costs of specialty drugs within 4 chronic conditions"
1787:
Rice GP, Incorvaia B, Munari L, Ebers G, Polman C, D'Amico R, Filippini G (2001).
1773:
2278:"EMD Serono Takes on Exclusive Promotion of Rebif (interferon beta-1a) in the US"
1757:
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1611:
1399:
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4309:
4294:
4111:
3834:
3819:
3783:
3679:
3535:
3423:
3018:
3013:
2958:
2548:"Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19 - Interim WHO Solidarity Trial Results"
2514:
1003:
686:
678:
616:
69:
3908:
568:
after an initial attack decreases the risk of developing clinical definite MS.
4800:
4702:
4556:
4101:
3812:
3800:
3732:
3722:
3692:
3576:
3522:
3357:
3352:
3342:
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2998:
2978:
2963:
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2822:
2053:
2036:
1852:
1804:
984:
695:
682:
674:
670:
662:
622:
588:
577:
565:
525:
477:
357:
1473:
4974:
4969:
4750:
4197:
3868:
3763:
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3727:
3387:
3347:
3038:
3033:
2842:
2827:
1150:
1143:
858:
654:
630:
626:
55:
2688:
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2397:
2324:
2194:
2151:
2111:
2062:
2013:
1947:
1903:
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1822:
1765:
1722:
1676:
1619:
1527:
1491:
1442:
1434:
1380:
1323:
2563:
2005:
1571:
1563:
1362:
564:
which should be included in the spectrum of MS phenotypes. Treatment with
4202:
3844:
3788:
3564:
3490:
3439:
3402:
3337:
3028:
2817:
1135:
829:
646:
612:
521:
337:
114:
1643:"Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions"
710:, a comparable disease-modifying therapy requiring regular injections).
346:
3880:
2832:
2037:"Lipoatrophy in patients with multiple sclerosis on glatiramer acetate"
638:
538:
101:
2186:
619:, may develop, however, this rarely occurs with interferon treatment.
4775:
4765:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
3428:
3397:
2807:
797:
772:
company, originally under competition protection in the US under the
766:
413:
2603:
2035:
Edgar CM, Brunet DG, Fenton P, McBride EV, Green P (February 2004).
603:
402:
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4386:
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4374:
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4366:
4263:
2703:"Synairgen begins large-scale trial of inhaled COVID-19 treatment"
874:
732:
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634:
602:
4830:
4742:
4679:
2852:
817:
393:
238:
92:
3912:
3443:
3296:
3292:
2763:
2217:"F.D.A. Approves a Biogen Drug for Treating Multiple Sclerosis"
226:
109:
2625:"University-led COVID19 drug trial expands into home testing"
2078:"Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza"
1345:
Giovannoni G, Munschauer FE, Deisenhammer F (November 2002).
213:
141:
3216:
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts
2468:"The top 10 best-selling multiple sclerosis drugs of 2013"
1701:
Compston A, Coles A (October 2008). "Multiple sclerosis".
877:
in the US as
Betaseron, and outside the US as Betaferon.
4071:
Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (CERA/Mircera)
503:
1789:"Interferon in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis"
820:. It is produced in a lyophilized form and sold with
4989:
2926:
Lesional demyelinations of the central nervous system
2413:"Decoding Big Pharma's Secret Drug Pricing Practices"
629:, are produced in the body during illnesses such as
4909:
4887:
4829:
4741:
4678:
4661:
4654:
4634:
4614:
4594:
4570:
4529:
4336:
4327:
4282:
4262:
4211:
4145:
4089:
3978:
3969:
3949:
3776:
3741:
3705:
3678:
3575:
3498:
3489:
3482:
3416:
3330:
3259:
3229:
3171:
3123:
3085:
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372:
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336:
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296:
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258:
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173:
155:
129:
82:
68:
50:
40:
35:
1462:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
1351:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
1168:
1166:
3115:Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
1201:
1199:
4163:Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
1987:
1985:
3211:Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter
2125:
2123:
2121:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1834:
1832:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1593:
1591:
1589:
532:(MS). It is produced by mammalian cells, while
305:
2596:"COVID Trial at Home - developed by Synairgen"
832:, and is the first therapeutic protein from a
3924:
3455:
3308:
2775:
824:for injection. Cinnovex was developed at the
665:. Interferon-beta can also reduce numbers of
8:
2749:"Interferon Beta-1a Intramuscular Injection"
2600:Covid Trial at Home - developed by Synairgen
853:Multiple_sclerosis_research § Phase_III
118:
19:
1793:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4930:Leukemia/leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF)
4675:
4658:
4333:
3975:
3931:
3917:
3909:
3495:
3486:
3462:
3448:
3440:
3315:
3301:
3293:
3082:
2782:
2768:
2760:
2443:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
4925:FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L)
4354:Interferon alpha (interferon alfa, IFN-α)
3163:Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
2678:
2571:
2522:
2101:
2052:
1812:
1666:
1481:
1370:
869:Closely related to interferon beta-1a is
381:
4947:Additional cytokine receptor modulators:
3267:List of multiple sclerosis organizations
1126:Coronavirus disease 2019 § Research
902:
4996:
1162:
896:that would only be available through a
345:
285:
74:
4771:Cucurbitacin I (elatericin B, JSI-124)
3272:List of people with multiple sclerosis
3148:Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
3095:Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
18:
4107:Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
2478:from the original on 26 February 2024
1283:from the original on 11 November 2020
702:, to ensure safe use of interferons.
421:
60:
7:
4466:Interferon kappa (IFN-ε/κ/τ/ζ, IFNK)
4239:Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
3247:Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome
3133:Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
2743:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
2229:from the original on 22 January 2021
1250:from the original on 26 October 2020
800:in the US under an exception to the
651:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
186:
4940:Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)
2552:The New England Journal of Medicine
2305:Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery
401:
2713:from the original on 7 August 2021
1217:from the original on 24 March 2021
1184:from the original on 25 March 2021
1130:COVID-19 drug repurposing research
14:
2419:from the original on 13 July 2016
2357:from the original on 26 June 2020
16:Cytokine in the interferon family
4999:
3277:Multiple sclerosis drug pipeline
3153:Diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis
3143:Marburg acute multiple sclerosis
3100:Diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis
2954:Management of multiple sclerosis
2921:Radiologically isolated syndrome
2901:Expanded Disability Status Scale
2659:The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine
2503:Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy
2144:10.2165/11591110-000000000-00000
1896:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01969.x
1316:10.2165/00063030-200519050-00005
455:
449:
27:
4471:Interferon omega (IFN-ω, IFNW1)
3857:Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid
2874:Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
2635:from the original on 2020-06-06
2390:10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.10.006
2284:from the original on 2023-03-29
2259:from the original on 2024-04-07
2082:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
1142:(initially in combination with
46:Avonex, Rebif, Plegridy, others
3158:Tumefactive multiple sclerosis
3070:Research in multiple sclerosis
2790:Demyelinating diseases of the
2317:10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.02.039
865:Betaferon (interferon beta-1b)
857:Plegridy is a brand name of a
467:
461:
443:
1:
2671:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30511-7
2280:(Press release). EMD Serono.
2094:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X
1940:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70020-6
1884:European Journal of Neurology
1715:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61620-7
1520:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70068-7
3368:Human chorionic gonadotropin
3237:Central pontine myelinolysis
3206:Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease
3201:Metachromatic leukodystrophy
2896:Clinically isolated syndrome
2867:Investigations and diagnosis
2411:Langreth R (June 29, 2016).
2249:"Neurology & Immunology"
1758:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182050388
1659:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000560
1612:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318205051d
555:Clinically isolated syndrome
4315:Thrombopoietin (THPO, MGDF)
4081:Pegol sihematide (EPO-018B)
4001:Carbamylated erythropoietin
3242:Marchiafava–Bignami disease
2515:10.18553/jmcp.2013.19.7.542
1082:Adrenocorticotropic hormone
5058:
3500:Colony-stimulating factors
2076:Eccles R (November 2005).
1396:"Is Avonex Right for You?"
1123:
850:
844:
585:magnetic resonance imaging
433:Chemical and physical data
5027:Drugs developed by Pfizer
4864:Tofacitinib (tasocitinib)
4821:Tofacitinib (tasocitinib)
4728:Tofacitinib (tasocitinib)
3754:Histamine dihydrochloride
3363:Gonadotropin preparations
3138:Balo concentric sclerosis
2054:10.1017/s0317167100002845
1853:10.1007/s10072-008-0941-2
1805:10.1002/14651858.CD002002
1275:European Medicines Agency
1242:European Medicines Agency
1089:Questcor Pharmaceuticals
493:
276:
26:
5032:Drugs developed by Merck
4542:Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)
3886:Bacillus Calmette–Guérin
2439:"NADAC as of 2020-02-12"
2291:– via PR Newswire.
1474:10.1136/jnnp-2014-310024
536:is produced in modified
4442:Interferon beta (IFN-β)
3706:Other protein / peptide
3619:Ropeginterferon alfa-2b
2741:Drug Information Portal
781:intramuscular injection
518:interferon beta 1-alpha
62:Professional Drug Facts
4920:Cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1)
3513:Efbemalenograstim alfa
3079:Demyelinating diseases
2792:central nervous system
1847:(Suppl 2): S216–S217.
1752:(1 Suppl 1): S14–S25.
1606:(1 Suppl 1): S26–S34.
1435:10.1001/jama.2012.7625
892:It is an example of a
828:in collaboration with
806:subcutaneous injection
746:
608:
572:Relapsing-remitting MS
4917:Additional cytokines:
4844:Decernotinib (VX-509)
4481:Peginterferon alfa-2b
4476:Peginterferon alfa-2a
3996:Asialo erythropoietin
3796:heterocyclic compound
3615:Peginterferon alfa-2b
3606:Peginterferon alfa-2a
2564:10.1056/NEJMoa2023184
2378:Clinical Therapeutics
2006:10.1212/wnl.53.8.1622
1928:The Lancet. Neurology
1841:Neurological Sciences
1564:10.1002/ana.410390304
1508:The Lancet. Neurology
1394:Stachowiak J (2008).
1363:10.1136/jnnp.73.5.465
1279:. 17 September 2018.
1246:. 17 September 2018.
847:Peginterferon beta-1a
834:Fraunhofer laboratory
736:
689:), as well as affect
606:
528:family used to treat
288:Human interferon beta
4432:Interferon alfacon-1
4061:Erythropoietin (EPO)
3629:Interferon alfacon-1
3181:Adrenoleukodystrophy
3105:MOG antibody disease
2907:Serological and CSF
2858:Uhthoff's phenomenon
2737:"Interferon beta-1a"
2474:. 9 September 2014.
700:liver function tests
659:Uhthoff's phenomenon
4579:See IL-28R (IFNLR)
4547:Interferon gamma 1b
4437:Interferon alpha-n3
3749:Female sex steroids
3634:Interferon alpha-n3
3383:Luteinizing hormone
3009:Monomethyl fumarate
2709:. 13 January 2021.
2175:Annals of Neurology
1709:(9648): 1502–1517.
1552:Annals of Neurology
1138:in a multinational
1069:Acorda Therapeutics
1027:Betaseron/Betaferon
750:Society and culture
737:Cytokines, such as
724:nerve growth factor
720:blood brain barrier
714:Mechanism of action
222:(Prescription only)
23:
4935:Oncostatin M (OSM)
4461:Interferon beta 1b
4456:Interferon beta 1a
4427:Interferon alfa n1
4422:Interferon alfa 2b
4417:Interferon alfa 2a
4251:Kinase inhibitors:
3852:polyribonucleotide
3830:Glatiramer acetate
3663:Interferon beta 1b
3658:Interferon beta 1a
3624:Interferon alfa n1
3611:Interferon alfa 2b
3602:Interferon alfa 2a
3373:Interferon beta-1a
3110:Multiple sclerosis
2994:Interferon beta-1b
2989:Interferon beta-1a
2984:Glatiramer acetate
2974:Diroximel fumarate
2947:Approved treatment
2800:Signs and symptoms
2222:The New York Times
1023:Interferon beta 1b
967:Interferon beta 1a
950:Interferon beta 1a
932:Glatiramer acetate
898:specialty pharmacy
871:interferon beta-1b
826:Fraunhofer Society
747:
708:glatiramer acetate
609:
534:interferon beta-1b
530:multiple sclerosis
514:Interferon beta-1a
120:Interferon_beta-1a
21:Interferon beta-1a
4987:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4905:
4904:
4672:
4590:
4589:
4323:
4322:
4066:Erythropoietin-Fc
3940:Cytokine receptor
3906:
3905:
3772:
3771:
3701:
3700:
3437:
3436:
3290:
3289:
3255:
3254:
3186:Alexander disease
2969:Dimethyl fumarate
2911:Oligoclonal bands
2879:McDonald criteria
2384:(11): 1871–1888.
2187:10.1002/ana.21722
1890:(11): 1281–1287.
1468:(11): 1202–1207.
1180:. 30 March 2020.
1112:
1111:
1042:Dimethyl fumarate
1030:Bayer HealthCare
909:2013 Global Sales
667:white blood cells
511:
510:
242:
230:
217:
145:
112:
95:
5049:
5037:Immunostimulants
5004:
5003:
5002:
4995:
4676:
4666:
4659:
4518:Decoy receptors:
4334:
4011:Darbepoetin alfa
3976:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3910:
3891:Melanoma vaccine
3876:Inosine pranobex
3808:hydroxyquinoline
3670:Interferon gamma
3496:
3487:
3471:Immunostimulants
3464:
3457:
3450:
3441:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3294:
3083:
3053:Other treatments
2931:Dawson's fingers
2784:
2777:
2770:
2761:
2756:
2744:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2682:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2602:. Archived from
2592:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2445:. Archived from
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2353:. 19 July 2019.
2343:
2337:
2336:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2127:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2056:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2000:(8): 1622–1627.
1989:
1960:
1959:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1698:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1595:
1584:
1583:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1398:. Archived from
1391:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1170:
1140:Solidarity trial
903:
625:, a subclass of
507:
506:
499:
488:
486:
469:
463:
457:
451:
445:
425:
405:
385:
349:
329:
309:
263:
240:
237:
228:
225:
215:
212:
190:
143:
140:
122:
111:
108:
105:
94:
91:
78:
64:
31:
24:
22:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5042:Specialty drugs
5012:
5011:
5010:
5000:
4998:
4990:
4988:
4979:
4901:
4897:Deucravacitinib
4883:
4825:
4737:
4665:
4650:
4630:
4610:
4586:
4566:
4525:
4359:Interferon alfa
4319:
4278:
4258:
4207:
4141:
4137:Pegnartograstim
4122:Lipegfilgrastim
4085:
4031:Epoetin epsilon
3965:
3945:
3937:
3907:
3902:
3768:
3737:
3697:
3674:
3652:Interferon beta
3596:Interferon alfa
3571:
3527:Lipegfilgrastim
3478:
3468:
3438:
3433:
3412:
3326:
3321:
3291:
3286:
3282:Pathophysiology
3251:
3225:
3221:CAMFAK syndrome
3191:Canavan disease
3167:
3119:
3074:
3048:
2942:
2862:
2794:
2788:
2747:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2636:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2609:
2607:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2452:
2450:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2262:
2260:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2129:
2128:
2119:
2088:(11): 718–725.
2075:
2074:
2070:
2034:
2033:
2029:
1991:
1990:
1963:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1799:(4): CD002002.
1786:
1785:
1781:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1700:
1699:
1684:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1597:
1596:
1587:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1405:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1213:. 5 June 2020.
1205:
1204:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1132:
1122:
1117:
1086:H.P. Acthar Gel
1061:4-Aminopyridine
883:
867:
855:
849:
843:
822:distilled water
814:
802:Orphan Drug Act
789:
774:Orphan Drug Act
762:
757:
752:
716:
601:
574:
557:
552:
502:
500:
497:(what is this?)
494:
484:
482:
472:
466:
460:
454:
448:
428:
408:
388:
368:
352:
332:
312:
292:
289:
284:
283:
261:
252:Pharmacokinetic
246:
194:
158:
151:
132:
125:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5055:
5053:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5008:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4893:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4839:Cercosporamide
4835:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4781:Deuruxolitinib
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4747:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4698:Deuruxolitinib
4695:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4673:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4640:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4620:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4600:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4576:
4574:
4572:IFNLR (λ, III)
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4535:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4356:
4351:
4342:
4340:
4338:IFNAR (α/β, I)
4331:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4305:Promegapoietin
4302:
4297:
4288:
4286:
4284:Thrombopoietin
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4268:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4229:Interleukin-34
4226:
4217:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4095:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3984:
3982:
3980:Erythropoietin
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3913:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3713:Growth hormone
3709:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3639:feline "omega"
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3608:
3599:
3593:
3581:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3520:
3515:
3504:
3502:
3493:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3408:Tegafur/uracil
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3196:Krabbe disease
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3023:+hyaluronidase
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2886:Poser criteria
2883:
2882:
2881:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2848:Optic neuritis
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2745:
2731:
2730:External links
2728:
2725:
2724:
2694:
2665:(2): 196–206.
2645:
2616:
2587:
2558:(6): 497–511.
2538:
2509:(7): 542–548.
2489:
2459:
2430:
2403:
2368:
2338:
2311:(7): 986–989.
2294:
2269:
2240:
2225:. 8 May 1996.
2208:
2181:(5): 487–488.
2165:
2138:(6): 491–502.
2117:
2068:
2027:
1961:
1934:(2): 173–183.
1917:
1874:
1828:
1779:
1736:
1682:
1653:(3): 278–286.
1633:
1585:
1558:(3): 285–294.
1541:
1514:(7): 657–665.
1497:
1448:
1429:(3): 247–256.
1412:
1386:
1357:(5): 465–469.
1337:
1310:(5): 323–325.
1294:
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1228:
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1161:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1121:
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1055:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1019:$ 1.38 billion
1017:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1001:
1000:$ 1.41 billion
998:
994:
993:
990:
987:
982:
981:$ 1.93 billion
979:
975:
974:
971:
968:
965:
964:$ 2.51 billion
962:
958:
957:
954:
951:
948:
947:$ 3.00 billion
945:
941:
940:
937:
934:
929:
928:$ 4.33 billion
926:
922:
921:
918:
915:
910:
907:
894:specialty drug
882:
879:
866:
863:
845:Main article:
842:
839:
813:
810:
788:
785:
761:
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748:
715:
712:
696:blood analyses
600:
597:
573:
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548:
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508:
491:
490:
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279:
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209:
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196:
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153:
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137:
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123:
106:
88:
86:
80:
79:
72:
66:
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58:
48:
47:
44:
38:
37:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5054:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5007:
4997:
4993:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4531:IFNGR (γ, II)
4528:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:Albinterferon
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4147:GM-CSF (CSF2)
4144:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4132:Pegfilgrastim
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4051:Epoetin theta
4049:
4047:
4046:Epoetin omega
4044:
4042:
4041:Epoetin kappa
4039:
4037:
4036:Epoetin gamma
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4026:Epoetin delta
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3934:
3929:
3927:
3922:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
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3850:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3825:oligopeptides
3823:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
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3794:
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3740:
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3721:
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3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
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3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
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3681:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3664:
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3649:
3647:
3644:
3640:
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3625:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:Albinterferon
3589:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:Pegfilgrastim
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3518:Eflapegrastim
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3460:
3458:
3453:
3451:
3446:
3445:
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3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:Levothyroxine
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3044:Teriflunomide
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
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2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
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2927:
2924:
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2919:
2918:
2917:Radiological
2916:
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2902:
2899:
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2660:
2656:
2649:
2646:
2634:
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2629:medicalxpress
2626:
2620:
2617:
2606:on 2022-05-07
2605:
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2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2530:
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2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2449:on 2020-02-18
2448:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2418:
2415:. Bloomberg.
2414:
2407:
2404:
2399:
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2387:
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2318:
2314:
2310:
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2298:
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2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
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1835:
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1489:
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1479:
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1471:
1467:
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1459:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1413:
1402:on 2016-03-03
1401:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
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1352:
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1295:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1237:"Avonex EPAR"
1232:
1229:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1156:
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1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1101:Teriflunomide
1099:
1097:$ 221 million
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:$ 250 million
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:$ 303 million
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:$ 876 million
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1005:
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770:biotechnology
768:
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614:
605:
598:
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592:
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586:
583:
579:
571:
569:
567:
563:
562:demyelination
554:
549:
547:
543:
541:
540:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
505:
498:
492:
481:
479:
475:
442:
440:
436:
431:
424:
423:ChEMBL1201562
420:
419:
417:
415:
411:
404:
400:
399:
397:
395:
391:
384:
380:
379:
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375:
371:
364:
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359:
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348:
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328:
324:
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321:
319:
315:
308:
304:
303:
301:
299:
295:
286:
282:
275:
270:
266:
264:
257:
253:
249:
243: Rx-only
236:
234:
224:
221:
211:
210:
208:
206:
202:
197:
189:
184:
181:
180:
178:
176:
172:
169:
168:intramuscular
165:
162:
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154:
148:
139:
138:
136:
134:
128:
121:
116:
107:
104:
99:
90:
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87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
43:
39:
36:Clinical data
34:
30:
25:
4955:Lestaurtinib
4946:
4916:
4854:Ritlecitinib
4786:Lestaurtinib
4733:Upadacitinib
4562:Fontolizumab
4553:
4538:
4517:
4506:Rontalizumab
4487:
4345:
4300:Pegacaristim
4291:
4250:
4220:
4213:M-CSF (CSF1)
4193:Mavrilimumab
4189:
4183:Sargramostim
4173:Molgramostim
4158:Ecogramostim
4154:
4127:Nartograstim
4098:
4091:G-CSF (CSF3)
4076:Peginesatide
4056:Epoetin zeta
4021:Epoetin beta
4016:Epoetin alfa
3987:
3896:Sipuleucel-T
3864:thiazolidine
3718:Immunocyanin
3680:Interleukins
3645:
3584:
3553:Sargramostim
3548:Molgramostim
3393:Mitoxantrone
3372:
3324:Merck Serono
3125:Inflammatory
3004:Mitoxantrone
2988:
2838:Incontinence
2752:
2740:
2715:. Retrieved
2706:
2697:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2637:. Retrieved
2628:
2619:
2608:. Retrieved
2604:the original
2599:
2590:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2472:FiercePharma
2471:
2462:
2451:. Retrieved
2447:the original
2442:
2433:
2421:. Retrieved
2406:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2350:
2341:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2286:. Retrieved
2272:
2261:. Retrieved
2252:
2243:
2231:. Retrieved
2220:
2211:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2135:
2131:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2047:(1): 58–63.
2044:
2040:
2030:
1997:
1993:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1844:
1840:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1706:
1702:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1603:
1599:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1404:. Retrieved
1400:the original
1389:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1273:
1270:"Rebif EPAR"
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1240:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1210:
1186:. Retrieved
1177:
1148:
1133:
1049:Biogen Idec
1011:Biogen Idec
956:Biogen Idec
891:
888:
884:
868:
856:
815:
794:Merck Serono
790:
778:
763:
742:
738:
717:
704:
698:, including
639:muscle aches
621:
610:
599:Side effects
593:
575:
558:
550:Medical uses
544:
537:
517:
513:
512:
501:
495:
260:Elimination
205:Legal status
199:Legal status
164:Subcutaneous
84:License data
4965:Quizartinib
4960:Midostaurin
4849:Peficitinib
4811:Ruxolitinib
4806:Peficitinib
4761:Baricitinib
4723:Ruxolitinib
4718:Peficitinib
4713:Oclacitinib
4708:Momelotinib
4693:Baricitinib
4688:Abrocitinib
4596:Interleukin
4554:Antibodies:
4511:Sifalimumab
4496:Faralimomab
4491:Anifrolumab
4488:Antibodies:
4310:Romiplostim
4295:Eltrombopag
4264:SCF (c-Kit)
4190:Antibodies:
4178:Regramostim
4112:Lenograstim
3840:Thymosin α1
3835:Thymopentin
3820:Mifamurtide
3784:beta-glucan
3688:Aldesleukin
3577:Interferons
3536:Lenograstim
3424:Merck Group
3019:Ocrelizumab
3014:Natalizumab
2959:Alemtuzumab
2753:MedlinePlus
2707:PharmaTimes
1004:Natalizumab
973:Merck KGaA
917:Brand names
755:Brand names
739:interferons
687:neutropenia
683:neutrophils
679:lymphopenia
675:lymphocytes
623:Interferons
617:lipoatrophy
566:interferons
489: g·mol
307:145258-61-3
272:Identifiers
70:MedlinePlus
42:Trade names
5016:Categories
4950:Emfilermin
4801:Pacritinib
4703:Filgotinib
4669:inhibitors
4557:Emapalumab
4329:Interferon
4254:Agerafenib
4244:Mirimostim
4234:Lanimostim
4168:Milodistim
4117:Leridistim
4102:Filgrastim
3943:modulators
3813:Roquinimex
3801:Plerixafor
3733:Tasonermin
3723:Pegademase
3693:Oprelvekin
3523:Filgrastim
3483:Endogenous
3358:Efalizumab
3353:Cladribine
3343:Bisoprolol
3173:Hereditary
3087:Autoimmune
3063:Daclizumab
2999:Laquinimod
2979:Fingolimod
2964:Cladribine
2938:Frexalimab
2823:Dysarthria
2813:Depression
2639:2020-05-27
2610:2021-08-08
2453:2020-02-18
2288:2021-08-08
2263:2021-08-08
2233:16 January
1406:2008-05-07
1157:References
1124:See also:
985:Fingolimod
920:Companies
851:See also:
728:Th17 cells
671:leukopenia
663:spasticity
653:, such as
589:antibodies
578:gadolinium
526:interferon
478:Molar mass
383:XRO4566Q4R
358:ChemSpider
318:IUPHAR/BPS
298:CAS Number
281:IUPAC name
5022:Cytokines
4975:Sunitinib
4970:Sorafenib
4879:ZM-449829
4869:WHI-P 154
4859:TCS-21311
4796:NSC-33994
4751:Atiprimod
4539:Agonists:
4521:Bifarcept
4346:Agonists:
4292:Agonists:
4224:Cilmostim
4221:Agonists:
4198:Namilumab
4155:Agonists:
4099:Agonists:
3988:Agonists:
3951:Chemokine
3869:Pidotimod
3777:Exogenous
3764:Vitamin D
3759:Poly ICLC
3728:Prolactin
3491:Cytokines
3388:Metformin
3348:Cetuximab
3039:Siponimod
3034:Ponesimod
2892:Clinical
2843:Nystagmus
2828:Dysphagia
2253:EMD Group
2132:CNS Drugs
1994:Neurology
1746:Neurology
1731:195686659
1647:Neurology
1600:Neurology
1287:1 October
1254:1 October
1221:1 October
1188:1 October
1151:Synairgen
1144:lopinavir
1046:Tecfidera
992:Novartis
881:Economics
859:pegylated
655:ibuprofen
647:headaches
631:influenza
627:cytokines
262:half-life
157:Routes of
131:Pregnancy
56:Drugs.com
5006:Medicine
4874:ZM-39923
4791:NSC-7908
4756:AZD-1480
4647:instead.
4627:instead.
4607:instead.
4583:instead.
4501:MEDI-545
4275:instead.
4203:Otilimab
4006:CNTO-530
3962:instead.
3881:vaccines
3845:Thymulin
3789:Lentinan
3565:Ancestim
3403:Serostim
3338:Avelumab
3331:Products
3029:Ozanimod
2818:Diplopia
2717:7 August
2711:Archived
2689:33189161
2633:Archived
2582:33264556
2533:23964615
2524:10437312
2482:8 August
2476:Archived
2417:Archived
2398:21095482
2361:30 March
2355:Archived
2351:DailyMed
2325:22429566
2282:Archived
2257:Archived
2227:Archived
2203:42050086
2195:19479722
2160:25516515
2152:21649449
2112:16253889
2063:15038472
2022:30330292
2014:10563602
1956:40367120
1948:18207115
1912:36392563
1904:17956449
1869:19618597
1861:18690496
1823:11687131
1766:21205678
1723:18970977
1677:24871874
1628:16929304
1620:21205679
1580:24663294
1536:45183415
1528:24794721
1492:26374702
1443:22797642
1381:12397132
1324:16207073
1304:BioDrugs
1281:Archived
1248:Archived
1215:Archived
1211:DailyMed
1182:Archived
1178:DailyMed
1136:COVID-19
1120:COVID-19
1115:Research
936:Copaxone
841:Plegridy
830:CinnaGen
812:Cinnovex
743:hormones
613:necrosis
582:enhanced
522:cytokine
504:(verify)
338:DrugBank
175:ATC code
133:category
115:DailyMed
4816:SD-1008
3991:ARA-290
3654:natural
3598:natural
3417:Related
3059:Former
2833:Fatigue
2680:7836724
2573:7727327
2423:15 July
2333:9236986
2103:7185637
1814:7017973
1668:4117366
1572:8602746
1483:4680156
1372:1738139
1332:3122427
1108:Sanofi
1105:Aubagio
1008:Tysabri
989:Gilenya
643:fatigue
539:E. coli
524:in the
520:) is a
439:Formula
347:DB00060
191:)
185: (
183:L03AB07
146: D
117::
100::
76:a604005
4992:Portal
4910:Others
4776:CYT387
4766:CHZ868
4655:Others
4411:IFNA21
4407:IFNA17
4403:IFNA16
4399:IFNA14
4395:IFNA13
4391:IFNA10
3543:GM-CSF
3429:Serono
3398:Saizen
2808:Ataxia
2687:
2677:
2580:
2570:
2531:
2521:
2396:
2331:
2323:
2201:
2193:
2158:
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2110:
2100:
2061:
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2012:
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1946:
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1128:, and
1065:Ampyra
953:Avonex
798:Pfizer
767:Biogen
760:Avonex
681:) and
645:, and
516:(also
414:ChEMBL
403:D04554
267:10 hrs
233:℞-only
231:
218:
113:
103:by INN
96:
4450:IFNB3
4446:IFNB1
4387:IFNA8
4383:IFNA7
4379:IFNA6
4375:IFNA5
4371:IFNA4
4367:IFNA2
4363:IFNA1
3742:Other
3585:alpha
3508:G-CSF
3260:Other
3230:Other
2329:S2CID
2199:S2CID
2156:S2CID
2018:S2CID
1952:S2CID
1908:S2CID
1865:S2CID
1770:S2CID
1727:S2CID
1624:S2CID
1576:S2CID
1532:S2CID
1328:S2CID
1277:(EMA)
1244:(EMA)
970:Rebif
939:Teva
875:Bayer
787:Rebif
691:liver
635:fever
4889:TYK2
4831:JAK3
4743:JAK2
4680:JAK1
4645:here
4643:See
4625:here
4623:See
4616:TGFβ
4605:here
4603:See
4581:here
4273:here
4271:See
3960:here
3958:See
3646:beta
2853:Pain
2719:2021
2685:PMID
2578:PMID
2529:PMID
2484:2021
2425:2016
2394:PMID
2363:2020
2321:PMID
2235:2021
2191:PMID
2148:PMID
2108:PMID
2059:PMID
2010:PMID
1944:PMID
1900:PMID
1857:PMID
1819:PMID
1797:2001
1762:PMID
1719:PMID
1673:PMID
1616:PMID
1568:PMID
1524:PMID
1488:PMID
1439:PMID
1423:JAMA
1377:PMID
1320:PMID
1289:2020
1256:2020
1223:2020
1190:2020
818:Iran
796:and
453:1408
394:KEGG
374:UNII
365:none
327:8339
254:data
52:AHFS
4663:JAK
4636:TNF
3971:CSF
3560:SCF
3475:L03
2675:PMC
2667:doi
2568:PMC
2560:doi
2556:384
2519:PMC
2511:doi
2386:doi
2313:doi
2309:114
2183:doi
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2049:doi
2002:doi
1936:doi
1892:doi
1849:doi
1809:PMC
1801:doi
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1707:372
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