415:
285:
29:
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important German shipping companies, Norddeutscher Lloyd and HAPAG, which carried a total of 66,838 passengers. The German-Morgan agreement, signed in New York on 20 February 1902, was a key step in the formation of what was to become the IMM, but did not fully address long-standing competitive friction between and amongst the major German and
British transatlantic shipping companies.
308:
out to be the prestigious White Star Line, bought by Morgan's team, after long negotiations, in April 1902. On 1 October 1902, JP Morgan & Co. announced the founding of the
International Mercantile Marine Company, more commonly called IMM. (Constituent elements of IMM, including INC (chartered in 1871), had however been operating for many years already.) IMM was incorporated in
466:
shipping trade, and was therefore not as successful as expected. The company went into receivership in 1915 and was placed in the hands of
Franklin, who managed to save it. In the late 1920s, he received grants from the government to American ships (built in the United States or flying the flag) and in 1926 it sold the White Star Line to the
427:
321:
402:. This allowed the IMM to schedule a ship each day from the United Kingdom, and passengers to change their tickets to a position equivalent to another vessel of the company. Baker retired from the direction of the Atlantic Transport Line shortly after its integration with the IMM, and was replaced by
292:
As the shipping industry prospered in the late 19th century, some sought to create a trust that would monopolize U.S. shipping companies. However, all negotiations in this regard in the 1890s fell short. The intervention of John
Pierpont Morgan, one of the richest men in the world, would change that.
682:
Central planks of the agreement included dividend-sharing, route-allocation, and joint committee to oversee the agreement, and suspension in the event of war. A contemporaneous side deal authorized the subsequent acquisition by HAPAG, NDL and IMM of a controlling interest in the
Holland-America line
672:
and presenting Morgan with the "Hobson's choice" of proceeding with the formation of a probably unprofitable holding company (by consummating the acquisition of White Star as its "crown jewel," but having to probably go without the subsidy envisaged under the Frye-Payne bill), or backing away at the
381:
Since 1902, IMM had an agreement with James Pirrie, chairman of
Harland & Wolff and member of the management of the White Star Line, stating that the vessels of the company will be built by Harland & Wolff for all the time. Ships of the company were also shifting from one company to another,
307:
Subsequently, Baker, J. P. Morgan, and Simon Bettle Jr. (representative of the INC) negotiated with
Ellerman, this time with a view to redeem his property. There would be two companies that would join the trust. The name of one of them was revealed in April 1901: the Leyland Line. The second turned
336:
Morgan's role evolved over the years. Being
American, he could not directly own British ships, but he could own the company that owned the ships. In 1902, the IMM carried 64,738 passengers, a total buoyed by high immigration to the United States. The IMM had signed a partnership with the two most
465:
did not bring about the end of the IMM. Although theoretically powerful due to its continued influence with some of the top
American, British, and German shipping companies, the overseeing company never managed to overcome its own financial problems, nor dominate the bulk of the North Atlantic
520:
Finally, the
Roosevelt Line was merged into United States Lines in 1940, leaving that company as RIMM's only remaining business. RIMM changed its name to United States Lines Inc. in 1943, recasting itself as a smaller company focused exclusively on transatlantic routes under a single brand.
296:
The Atlantic Transport Line, owned by Bernard N. Baker and having both passenger and cargo ships, competed intensely with British and other shipping companies. Baker tried to sell his company to John Ellerman, chairman of the cargo-carrying Leyland Line, who had tried unsuccessfully to take
250:
and suffered from inadequate cash flow that caused it to default on bond interest payments in late 1914. As a result, a "friendly" receivership was put in effect in 1915, which allowed IMM to reorganize its finances; it emerged from the receivership in 1916. Saved by
236:
and contractual arrangements with the railroads, but that proved impossible because of the nature of sea transport, American antitrust legislation, and an agreement with the British government. One of IMM's subsidiaries was the White Star Line, which owned the
524:
Some businesses of the modern shipping industry still regard IMM as an early attempt at the corporate ownership of several companies under a single trust; the kind of large overseeing companies that dominate much of the maritime shipping world today.
340:
Responses in the United Kingdom helped intensify these rivalries. Cunard Line, one of the British shipping companies with independent significance, received grants from the British government for the construction of two great ocean liners, the
470:
for £7 million, of which £2.35 million was still unpaid when the Royal Mail Group, which was overleveraged and undercapitalized, collapsed in the early 1930s. In 1930, IMM possessed 30 vessels. There were 19 in 1933 and only 11 by 1935.
266:
failed, which became widely apparent by April 1902 and the company thus was never truly successful. Beginning in the 1920s, the company underwent a series of corporate acquisitions and mergers, which resulted in its becoming the
304:, president of the International Navigation Company, which operated the Red Star Line and the American Line. Finally, in December 1900, after six months of negotiations, the Atlantic Transport Line joined INC.
447:
414:
1484:
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openly attacked the very principle of the company and Morgan. As had been arranged before Titanic sank, J. Bruce Ismay retired as president of IMM in 1913 and was succeeded by
1489:
652:
1180:
406:. He later became vice president of IMM, while Griscom was replaced as president by Joseph Bruce Ismay in 1904 (who was also president of the White Star Line).
673:
last minute and absorbing considerable losses on the prior purchase of Leyland. Morgan ultimately chose to go ahead and continue putting together his "trust."
232:
IMM was a holding company that controlled subsidiary corporations that had their own subsidiaries. Morgan hoped to dominate transatlantic shipping through
1494:
297:
possession of the Cunard Line and HAPAG, two powerful European companies. Negotiations between Baker and Ellerman, advanced but ultimately fell through.
943:
284:
1007:
The German Accession," chapter 3 in Vale, pp. 63–101, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Navigation , 1902, pp. 395–99, Navin and Sears, pp. 308–12
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Morgan died on 31 March 1913. After the 1915–16 receivership, Sanderson was succeeded as president by Franklin, who had been the receiver.
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lines. The trust caused great concern in the British shipping industry and led directly to the British government's subsidy of the
838:
817:
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403:
184:
83:
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a scripophilistic article listing/showing all known IMM stocks and bonds, and incl. other related documents (in German)
446:. Besides the financial and human losses, the sinking had repercussions on the organization of the trust. Through the
28:
443:
475:
354:
328:
sailed for the Dominion Line and White Star Line before being transferred to the Red Star Line under the name of
1209:
A historical dictionary of the U.S. merchant marine and shipping industry : since the introduction of steam
717:
Clark, John J.; Clark, Margaret T. (1997), "The International Mercantile Marine Company: A Financial Analysis",
1468:
233:
349:, which were placed into service in late 1907. The competitive response from the IMM group came in 1908 when
597:
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172:
386:, built for the White Star Line, which was transferred to the service of the Red Star Line under the name
263:
1454:
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1459:(Brief history of location with latest building, rebuilt for IMMC with list of shipping line holdings.)
944:"COMBINATION OF SIX STEAMSHIP COMPANIES; International Corporation to Have a Capital of $ 120,000,000"
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was dissolved in late 1931 and its ships were distributed throughout RIMM's remaining divisions.
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1429:(Research in Maritime History 49, 2012), chapter 4: "Trouble on the Transatlantic Route."
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39:
422:, assuring that despite the lack of communication from the ship, she was "unsinkable".
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255:, IMM eventually re-emerged, after a merger with Roosevelt Steamship Company, as the
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The early 1910s marked a turning point for the IMM. Indeed, on 15 April 1912, the
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The IMM company vice president released a statement following the sinking of the
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Number One Broadway—The Home Port of the International Mercantile Marine Company
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1300:"A Study in Merger: Formation of the International Mercantile Marine Company"
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203:. The company also had working profit-sharing relationships with the German
683:(but without the direct advance knowledge of Holland-America's management).
501:
was merged into United States Lines in 1932, the Red Star Line was sold to
1434:
J.P. Morgan and the Transportation Kings – The Titanic and Other Disasters
149:
1373:(in French). Translated by Elisabeth Luc. Sélection du Reader's Digest.
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1392:
The American Peril: Challenge to Britain on the North Atlantic 1901–04
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204:
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1427:
The Growth and Dissolution of a Large-Scale Business Enterprise
892:
sur le Site du Titanic. Retrieved 17 July 2009, Vale, pp. 54–61
486:(RIMM). Later in 1931, RIMM acquired the financially troubled
300:
Meanwhile, J. P. Morgan had already concluded agreements with
490:
and began consolidating its operations under that brand. The
874:
New York Times of 30 April 1901. Retrieved 17 July 2009
144:
formed in the early twentieth century as an attempt by
996:
Incorporated Under the Laws of the State of New Jersey
288:
John Pierpont Morgan, founder and owner of the IMM Co.
991:
International Mercantile Marine Co. stock certificate
1298:
Navin, Thomas R.; Sears, Marian V. (December 1954).
195:
was also amalgamated. The project was bankrolled by
1125:
Green and Moss: "A Business of National Importance"
246:. Analysis of financial records shows that IMM was
115:
107:
71:
53:
45:
35:
1389:
1174:"International Mercantile Marine Company Building"
909:sur le Site du Titanic. Retrieved 30 December 2009
636:: 1931–1943 (continued as IMM's successor company)
513:was dissolved in 1938 and its ships divested, and
484:Roosevelt International Mercantile Marine Company
125:Roosevelt International Mercantile Marine Company
1463:«Die 'Titanic stocks', Rose und die zweite Maid»
653:International Mercantile Marine Company Building
1485:Defunct shipping companies of the United States
1181:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
353:was authorized to build the White Star Line's
559:Company became United States Lines Inc, 1943
517:was merged into United States Lines in 1938.
509:merged into United States Lines in 1937, the
434:was one of the causes of the decline of IMMC.
8:
1168:
1166:
1164:
21:
1436:. University Press of America, Inc., 2012 (
1396:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
1104:
1016:
930:
869:J.P. MORGAN & CO. BUY THE LEYLAND LINE
737:
27:
20:
918:
1469:Baltimore Mail Line History and Ephemera
1083:
1071:
1028:
761:
1490:Transport companies established in 1902
1136:"I.M.M. Control Goes to Roosevelt Line"
696:
665:
134:International Mercantile Marine Company
22:International Mercantile Marine Company
1270:The New York Times, 21 and 22 May 1943
630:Roosevelt Steamship Company: 1931–1940
259:, which itself went bankrupt in 1986.
1202:
1200:
1198:
1040:J.H. Isherwood, "The Great Olympic,"
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
155:IMM was founded by shipping magnates
7:
749:
1211:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
655:, former New York City headquarters
474:The ailing company merged with the
1248:. 10 February 1936. Archived from
14:
1495:1902 establishments in New Jersey
588:American Merchant Line: 1924–1938
1095:Wilton Oldham: "The Ismay Line".
450:devoted to the sinking, Senator
138:International Navigation Company
826:Atlantic Transport Line History
468:Royal Mail Steam Packet Company
262:A proposed subsidy bill in the
1241:"Father & Son in I. M. M."
889:Histoire de la White Star Line
603:Baltimore Mail Line: 1930–1937
550:Philip Albright Small Franklin
543:Harold A. Sanderson, 1913–1915
448:American commission of inquiry
1:
1414:– via Internet Archive.
534:Clement A. Griscom, 1902–1904
444:sank during her maiden voyage
461:However, the sinking of the
16:Transatlantic shipping group
1371:Toute l'histoire du Titanic
1062:. Retrieved 7 February 2010
594:: 51% share owned 1902–1917
555:John A. Franklin, 1936–1943
476:Roosevelt Steamship Company
121:Roosevelt Steamship Company
1511:
1349:Le Titanic ne répond plus
1347:Piouffre, Gérard (2009).
775:"Atlantic Transport Line"
703:"IMM 1916 Annual Report"
571:Flag of the Red Star Line
442:, flagship of its fleet,
355:Olympic class ocean liner
234:interlocking directorates
229:in an effort to compete.
26:
1279:Chirnside, Mark (2004).
1183:. 16 May 1995. p. 4
828:. Retrieved 17 July 2009
478:, parent company of the
1351:(in French). Larousse.
1304:Business History Review
1281:The Olympic-class ships
979:, vol. 2 (1978), p. 829
820:16 January 2017 at the
598:Atlantic Transport Line
546:Receivership, 1915–1916
492:Atlantic Transport Line
280:Founding of the company
173:Atlantic Transport Line
59:; 119 years ago
1432:Gittelman, Steven H.:
1116:IMM 1916 Annual Report
931:Navin & Sears 1954
738:Navin & Sears 1954
572:
563:Companies owned by IMM
515:American Merchant Line
435:
423:
333:
289:
264:United States Congress
1388:Vale, Vivian (1984).
977:North Atlantic Seaway
570:
429:
417:
323:
287:
197:J.P. Morgan & Co.
57:October 17, 1904
1207:Tomán, René (1994).
592:Holland America Line
152:the shipping trade.
1252:on 15 December 2008
933:, pp. 291–328.
634:United States Lines
619:Panama Pacific Line
511:Panama Pacific Line
507:Baltimore Mail Line
488:United States Lines
452:William Alden Smith
430:The sinking of the
351:Harland & Wolff
269:United States Lines
257:United States Lines
199:, led by financier
23:
1142:. 7 January 1931.
1140:The New York Times
1055:Regina/Westernland
950:. 2 October 1902.
948:The New York Times
849:on 6 February 2010
740:, pp. 316–19.
705:The New York Times
573:
482:, in 1931 to form
436:
424:
334:
290:
209:North German Lloyd
1442:978-0-7618-5850-8
1367:Riffenburgh, Beau
1358:978-2-263-02799-4
1218:978-0-313-27225-7
1044:21 (1956), p. 101
752:, pp. 94–97.
707:, 4 April 1915; .
136:, originally the
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84:Sir John Ellerman
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845:. Archived from
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781:. Archived from
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720:American Neptune
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503:Arnold Bernstein
456:Harold Sanderson
169:Bernard N. Baker
79:Bernard N. Baker
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1420:Further reading
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839:"Red Star Line"
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302:Clement Griscom
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205:Hamburg-Amerika
181:White Star Line
157:Clement Griscom
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248:overleveraged
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215:'s new ships
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193:Dominion Line
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185:John Ellerman
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165:Red Star Line
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161:American Line
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1254:. Retrieved
1250:the original
1243:
1235:
1208:
1185:. Retrieved
1151:. Retrieved
1139:
1130:
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1100:
1091:
1079:
1074:, p. 10
1067:
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1012:
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959:. Retrieved
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851:. Retrieved
847:the original
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783:the original
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769:
764:, p. 58
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727:(2): 137–154
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613:Leyland Line
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201:J. P. Morgan
189:Leyland Line
154:
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119:Merged with
36:Company type
18:
1471:GG Archives
1187:12 February
1153:12 February
1107:, p. 7
1060:Great Ships
1042:Sea Breezes
961:11 February
902:(in French)
885:(in French)
853:17 February
642:: 1902–1927
627:: 1871–1934
621:: 1915–1938
615:: 1902–1927
609:: 1902–1926
600:: 1901–1931
585:: 1886–1893
579:: 1873–1932
552:, 1916–1936
540:, 1904–1913
420:RMS Titanic
400:Westernland
398:became the
330:Westernland
253:World War I
213:Cunard Line
146:J.P. Morgan
99:J.P. Morgan
1479:Categories
1283:. Tempus.
691:References
583:Inman Line
529:Presidents
390:Belgenland
373:HMHS
347:Mauretania
316:Golden age
310:New Jersey
226:Mauretania
150:monopolize
64:1904-10-17
1340:154857498
1324:0007-6805
1256:18 August
1227:652516469
1148:0362-4331
956:0362-4331
750:Vale 1984
505:in 1934,
394:, or the
382:like the
375:Britannic
366:RMS
359:RMS
343:Lusitania
271:in 1943.
219:Lusitania
1412:10752931
1369:(2008).
994:. 1922.
818:Archived
647:See also
388:SS
345:and the
207:and the
140:, was a
123:to form
72:Founders
49:Shipping
46:Industry
1332:3111799
814:The IMM
463:Titanic
440:Titanic
432:Titanic
410:Decline
368:Titanic
361:Olympic
275:History
243:Titanic
187:of the
179:of the
171:of the
159:of the
108:Defunct
62: (
54:Founded
1440:
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1338:
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1225:
1215:
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789:7 July
396:Regina
384:Belgic
371:, and
357:trio:
326:Regina
191:. The
183:, and
40:Public
1336:S2CID
1328:JSTOR
1177:(PDF)
660:Notes
142:trust
1438:ISBN
1408:OCLC
1398:ISBN
1375:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1320:ISSN
1285:ISBN
1258:2009
1223:OCLC
1213:ISBN
1189:2020
1155:2020
1144:ISSN
963:2020
952:ISSN
855:2010
791:2010
497:The
324:The
224:RMS
222:and
217:RMS
163:and
132:The
116:Fate
111:1931
1312:doi
906:FAQ
239:RMS
148:to
1481::
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332:.
66:)
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