1052:
the responsibility for blockading Crete's western and extreme northwestern coast, Russia for much of the western portion of the north central coast, the United
Kingdom for the eastern portion of the north central coast, France for the northeastern coast, and Italy for the southeastern coast, while the blockade of a portion of the northwestern coast and most of the southern coast was a shared, international responsibility. The other part of the plan called for the division of Crete into five sectors of occupation, with each of the six powers sending a battalion of troops from its army to the island to relieve the International Squadron's sailors and marines of occupation duties ashore. Germany, which was growing increasingly sympathetic toward the Ottoman Empire and opposed the limits on coercion of Greece the International Squadron recommended, refused to send troops, limiting its contribution to one ship (first
749:
aboard the French, Greek, and
Italian warships anchored in the harbor; that Canevaro, seeing Kayales holding the flag up despite the shells bursting around him, ordered the ships to cease fire; and that the Admirals Council decided that Crete should have an autonomous government based on Kayales's actions. In fact, the closest ships were 4,700 yards (4,298 meters) away from the insurgent positions, too far for the insurgents to hear the cheers they reported from the warships, and the Admirals Council's eventual decision that Crete should have autonomy was based on international politics, their governments′ interests, and the state of negotiations with Cretan insurgent and Ottoman forces on the island rather than on any individual Cretan's bravery. Nonetheless, Cretans have celebrated Kayales's heroism every year on 9 February (the date of the incident on the
1347:(1843–1926) of this duty on 12 January 1898 – withdrew his flag from Crete and delegated his seat on the Admirals Council to whichever officer happened to be the British Senior Naval Officer at Crete at the time of each of the council's meetings, leading to frequent changes in British representation. For its part, the council began to loosen its formerly tight control over affairs on Crete, allowing greater autonomy in the decision-making of lower-ranking officers of the occupation force as they dealt with affairs on Crete. On 25 July 1898, the Admirals Council took the major step of turning over civil administration of Crete, except for the towns under international occupation, to the Christian Assembly, which was intended to become the legislative body of the Cretan State.
1258:
1407:(1851–1909), finally appeared late in the afternoon to restore order. When British forces at the camp and hospital fell back on the Ottoman fort west of town, Ottoman troops finally intervened there as well to quell the disturbance, which ended in the early evening. Ottoman forces otherwise made no effort to assist the British, protect Christian civilians, or keep order during the riot. Estimates of deaths during the day vary; the British suffered between 14 and 17 military personnel and at least three civilians killed and between 27 and 39 servicemen wounded, and Muslims slaughtered somewhere between 153 and nearly a thousand Christians, according to different sources.
1411:
761:
1603:
1521:
944:
1536:
thereafter the squadron saw the
Ottomans as the hostile force. In the aftermath of the riot, the Admirals Council decided that all Christian and Muslim inhabitants had to be disarmed and all Ottoman forces had to leave Crete. The Ottomans stalled. The Great Powers' patience finally wore out on 4 October 1898, when they demanded that all Ottoman forces leave Crete by 19 October. Agreeing in principle to the evacuation of their forces, but objecting to the withdrawal timeline demanded by the Admirals Council and desirous of a small force of Ottoman troops remaining on Crete to guard the
1005:
39:
583:
1286:
338:
480:(1869–1957) arrived at Canea with orders to support the Cretan insurrection and harass Ottoman shipping. The admirals of the International Squadron informed Prince George that they would use force if necessary to prevent any aggressive Greek actions in and around Crete, and Prince George's squadron departed Cretan waters on 13 February and steamed back to Greece. On the day that Prince George's squadron departed, the admirals received a report that Greek warships had chased and fired on an Ottoman
545:
1098:
1548:. At the insistence of the British, in punishment for the delay in evacuation, the Admirals Council demanded that the Ottoman flag be hauled down in Canea – which it was, on 3 November – and that all Ottoman troops leave the island by 5 November; in the event of them failing to do so the Powers threatened to take steps to sink all Ottoman ships in Suda Bay and bombard and destroy the Izzeddrin Fortress, then expand bombardments to include Canea, Hieraptra,
601:– 100 each from France, Italy, Russia, and the United Kingdom and 50 from Austria-Hungary – from the warships anchored in the harbor at Canea and raising the flags of all six of the Great Powers over Canea. This began both the international occupation of Crete and the role of the International Squadron's admirals in managing the island's affairs via the Admirals Council. When the first Imperial German Navy warship, the
757:). Despite its success from a military standpoint, the "Bombardment of Akrotiri" and legend of Spyros Kayales had the deleterious effects on the Great Powers′ goals in Crete of further inflaming the nationalist passions of Cretan insurgents and misleading the island's Muslims into thinking that the International Squadron was operating in support of them rather than to prevent combat actions by either side.
1309:
troops weakened the
International Squadron and the occupying forces, the four remaining Great Powers continued the blockade and occupation, dividing Crete into zones of responsibility among themselves. Italy took the responsibility for the western portion of the island, Russia the west-central portion, the United Kingdom the east-central part, and France the island's eastern area, while Canea and
1782:
554:
1235:
to threaten Canea or to receive reinforcements or supplies in the face of the blockade, Vassos, who had achieved little since
February, accomplished nothing further during the war and left Crete on 9 May 1897. With the ceasefire agreement that ended hostilities on the European mainland requiring all Greek forces to leave Crete, his expeditionary force boarded the British
2780:
1295:′s April 1898 map of Crete showing zones of occupation and blockade responsibilities for the four remaining countries after the withdrawal of Austria-Hungary and the Germany. Zones are, left to right, those of Italy, the Russian Empire, the United Kingdom, and France. Canea and Suda Bay remained under the international control of all four countries..
1669:. Prince George accepted. With the last Ottoman forces gone from Crete, the International Squadron's final task was to arrange for Prince George's arrival on the island to take up his duties, marking the establishment of the new state. Complications arose over his transportation to Crete. He originally proposed that he would arrive aboard the Greek
611:, arrived off Crete on 21 February, she reinforced the International Squadron's occupying force ashore by landing an additional 50 men. Meanwhile, the International Squadron determined that the senior admiral present among the contingents of all six countries should serve as the squadron's overall commander, and accordingly Italian
1204:. The International Squadron's admirals held a review of the troops of the international occupation force in Canea on 15 April 1897, presumably to impress the local inhabitants with the military power the Great Powers could bring to bear to enforce peace on the island. However, as late as 21 April 1897, the British battleship
1150:, using her guns in anger for the first time in her history, opened fire at a range of 5,000 yards (4,572 meters) – including four 1,250-pound (567-kg) rounds from her 13.5-inch (343-mm) guns – on insurgents besieging the Izzeddin Fortress itself near the entrance to Suda Bay, forcing the insurgents to abandon their
232:, and supported international occupation forces on the island. After Austria-Hungary and Germany withdrew from the squadron, the other four powers continued its operations. After the squadron brought fighting on Crete to an end, its admirals attempted to negotiate a peace settlement, ultimately deciding that a new
1390:
the only warship present in the harbor, Muslim mobs confronted
British officials, soldiers, and sailors at the harbor and the customs house, began a slaughter of Christian inhabitants, and opened a heavy fire on British military personnel at the harbor and not long afterward at the British encampment
743:
receiving credit for firing three 6-inch (152-mm) shells into the farmstead serving as the insurgent base of operations. The shelling – which, according to the insurgents consisted of as many as 100 rounds – prompted the insurgents to take the Greek flag down, and the warships ceased fire after five
600:
Vassos's declaration was a direct challenge to both the
Ottoman Empire and the Great Powers, and Berovich's departure left Crete with no functioning civil authority. To address both matters, the International Squadron took its first direct action on 15 February 1897 by landing 450 sailors and marines
1507:
while awaiting their trials and executions, the men were hanged publicly in prominent locations. The first seven men convicted of murdering
British military personnel were hanged on 18 October, and the final five on 29 October, and the five men convicted of murdering British civilians were hanged on
1479:
on the morning of 13 September. At the meeting, Noel ordered Edhem Pasha to demolish all buildings from which rioters had fired on the
British camp and hospital, disarm the entire Muslim population of the city, pay all customs duties due since 3 May 1898 and continue to pay them daily, and hand over
1170:
While soldiers of the international force came ashore to take over occupation responsibilities from the sailors and marines of the
International Squadron, the squadron continued to address threats by the insurgents ashore while adding support of those troops to its responsibilities on and around the
1051:
of Crete and of the main ports in Greece, allowing no Greek ships to call at ports in Crete and permitting ships of other nationalities to unload their cargoes only at Cretan ports occupied by forces of the International Squadron; this blockade went into effect on 21 March 1897. Austria-Hungary took
922:
overnight and arriving at Kandanos on 7 March. The expedition departed Kandanos for the return journey on 8 March, bringing with it 1,570 civilians and 340 Ottoman soldiers from Kandanos and pausing during the day to pick up 112 more Ottoman troops from a fort at Spaniakos. Stopping for the night at
1685:
Prince George's arrival suffered a last-minute delay when an argument broke out among the four powers over the design of the flag of the new Cretan State. After the new flag's design met with the approval of all four powers, the four flagships of the countries making up the International Squadron –
1564:
The Ottomans responded by resuming the evacuation of their troops, but after the 5 November deadline passed, about 500 Ottoman troops remained in Candia. The British took administrative control of Candia on 5 November, so British troops evicted the remaining Ottoman troops from their barracks on 6
1273:
Despite the events on the European mainland, the Christian insurrection on Crete continued. However, the military threat to the European Powers dropped so much after March 1897 that the International Squadron and the occupying forces ashore could turn their attention to ceremonial activities in the
1234:
on 24 March 1897, followed by an official declaration of war on 20 April. As the Great Powers had expected, the war ended quickly in a disastrous Greek defeat, and a ceasefire went into effect on 20 May 1897. Stymied by the International Squadron's actions and unable to advance beyond Fort Soubashi
1199:
After the actions of late March 1897, the International Squadron and the various European military contingents ashore feared a major insurgent attack against the towns held by European forces, but none came; in fact, after the International Squadron's bombardments in late March, organized insurgent
939:
charge that relieved the second Ottoman redoubt, and the expeditionary force and the Ottoman soldiers and Muslim civilians it had rescued evacuated by sea. The expedition suffered no casualties among its European personnel or the Ottoman soldiers it rescued, and only one Muslim civilian was wounded
748:
became a Cretan hero when he grabbed the Greek flag after the International Squadron's gunfire had knocked it down twice and held it aloft himself. Cretan legend holds that Kayales's bravery so impressed the sailors of the International Squadron and aboard Greek ships offshore that cheers broke out
697:
over their position. When they ignored the International Squadron's order that day to take the flag down, disband, and disperse, Vice Admiral Canevaro ordered the squadron to bombard their positions, the squadron's first direct use of force. Although the French and Italian ships present were unable
1594:
brought 229 years of Ottoman occupation of Crete to an end. However, a few Ottoman troops remained behind into December 1898 to supervise the withdrawal of Ottoman munitions and ordnance, and as late as December arguments broke out between the Ottomans and the occupying powers over such matters as
1560:
for any damages resulting from these actions. The International Squadron and the occupying forces ashore developed plans for carrying out these threats; at Candia, for example, plans called for British forces ashore to withdraw to the coast with the support of Cretan Christian insurgent forces and
1535:
The Candia riot changed the International Squadron's attitude toward the situation on Crete: Previously it had viewed Christian insurgents as hostile and saw its primary role as supporting and protecting Ottoman forces, but the unhelpful behavior of Ottoman forces during the riot changed this, and
1308:
of the Ottoman Empire. Germany, increasingly sympathetic with the Ottoman Empire, disagreed strongly with this decision and withdrew from Crete and the International Squadron in November 1897. Austria-Hungary also left in March 1898. Although the departures of German and Austro-Hungarian ships and
202:
from each country present off Crete became a member of an "Admirals Council" – also called the "Council of Admirals" and "International Council" – charged with managing the affairs of Crete, a role the admirals played until December 1898. The most senior admiral among those in Cretan waters served
1299:
With the military situation on the island quiet, the Admirals Council attempted to establish a working agreement between the insurgents and Ottoman forces on the island that would bring the revolt to an end without Ottoman forces having to leave Crete. This proved impossible. The Admirals Council
1761:
The Cretan State, created by the decisions of the International Squadron's admirals as they negotiated the status of Crete on behalf of their governments, existed until 1913. Foreign troops continued to garrison the island until 1909, and Royal Navy ships remained on station there until 1913. In
1681:
carry him to the island, but the four powers unanimously rejected this idea as well. Finally, the Admirals Council informed Prince George that the International Squadron would bring him to Crete, with a European warship flying her own national flag carrying him, escorted by warships of the other
402:
all arrived in Crete's waters in early February 1897 as a show of naval might intended to demonstrate the commitment of the Great Powers to an end of fighting on Crete and an arrangement that would protect Christians on the island without separating it from the Ottoman Empire. The first British
1331:
Meanwhile, by the spring of 1898, the Powers began to relax the blockade, reduce their presence in the International Squadron, and draw down their occupying forces ashore on Crete; for example, the British presence fell to one British Army battalion ashore and typically one battleship (usually
1128:
Just as the European soldiers were beginning to arrive on Crete, the insurgents renewed their attack on the Aptera blockhouse and captured it on 25 March 1897 despite shelling by Ottoman warships in Suda Bay. Immediately after the insurgents took the blockhouse, the smaller warships of the
1540:, the Ottomans continued to stall, but finally began to withdraw their forces from the island on 23 October. However, they halted the withdrawal on 28 October with about 8,000 Ottoman troops still on the island so as to avoid embarrassment of the Ottoman Empire during a visit of Germany's
329:– decided to intervene in the revolt so as to ensure that the reforms would take place. They placed pressure on the Ottomans not to reinforce their garrisons on Crete; in exchange, they took the responsibility for the general safety of the Ottoman garrisons already on the island.
300:
Anxious to force the Ottomans to adhere to the agreement to institute the reforms promised in 1896 and to avoid a general war breaking out between Greece and the Ottoman Empire, which they feared would lead to an inevitable Greek defeat and might spread to become a general war in
1598:
On 6 November 1898, with the last troops of the Ottoman garrison gone, the Admirals Council directed that the Ottoman flag be raised again. It took this step to indicate to Muslim Cretans that their rights would still be respected even without direct Ottoman rule of Crete.
484:
off Crete, and they informed the commander of the Greek Navy that they would not allow Greek ships to fire at Ottoman vessels in the island's waters. However, the situation continued to escalate on 14 February, when a Greek Army expeditionary force commanded by
1086:
began landing in Crete to take up occupation duties in late March and early April 1897. By early April, about 2,500 troops of the five armies were ashore. The troops ashore came under the overall command of the Admirals Council, which instructed British Army
1211:
anchored off Canea – where Ottoman troops, Muslim civilians, and a force of British and Italian soldiers were besieged by an estimated 60,000 insurgents – to deter insurgents who had begun a demonstration with two artillery pieces that threatened the town.
907:) in southwestern Crete on 5 March 1897. On 6 March an international landing force consisting of 200 British Royal Marines and sailors, 100 men each from Austro-Hungarian and French warships, 75 Russians, and 50 Italian sailors under the overall command of
1186:, driving them off, and the International Squadron landed 200 Royal Marines and 130 Austro-Hungarian sailors and marines to reprovision the fort and demolish nearby buildings that had provided cover for the mining effort. Elsewhere, the Italian battleship
1355:
Cretan insurgents paid no taxes during the revolt and, with only the Muslim inhabitants of Cretan towns subject to taxation, financing of the administration of the island became increasingly difficult. Finally, the Admirals Council decided to place the
1175:, 3 miles (5 km) southwest of Canea, against Greek Army and Christian insurgent forces; on 30 March, the French marines took part in an international expedition to protect a source of fresh water at the fort. In late March, the British battleship
1673:, but the Admirals Council rejected this idea. Greece proposed that a Greek Navy warship transport him to the island, but this idea did not meet with the approval of the International Squadron's admirals either. Greece then proposed that a Greek
1364:
that would fund the general welfare of the island. They ordered the Ottomans to surrender the custom houses and made plans to replace Muslim officials and employees at the houses with Cretan Christians. Takeover of customs houses in Canea and
1046:
In the meantime, the Powers had directed the Admirals Council to develop a coercive plan to force Greece to withdraw its forces from Crete. The admirals' plan, announced on 18 March 1897, had two parts. One was the institution of a
432:– arrived on 9 February 1897; by 13 February, Austro-Hungarian, French, Italian, and Russian warships had anchored off Crete and Germany had committed to establishing a naval presence there. Anchoring in the harbor at Canea (now
1495:
and those accused of killing British civilians before a British military tribunal. Twelve men were convicted of murdering British soldiers and five of murdering British civilians, and all 17 of the men were sentenced to death by
1376:) on 6 September, however, violent resistance broke out among Muslim inhabitants, who believed that they were being forced to pay for a Christian takeover of their privileges. With only a 130-man detachment of the British Army's
649:– became the commander of the International Squadron on 16 or 17 February (sources vary); he also became president of the Admirals Council. The International Squadron ordered Vassos to come no closer than 6 kilometers (3
1431:
on 7 September, and she put a landing party of Royal Marines ashore. French, Italian, and Russian warships also arrived, and Austria-Hungary – although no longer a part of the International Squadron – sent the
2881:
296:
warships operating along its coast, the insurgents overran much of the countryside. Ottoman troops generally retained control of Crete's large towns and of isolated outposts scattered around the island.
2812:
1395:
landed reinforcements and began to bombard the town in support of the beleaguered British forces ashore. Pressure on the British forces at the harbor gate became so severe that they withdrew to the
2856:
1746:, where he disembarked on 21 December 1898 to take up duties as High Commissioner of the new Cretan State. His arrival on the island brought 229 years of direct Ottoman rule of Crete – as well as
2851:
436:), the squadrons soon combined to form the International Squadron, and the admirals commanding the various national contingents began working together to address matters on the island.
2784:
454:
While the six powers negotiated over what additional steps their naval forces off Crete should take, Greece took action to support the Cretan Christian insurgents. The Greek Navy
1320:
of the new state. They offered the position to Vice Admiral Canevaro, but he turned down the offer. and left the International Squadron to take office on 1 June 1898 as Italy's
659:
miles) to Canea, but he began operations intended to capture the town, leading to a clash on 19 February 1897 in which his expedition defeated a 4,000-man Ottoman force in the
38:
1344:
422:
463:
arrived off Crete in early February 1897, nominally to protect Greek interests and citizens on Crete, and on 12 February a Greek Navy squadron consisting of the steam
989:
and a 37-millimeter gun. The explosion – which occurred after the turret crew disabled a malfunctioning safety mechanism, allowing one of the guns to fire before its
1094:(1850–1929), the overall commander of the occupation forces ashore, that he should not base any of his troops beyond the range of the International Squadron's guns.
2906:
977:
suffered an explosion in her after 12-inch (305-mm) gun turret one hour into a routine target practice session off Crete that blew the roof of the turret over the
1475:– on 12 September 1898. He disembarked immediately to inspect the scene of the riot personally, and ordered the Ottoman governor, Edhem Pasha, to meet him aboard
1257:
2125:
675:
While Vassos's troops advanced on Canea from the west, Cretan insurgents armed with artillery provided by the Greek Army advanced on Canea from the direction of
2901:
532:
365:
had arrived in Cretan waters to protect their countries′ interests and citizens in the face of unrest on Crete, and when major rioting broke out in Candia (now
931:
drove them off. The expedition relieved one of the redoubts overnight. On the morning of 9 March, Christian insurgents again opened fire, but the expedition's
1491:
The British took custody of the first men accused of murder on 14 September and moved swiftly, trying those accused of killing British military personnel in
2846:
2387:
102:
1512:
composed of three men from each of the four powers. on 23 November, after which use of the death penalty for killers of Christian civilians was dropped.
729:
2478:
721:
1414:
Illustration of the hanging on 18 October 1898 of the first seven men convicted of murdering British subjects in the Candia riot. (Illustration from
240:
of the Ottoman Empire. The squadron completed its work in November and December 1898 by removing all Ottoman forces from the island and transporting
790:
834:
With the greatest threat to Canea appearing to come from the east, the International Squadron by 26 February had concentrated most of its ships in
2911:
2039:
1316:
Having decided to establish the Cretan State, the Admirals Council turned its attention in the spring of 1898 to finding someone to serve as
872:
fired three rounds, the first of which was particularly accurate, and her gunfire cleared the hillsides around the blockhouse of insurgents.
862:, which in turn commanded the road. After receiving permission from the admirals of the International Squadron to shell the insurgents, the
1446:
from Canea ashore at Candia. British Army forces also began to flood into the town, and by 23 September 2,868 British troops were on hand.
1403:
in the harbor. The Muslims around the customs house and harbor did not cease fire until Ottoman troops led by the local Ottoman governor,
1129:
International Squadron fired about a hundred shells that landed on and around it, with one heavy shell from the Italian protected cruiser
2866:
2210:
1698:
1666:
1652:
1624:
1410:
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penetrating the blockhouse's walls and exploding inside it, driving the insurgents back out. Some of the shells damaged the villages of
760:
477:
241:
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A Very Bad Place Indeed For a Soldier. The British involvement in the early stages of the European Intervention in Crete. 1897 - 1898,
1707:
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succeeded him in command of the squadron and as president of the Admirals Council, and the search for a high commissioner continued.
2871:
2831:
2806:
2311:
2290:
2263:
1602:
1520:
1230:, also known as the Thirty Days War, had broken out on the mainland of Europe, with Greek forces crossing the border into Ottoman
687:– threatened to shell Canea and carried out unsuccessful attacks on the town on 13 and 14 February that Ottoman troops and Muslim
1723:
1450:
1340:
973:
955:
817:
2886:
1246:
1131:
1753:
On 26 December 1898, the Admirals Council formally was dissolved. Its duties completed, the International Squadron dispersed.
943:
2896:
2861:
2710:
2240:
1289:
1088:
1004:
285:
164:
126:
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island. During March, French marines landed on Crete and took the responsibility for assisting Ottoman troops in defending
744:
to ten minutes. The insurgents withdrew without shelling Canea, suffering three killed and a number wounded. The insurgent
2876:
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on 25 January 1897 among the Cretan Christians with a goal of forcing the union of Crete with Greece. With the support of
2689:
2462:
1245:
at Platanias on 23 May 1897 and withdrew from the island. On 20 September 1897, Greece and the Ottoman Empire signed the
2324:
2196:
1321:
1935:
2129:
2000:
1336:, and one gunboat on station. With the situation on Crete quiet, the British commander of forces on and around Crete,
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spring, such as a parade in honor of the Italian participation in the intervention on 4 May 1897 and a celebration of
630:
17:
2626:
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sympathized. When the Ottomans failed to follow through on the reforms and massacred Christian inhabitants of Canea (
269:
1665:
On 26 November 1898, the Admirals Council formally offered the position of High Commissioner of the Cretan State to
582:
1965:
1537:
1285:
468:
343:
337:
2745:
1480:
the persons chiefly responsible for instigating the riot so that they could face trial; when Edhem Pasha refused,
2505:
2449:
2164:
2094:
1337:
884:
by Christian insurgents on Crete, concern grew over the safety of the Ottoman garrison and Muslim inhabitants of
615:
566:
419:
207:
157:
2391:
2612:
1227:
1221:
684:
645:
624:
131:
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ashore and gunfire by International Squadron warships in the bay silenced them. The expedition then mounted a
2571:
2339:
2027:
2014:
1377:
896:
826:
636:
2111:
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embark aboard the ships of the International Squadron, after which the threatened bombardment would begin.
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both as overall commander of the International Squadron and as the council's president. Initially, Italian
2836:
2360:
1688:
1619:
1508:
5 November. Two men convicted under Italian jurisdiction of murdering Cretan civilians were executed by a
1462:
663:. The International Squadron demanded that Vassos cease his operations against Canea and captured several
376:, intervened to bring the situation under control and to protect British subjects by bringing them aboard
2891:
2841:
1541:
1425:
1205:
1200:
operations against Ottoman and European forces ended, with hostilities thereafter limited to occasional
1144:
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was properly closed – killed 16 men instantly and injured 15, six of whom later died of their injuries.
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310:
82:
800:
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conducted a demonstration that overcame his reluctance. Ottoman officials met all of Noel's demands.
1060:
908:
605:
459:
210:(1838–1926) served in these roles. When Canevaro left the International Squadron in mid-1898, French
679:
to the east and took control of the high ground east of Canea. The insurgent force – which included
1172:
1031:, patrolling to prevent Greek reinforcements and supplies from reaching Crete, intercepted a Greek
923:
Selino Kasteli, the expedition came under fire by Christian insurgents besieging two small Ottoman
911:
370:
1136:
1871:
1716:
1644:
1566:
1396:
1231:
1113:
1057:
839:
754:
713:
408:
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on 13 March 1897 of warships of the International Squadron bombarding Christian insurgents above
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214:
919:
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The Royal Navy: A History From the Earliest Times to the Death of Queen Victoria, Volume Seven
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217:(1839–1903) succeeded him as overall commander of the squadron and president of the council.
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The British and the Hellenes: Struggles For Mastery in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1850–1960
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November 1898 and ensured that – supervised by officers and men of the British battleships
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open. On 28 February 1897, insurgent forces mounted their first attack on the Ottoman-held
544:
508:, west of Canea; Vassos declared that his troops had come to occupy Crete on behalf of the
195:
made up the squadron, which operated in Cretan waters from February 1897 to December 1898.
2340:"Greek Transport Sunk: An Austrian Gunboat Fires on a Schooner Carrying Cretan Insurgents"
1703:
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1501:
1433:
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sank the schooner. The schooner's crew suffered no casualties and swam to shore on Crete.
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380:. With the rapid deterioration of the situation on the island in early 1897, ships of the
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during the four-day operation. The Christian insurgents lost four killed and 16 wounded.
842:. The squadron's men ashore also began patrols to keep the paved road between Canea and
1678:
1545:
1275:
1262:
971:
Tragedy struck the International Squadron on 15 March 1897 when the Russian battleship
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509:
326:
322:
261:
192:
188:
168:
97:
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then in use on Crete, which during the 19th century was twelve days behind the modern
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how many Ottoman troops could remain behind and what military ranks they could hold.
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986:
698:
to participate because of other ships masking their fire, the British battleship HMS
587:
314:
180:
87:
1800:
1795:
1628:
1524:
1509:
1301:
1079:
1071:
1025:
863:
689:
612:
570:
563:
473:
464:
390:
273:
257:
233:
211:
204:
161:
153:
1424:
After a tense night, reinforcements arrived in the form of the British battleship
1670:
1436:
1416:
1404:
1075:
949:
904:
592:
385:
45:
248:
of the new Cretan State, bringing direct Ottoman rule of the island to an end.
1777:
1641:
1549:
1372:
When the British attempted to take control of the custom house at Candia (now
1305:
847:
777:
553:
513:
399:
369:) on 6 February 1897, men from the British warship on station, the battleship
352:
293:
289:
237:
2282:
Eskadrenny bronenosets Sissoi Veliky (Эскадренный броненосец "Сисой Великий")
1943:
1702:, carrying the admiral commanding the squadron's Italian ships; the Russian
1557:
1442:
to the scene. The International Squadron put 300 French marines and Italian
1373:
1193:
932:
928:
664:
505:
501:
481:
366:
1579:– the last Ottoman forces in Crete embarked on the British torpedo gunboat
2779:
1607:
1587:
1553:
1528:
1454:
1366:
1360:
on Crete under British control so that the British could exact an export
1310:
1048:
1032:
1009:
982:
978:
885:
835:
773:
493:
415:
225:
220:
During the squadron's operations, it bombarded Crete, landed sailors and
1300:
then decided to resolve the situation by establishing a new, autonomous
1261:
Ships of the International Squadron off Crete fire a salute in honor of
888:. Ships of the International Squadron, including the British battleship
1497:
1333:
1201:
1182:
shelled insurgents attempting to mine the walls of the Ottoman fort at
936:
924:
838:, east of Canea, where they could fire on insurgent forces holding the
527:
486:
362:
221:
199:
2479:"British Army in Crete - The British in Crete, 1896 to 1913. - Page 2"
1461:– joined soon afterward by two more British warships, the battleship
1035:
loaded with a cargo of munitions and manned by Cretan insurgents off
998:
881:
433:
302:
281:
277:
264:
to agree to institute reforms in the administration of the island of
229:
176:
50:
1631:, leads the column. She is followed (right to left) by the Russian
1449:
The International Squadron's senior British commander, Rear-Admiral
1066:) and the marines that the ship put ashore. However, troops of the
693:
irregulars repelled. On 21 February 1897, the insurgents hoisted a
1731:
1727:
1611:
1601:
1519:
1409:
1284:
1256:
1151:
1096:
1003:
942:
769:
759:
581:
336:
265:
184:
54:
1692:
with the International Squadron's senior commander, Vice Admiral
1743:
1606:
Illustration of units of the International Squadron arriving at
843:
569:(left) was the International Squadron′s first commander. French
2463:
treccani.it Gabriele, Mariano, "CANEVARO, Felice Napoleone,"
1304:
that would run its own internal affairs but remain under the
1008:
An 1897 Austro-Hungarian map of the International Squadron's
918:
came ashore and began an expedition to Kandanos, stopping at
2361:"Crete 1898 - The British in Crete, 1896 to 1913. - Page 4"
1750:
control of the island by the Admirals Council – to an end.
1108:
firing her 13.5-inch (343-mm) guns at insurgents attacking
341:"The Admirals of the Powers in Cretan Waters" (Sketch from
2882:
Military units and formations of the Imperial German Navy
1192:
broke up a threat by Cretan insurgents at Heraptera (now
2285:(Stapel Series, vol.1). Saint Petersburg: M. A. Leonov.
590:
landing at Canea on 15 February 1897 (Illustration from
1738:
on 20 December. Escorted by the other three flagships,
1556:, and Rethymo, requiring the Ottoman government to pay
526:(also known as Berovich Pasha) (1845–1897), to flee to
492:(1836–1929) consisting of two battalions of Greek Army
953:
of the turret explosion aboard the Russian battleship
903:(1833–1915), aboard) arrived off Selino Kastelli (now
18:
International Squadron (Crete intervention, 1897-1898)
2857:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1898
1627:, who will take up duty as High Commissioner of the
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
1930:
1928:
858:overlooking Suda Bay; the blockhouse supported the
120:
110:
70:
62:
31:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1726:, aboard – finally steamed on 19 December 1898 to
1039:, Crete. An exchange of gunfire followed in which
2852:Military units and formations established in 1897
2607:
2605:
2304:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905
2095:"Cretans play with fire; European Powers respond"
1872:"The 1897 Revolution in Crete and Spiros Kayales"
1369:on 3 September 1898 took place without incident.
764:Ships of the International Squadron anchored off
735:, and the newly arrived German protected cruiser
2595:
2593:
2465:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 18
2355:
2353:
2106:
2104:
1711:with the senior Russian commander, Rear Admiral
2302:Chesneau, Roger, and Eugene M. Kolesnik, eds.,
156:in early 1897, just before the outbreak of the
57:, on 21 February 1897. It is probably reversed.
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2722:
2720:
2666:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2583:
2581:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2258:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
2080:
2078:
2076:
2050:
2048:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1682:three powers flying their own national flags.
236:should be established on the island under the
2785:Great Powers intervention in Crete, 1897–1898
1986:
1984:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1391:and hospital at the western end of the town.
1313:remained under joint, multinational control.
1143:. On 26 and 27 March, the British battleship
530:on 14 February aboard the Russian battleship
516:of Crete. This prompted the island's Ottoman
8:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
1500:. Held aboard the British protected cruiser
947:A drawing from the 27 March 1897 edition of
2627:"Iraklion, 25th August Street…then and now"
1850:
1848:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
272:– to protect the interests of the island's
1730:, where Prince George awaited them on his
1162:then landed and took control of the fort.
2032:, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006
1722:with the British commander, Rear Admiral
2506:"Queen Victoria's Jubilee, 22 June 1897"
2483:britishinterventionincrete.wordpress.com
2365:britishinterventionincrete.wordpress.com
1966:"British warships off Canea. March 1897"
1343:(1845–1918) – who relieved Rear-Admiral
2817:King's College, London, September 2014.
1822:
1766:, Greece formally annexed Crete in the
1021:On 17 March 1897, the Austro-Hungarian
622:squadron consisting of the battleships
66:February 1897 – December 1898
2907:19th-century history of the Royal Navy
2450:"The propaganda plea that didn't work"
2165:"The battle for the Malaxa blockhouse"
28:
2028:Holland, Robert, and Diana Markides,
1762:1913, after the Greek victory in the
1715:, aboard; and the British battleship
959:off Crete on 15 March 1897.
772:, while supporting the expedition to
512:and unilaterally proclaimed Greece's
276:population, with whom many people in
7:
2902:Naval units and formations of Russia
2801:. London: Chatham Publishing, 1997.
2279:Bogdanov, M. A. (2004, in Russian).
793:Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie
268:– which the Ottomans had controlled
2306:, New York: Mayflower Books, 1979,
2128:. 14 September 2014. Archived from
2112:"Bombardment of rebels above Canea"
1667:Prince George of Greece and Denmark
1625:Prince George of Greece and Denmark
927:outside the village, but a Russian
739:bombarded the insurgent positions,
732:Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia
478:Prince George of Greece and Denmark
284:), Crete, on 23–24 January 1897, a
242:Prince George of Greece and Denmark
2847:Multinational units and formations
2390:. 14 February 2015. Archived from
2197:"The evacuation of Kandanos, 1897"
1614:, on 21 December 1898. The French
1196:) by threatening to bombard them.
351:As early as May 1896, the British
292:troops deployed to the island and
25:
1696:, aboard; the Italian battleship
1056:, later relieved by the ironclad
576:(right) relieved him in mid-1898.
244:(1869–1957) to Crete to serve as
2778:
2256:Russian & Soviet Battleships
1780:
552:
543:
37:
1661:Transportation of Prince George
1453:, arrived at Candia aboard his
618:– on the scene in command of a
43:Illustration as it appeared in
2388:"A slight Greek exaggeration?"
1:
1686:the French protected cruiser
1650:, and the Italian battleship
1249:, formally ending their war.
880:Amid reports of massacres of
776:. Left to right: The British
228:both Crete and some ports in
2912:History of the Royal Marines
2254:McLaughlin, Stephen (2003).
1516:Evacuation of Ottoman forces
1158:from the British battleship
981:; it struck the base of the
496:– about 1,500 men – and two
2797:Clowes, Sir William Laird.
2690:"Guarding the Ottoman Flag"
2338:Anonymous (19 March 1897).
1332:anchored at Suda Bay), one
347:, 10 April 1897).
160:, to intervene in a native
2928:
2867:History of the French Navy
2001:"Know your enemy – part 1"
1468:and the protected cruiser
1380:ashore and the Royal Navy
1219:
2711:"Ottomans Evacuate Crete"
1228:Greco-Turkish War of 1897
1216:Greco-Turkish War of 1897
815:, the Russian battleship
719:, the Russian battleship
616:Felice Napoleone Canevaro
567:Felice Napoleone Canevaro
407:– led by the battleships
333:Formation of the squadron
208:Felice Napoleone Canevaro
158:Greco-Turkish War of 1897
127:Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)
36:
2872:Naval history of Germany
2832:Greco-Turkish War (1897)
2126:"Bombarding the Cretans"
1247:Treaty of Constantinople
1222:Greco-Turkish War (1897)
685:prime minister of Greece
634:, the protected cruiser
132:Greco-Turkish War (1897)
2241:"On Russian seamanship"
1590:. Their embarkation on
1527:troops depart Crete at
1378:Highland Light Infantry
1017:Blockade and occupation
1001:, France, for repairs.
786:, the Austro-Hungarian
725:, the Austro-Hungarian
2887:Naval history of Italy
1657:
1586:for transportation to
1532:
1421:
1324:. French Rear Admiral
1296:
1270:
1120:
1013:
960:
831:
722:Imperator Aleksandr II
683:(1864–1936), a future
597:
388:, Italian Royal Navy (
348:
152:formed by a number of
146:International Squadron
32:International Squadron
2897:Imperial Russian Navy
2862:Austro-Hungarian Navy
2377:McTiernan, pp. 20-21.
1978:McTiernan, pp. 14-15.
1605:
1523:
1413:
1288:
1260:
1100:
1084:Imperial Russian Army
1068:Austro-Hungarian Army
1007:
946:
763:
681:Eleftherios Venizelos
671:February bombardments
585:
476:under the command of
396:Imperial Russian Navy
382:Austro-Hungarian Navy
340:
305:, six Great Powers –
2877:Imperial German Navy
2787:at Wikimedia Commons
2746:"Escorting a Prince"
2599:Clowes, pp. 447-448.
2186:Clowes, pp. 445-446.
1876:www.explorecrete.com
1322:Minister of the Navy
985:and crushed a steam
667:sent to supply him.
167:against rule by the
2748:. 22 February 2015.
2692:. 2 September 2015.
2452:. 29 November 2015.
2327:. 20 December 2015.
1878:. 13 November 2014.
1420:, 5 November 1898.)
912:John Harvey Rainier
876:Kandanos expedition
628:(his flagship) and
533:Imperator Nikolai I
2713:. 5 November 2015.
2017:. 30 January 2015.
2003:. 6 February 2015.
1708:Gerzog Edinburgski
1699:Francesco Morosini
1658:
1653:Francesco Morosini
1637:Gerzog Edinburgski
1533:
1422:
1397:water distillation
1297:
1271:
1189:Ruggiero di Lauria
1154:. A contingent of
1124:March bombardments
1121:
1058:coast defense ship
1014:
961:
895:(with the British
840:Akrotiri Peninsula
832:
821:, and the Italian
755:Gregorian calendar
661:Battle of Livadeia
598:
450:Greek intervention
349:
165:rebellion on Crete
2813:McTiernan, Mick,
2783:Media related to
2765:McTiernan, p. 39.
2735:McTiernan, p. 38.
2726:McTiernan, p. 36.
2679:McTiernan, p. 54.
2670:McTiernan, p. 43.
2658:McTiernan, p. 42.
2644:McTiernan, p. 35.
2629:. 25 August 2015.
2613:"British Justice"
2587:McTiernan, p. 34.
2561:McTiernan, p. 32.
2552:McTiernan, p. 30.
2529:McTiernan, p. 28.
2495:McTiernan, p. 27.
2439:McTiernan, p. 23.
2430:McTiernan, p. 22.
2394:on 7 January 2018
2243:. 29 August 2015.
2221:on 7 January 2018
2215:mickmctiernan.com
2211:"Contact Support"
2177:McTiernan, p. 19.
2132:on 7 January 2018
2084:McTiernan, p. 18.
2054:McTiernan, p. 17.
2040:978-0-19-924996-1
1990:McTiernan, p. 15.
1946:on 6 January 2018
1940:mickmctiernan.com
1936:"Contact Support"
1902:McTiernan, p. 14.
1888:McTiernan, p. 13.
1764:Second Balkan War
1616:protected cruiser
1542:Kaiser Wilhelm II
1531:in November 1898.
1318:High Commissioner
1293:Herbert Chermside
1282:on 22 June 1897.
1237:protected cruiser
1184:Kastelli-Kissamos
1110:Izzeddin Fortress
1092:Herbert Chermside
869:Mukaddeme-i Hayir
860:Izzeddin Fortress
823:protected cruiser
603:protected cruiser
403:warships to join
246:High Commissioner
139:
138:
16:(Redirected from
2919:
2782:
2766:
2763:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2659:
2656:
2645:
2642:
2631:
2630:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2600:
2597:
2588:
2585:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2544:
2543:McTiernan p. 29.
2541:
2530:
2527:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2475:
2469:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2344:New York Journal
2335:
2329:
2328:
2321:
2315:
2300:
2294:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2217:. Archived from
2207:
2201:
2200:
2199:. 10 March 2016.
2193:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2114:. 24 March 2014.
2108:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2071:
2068:
2055:
2052:
2043:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1968:. 17 March 2014.
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1942:. Archived from
1932:
1903:
1900:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1868:
1855:
1852:
1841:
1838:
1806:History of Crete
1790:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1768:Treaty of Athens
1713:Nikolai Skrydlov
1576:Empress of India
1269:on 22 June 1897.
1054:Kaiserin Augusta
737:Kaiserin Augusta
704:torpedo gunboats
658:
657:
653:
608:Kaiserin Augusta
596:, 6 March 1897).
586:Illustration of
556:
547:
319:Kingdom of Italy
286:revolt broke out
171:. Warships from
93:Kingdom of Italy
41:
29:
21:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2822:
2821:
2794:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2648:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2615:. 2 March 2015.
2611:
2610:
2603:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2533:
2528:
2513:
2508:. 26 July 2015.
2504:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2485:. 21 June 2018.
2477:
2476:
2472:
2461:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:Clowes, p. 446.
2420:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2367:. 2 March 2015.
2359:
2358:
2351:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2325:"God's revenge"
2323:
2322:
2318:
2301:
2297:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2167:. 2 April 2017.
2163:
2162:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2097:. 25 July 2014.
2093:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2074:
2070:Clowes, p. 445.
2069:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1934:
1933:
1906:
1901:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1870:
1869:
1858:
1854:Clowes, p. 448.
1853:
1844:
1840:Clowes, p. 444.
1839:
1824:
1819:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1759:
1704:armored cruiser
1694:Édouard Pottier
1663:
1633:armored cruiser
1544:(1859–1941) to
1518:
1444:mountain troops
1434:torpedo cruiser
1382:torpedo gunboat
1353:
1326:Édouard Pottier
1280:Diamond Jubilee
1267:Diamond Jubilee
1255:
1226:Meanwhile, the
1224:
1218:
1168:
1132:Giovanni Bausan
1126:
1023:torpedo cruiser
1019:
969:
901:Alfred Biliotti
878:
856:Malaxa Mountain
808:armored cruiser
798:torpedo cruiser
766:Selino Kastelli
751:Julian calendar
727:armored cruiser
673:
655:
651:
650:
642:torpedo cruiser
580:
579:
578:
577:
574:Édouard Pottier
559:
558:
557:
549:
548:
524:George Berovich
490:Timoleon Vassos
452:
447:
442:
344:Black and White
335:
307:Austria-Hungary
254:
224:on the island,
215:Édouard Pottier
173:Austria-Hungary
142:
83:French Republic
78:Austria-Hungary
58:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2925:
2923:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2810:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2774:
2773:External links
2771:
2768:
2767:
2751:
2737:
2728:
2716:
2695:
2681:
2672:
2660:
2646:
2632:
2618:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2574:. 10 May 2016.
2572:"Candia Water"
2563:
2554:
2545:
2531:
2511:
2497:
2488:
2470:
2455:
2441:
2432:
2423:
2405:
2379:
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2330:
2316:
2295:
2272:
2264:
2246:
2232:
2202:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2143:
2117:
2100:
2086:
2072:
2056:
2044:
2020:
2015:"Naval Patrol"
2006:
1992:
1980:
1971:
1957:
1904:
1890:
1881:
1856:
1842:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1775:
1772:
1758:
1755:
1662:
1659:
1640:, the British
1546:Constantinople
1517:
1514:
1493:courts martial
1358:customs houses
1352:
1349:
1276:Queen Victoria
1263:Queen Victoria
1254:
1251:
1220:Main article:
1217:
1214:
1167:
1164:
1125:
1122:
1018:
1015:
968:
962:
877:
874:
796:, the British
746:Spiros Kayales
672:
669:
561:
560:
551:
550:
542:
541:
540:
539:
538:
510:King of Greece
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
398:, and British
334:
331:
327:United Kingdom
323:Russian Empire
262:Ottoman Empire
253:
250:
193:United Kingdom
189:Russian Empire
169:Ottoman Empire
140:
137:
136:
135:
134:
129:
122:
118:
117:
115:Naval squadron
112:
108:
107:
106:
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103:United Kingdom
100:
98:Russian Empire
95:
90:
85:
80:
74:Multinational
72:
68:
67:
64:
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59:
42:
34:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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2840:
2838:
2837:Ottoman Crete
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2807:1-86176-016-7
2804:
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2320:
2317:
2313:
2312:0-8317-0302-4
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2291:5-902236-12-6
2288:
2284:
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2276:
2273:
2267:
2265:1-55750-481-4
2261:
2257:
2250:
2247:
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2171:
2166:
2160:
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2061:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1927:
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1923:
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1911:
1909:
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1847:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1812:
1811:Ottoman Crete
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1788:Greece portal
1778:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:. He boarded
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
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1714:
1710:
1709:
1705:
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1691:
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1683:
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1675:merchant ship
1672:
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1346:
1345:Robert Harris
1342:
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1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1291:
1290:Major General
1287:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1253:Seeking peace
1252:
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1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
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1197:
1195:
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1190:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1173:Fort Soubashi
1166:Other actions
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1156:Royal Marines
1153:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1112:as seen from
1111:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:Major General
1085:
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1069:
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1038:
1034:
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1024:
1016:
1011:
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1002:
1000:
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995:Sissoi Veliky
992:
988:
984:
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976:
975:
974:Sissoi Veliky
966:
965:Sissoi Veliky
963:
958:
957:
956:Sissoi Veliky
952:
951:
945:
941:
938:
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865:
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841:
837:
829:
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819:
818:Sissoi Veliky
814:
813:
809:
806:, the French
805:
804:
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771:
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762:
758:
756:
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724:
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648:
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633:
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621:
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614:
610:
609:
604:
595:
594:
589:
588:Royal Marines
584:
575:
572:
568:
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555:
546:
537:
535:
534:
529:
525:
521:
520:
515:
511:
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495:
491:
488:
483:
479:
475:
474:torpedo boats
471:
470:
466:
462:
461:
457:
449:
445:Early actions
444:
439:
437:
435:
431:
430:
424:
423:Robert Harris
421:
417:
413:
412:
406:
401:
397:
393:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:
368:
364:
361:and a French
360:
359:
354:
346:
345:
339:
332:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:German Empire
312:
308:
304:
298:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:In 1896, the
251:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
213:
209:
206:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:German Empire
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
141:Military unit
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
88:German Empire
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
52:
48:
47:
40:
35:
30:
27:
19:
2892:Regia Marina
2842:Cretan State
2814:
2798:
2792:Bibliography
2740:
2731:
2684:
2675:
2621:
2566:
2557:
2548:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2458:
2444:
2435:
2426:
2396:. Retrieved
2392:the original
2382:
2373:
2364:
2343:
2333:
2319:
2303:
2298:
2280:
2275:
2270:, pp. 81-82.
2255:
2249:
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2219:the original
2214:
2205:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2134:. Retrieved
2130:the original
2120:
2089:
2029:
2023:
2009:
1995:
1974:
1960:
1948:. Retrieved
1944:the original
1939:
1884:
1875:
1801:Cretan Turks
1796:Cretan State
1760:
1752:
1747:
1742:took him to
1739:
1735:
1718:
1706:
1697:
1687:
1684:
1664:
1651:
1646:
1635:
1629:Cretan State
1618:
1597:
1591:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1538:Ottoman flag
1534:
1525:Ottoman Army
1510:firing squad
1503:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1448:
1438:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1400:
1392:
1386:
1371:
1354:
1338:Rear-Admiral
1330:
1315:
1302:Cretan State
1298:
1272:
1241:
1225:
1207:
1198:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1159:
1146:
1130:
1127:
1115:
1104:
1080:Italian Army
1072:British Army
1062:
1053:
1045:
1040:
1027:
1020:
994:
972:
970:
964:
954:
948:
915:
891:
879:
867:
864:Ottoman Navy
833:
825:
816:
810:
802:
792:
782:
740:
736:
731:
720:
715:
708:
699:
690:Bashi-bazouk
688:
674:
644:
635:
629:
623:
620:Regia Marina
619:
613:Vice Admiral
607:
599:
591:
571:Rear Admiral
564:Vice Admiral
531:
522:(governor),
517:
467:
465:sloop-of-war
458:
453:
428:
420:Rear-Admiral
410:
404:
391:Regia Marina
389:
377:
372:
357:
350:
342:
299:
260:induced the
258:Great Powers
255:
234:Cretan State
219:
212:Rear Admiral
205:Vice Admiral
197:
154:Great Powers
148:was a naval
145:
143:
44:
26:
1724:Gerard Noel
1677:flying the
1671:royal yacht
1623:, carrying
1558:indemnities
1465:Illustrious
1451:Gerard Noel
1417:The Graphic
1405:Edhem Pasha
1351:Candia riot
1341:Gerard Noel
1076:French Army
997:steamed to
950:The Graphic
905:Palaiochora
593:The Graphic
386:French Navy
198:The senior
121:Engagements
46:The Graphic
2826:Categories
1817:References
1679:Greek flag
1642:battleship
1550:Spinalonga
1482:Camperdown
1428:Camperdown
1306:suzerainty
1208:Camperdown
1147:Camperdown
1141:Kontopoulo
1105:Camperdown
1101:Sketch of
899:at Canea,
848:blockhouse
778:battleship
695:Greek flag
665:storeships
640:, and the
631:Re Umberto
514:annexation
504:landed at
469:Sphacteria
440:Operations
400:Royal Navy
353:battleship
325:, and the
294:Greek Navy
290:Greek Army
270:since 1669
252:Background
238:suzerainty
191:, and the
2398:6 January
2314:, p. 180.
2225:6 January
2136:6 January
1950:6 January
1717:HMS
1645:HMS
1581:HMS
1574:HMS
1567:HMS
1502:HMS
1470:HMS
1463:HMS
1437:SMS
1426:HMS
1401:Turquoise
1385:HMS
1374:Heraklion
1240:HMS
1232:Macedonia
1206:HMS
1194:Ierapetra
1177:HMS
1145:HMS
1114:HMS
1103:HMS
1063:Oldenburg
1061:SMS
1026:SMS
967:explosion
933:artillery
929:field gun
920:Spaniakos
890:HMS
866:ironclad
801:HMS
791:SMS
781:HMS
730:SMS
714:HMS
707:HMS
606:SMS
506:Platanias
502:artillery
498:batteries
482:steamship
472:and four
427:HMS
409:HMS
371:HMS
367:Heraklion
356:HMS
274:Christian
226:blockaded
2293:, p. 84.
2042:, p. 92.
1774:See also
1748:de facto
1608:Suda Bay
1588:Salonica
1554:Kissamos
1529:Suda Bay
1455:flagship
1399:ship SS
1367:Rethymno
1311:Suda Bay
1049:blockade
1041:Sebenico
1037:Cape Dia
1033:schooner
1028:Sebenico
1010:blockade
983:foremast
979:mainmast
925:redoubts
886:Kandanos
836:Suda Bay
788:ironclad
774:Kandanos
677:Akrotiri
646:Euridice
562:Italian
494:infantry
456:ironclad
416:flagship
405:Barfleur
378:Barfleur
373:Barfleur
150:squadron
2467:, 1975.
1740:Bugeaud
1736:Bugeaud
1719:Revenge
1689:Bugeaud
1647:Revenge
1620:Bugeaud
1569:Revenge
1498:hanging
1486:Revenge
1477:Revenge
1459:Revenge
1439:Leopard
1334:cruiser
1202:sniping
1160:Revenge
1116:Revenge
937:bayonet
909:Captain
882:Muslims
827:Vesuvio
741:Revenge
716:Harrier
700:Revenge
654:⁄
637:Vesuvio
625:Sicilia
528:Trieste
487:Colonel
411:Revenge
363:gunboat
222:marines
200:admiral
71:Country
2805:
2310:
2289:
2262:
2038:
1757:Legacy
1592:Hussar
1583:Hussar
1393:Hazard
1387:Hazard
1179:Rodney
1137:Malaxa
1082:, and
1012:zones.
999:Toulon
991:breech
987:cutter
916:Rodney
897:consul
892:Rodney
852:Aptera
812:Chanzy
783:Rodney
434:Chania
429:Rodney
425:, and
414:, the
321:, the
317:, the
313:, the
311:France
303:Europe
282:Chania
278:Greece
230:Greece
187:, the
179:, the
177:France
63:Active
51:Chania
1732:yacht
1728:Milos
1612:Crete
1472:Venus
1242:Hawke
1152:siege
803:Scout
770:Crete
709:Dryad
460:Hydra
266:Crete
185:Italy
162:Greek
55:Crete
2803:ISBN
2400:2018
2308:ISBN
2287:ISBN
2260:ISBN
2227:2018
2138:2018
2036:ISBN
1952:2018
1744:Suda
1572:and
1504:Isis
1484:and
1457:HMS
1362:duty
1139:and
844:Suda
712:and
702:and
519:vali
358:Hood
144:The
111:Type
1278:′s
1265:′s
914:of
854:on
850:at
500:of
418:of
394:),
2828::
2754:^
2719:^
2698:^
2663:^
2649:^
2635:^
2604:^
2592:^
2580:^
2534:^
2514:^
2481:.
2408:^
2363:.
2352:^
2342:.
2213:.
2146:^
2103:^
2075:^
2059:^
2047:^
2034:,
1983:^
1938:.
1907:^
1893:^
1874:.
1859:^
1845:^
1825:^
1770:.
1610:,
1552:,
1078:,
1074:,
1070:,
768:,
536:.
384:,
309:,
183:,
175:,
53:,
2809:.
2402:.
2346:.
2268:.
2229:.
2140:.
1954:.
1656:.
1119:.
830:.
656:4
652:3
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
