298:, during which they would establish a political international for democrats of different nationalities. In February 1855, this committee formed the nucleus for the creation of the International Committee (IC), which brought together representatives from Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain, with the intention of coordinating revolutionaries of different countries in a single
510:
International." In contrast, Henry
Collins and Chimen Abramsky pointed out that the IA was relatively small, short-lived and uninfluential, describing it more as a "herald of the future than a thing of actual flesh and blood". Although the IA's influence during its own time was limited, many of its members went on to join the
509:
According to Arthur
Lehning, the International Association was "the first international organization of a proletarian and socialist character, and forms the last and most important link in the series of international manifestations during the three decades prior to the foundation of the First
293:
established a "Welcome and
Protest Committee" to respectively welcome Barbès to Britain and protest Napoleon's upcoming state visit to the country. When neither Barbès nor Bonaparte ultimately travelled to Britain, the Chartists took the opportunity to expand the scope of the organisation,
440:
By the end of the 1850s, the IA was experiencing a marked decline. In 1858, the
National Charter Association held its last convention and, the following year, its leadership merged into the newly established
305:
On 10 August 1856, members of the IC held a meeting at the John Street
Institution; there they established the International Association (IA), a political international dedicated to the abolition of
844:
834:
829:
294:
reorienting the committee to establishing connections with other
European democrats. On 21 January 1855, they decided to organise a meeting for the anniversary of the
501:
The executive organ of the IA was its
Central Council, which published the IA's bulletin. The IA allowed women to join as members, which was a rarity at the time.
849:
859:
241:
854:
511:
445:. In 1859, after Napoleon III proclaimed a general amnesty, many of the IA's French members withdrew and returned to their home country. In 1861, the
105:
760:
338:
213:
264:
that had brought together many of these polticial refugees, struggled to handle the turmoil of 1848 and ultimately dissolved in 1854.
702:
416:
The IA hosted celebrations to mark the anniversaries of various revolutionary events in history, including the establishment of the
236:, thousands of political refugees from throughout Europe fled political repression in their home countries and sought asylum in
358:
217:
130:
122:
387:
370:
221:
756:"The International Association (1855-1859): a Contribution to the Preliminary History of the First International"
425:
295:
793:
392:. The IA also established a section in the United States, where German and French exiles set up branches in
299:
197:
135:
318:
209:
679:
493:
between working people although not all its members agreed on the specifics of its socialist programme.
417:
803:
735:
458:
362:
306:
290:
253:
205:
44:
382:
256:, which they used to hold meetings and publish radical publications throughout the early 1850s. The
470:
257:
249:
233:
95:
446:
442:
429:
366:
194:
177:
172:
839:
807:
777:
739:
708:
698:
462:
449:
also proclaimed an amnesty, and the IA's German members likewise left for their home country.
421:
310:
201:
769:
690:
474:
278:
457:
The
International Association's ultimate objective was the overthrow the existing order of
208:. It brought together representatives from several different nations, including the French
721:
486:
478:
374:
342:
322:
245:
797:
751:
725:
823:
482:
405:
350:
330:
261:
789:
282:
755:
687:"Arise Ye Wretched of the Earth": The First International in a Global Perspective
466:
162:
712:
773:
694:
490:
401:
781:
743:
334:
314:
152:
727:
Karl Marx and the
British Labour Movement: Years of the First International
485:, argued that no true democrat could object to gender equality. The IA was
811:
354:
313:. The IA brought together organisations from four different nations: the
286:
157:
147:
397:
477:'s interpretation of internationalism. The IA also advocated for full
731:
393:
237:
115:
285:
and subsequently fled into exile, in the autumn of 1854,
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
594:
592:
590:
680:"The IWMA and Its Precursors in London, c. 1830–1860"
845:
Defunct international non-governmental organizations
171:
121:
111:
101:
91:
76:
50:
40:
32:
23:
514:(IWMA), which was established in London in 1863.
8:
835:1861 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
260:, an international organisation founded by
20:
830:1855 establishments in the United Kingdom
802:. Translated by Paul, Eden; Paul, Cedar.
661:
649:
637:
610:
598:
553:
541:
529:
761:International Review for Social History
581:
569:
557:
522:
512:International Workingmen's Association
339:German Workers Educational Association
214:German Workers Educational Association
106:International Workingmen's Association
850:International socialist organizations
7:
860:Organizations disestablished in 1861
799:History of The First International
481:; one member, the French feminist
14:
855:Organizations established in 1855
794:"Harbingers of The International"
189:(IA), established in 1855 as the
16:Socialist political international
347:Deutscher Arbeiterbildungsverein
244:, these refugees were extended
1:
371:Polish Revolutionary Society
359:National Charter Association
222:Polish Revolutionary Society
218:National Charter Association
489:at its core and called for
428:(24 February 1848) and the
876:
678:Bensimon, Fabrice (2018).
379:Gromada Rewolucyjna Polska
774:10.1017/S187308410000032X
695:10.1163/9789004335462_003
420:(21 September 1792), the
296:French Revolution of 1848
187:International Association
26:International Association
465:. It was opposed to the
424:(29 November 1830), the
64:10 August 1856
752:Lehning, Arthur Mueller
327:Commune révolutionnaire
300:political international
198:political international
191:International Committee
173:Political position
136:Revolutionary socialism
378:
346:
326:
804:Russell & Russell
418:French First Republic
319:Revolutionary Commune
210:Revolutionary Commune
204:and the abolition of
459:class stratification
307:class stratification
254:freedom of the press
216:(DABV), the British
206:class stratification
471:class collaboration
426:February Revolution
367:Polish nationalists
258:Fraternal Democrats
250:freedom of assembly
234:Revolutions of 1848
200:that advocated for
96:Fraternal Democrats
806:. pp. 13–33.
689:. pp. 21–38.
584:, p. 212-213.
473:, associated with
447:Kingdom of Prussia
430:June Days uprising
54:February 1855
664:, pp. 33–34.
652:, pp. 32–33.
613:, pp. 31–32.
544:, pp. 29–30.
463:social revolution
422:November Uprising
355:British Chartists
335:German communists
315:French socialists
311:social revolution
287:British Chartists
202:social revolution
183:
182:
102:Succeeded by
867:
815:
785:
747:
722:Abramsky, Chimen
720:Collins, Henry;
716:
684:
665:
659:
653:
647:
641:
635:
614:
608:
602:
596:
585:
579:
573:
567:
561:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
475:Giuseppe Mazzini
432:(22 June 1848).
391:
349:; DABV), led by
281:was pardoned by
262:British radicals
131:Internationalism
92:Preceded by
87:
85:
71:
69:
61:
59:
21:
875:
874:
870:
869:
868:
866:
865:
864:
820:
819:
818:
790:Stekloff, G. M.
788:
750:
719:
705:
682:
677:
673:
668:
660:
656:
648:
644:
636:
617:
609:
605:
597:
588:
580:
576:
568:
564:
552:
548:
540:
536:
528:
524:
520:
507:
499:
487:anti-capitalist
479:gender equality
455:
438:
414:
385:
381:; GRP), led by
275:
270:
246:civil liberties
230:
167:
140:
83:
81:
67:
65:
63:
57:
55:
28:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
873:
871:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
822:
821:
817:
816:
786:
748:
717:
703:
674:
672:
669:
667:
666:
654:
642:
615:
603:
586:
574:
572:, p. 212.
562:
560:, p. 212.
556:, p. 31;
546:
534:
521:
519:
516:
506:
503:
498:
495:
454:
451:
437:
434:
413:
410:
383:Ludwik Oborski
361:(NCA), led by
329:; CR), led by
274:
271:
269:
266:
242:United Kingdom
232:Following the
229:
226:
220:(NCA) and the
181:
180:
175:
169:
168:
166:
165:
160:
155:
150:
144:
139:
138:
133:
127:
125:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
78:
74:
73:
52:
48:
47:
42:
38:
37:
34:
30:
29:
25:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
872:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
825:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
704:9789004335462
700:
696:
692:
688:
681:
676:
675:
670:
663:
662:Bensimon 2018
658:
655:
651:
650:Bensimon 2018
646:
643:
640:, p. 32.
639:
638:Bensimon 2018
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
616:
612:
611:Bensimon 2018
607:
604:
601:, p. 31.
600:
599:Bensimon 2018
595:
593:
591:
587:
583:
578:
575:
571:
566:
563:
559:
555:
554:Bensimon 2018
550:
547:
543:
542:Bensimon 2018
538:
535:
532:, p. 30.
531:
530:Bensimon 2018
526:
523:
517:
515:
513:
504:
502:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
483:Jeanne Deroin
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
452:
450:
448:
444:
443:Liberal Party
435:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
411:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
389:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:Karl Schapper
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:Armand Barbès
273:Establishment
272:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
227:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
196:
192:
188:
179:
176:
174:
170:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
143:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
126:
124:
120:
117:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
79:
75:
53:
49:
46:
43:
39:
35:
31:
22:
19:
798:
765:
759:
726:
686:
671:Bibliography
657:
645:
606:
582:Lehning 1938
577:
570:Lehning 1938
565:
558:Lehning 1938
549:
537:
525:
508:
500:
497:Organization
456:
439:
415:
363:Ernest Jones
304:
291:Ernest Jones
283:Napoleon III
276:
231:
193:(IC), was a
190:
186:
184:
141:
112:Headquarters
45:Ernest Jones
33:Abbreviation
18:
768:: 185–284.
713:10023109880
467:nationalism
436:Dissolution
386: [
163:Nationalism
72:(as the IA)
62:(as the IC)
824:Categories
518:References
491:solidarity
412:Activities
402:Cincinnati
331:FĂ©lix Pyat
228:Background
212:(CR), the
68:1856-08-10
792:(1968) .
782:0020-8590
744:802881640
736:Macmillan
240:. In the
195:left-wing
178:Left-wing
153:Communism
142:Factions:
77:Dissolved
840:Chartism
754:(1938).
724:(1965).
453:Ideology
406:New York
309:through
248:such as
158:Feminism
148:Chartism
123:Ideology
398:Chicago
369:of the
357:of the
337:of the
317:of the
289:led by
268:History
224:(GRP).
82: (
66: (
58:1855-02
56: (
51:Founded
41:Founder
812:268772
810:
780:
742:
732:London
711:
701:
505:Legacy
394:Boston
375:Polish
365:; and
343:German
323:French
277:After
238:London
116:London
683:(PDF)
461:in a
390:]
808:OCLC
778:ISSN
740:OCLC
709:OCLC
699:ISBN
469:and
404:and
252:and
185:The
84:1861
80:1861
770:doi
691:doi
826::
796:.
776:.
764:.
758:.
738:.
734::
730:.
707:.
697:.
685:.
618:^
589:^
408:.
400:,
396:,
388:pl
377::
353:;
345::
333:;
325::
302:.
36:IA
814:.
784:.
772::
766:3
746:.
715:.
693::
373:(
341:(
321:(
86:)
70:)
60:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.