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stance of the Nazi regime was not so 'moderate' as it had partially appeared in earlier years and marked the transition from social exclusion and discrimination to open persecution of Jews under the dictatorship. After 10 November, about 30,000 Jews were arrested; many of them later died in
67:
in Berlin, when viewed together in their respective contexts and received in relation to one another, form contextually and ideologically contrasting and polarizing highlights of the historical-political examination of
Germany's history, especially that of the 20th century.
493:, this date was considered inappropriate as a national holiday. The date of the formal reunification of Germany, 3 October 1990, was therefore chosen as the date for this German national holiday, and it replaced June 17th, the celebration of the
543:
527:
374:(the Night of Broken Glass) or Reichspogromnacht, from 9 to 10 November, synagogues and Jewish property were burned and destroyed on a large scale, and more than four hundred Jews were killed or driven to commit suicide. In
312:, until then hardly known to the general public, attempted a coup against the democratic Reich government on the 5th anniversary of the proclamation of the Republic. Hitler's march through Munich was stopped in front of the
657:
559:
326:. He was sentenced to five years in prison but was released after nine months for good conduct. Only after 1930 would Hitler gain significant voter support, a process that would culminate in the
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parliamentary democracy, which in some areas resembled a civil war, the supporters of the soviet model were defeated. Liebknecht himself was assassinated two months later, together with
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The term "Kristallnacht" is often regarded as too euphemistic for the atrocities committed by the Nazis and only draws attention to the broken property.
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There are eight events in German history that are connected to 9 November, five of which had considerable historical consequences: the execution of
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of 1933. After his political takeover, he declared 9 November a national holiday, and every year a celebration in remembrance of the so-called
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793:
750:
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against German Jews in 1938, 9 November is a day of remembrance in
Germany for the victims of Nazism — in addition to the official national
336:(blood-witnesses), the victims of the Beer Hall Putsch, took place. It was at one such ceremony, on the evening of November 8, 1939, that
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members in civilian clothes, are portrayed as an expression of "popular anger" against the Jews. The event demonstrated that the
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227:, who would replace Ebert as head of government in 1919, proclaimed the German republic from a window of the
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179:, was executed. The execution can be seen as a symbolic event or forecast of the ultimate crushing of the
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497:. East Germany opened checkpoints on this day which allowed people to cross into West Germany.
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has been the date of a series of events that are considered political turning points in recent
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411:(English: Under the gowns – Mustiness of a 1000 years), which will become the symbol of the
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Am 9. November. Innenansichten eines
Jahrhunderts. 1918, 1923, 1938, 1969, 1974, 1989
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by
Bavarian police who opened fire. Sixteen Nazis and four policemen were killed.
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Hitler used the subsequent trial to stage himself as the leading figure of the
195:
Philipp
Scheidemann during the proclamation of the Republic on November 9, 1918
116:(January 1945). 27 January is also the international day of remembrance of the
332:
309:
301:
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698:(in German). Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte, Year 69. p. 1–16.
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published in
Germany that told the story of the German insurrection of 1918.
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in German) for this date, but it only became widespread after the events of
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before the
Emperor had in fact abdicated, and handed the chancellorship to
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Ein schwieriger
Gedenktag. Der 9. November in Geschichte und Erinnerung
340:'s failed bomb assassination attempt on Hitler took place in Munich's
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9 November 1967: At the inauguration ceremony of the new rector of
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9 November 1938: Marked the culmination of what is today known as
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190:
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Der 9. November in der deutschen
Geschichte 1918–1923 – 1938–1989
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9 November 1969: The left-wing extremist terrorist organization
243:), proclaimed a "Free Socialist Republic" from a balcony of the
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as an important player in
Germany's political landscape. Adolf
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In the ensuing conflicts between the supporters of a socialist
284:(The Ninth of November) is also the title of a 1920 novel by
663:
Stern "Schicksalstag der Deutschen": Gedenkstunden in Berlin
483:. November 9th was originally considered to be the date for
415:. The motto alluded to propaganda that Nazi Germany was the
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on 27 January and the anniversary of the liberation of the
75:, various historians and journalists coined the expression
726:(in German). 3rd Edition. Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau.
618:
European Civil War Films: Memory, Conflict, and Nostalgia
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and started a series of events that ultimately led to
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Netzeitung: 9. November als "deutscher Schicksalstag"
171:, one of the leading figures of the democrats in the
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Der 9. November: die Deutschen und ihr Schicksalstag
235:, one of the leaders of the left-wing revolutionary
18:International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism
707:(in German). Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne.
274:was constituted in August 1919 (named after the
437:in Berlin. However, the bomb does not explode.
425:Attack at the Jewish Community Center in Berlin
27:Date of many important events in German history
487:, but because it was also the anniversary of
407:, students unfurled a banner with the slogan
163:9 November 1848: After being arrested in the
8:
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703:Hilbrenner, Anke; Jahnz, Charlotte (2019).
641:Deutsche Welle: Schicksalstag der Deutschen
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537:proclaims the Republic, 9 November 1918.
409:Unter den Talaren – Muff von 1000 Jahren
203:, in view of the imminent defeat of the
677:Das deutsche Datum. Der neunte November
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378:, the outrages, committed primarily by
549:Munich Marienplatz during the failed
270:on January 15. In the aftermath, the
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521:by Austrian troops, 9 November 1848.
247:. It was Scheidemann's intention to
616:Kosmidou, Eleftheria Rania (2012).
276:National Assembly meeting in Weimar
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495:uprising of 1953 in East Germany
445:9 November 1974: The imprisoned
421:(English: Thousand-year Reich).
679:(in German). Herder, Freiburg.
147:in 1923, the Nazi antisemitic
43:in 1989, the beginning of the
1:
187:November revolution in Berlin
794:History of Germany by period
506:9 November in German history
296:9 November 1923: The failed
215:announced the abdication of
199:9 November 1918: During the
151:in 1938 and the fall of the
114:Auschwitz concentration camp
61:proclamation of the Republic
251:before the communists did.
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658:Was ist Was: Schicksalstag
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399:Hamburg University protest
773:9. November (Deutschland)
675:Brenner, Wolgang (2019).
477:the separation of Germany
745:(in German). Beck C. H.
741:Niess, Wolfgang (2021).
356:50th anniversary of the
328:Nazis' electoral victory
159:Execution of Robert Blum
587:fall of the Berlin Wall
473:fall of the Berlin Wall
467:Fall of the Berlin Wall
461:Fall of the Berlin Wall
435:Jewish Community Center
292:Hitler putsch in Munich
183:in April and May 1849.
181:German March Revolution
41:fall of the Berlin Wall
694:Conze, Eckart (2019).
453:dies after 58 days of
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110:Holocaust memorial day
104:In remembrance of the
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589:, 9–10 November 1989.
565:Burning synagogue in
471:9 November 1989: The
441:Death of Holger Meins
433:places a bomb in the
431:Tupamaros West-Berlin
418:Tausendjähriges Reich
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249:proclaim the republic
231:. A few hours later,
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138:end of the monarchies
71:After the end of the
775:at Wikimedia Commons
651:1 March 2013 at the
553:, 8–9 November 1923.
481:German reunification
360:(November 9, 1938):
308:, the leader of the
173:Frankfurt Parliament
722:Koch, Jörg (2009).
535:Philipp Scheidemann
501:Photography gallery
393:concentration camps
362:Deutsche Bundespost
286:Bernhard Kellermann
225:Philipp Scheidemann
201:November Revolution
65:November Revolution
63:in 1918 during the
573:, 9 November 1938.
405:Hamburg University
366:
197:
177:German revolutions
120:proclaimed by the
771:Media related to
752:978-3-406-77731-8
733:978-3-7930-9596-5
714:978-3-462-05144-5
686:978-3-451-38475-2
517:The execution of
266:, by reactionary
118:victims of Nazism
53:Reichspogromnacht
47:in 1938 (German:
16:(Redirected from
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485:German Unity Day
413:protests of 1968
342:Bürgerbräukeller
298:Beer Hall Putsch
237:Spartacus League
122:General Assembly
106:November pogroms
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73:Second World War
59:in 1923 and the
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282:Der 9. November
272:Weimar Republic
258:and those of a
256:soviet republic
233:Karl Liebknecht
221:Friedrich Ebert
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264:Rosa Luxemburg
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145:putsch attempt
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789:Coincidence
519:Robert Blum
388:antisemitic
364:stamp, 1988
338:Georg Elser
310:NSDAP party
211:Chancellor
209:World War I
175:and in the
169:Robert Blum
153:Berlin Wall
134:Robert Blum
124:of the UN.
99:autumn 1989
92:Day of Fate
783:Categories
635:References
626:1136250646
449:terrorist
333:Blutzeugen
302:Nazi Party
217:Wilhelm II
33:9 November
268:Freikorps
260:pluralist
229:Reichstag
155:in 1989.
799:November
649:Archived
567:Eisenach
533:Berlin,
324:movement
322:Völkisch
569:during
223:(SPD).
149:pogroms
86:
55:), the
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730:
711:
683:
624:
475:ended
306:Hitler
142:Hitler
128:Events
595:Notes
747:ISBN
728:ISBN
709:ISBN
681:ISBN
622:ISBN
585:The
382:and
83:lit.
447:RAF
278:).
207:in
51:or
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380:SA
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