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Sault Ste. Marie, and the
Niagara River. Thus at the International Irrigation Congresses in Denver, Colorado, in 1894 and in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 1895, resolutions were introduced by the Canadian delegate and adopted unanimously by the American, Mexican, and Canadian delegations. The resolution recommended to the United States "the appointment of an international commission to act in conjunction with the authorities of Mexico and Canada in adjudicating the conflicting rights which have arisen, or may hereafter arise, on streams of an international character." In 1896, the Canadian Government requested that the British Ambassador at Washington inform the American Government that it was prepared to cooperate "by appointment of an international commission or otherwise" in the regulation of international streams for irrigation purposes.
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Momentum for a boundary waters treaty built up against a background of difficulties encountered in apportioning the waters of the St. Mary and Milk Rivers in the west, the Rainy River, the
Chicago Diversion of Lake Michigan (which at the time lowered lake levels by 6 inches), the St. Mary's River at
216:, arms, and inlets thereof, but not including tributary waters which in their natural channels would flow into such lakes, rivers, and waterways, or waters flowing from such lakes, rivers, and waterways, or canals or streams, or steams or the waters of rivers flowing across the boundary.
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be approved by a majority of the three
Canadian and three American Commissioners (Articles III, IV, VII, VIII). The IJC can only provide research or orders of approval if either federal government submits a referral (Article IX).
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United States of
America. "Treaty Between the United States and Great Britain Relating to Boundary Waters, and Questions Arising Between the United States and Canada." Treaty doc. Washington. 1909. Web.
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and navigation forever (Article I). It grants respective federal and state/provincial governments legal jurisdiction over the use, obstruction, and diversion of these waters (Article II). It creates the
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United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions. "International Boundary Waters Treaty Act." Treaty doc. R.S.C.. 1985. c. I-17. Washington. 1909. Web.
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Treaty
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International Joint
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Harrison, John. "Boundary Waters Treaty." Northwest Power and
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The Treaty's framework prevents and resolves disputes over boundary waters. It defines boundary waters as
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on
January 11, 1909. It was approved for ratification by the required supermajority (two-thirds) of the
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at the time, subsequently enacted the
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Great Lakes–Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement
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ratified Canada's corollary International Boundary Waters Treaty Act.
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