1979–1980 International Harvester strike

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shareholders could observe the meeting. The overflow room was at a hotel several blocks away. But when the meeting opened with about 200 seats still empty, McCardell delayed proceedings for an hour as 175 UAW members were brought from the hotel to the First Chicago Center. The UAW bitterly attacked McCardell throughout the proceedings. Cletus Williams, chairman of the UAW's negotiating committee, accused McCardell of manipulating the shareholders' meeting so that many UAW members didn't know they could attend until it was too late. Despite the rancorous shareholders' meeting, bargainers resumed talks that same day. IH once more altered its overtime proposal, suggesting that employees be required to work up to 14 Saturdays a year and establishing a voluntary pool of part-time workers to fill in shifts when not enough full-time workers volunteered to work a particular Saturday shift. But the company withdrew its proposal when the union declared its opposition.

567:, and high manufacturing costs pushed the company's total debt to a whopping $ 4.5 billion. On December 23, 1981, the company reached an agreement with 200 of its lenders to refinance $ 4.15 billion of its debt in a bid to avoid bankruptcy. On January 20, 1982, the UAW rejected Harvester's request for concessions because McCardell had just given $ 6 million in bonuses to salaried employees. But with the firm's financial condition rapidly worsening, the UAW opened negotiations in March 1982. Negotiators reached a tentative agreement nearly two years to the day after the 1979–1980 strike ended, giving Harvester $ 200 million in wage, benefit, pension, and other savings over three years. 342:

ending what was then the longest strike in history against that heavy-equipment manufacturer. Nonetheless, talks broke off December 15, the same day the Caterpillar strike ended. Days later, International Harvester announced a year-to-year increase of 98 percent in its profits for the entire fiscal year. Yearly earnings reached a record $ 369.9 million, and sales rose a 25.9 percent to reach a record $ 8.4 billion. Net income nearly doubled to $ 12.01 a share (up from $ 6.14 a share). But on January 10, 1980, the company said that losses in the first quarter of the year (November 1979 to January 1980) could be as high as $ 225 million (or 10 percent of the company's

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complained about the inexperience of McCardell and Chandler, arguing that this inexperience lessened the company's ability to divine the union's real bargaining positions. When McCardell and Chandler were not at the bargaining table, negotiators who were present had no real authority to bargain on behalf of the company. Combined, these two factors significantly hindered IH's bargaining abilities. As one scholar pointed out: "There was no sense that the company negotiators had the capacity to understand the industry, the union's positions, or the politics that these leaders faced; neither were these negotiators truly free to develop that understanding."

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adding five shifts a week, and instituting a mandatory overtime scheme; the company claimed it had lost $ 1.3 billion over the previous three years over these issues. Many companies in turnaround seek to improve product design and production processes, and managerial expertise before seeking labor concessions. But McCardell concluded that the fastest way to achieve cost savings was to persuade workers to accept work rules changes which would have cost employees $ 100 million. Surprisingly, however, IH agreed to match the pay increase pattern set earlier in the year by automobile manufacturers in

346:) if the strike continued. To help weather the strike, International Harvester's top 25 officers took 20 percent salary cuts, travel expenses were curtailed, meetings were cancelled or moved to company offices, the budget for the annual stockholders' meeting scaled back, advertising spending curtailed, capital spending slashed by $ 100 million (to $ 400 million), and a new line of credit established to provide access to emergency funds (if needed). McCardell, however, vowed to continue to seek agreement on the company's seven demands. 298:

wildcat strike to protest the slow pace of negotiations at that company. Six days later, the union made it clear it would strike IH if no agreement was reached, but IH officials merely reiterated that their seven demands must be met. Another 17,000 Caterpillar workers struck on October 28, and IH officials suggested that the UAW would be too financially exhausted and organizationally stretched too thin to engage in a third strike. International Harvester refused to budge on its demand for mandatory overtime.

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such as seniority and the lack of mandatory overtime without giving itself room to negotiate—which greatly prolonged the strike. The seeming arrogance of top company officials is considered by many to be a serious strategic error. Company officials seemed surprised that the union could hold out for any length of time, and McCardell appeared to assume that the international union staff (not rank and file members) were pushing for a strike.

199:. He received a then-exorbitant salary of $ 460,000 (making him one of the highest-paid CEOs in the country), a $ 1.5 million signing bonus and a $ 1.8 million loan at 6 percent interest. He instituted an aggressive cost-cutting program which immediately cut spending by $ 640 million and a modernization program which poured $ 879 million over three years into the company's plants. His actions boosted 540: 234:, W. Grant Chandler (who was to assist McCardell in all union negotiations). McCardell's actions stripped the company of nearly all its experienced labor negotiators, and those who remained were mostly ignored during the upcoming round of negotiations. McCardell and Chandler had little labor relations experience, however, and none in heavy manufacturing or in negotiating with the UAW. 1845: 442:

worker issues were all still outstanding, the council felt it could not recommend ratification. With six of IH's largest local unions still negotiating, International vice president Pat Greathouse announced that the UAW was breaking off talks at the national level in order to focus on these local contracts. The company agreed, feeling the six large locals—located in

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compromises. The company's "match the pay pattern" announcement also had the effect of depriving union leaders of the ability to claim a "win" in negotiations by claiming they had achieved a pay raise—making it harder for union negotiators to "sell" more hard-to-swallow compromises later, and forcing the union to entrench itself to achieve gains in other areas.

338:, and Texas—struck International Harvester at noon rather than accept the new work rules and mandatory overtime provisions. But McCardell was not alarmed, seeing the strike as a way to challenge the union's power in the workplace and as an opportunity to improve efficiency by regaining concessions the company had made in the past. 294:

collective bargaining agreements were not reached. The UAW's contract at International Harvester expired on October 1, 1979. But despite the union's more rigid stands, a council of all 51 IH local unions agreed to extend the contract on a day-to-day basis as negotiations continued.—a decision opposed by the international union.

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purged every six months), there were no restrictions on transfers to higher-paying jobs, and lateral and downward transfer requests were limited to six a year. At other plants, a few stricter limitations were set, such as limiting transfers to one every 90 days. But industry analysts agreed that these were marginal gains.

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The strike severely impacted the company's financial status. International Harvester lost $ 257.2 million in the second quarter, for a total of $ 479.4 million in the first half of the year, while sales slid 47.3 percent. The company confirmed earlier rumors and put its Scout utility vehicle division

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The strike lasted 172 days, at the time making it (at the time) the longest in UAW history and the longest strike in International Harvester history. International Harvester made key errors—including using inexperienced negotiators, going public with bargaining demands, and attacking key union issues

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Days before the shareholder meeting, International Harvester reported a first-quarter loss of $ 222.2 million. The company also admitted that unfilled orders of $ 4.2 billion, up from $ 2.8 billion a year earlier, and attributed the loss and backlog to the effects of the strike. Despite the loss, the

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approached, the union accused International Harvester of attempting to prevent union members' attendance. The United Auto Workers, which owned six shares of Harvester stock, accused the company of deliberately selecting a meeting hall which was too small to accommodate the number of union members who

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The company and union resumed talks on February 4, 1980, but the discussions ended after just one day. IH modified its overtime proposal to require worker consent, and asked the union to create a group of part-time employees who would be mandated to work overtime when not enough regulartime employees

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For nearly a month, no talks were held. The two sides met briefly on Monday, November 26, for roughly an hour, but no progress was made. Thereafter, the union stepped up its pressure on the company. Bargaining reopened on December 13. As the talks resumed, the UAW settled the strike at Caterpillar,

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The contentious issue of limitations on the number and type of job transfers was dropped from the master contract and addressed to varying degrees in plant-level agreements. Limitations varied widely. In one plant, employees could make no more than five transfer requests at one time (files would be

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Amid calls to submit the unfinished tentative agreements to the membership for ratification and halt the strike, the 300 members of the International Harvester council of 51 local unions overwhelmingly rejected any such proposals. Because the job transfer, new plant contract extension, and the piece

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from Prime 1 to Prime 2. The company estimated the downgrade would cost it $ 4 million in profits by the end of the fiscal year. In yet another cost-cutting move, 8,000 of the company's 10,000 salaried and management employees were forced to take a week's vacation due to low workloads. Rumors of yet

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raised 5 cents to 62.5 cents. Net income for the quarter rose to $ 67.91 million, an 89 percent increase over the same period last year, and net income for the first three quarters of the year was $ 221.9 million, a 95 percent increase over the previous year. The company said prospects for the final

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Nearly all independent commentators saw the agreement as a losing proposition for International Harvester. The company had incurred deep financial costs, lost market share, and achieved none of its key demands despite McCardell's assertions that the proposals were critical to the company's success.

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could be found to work. The union rejected the proposal without explanation and walked out of the talks. The strike, by now the longest in International Harvester's history as well as the longest in UAW history (surpassing the old record of 117 days), resumed and the union threatened to stay on the

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While International Harvester was forced to cut costs, the United Auto Workers improved its financial position. On January 30, 1980, the union gave striking workers a $ 15-a-week across-the-board increase in strike benefits, raising the benefit to $ 55 a week for a single worker and $ 65 a week for

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Instead of a similar long list of demands (which the company had traditionally countered with in the past), Chandler gave the union only seven demands and advised it that these proposals must be dealt with, strike or no strike. The proposals were aimed at largely ending job transfers and seniority,

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The annual shareholders' meeting, held at the First Chicago Center in Chicago on February 21, was described by the press as "turbulent." On February 20, the union obtained a court order requiring International Harvester to set up closed-circuit television facilities so members of the UAW and other

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The company's downward financial spiral continued. For fiscal year 1980, 1981, and 1982, International Harvester incurred a combined three-year loss of $ 2.4 billion—the largest such three-year loss for any American company in history at the time. International Harvester sold its farm equipment

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IH also agreed to extend the union contract to only one new plant. The pact only covered the proposed facility in Wagoner, Okla. While union members would be given preference for jobs at Wagoner, they would lose their seniority and would have to accept the Wagoner plant's pay and fringe benefits

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In late October, IH received mixed signals about the Auto Workers' intentions and capabilities. On October 18, the union reached a new three-year agreement with Deere & Co. after an 18-day strike by 31,000 employees, while at the same time 23,000 of Caterpillar's 40,000 workers engaged in a

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Other company actions unintentionally hardened negotiating positions and decreased trust between the two parties. The company moved the negotiations out of a neutral local hotel and into management conference rooms, limited informal side conversations (which had been used in the past to explore

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team composed of 20 representatives from 51 IH local unions. Among the proposed changes to the contract that the union proposed was that the union contract be automatically extended to any new plants opened by International Harvester—essentially allowing the union to organize new workers without

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Although the East Moline and Rock Island locals settled their local contracts in the next week, local issue bargaining collapsed after three days. The job transfer issue prevented resolution of the remaining four local contracts. The company believed that if these four local contracts could be

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International Harvester's behavior at and away from the bargaining table, coupled with the company's exceedingly positive economic news, hardened the UAW's bargaining position. On September 14, 1979, the UAW said it would strike all heavy-equipment manufacturers it was negotiating with if new

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Despite the concession, these early negotiations did not go well. McCardell and Chandler were inexperienced negotiatiors, not picking up on the private signals the union sent and did not understand the importance of the signals when they did become aware of them. Even company-side negotiators

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But talks did not break off after resuming during the annual shareholder's meeting. Mounting losses and the arrival of farm implement sales season kept the company at the bargaining table and led to agreements on a short-term layoff provision and the job-transfer issue. Negotiators agreed to

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International Harvester also unintentionally disempowered the union negotiators, making it harder for them to agree to company demands. For example, the company repeatedly went public with its bargaining proposals, which made it harder for company negotiators to back down later and reach

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settled, the strike would end. Company and union negotiators recommitted themselves to the bargaining process, and an agreement was reached at three more plants the following week The final plant settled its local contact on April 14. National contract talks resumed the following day.

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state) which would eliminate unionized jobs at the company's Fort Wayne plant. The memo said the Wagoner plant was only the first step in a scheme to slowly dismantle the Fort Wayne plant. The memo outraged the union, which felt the company had intended to bargain in

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Less than a week later, International Harvester reported on August 15, 1979, record sales and earnings for the first nine months of fiscal 1979. Year-to-year net earnings for the third quarter rose $ 1.12 per share to $ 2.19, and the year-to-year third quarter

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quoted an internal International Harvester memorandum (written in January 1979) in which the company appeared to advocate manufacturing plant decentralization as part of a plan to break the union. The memo specifically mentioned a new IH plant to be built in

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reported that the company's 16-member board of directors met in a two-hour meeting over the weekend. Pushed by the company's debtor banks, the board finally agreed to fire McCardell. "The real wonder was that McCardell had not been ousted much earlier,"

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compromises), refused to build social ties with the union bargainers, refused to informally signal their true intentions, and ignored symbolic issues (one IH negotiator wore a silk suit to negotiations, which offended the blue-collar negotiators).

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The loan was to be used to buy Harvester stock. The company promised to forgive the loan if McCardell increased International Harvester's financial performance beyond the average of its six main competitors. "Hard Times at Harvester,"

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problems. The company also instituted a new disciplinary program to crack down on wildcat strikes, and outlasted one UAW local when it engaged in a five-week-long wildcat strike in 1978 in an attempt to have the program withdrawn.

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Between 1961 and 1976, four of the six 3-year contracts were signed only after the union struck—although each of the strikes was short, lasting from two hours to two and a half weeks. There were also a large number (more than 100)

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On May 3, 1982, one day after the UAW ratified the concessionary contract, Archie McCardell was fired by International Harvester. Although McCardell asserted he had resigned, industry and press observers said that he was fired.

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which were not part of the master contract talks continued to strike at IH's Louisville plant. The large blue-collar locals refused to cross the picket line (which was their right under the contract), keeping the plant shut.

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believed that the company could not request mandatory overtime. The 1950 master contract also codified an existing practice whereby a worker could transfer to any other job in the company provided he or she was the most

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There is disagreement over whether a tentative agreement on job transfers was reached in mid-March. One source says that an agreement was negotiated (see "International Harvester Negotiations Turn to National Issues,"

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The council's decision not to recommend ratification lead to a break in the UAW's hierarchy. The day after the decision, Cletus Williams, chairman of the UAW bargaining council, announced that his union—Local 1357 in

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March 7, 1980). However, another quoted a union official as saying that the job transfer issue was still outstanding as of March 18 (see Slater, "Tentative Agreement Believed Near In International Harvester Strike,"

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to go home after fulfilling their quotas were still outstanding. Forty-two locals had also settled their local issues contracts during the previous week, leaving only six large locals with outstanding agreements.

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into the contract in which the union agreed to encourage employees to voluntarily agree to work overtime (with advance notice, and only up to seven Saturdays a year)—although few employees ever volunteered.

99:(IH) company over work rules. The strike began on November 1, 1979, and ended after 172 days on April 20, 1980. As of May 2008, it was the fourth-longest strike of national importance ever held by the UAW. 433:, full-time workers and retirees could volunteer to become part of a special overtime pool which could be drawn from to fill vacant weekend work shifts. Seniority, holiday pay and the ability of 486:—would take a non-binding vote on the unfinished contract by the end of the weekend. But on Sunday, March 22, 1980, members of Local 1357 rejected Williams' plan to conduct a non-binding vote. 144:

During the 1958 contract renewal talks, International attempted to restrict job transfer rights. The union struck for nine weeks, and IH dropped the demand in exchange for other concessions.

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International Harvester never recovered from the strike. In November 1981, IH asked the UAW for $ 100 million in wage and benefit concessions. Rising interest rates, demand weakened by the

2931: 547:. Production of the Scout ended in October 1980, due to lack of funds to make changes needed for 1981. An attempt was made to sell the Scout to Texas investors, but this fell through. 3105: 2870: 2621: 560:

up for sale to help cover the losses, and by the end of April 1980 was forced to take out loans which increased its short-term debt from $ 442 million to a staggering $ 1 billion.

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International Harvester incurred significant delays in resuming operations. Plants in Rock Island and East Moline took several weeks to resume work. Several small UAW-represented

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negotiate over local matters affecting each plant and settle these before returning to the more contentious national issues. Six local unions quickly settled their local issues.

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After two days of bargaining, International Harvester and the United Auto Workers reached a tentative agreement on the national master contract on April 16, 1980.

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The UAW ratified the three-year contract by a vote of 15,494 in favor and 3,877 against on April 19, 1980. Local 1309 in Rock Island, Ill., and Local 1077 in

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The company's tendency to go public with negotiating positions led to further entrenchment on both sides, and no talks were scheduled for most of January.

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Among the many changes McCardell made was to fire 11,000 of the company's 15,000 mid- and upper-level managers, whom McCardell felt were too close to UAW

505:, rejected the master agreement apparently because they disagreed with the plan to gradually resume work; those locals remained independently on strike. 306:

The union did strike, however. On November 1, 1979, 35,000 UAW workers (36 percent of International Harvester's workforce) at 21 plants in eight states—

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On March 18, 1980, negotiators for both sides announced they had reached a tentative agreement on the mandatory overtime issue. According to the

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Friedman, Raymond A. "Interaction Norms as Carriers of Organizational Culture: A Study of Labor Negotiations at International Harvester."

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another management pay cut came amid signs that the company was planning to sell its construction equipment business to raise money.

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By the late 1970s, International Harvester had come to believe that unlimited transfer rights were being abused and creating

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The agreement on mandatory overtime provided for little more than the 1973 side letter had already gained for the company.

250:. UAW International Vice President Pat Greathouse and two veteran IH negotiators—Art Shy, and Cletus Williams—led a union 2889: 2767: 2237: 399: 394:

would be voting those shares and issuing too-few tickets to permit admission for the union members. The union filed an

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of $ 8.4 billion and record profits of $ 370 million (up from $ 203 million). Despite McCardell's actions, IH's

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Friedman, Raymond A. "The Culture of Mediation: Private Understandings in the Context of Public Conflict." In

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2988: 2936: 2912: 2288:"Stock Prices Post Declines in Hectic New York Trading." "Toronto Globe and Mail." August 17, 1979. 1024:"Stock Prices Post Declines in Hectic New York Trading," "Toronto Globe and Mail," August 17, 1979. 977:

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Friedman, "The Culture of Mediation: Private Understandings in the Context of Public Conflict," in

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UAW chief negotiator Pat Greathouse called the contract an "overwhelming victory" for UAW members.

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Weiner, Steve. "Settling Harvester Strike Gains Urgency As Losses Mount, Big Sales Season Nears."

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Changing the Game: Organizational Transformations of the First, Second, and Third Kinds,

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In 1979, International Harvester was the fourth-largest company in the United States.

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September 15, 1979; "U.A.W. Strike Threat Affects Big 3 Makers of Farm Implements,"

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during this period. After a 15-day strike in 1973, the union agreed to include a

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Martin, "Archie McCardell, Harvester Chief Who Clashed With Union, Dies at 81,"

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until March if necessary. Industry analysts worried that IH would begin to lose

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in June 1979. He was charged with shaking up the family-run company to increase

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with International Harvester in 1950. At the time, there was no mandatory

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company still paid a dividend of 62.5 cents a share for the quarter.

319: 523:"here is no question the company is the big loser in this one," one 2200:"International Harvester: When Cost-Cutting Threatens the Future." 2039:"Harvester and A Unit Arrange $ 420 Million In Bank Credit Lines." 1781:"Harvester and A Unit Arrange $ 420 Million In Bank Credit Lines," 1133:"International Harvester: When Cost-Cutting Threatens the Future," 2626: 538: 111: 2053:"Harvester Credit Unit's Commercial Paper Given a Lower Rating." 1431:"Harvester Credit Unit's Commercial Paper Given a Lower Rating," 2375:

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1402:"UAW and Harvester In Strike Talks After Two-Month Lull," 1176:"Union Shifts Contract Drive to International Harvester," 667:

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International Union, Allied Industrial Workers of America

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Ring, Trudy. "McCardell's Reign as IH Boss Wasn't Dull."

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IH's financial situation worsened on March 6, 1980, when

2333:"UAW Leader Predicts Harvester Strike Settlement Soon." 2253:

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2137:"In Midst of Joblessness, A Strike Over Too Much Work." 1587:"UAW Leader Predicts Harvester Strike Settlement Soon," 964:"In Midst of Joblessness, A Strike Over Too Much Work," 2046:"Harvester Contract Talks Resume on Master Agreement." 1992:, eds. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1991. 1734:

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December 16, 1979; "Caterpillar Workers Back at Work,"

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to force International Harvester to admit its members.

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McCormick-International Harvester Company Branch House

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McCormick-International Harvester Company Branch House

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Jelinek, "Strike Could Lead to Loss, Company Says,"

3042: 2966: 2950: 2919: 2835: 2813: 2732: 2691: 2675: 2599: 2551: 2521: 2477: 2151:"International Harvester and Strikers Halt Talks." 2060:"Harvester Expects $ 225 Million Loss in Quarter." 1512:"International Harvester and Strikers Halt Talks," 1253:"Harvester Expects $ 225 Million Loss in Quarter," 1150:November 1, 1979; "Background of 9-State Walkout," 960: 958: 956: 879: 877: 875: 873: 871: 869: 57: 34: 29: 2281:Slater, Wayne. "UAW vs. International Harvester." 2172:"International Harvester Posts 98% Profit Gains." 1974:Cambridge, Mass.: Oxford University Press, 1998. 1643:April 17, 1980; "Harvester, UAW Reach Agreement," 1240:"International Harvester Posts 98% Profit Gains." 867: 865: 863: 861: 859: 857: 855: 853: 851: 849: 654:Ring, "McCardell's Reign as IH Boss Wasn't Dull," 1764: 1762: 1730: 1728: 597:Pat Greathouse retired from the UAW in May 1980. 187:of International Harvester in August 1977, named 2851:List of International Harvester/Navistar engines 2559:List of International Harvester/Navistar engines 2067:"Harvester Falls Flat On Its Bargaining Goals." 1705:"Harvester Falls Flat On Its Bargaining Goals," 942: 940: 938: 936: 934: 932: 930: 916: 914: 912: 910: 908: 906: 2421:The International Harvester Strike of 1979–1980 1365:Robbins, "Labor Rift Marks Harvester Meeting," 211:were still only half those of competitors like 1443: 1441: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 3106:Labor disputes led by the United Auto Workers 2897: 2653: 2441: 2193:"International Harvester: The Strike Hurts." 1858:"A Long Strike Yields Little for Harvester." 1718:"A Long Strike Yields Little for Harvester," 1570: 1568: 1566: 1526: 1524: 1522: 839:"International Harvester: The Strike Hurts," 835: 833: 831: 8: 2123:"Harvester, UAW Reach Tentative Agreement." 1639:"Harvester, UAW Reach Tentative Agreement," 1343: 1341: 1327: 1325: 2326:"UAW Bargainer Hails Pact With Harvester." 2095:"Harvester Readies Start-up After Strike." 1689:"UAW Bargainer Hails Pact With Harvester," 1418:Slater, "UAW vs. International Harvester," 1236: 1234: 803: 801: 799: 797: 795: 793: 791: 789: 787: 785: 741: 739: 737: 735: 733: 731: 622: 620: 618: 616: 614: 612: 610: 85:International Harvester strike of 1979–1980 30:International Harvester strike of 1979–1980 2904: 2890: 2882: 2660: 2646: 2638: 2448: 2434: 2426: 2109:"Harvester to Pay Dividend Despite Loss." 2013:Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons, 2001. 1795: 1793: 1791: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1663:"Harvester Readies Start-up After Strike" 1659: 1657: 1389:"Harvester to Pay Dividend Despite Loss," 1361: 1359: 1357: 1220: 1218: 1216: 242:Negotiations opened on August 9, 1979, in 226:. McCardell took personal control of IH's 26: 2866:International Harvester strike of 1979–80 2861:International Harvester Company Warehouse 2617:International Harvester strike of 1979–80 2612:International Harvester Company Warehouse 2260:"Six Locals Said to Hold Key To Strike." 1530:"Six Locals Said to Hold Key to Strike," 1414: 1412: 1049: 1047: 1007: 1005: 1003: 717: 715: 713: 711: 709: 707: 705: 703: 701: 699: 697: 590:in 1985, and changed its name in 1986 to 18:International Harvester strike of 1979–80 2999:1979–1980 International Harvester strike 2856:List of International Harvester vehicles 2591:List of International Harvester vehicles 2221:"Market Perspective: Int'l. Harvester." 1447:"Market Perspective: Int'l. Harvester," 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1265: 1263: 771: 769: 767: 765: 763: 761: 759: 757: 755: 695: 693: 691: 689: 687: 685: 683: 681: 679: 677: 230:, and appointed a new vice president of 1701: 1699: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 606: 290:Bargaining resumed on August 21, 1979. 278:The talks recessed after just one day. 650: 648: 646: 644: 642: 640: 638: 636: 478:—were "the key" to ending the strike. 367:over its contract extension proposal. 7: 2004:Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. 1970:Flamholtz, Eric and Randle, Yvonne. 1893:"Caterpillar Workers Back at Work." 417:downgraded the company's short-term 2130:"Harvester-UAW Talks Stall Again." 1302:"Harvester-UAW Talks Stall Again," 516:(which remained to be negotiated). 3081:1980s strikes in the United States 3076:1970s strikes in the United States 2785:International Harvester Travelette 2775:International Harvester Auto-Buggy 2116:"Harvester, UAW Reach Agreement." 2081:"Harvester Local Rejects Ballot." 1556:"Harvester Local Rejects Ballot," 25: 2958:UAW-Ford National Programs Center 2805:International Harvester Payhauler 2780:International Harvester Travelall 2382:"Workers End Six-Month Walkout." 1879:"Background of 9-State Walkout." 1676:"Workers End Six-Month Walkout," 374:married workers with dependents. 116:The International Harvester logo. 2354:"Union Raises Strike Benefits." 1843: 1282:"Union Raises Strike Benefits," 3091:1980 labor disputes and strikes 3086:1979 labor disputes and strikes 2994:1945–1946 General Motors strike 2974:1936–1937 Flint sit-down strike 2411:Navistar International Web site 3034:2023 Ford-GM-Stellantis strike 3029:2022–2023 HarperCollins strike 1: 2393:New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991. 2768:International Harvester 1066 2416:United Auto Workers Web site 2139:U.S. News & World Report 1865:"Agreement at Caterpillar." 1202:"Agreement at Caterpillar," 966:U.S. News & World Report 400:United States district court 386:as its inventories dropped. 287:quarter also looked strong. 141:applicant for the position. 132:and both management and the 3004:1986–1987 John Deere strike 2763:International Harvester 660 2758:International Harvester 650 2753:International Harvester 600 2740:Case IH axial-flow combines 2569:International Harvester IDI 2342:United Press International. 2144:"International Harvester." 2031:"Hard Times at Harvester." 1039:United Press International, 1011:"International Harvester," 807:"Hard Times at Harvester," 108:Previous bargaining history 3132: 3111:Labor relations by company 3014:2019 General Motors strike 3009:2007 General Motors strike 2927:I.E. America Radio Network 2800:M425 and 426 tractor truck 2790:McCormick-Deering W series 415:Moody's Investors Services 351:Fort Wayne Journal Gazette 349:In mid-December 1979, the 46:- April 20, 1980 38:November 1, 1979 3101:1980 in the United States 3096:1979 in the United States 2979:1939 tools and die strike 2683:Deering Harvester Company 2504:MWM International Motores 2463: 2298:"Talks Break Off Again." 2074:"Harvester Hangs Tough." 1900:"Contract Talks Resume." 1574:"Talks Break Off Again," 1269:"Harvester Hangs Tough," 1189:"Contract Talks Resume." 62: 2749:International Harvester 2564:Ford Power Stroke engine 2389:Zimmerman, Frederick M. 2088:"Harvester Posts Loss." 1347:"Harvester Posts Loss," 2669:International Harvester 2607:International Harvester 2293:Toronto Globe and Mail. 2223:Toronto Globe and Mail. 1851:Organized labour portal 1449:Toronto Globe and Mail, 995:Toronto Globe and Mail, 189:chief executive officer 185:chief operating officer 97:International Harvester 3019:2021 John Deere strike 626:Flamholtz and Randle, 592:Navistar International 548: 389:As the annual company 117: 3055:Volkswagen and unions 2579:Navistar T444E engine 2248:Quad Cities Dispatch. 656:Quad Cities Dispatch, 565:early 1980s recession 542: 391:shareholders' meeting 255:holding an election. 193:chairman of the board 191:in January 1978, and 115: 2984:1939 Chrysler Strike 2719:Leander J. McCormick 2370:Wall Street Journal. 2104:Wall Street Journal. 2055:Wall Street Journal. 2041:Wall Street Journal. 1965:Wall Street Journal. 1783:Wall Street Journal, 1754:Wall Street Journal, 1482:Wall Street Journal, 1433:Wall Street Journal, 898:Wall Street Journal, 344:shareholders' equity 203:, and led to record 169:McCardell takes over 2937:UAW-Ford University 2913:United Auto Workers 2814:Former subsidiaries 2344:September 16, 1979. 2023:"Goodbye, Archie." 1925:September 28, 1979. 1918:September 15, 1979. 1799:"Goodbye, Archie," 1057:September 28, 1979. 1041:September 16, 1979. 545:International Scout 217:Deere & Company 93:United Auto Workers 2724:Benjamin H. Warder 2584:Navistar VT engine 2574:Navistar DT engine 2529:Blue Diamond Truck 2365:December 13, 1979. 2351:February 19, 1980. 2323:February 22, 1980. 2257:February 22, 1980. 2204:February 11, 1980. 2176:December 21, 1979. 2169:February 11, 1980. 2113:February 22, 1980. 2092:February 21, 1980. 2009:Gilson, Stuart C. 2006:18:1 (April 1989). 1904:December 14, 1979. 1897:December 20, 1979. 1890:November 27, 1979. 1869:December 16, 1979. 1406:February 22, 1980. 1393:February 22, 1980. 1369:February 22, 1980. 1351:February 21, 1980. 1335:February 19, 1980. 1319:February 11, 1980. 1244:December 21, 1979. 1210:December 20, 1979. 1193:December 14, 1979. 1180:December 13, 1979. 1167:November 27, 1979. 1137:February 11, 1980. 549: 419:bond credit rating 238:Early negotiations 118: 95:(UAW) against the 3063: 3062: 3024:2021 Volvo strike 2879: 2878: 2635: 2634: 2539: 2536:Mahindra Navistar 2532: 2514: 2507: 2498: 2384:Associated Press. 2363:Associated Press. 2358:January 31, 1980. 2356:Associated Press. 2349:Associated Press. 2335:Associated Press. 2328:Associated Press. 2321:Associated Press. 2314:Associated Press. 2307:Associated Press. 2300:Associated Press. 2283:Associated Press. 2276:Associated Press. 2269:Associated Press. 2262:Associated Press. 2211:January 11, 1980. 2209:Associated Press. 2188:Associated Press. 2181:Associated Press. 2167:Associated Press. 2160:Associated Press. 2146:Associated Press. 2141:. April 21, 1980. 2134:February 5, 1980. 2132:Associated Press. 2125:Associated Press. 2111:Associated Press. 2097:Associated Press. 2083:Associated Press. 2078:January 28, 1980. 2064:January 12, 1980. 2048:Associated Press. 1988:Deborah Kolb and 1960:November 1, 1979. 1958:Associated Press. 1956:"Domestic News." 1953:October 31, 1979. 1951:Associated Press. 1949:"Domestic News." 1946:October 29, 1979. 1944:Associated Press. 1942:"Domestic News." 1939:October 25, 1979. 1937:Associated Press. 1935:"Domestic News." 1932:October 19, 1979. 1930:Associated Press. 1928:"Domestic News." 1923:Associated Press. 1921:"Domestic News." 1916:Associated Press. 1914:"Domestic News." 1909:Associated Press. 1902:Associated Press. 1895:Associated Press. 1888:Associated Press. 1886:"Business News." 1883:February 3, 1980. 1874:Associated Press. 1867:Associated Press. 1827:Associated Press, 1770:Associated Press, 1691:Associated Press, 1678:Associated Press, 1665:Associated Press, 1649:Associated Press, 1641:Associated Press, 1628:Associated Press, 1615:Associated Press, 1602:Associated Press, 1589:Associated Press, 1576:Associated Press, 1558:Associated Press, 1545:Associated Press, 1532:Associated Press, 1501:Associated Press, 1496:Associated Press, 1469:Associated Press, 1420:Associated Press, 1404:Associated Press, 1391:Associated Press, 1333:Associated Press, 1317:Associated Press, 1306:February 5, 1980. 1304:Associated Press, 1286:January 31, 1980. 1284:Associated Press, 1273:January 28, 1980. 1257:January 12, 1980. 1228:January 11, 1980. 1226:Associated Press, 1208:Associated Press, 1204:Associated Press, 1191:Associated Press. 1178:Associated Press, 1165:Associated Press, 1163:"Business News," 1154:February 3, 1980. 1148:Associated Press, 1146:"Domestic News," 1109:October 31, 1979. 1107:Associated Press, 1105:"Domestic News," 1096:October 29, 1979. 1094:Associated Press, 1092:"Domestic News," 1083:October 25, 1979. 1081:Associated Press, 1079:"Domestic News," 1070:October 19, 1979. 1068:Associated Press, 1066:"Domestic News," 1055:Associated Press, 1053:"Domestic News," 1035:Associated Press, 1033:"Domestic News," 1013:Associated Press, 968:, April 21, 1980. 948:Associated Press, 922:Associated Press, 494:End of the strike 356:Wagoner, Oklahoma 81: 80: 77: 76: 16:(Redirected from 3123: 3050:Tesla and unions 2989:1945 Ford Strike 2906: 2899: 2892: 2883: 2836:Related articles 2662: 2655: 2648: 2639: 2600:Related articles 2538: 2531: 2513: 2506: 2497: 2471:Volkswagen Group 2465:A subsidiary of 2450: 2443: 2436: 2427: 2295:August 22, 1979. 2174:Washington Post. 2148:August 16, 1979. 2118:Chicago Tribune. 2062:Chicago Tribune. 1990:Jean M. Bartunek 1967:August 10, 1979. 1881:Chicago Tribune. 1853: 1848: 1847: 1830: 1823: 1817: 1810: 1804: 1797: 1786: 1779: 1773: 1766: 1757: 1750: 1739: 1732: 1723: 1716: 1710: 1703: 1694: 1687: 1681: 1674: 1668: 1661: 1652: 1645:Chicago Tribune, 1637: 1631: 1624: 1618: 1611: 1605: 1598: 1592: 1585: 1579: 1572: 1561: 1554: 1548: 1541: 1535: 1528: 1517: 1510: 1504: 1503:March 19, 1980). 1491: 1485: 1478: 1472: 1465: 1452: 1445: 1436: 1429: 1423: 1416: 1407: 1400: 1394: 1387: 1370: 1363: 1352: 1345: 1336: 1329: 1320: 1313: 1307: 1300: 1287: 1280: 1274: 1267: 1258: 1255:Chicago Tribune, 1251: 1245: 1242:Washington Post. 1238: 1229: 1222: 1211: 1200: 1194: 1187: 1181: 1174: 1168: 1161: 1155: 1152:Chicago Tribune, 1144: 1138: 1131: 1110: 1103: 1097: 1090: 1084: 1077: 1071: 1064: 1058: 1051: 1042: 1031: 1025: 1022: 1016: 1015:August 16, 1979. 1009: 998: 997:August 22, 1979. 991: 982: 975: 969: 962: 951: 944: 925: 918: 901: 900:August 10, 1979. 894: 888: 881: 844: 837: 826: 818: 812: 805: 780: 773: 750: 743: 726: 719: 672: 665: 659: 652: 631: 624: 484:Canton, Illinois 431:Associated Press 213:Caterpillar Inc. 177:Archie McCardell 64: 63: 53: 51: 45: 43: 27: 21: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3038: 2962: 2946: 2915: 2910: 2880: 2875: 2831: 2827:Seddon Atkinson 2809: 2728: 2714:Cyrus McCormick 2709:William Deering 2699:Charles Deering 2687: 2671: 2666: 2636: 2631: 2595: 2547: 2517: 2495:Ward Body Works 2473: 2459: 2454: 2407: 2386:April 21, 1980. 2377:New York Times. 2372:March 12, 1980. 2337:April 14, 1980. 2330:April 18, 1980. 2316:April 18, 1980. 2309:April 11, 1980. 2278:March 19, 1980. 2271:March 20, 1980. 2264:March 21, 1980. 2255:New York Times. 2231:New York Times. 2190:April 15, 1980. 2155:March 20, 1980. 2153:New York Times. 2127:April 17, 1980. 2120:April 18, 1980. 2099:April 20, 1980. 2090:New York Times. 2085:March 23, 1980. 2050:April 16, 1980. 2043:April 28, 1980. 1876:March 21, 1980. 1849: 1842: 1839: 1834: 1833: 1824: 1820: 1811: 1807: 1798: 1789: 1785:April 28, 1980. 1780: 1776: 1767: 1760: 1751: 1742: 1736:New York Times, 1733: 1726: 1717: 1713: 1704: 1697: 1693:April 18, 1980. 1688: 1684: 1680:April 21, 1980. 1675: 1671: 1667:April 20, 1980. 1662: 1655: 1651:April 18, 1980. 1638: 1634: 1630:April 16, 1980. 1625: 1621: 1617:April 15, 1980. 1612: 1608: 1604:April 11, 1980. 1599: 1595: 1591:April 14, 1980. 1586: 1582: 1573: 1564: 1560:March 23, 1980. 1555: 1551: 1547:March 21, 1980. 1542: 1538: 1534:March 21, 1980. 1529: 1520: 1516:March 20, 1980. 1514:New York Times, 1511: 1507: 1492: 1488: 1484:March 12, 1980. 1479: 1475: 1466: 1455: 1446: 1439: 1430: 1426: 1417: 1410: 1401: 1397: 1388: 1373: 1367:New York Times, 1364: 1355: 1349:New York Times, 1346: 1339: 1330: 1323: 1314: 1310: 1301: 1290: 1281: 1277: 1268: 1261: 1252: 1248: 1239: 1232: 1223: 1214: 1201: 1197: 1188: 1184: 1175: 1171: 1162: 1158: 1145: 1141: 1132: 1113: 1104: 1100: 1091: 1087: 1078: 1074: 1065: 1061: 1052: 1045: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1010: 1001: 992: 985: 976: 972: 963: 954: 950:March 20, 1980. 945: 928: 924:March 19, 1980. 919: 904: 895: 891: 882: 847: 838: 829: 819: 815: 806: 783: 777:New York Times, 774: 753: 744: 729: 720: 675: 666: 662: 653: 634: 625: 608: 603: 537: 503:Shadyside, Ohio 496: 304: 240: 232:human resources 228:labor relations 171: 150:wildcat strikes 126:master contract 110: 105: 71: 70: 49: 47: 41: 39: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3129: 3127: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3068: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2960: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2901: 2894: 2886: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2760: 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2135: 2128: 2121: 2114: 2107: 2100: 2093: 2086: 2079: 2076:Business Week. 2072: 2071:April 7, 1980. 2069:Business Week. 2065: 2058: 2057:March 7, 1980. 2051: 2044: 2037: 2028: 2021: 2007: 2000: 1982: 1968: 1961: 1954: 1947: 1940: 1933: 1926: 1919: 1912: 1905: 1898: 1891: 1884: 1877: 1870: 1863: 1860:Business Week. 1855: 1854: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1818: 1805: 1787: 1774: 1758: 1740: 1724: 1720:Business Week, 1711: 1709:April 7, 1980. 1707:Business Week, 1695: 1682: 1669: 1653: 1632: 1619: 1606: 1593: 1580: 1578:April 4, 1980. 1562: 1549: 1536: 1518: 1505: 1486: 1473: 1471:March 7, 1980. 1453: 1451:March 8, 1980. 1437: 1435:March 7, 1980. 1424: 1422:March 6, 1980. 1408: 1395: 1371: 1353: 1337: 1321: 1308: 1288: 1275: 1271:Business Week, 1259: 1246: 1230: 1212: 1195: 1182: 1169: 1156: 1139: 1135:Business Week, 1111: 1098: 1085: 1072: 1059: 1043: 1026: 1017: 999: 983: 970: 952: 926: 902: 889: 845: 843:March 8, 1980. 841:The Economist, 827: 813: 781: 779:July 16, 2008. 751: 727: 673: 660: 658:July 16, 2008. 632: 605: 604: 602: 599: 536: 533: 527:analyst said. 495: 492: 303: 300: 239: 236: 209:profit margins 179:was appointed 170: 167: 120:The UAW first 109: 106: 104: 101: 79: 78: 75: 74: 72: 68: 67: 60: 59: 55: 54: 36: 32: 31: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3128: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2920:Organizations 2918: 2914: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2888: 2887: 2884: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2704:James Deering 2702: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2644: 2643: 2640: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2399:0-07-072899-2 2396: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2240:Detroit News. 2236: 2234: 2232: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2218:May 19, 1980. 2217: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2183:May 15, 1980. 2182: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2036: 2035:May 25, 1981. 2034: 2029: 2027:May 17, 1982. 2026: 2022: 2020: 2019:0-471-40559-0 2016: 2012: 2008: 2005: 2001: 1999: 1998:0-8039-4161-7 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1980:0-19-511764-6 1977: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1911:May 31, 1980. 1910: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1829:May 31, 1980. 1828: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1803:May 17, 1982. 1802: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1772:May 15, 1980. 1771: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1030: 1027: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 990: 988: 984: 981:1991, p. 156. 980: 974: 971: 967: 961: 959: 957: 953: 949: 943: 941: 939: 937: 935: 933: 931: 927: 923: 917: 915: 913: 911: 909: 907: 903: 899: 893: 890: 886: 880: 878: 876: 874: 872: 870: 868: 866: 864: 862: 860: 858: 856: 854: 852: 850: 846: 842: 836: 834: 832: 828: 825:May 25, 1981. 824: 817: 814: 811:May 25, 1981. 810: 804: 802: 800: 798: 796: 794: 792: 790: 788: 786: 782: 778: 772: 770: 768: 766: 764: 762: 760: 758: 756: 752: 748: 742: 740: 738: 736: 734: 732: 728: 725:May 19, 1980. 724: 718: 716: 714: 712: 710: 708: 706: 704: 702: 700: 698: 696: 694: 692: 690: 688: 686: 684: 682: 680: 678: 674: 670: 669:Detroit News, 664: 661: 657: 651: 649: 647: 645: 643: 641: 639: 637: 633: 629: 623: 621: 619: 617: 615: 613: 611: 607: 600: 598: 595: 593: 589: 583: 581: 576: 575: 568: 566: 561: 557: 554: 546: 541: 534: 532: 528: 526: 520: 517: 513: 509: 506: 504: 499: 493: 491: 487: 485: 479: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 439: 436: 435:piece workers 432: 427: 423: 420: 416: 411: 407: 403: 401: 397: 392: 387: 385: 381: 375: 371: 368: 366: 361: 360:right-to-work 357: 352: 347: 345: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 301: 299: 295: 291: 288: 285: 279: 276: 272: 268: 264: 262: 256: 253: 249: 245: 237: 235: 233: 229: 225: 224:shop stewards 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 197:profitability 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 168: 166: 163: 158: 155: 151: 145: 142: 140: 135: 131: 127: 123: 114: 107: 102: 100: 98: 94: 90: 86: 73: 66: 65: 61: 56: 37: 33: 28: 19: 2998: 2843: 2676:Subsidiaries 2511:Monaco Coach 2478:Subsidiaries 2390: 2383: 2379:May 4, 1982. 2376: 2369: 2362: 2355: 2348: 2341: 2334: 2327: 2320: 2313: 2306: 2299: 2292: 2282: 2275: 2268: 2261: 2254: 2247: 2242:May 3, 2008. 2239: 2230: 2222: 2215: 2208: 2201: 2194: 2187: 2180: 2173: 2166: 2159: 2152: 2145: 2138: 2131: 2124: 2117: 2110: 2106:May 6, 1980. 2103: 2096: 2089: 2082: 2075: 2068: 2061: 2054: 2047: 2040: 2032: 2024: 2010: 2003: 1985: 1971: 1964: 1957: 1950: 1943: 1936: 1929: 1922: 1915: 1908: 1901: 1894: 1887: 1880: 1873: 1866: 1862:May 5, 1980. 1859: 1826: 1821: 1813: 1808: 1800: 1782: 1777: 1769: 1756:May 6, 1980. 1753: 1738:May 4, 1982. 1735: 1722:May 5, 1980. 1719: 1714: 1706: 1690: 1685: 1677: 1672: 1664: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1627: 1622: 1614: 1609: 1601: 1596: 1588: 1583: 1575: 1557: 1552: 1544: 1539: 1531: 1513: 1508: 1500: 1495: 1489: 1481: 1476: 1468: 1448: 1432: 1427: 1419: 1403: 1398: 1390: 1366: 1348: 1332: 1316: 1311: 1303: 1283: 1278: 1270: 1254: 1249: 1241: 1225: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1190: 1185: 1177: 1172: 1164: 1159: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1134: 1106: 1101: 1093: 1088: 1080: 1075: 1067: 1062: 1054: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1020: 1012: 994: 978: 973: 965: 947: 921: 897: 892: 884: 840: 822: 816: 808: 776: 746: 722: 671:May 3, 2008. 668: 663: 655: 627: 596: 586:division to 584: 579: 572: 569: 562: 558: 553:craft unions 550: 529: 521: 518: 514: 510: 507: 500: 497: 488: 480: 440: 428: 424: 412: 408: 404: 388: 384:market share 376: 372: 369: 348: 340: 305: 296: 292: 289: 280: 277: 273: 269: 265: 257: 241: 221: 201:market share 175: 172: 162:productivity 159: 146: 143: 119: 84: 82: 745:Zimmerman, 525:Wall Street 464:Springfield 448:Rock Island 444:East Moline 380:picket line 154:side letter 3070:Categories 2951:Facilities 2795:M5 tractor 2543:NC2 Global 1837:References 472:Louisville 456:Fort Wayne 396:injunction 252:bargaining 122:negotiated 103:Background 50:1980-04-20 42:1979-11-01 535:Aftermath 365:bad faith 336:Tennessee 328:Minnesota 181:president 2733:Products 2552:Products 2457:Navistar 2216:Fortune. 1812:Gilson, 723:Fortune, 476:Kentucky 452:Illinois 324:Kentucky 312:Illinois 284:dividend 248:Illinois 130:overtime 3043:Related 2967:Strikes 2942:WDET-FM 2844:Furthur 2745:Farmall 588:Tenneco 543:A 1979 460:Indiana 316:Indiana 308:Georgia 261:Detroit 244:Chicago 91:by the 48: ( 40: ( 2692:People 2490:AmTran 2485:IC Bus 2467:Traton 2397: 2017: 1996: 1978: 582:said. 470:; and 320:Kansas 302:Strike 139:senior 89:strike 87:was a 69:35,000 58:Number 2823:(33%) 2627:Modec 2033:Time. 2025:Time. 1816:2001. 1801:Time, 887:1991. 823:Time, 809:Time, 749:1991. 630:1998. 601:Notes 205:sales 134:union 2395:ISBN 2015:ISBN 1994:ISBN 1976:ISBN 580:Time 574:Time 468:Ohio 446:and 332:Ohio 215:and 183:and 83:The 35:Date 2846:bus 2821:DAF 398:in 358:(a 3072:: 1790:^ 1761:^ 1743:^ 1727:^ 1698:^ 1656:^ 1565:^ 1521:^ 1456:^ 1440:^ 1411:^ 1374:^ 1356:^ 1340:^ 1324:^ 1291:^ 1262:^ 1233:^ 1215:^ 1114:^ 1046:^ 1002:^ 986:^ 955:^ 929:^ 905:^ 848:^ 830:^ 784:^ 754:^ 730:^ 676:^ 635:^ 609:^ 594:. 474:, 466:, 462:; 458:, 454:; 450:, 334:, 330:, 326:, 322:, 318:, 314:, 310:, 263:. 246:, 219:. 124:a 2905:e 2898:t 2891:v 2661:e 2654:t 2647:v 2449:e 2442:t 2435:v 52:) 44:) 20:)

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Knowledge (XXG)

1979–1980 International Harvester strike

Index