81:
180:. From the fall of 1944, many non-Jewish partners in mixed marriages were drafted for forced labor. In the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, some Czech men married to Jewish women were sent to a forced labor camp and promised release if they agreed to divorce. In Greater Germany, the divorce rate has been estimated by historians between 7 and 10 percent.
188:
In
Amsterdam, intermarried Jews had a 59% lower risk of dying than those who were not intermarried. By September 1944, 98 percent of surviving German and Austrian Jews were in mixed marriages, according to official statistics. More than 90 percent of intermarried Jews from Greater Germany survived
116:
With Adolf Hitler's approval, Hermann
Goering established the privileged mixed marriages category in late December 1938. This category provided exemptions from certain persecution measures for families with gentile husbands and families with children raised as non-Jews due to their supposed closer
120:
During the onset of World War II, female Jewish spouses in privileged mixed marriages were exempted from food restrictions and were not required to wear the yellow badge, which was mandatory for all Jews after
September 1941. These exemptions were designed to provide a veneer of legitimacy to the
112:
In
Germany, marriages between a Jewish woman and a "German-blooded" man in which children were raised without Jewish faith were considered "privileged mixed marriages". Jewish women in such marriages received better rations than other Jews, and were exempted from a variety of Nazi decrees. Even
124:
In the
Netherlands, all intermarried couples were exempt from deportation until September 1942, at which point Jewish men without children were no longer exempt. The families had to register with the authorities to receive the exemption. In the
372:. Decree of the Reichs Ministry of Alimentation and Agriculture, March 11, 1940, NĂĽrnberger Dokumente (Institut fĂĽr Zeitgeschichte), NI 14581; Police regulations on the mandatory identification of Jews, September 1, 1941, in
133:, intermarried Jews were mostly exempt from deportation. Even if exemptions from deportation did not exist, Jews in mixed marriages often received help from non-Jewish relatives enabling them to hide and survive.
285:
Frommer, Benjamin (2020). "Privileged
Victims: Intermarriage between Jews, Czechs, and Germans in the Nazi Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia". In Edgar, Adrienne; Frommer, Benjamin (eds.).
360:
Strnad. (2019). A Question of Gender! Spaces of
Violence and Reactions to Kristallnacht in Jewish-Gentile Families. In New Perspectives on Kristallnacht (p. 59). Purdue University Press.
176:
Intermarried families faced strong pressure to divorce, especially those in which the non-Jewish partner was female. The non-Jewish partner often faced loss of a job or property due to
637:
Strnad, Maximilian (2020). "Petitioning for "Equal
Treatment": The Struggles of Intermarried Holocaust Survivors in Postwar Germany". In Kaplan, Thomas Pegelow; Gruner, Wolf (eds.).
55:, which urged them to divorce in order to end the Jewish partner's legal protection. With a survival rate greatly exceeding that of other Jews, over 90% of intermarried Jews in
165:. In January 1945, the exemption from deportation was revoked and many intermarried Jews were deported to Theresienstadt Ghetto. However, most of them survived the war.
201:
In the aftermath of the
Holocaust, intermarried families contended with the attitudes of other Jews and Jewish organizations that disapproved of intermarriage.
389:
Alfred
Gottwaldt and Diana Schulle, Die “Judendeportationen” aus dem Deutschen Reich 1941–1945. Eine kommentierte Chronologie (Wiesbaden: Marixverlag, 2005).
168:
In some cases, the Gestapo would arrest intermarried Jews or their non-Jewish spouses on fabricated charges, often as a pretext to steal their property.
32:
80:
51:
from intermarrying with Jews, did not dissolve the marriages of existing German–Jewish couples, though they still came under immense pressure from the
149:, many intermarried German Jews were arrested. None of them were deported; some historians have argued that this outcome was the result of the
708:
646:
609:
294:
97:
241:
Strnad, Maximilian (2015). "The Fortune of Survival – Intermarried German Jews in the Dying Breath of the 'Thousand-Year Reich'".
193:
estimates that most intermarried Jews in Bohemia and Moravia survived the Nazi occupation, if they were not divorced or widowed.
535:"The Factory Action and the Events at the Rosenstrasse in Berlin: Facts and Fictions about 27 February 1943: Sixty Years Later"
141:
Instead of being deported, many intermarried Jews in greater Germany were instead drafted into forced labor battalions with
100:, marriages between Jews and Germans were banned upon the German invasion in March 1939, but it was possible for Jews and
31:" were partially exempted from anti-Jewish legislation, and, until early 1945, were largely spared from being deported to
737:
162:
130:
113:"non-privileged mixed marriages" brought important privileges, such as the Jewish partner's right not to be deported.
498:
Hoppenbrouwers, Frans (2004). "The principal victim: Catholic antisemitism and the holocaust in Central Europe".
36:
84:
Among the advantages of living in a "privileged mixed marriage" was exemption from the requirement to wear a
732:
60:
158:
96:
banned marriage between Jews and those of "German blood". Existing marriages were not dissolved. In the
117:
ties to the German "Volksgemeinschaft". As a result, these families were spared from being ghettoized.
150:
570:
562:
515:
480:
258:
40:
455:
Ward, James Mace (2002). ""People Who Deserve It": Jozef Tiso and the Presidential Exemption".
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Intermarriage from Central Europe to Central Asia: Mixed Families in the Age of Extremes
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93:
44:
721:
574:
484:
262:
121:
Nazi regime's persecution of Jews and create a division within the Jewish community.
101:
28:
20:
519:
153:. In 1943, those Jews whose marriages had ended were ordered to be deported by the
468:
177:
146:
126:
64:
56:
680:
663:
328:
254:
312:""Privileged" under Nazi-Rule: The Fate of Three Intermarried Families in Vienna"
511:
550:
422:
85:
52:
558:
476:
406:"Surviving the Holocaust: Socio-demographic Differences Among Amsterdam Jews"
361:
664:""Doubtful Cases": Intermarried Families in the Post-Holocaust Jewish World"
441:
347:
701:
Privileg Mischehe?: Handlungsräume "jüdisch versippter" Familien 1933-1949
16:
Nazi Germany's treatment of Jews married to non-Jews during World War II
566:
534:
154:
48:
639:
Resisting Persecution: Jews and Their Petitions during the Holocaust
79:
157:; as a result, in January 1944, some 1,000 Jews were deported to
24:
27:
who were married to non-Jews. Generally, Jewish spouses in "
63:
were able to avoid being murdered by the Nazis during
600:
Bukey, Evan Burr (2010). "Epilogue and Conclusions".
161:. Most of them perished after being transported to
289:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 47–82.
23:, the German government was more lenient with
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602:Jews and Intermarriage in Nazi Austria
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533:Gruner, Wolf; Marcum, Ursula (2003).
7:
98:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
14:
310:Raggam-Blesch, Michaela (2019).
703:(in German). Wallstein Verlag.
243:Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust
604:. Cambridge University Press.
469:10.1080/00905992.2002.10540508
410:European Journal of Population
1:
681:10.1080/02619288.2020.1794839
329:10.1080/14623528.2019.1634908
255:10.1080/23256249.2015.1082806
316:Journal of Genocide Research
163:Auschwitz concentration camp
131:Independent State of Croatia
699:Strnad, Maximilian (2021).
668:Immigrants & Minorities
512:10.1080/0963749042000182078
500:Religion, State and Society
380:(RGBl.) I 1941, p. 547
104:to marry until March 1942.
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551:10.1163/156916103770866112
137:Other forms of persecution
29:privileged mixed marriages
423:10.1007/s10680-016-9403-3
539:Central European History
404:Tammes, Peter (2017).
374:
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61:German-occupied Europe
662:Yehudai, Ori (2020).
159:Theresienstadt Ghetto
83:
457:Nationalities Papers
151:Rosenstrasse protest
76:Ban on intermarriage
738:Marriage in Judaism
172:Pressure to divorce
41:extermination camps
37:concentration camps
641:. Berghahn Books.
145:. During the 1943
90:
710:978-3-8353-4626-0
648:978-1-78920-720-0
611:978-1-139-49729-9
376:Reichsgesetzblatt
296:978-1-4962-0211-6
143:Organization Todt
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674:(1–2): 27–53.
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65:World War II
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86:yellow star
722:Categories
625:Bukey 2010
588:Bukey 2010
205:References
184:Statistics
108:Exemptions
53:Nazi Party
575:146326322
559:0008-9389
485:154244279
477:1465-3923
263:163076737
197:Aftermath
189:the war.
92:The 1935
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348:31708684
129:and the
728:Exogamy
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155:Gestapo
71:Effects
57:Germany
49:Germans
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39:, or
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555:ISSN
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438:PMID
344:PMID
291:ISBN
59:and
25:Jews
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