1269:, chairman of the 1965 "March on Washington", was asked by Russell to participate in the tribunal and rejected the invitation. Lynd's objections and criticism of the Tribunal were based on the fact that Russell planned to investigate only non-North Vietnamese and National Liberation Front conduct. Lynd wrote that "in conversation with the emissary who proffered the invitation, I urged that the alleged war crimes of any party to the conflict should come before the Tribunal. After all, I argued, a "crime" is an action that is wrong no matter who does it. Pressing my case, I asked, "What if it were shown that the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam tortures unarmed prisoners?" The answer, as I understood it, was, "Anything is justified that drives the imperialist aggressor into the sea." I declined the invitation to be a member of the Tribunal."
1020:â and ten eminent jurist, theologians, academics and political figures. The tribunal concluded that genocide was already prohibited by law at the time the Armenian Genocide took place - that though not explicitly banned by written rules it was not legally tolerated - thus the 1948 International Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was formally expressing an already existing prohibition. The tribunal concluded that the massacres of Armenians between 1915 and 1917 revealed the intention of the systematic extermination of the Armenian people, intent as specified in article II of the 1948 convention, and that it was undoubtedly a genocide, the manifestation of a policy that had emerged in the Ottoman Empire in the 1890s. The tribunal criticised as unacceptable the denial (
454:"This Tribunal will examine all the evidence that may be placed before it by any source or party. The evidence may be oral, or in the form of documents. No evidence relevant to our purposes will be refused attention. ... The National Liberation Front of South Vietnam and the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam have assured us of their willingness to co-operate ... The Cambodian Head of State, Prince Sihanouk, has similarly offered to help ... We invite the Government of the United States to present evidence or cause it to be presented ... Our purpose is to establish, without fear or favour, the full truth about this war. We sincerely hope that our efforts will contribute to the world's justice, to the re-establishment of peace and the liberation of oppressed peoples."
168:. Representatives of 18 countries participated in the tribunal's two sessions. The tribunal committee, which called itself the International War Crimes Tribunal, consisted of 25 notable individuals, predominantly from leftist peace organisations, including winners of the Nobel Prize, Medals of Valor, and awards of recognition in humanitarian and social fields. Neither Vietnam nor the United States was directly represented by any individual on the 25-member panel, although a couple of members were American citizens.
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But these conquests will be useless if the US has to face a free
Vietnam with thirty-one million united people." Furthermore that "At this point in our discussion, three facts emerge: (1) the US government wants a base and an example; (2) this can be achieved, without any greater obstacle than the resistance of the Vietnamese people themselves, by liquidating an entire people and establishing a Pax Americana on a Vietnamese desert; (3) to attain the second, the US
946:
on the situation of Human Rights in
Germany (1978), the fourth tribunal focused on the rights of the Indians of the Americas (Rotterdam 1980), subsequent tribunals forcused on the Threat of Indigenous Peoples of America (1982), on Human Rights in Psychiatry (Berlin, 2001), on Iraq (Brussels, 2004), and on Palestine (Barcelona, 2009â12). The tribunal was criticised by some historians and activists who argue against its lack of standing.
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cultural monuments. We also find unanimously, with one abstention, that the government of the United States of
America is guilty of repeated violations of the sovereignty, neutrality and territorial integrity of Cambodia, that it is guilty of attacks against the civilian population of a certain number of Cambodian towns and villages.
1279:
but didn't participate in the
Tribunal, wrote 30 years later about the criticism that the Russell Tribunal would not also investigate alleged Communist atrocities. In his memoirs, Horowitz wrote that Jean-Paul Sartre said, "I refuse to place in the same category the actions of an organization of poor
1238:
Decolonization, settler-colonialism, crimes against humanity, genocide and nuclear threats emerging from the disputed territory of Indian-Occupied Jammu and
Kashmir were marked at an inaugural tribunal in Sarajevo that sought to draw global attention to the atrocities committed in the Muslim-majority
945:
have been held. The Second
Russell Tribunal on Latin America was held over three sessions that spanned three years and focused on human rights violations during the military dictatorships in Argentina and Brazil (Rome, 1974), on Chile's military coup d'Ă©tat (Rome, 1974â76), the third tribunal focused
800:
was an investigator for the
Tribunal and documented that the United States was bombing hospitals, schools and other civilian targets in Vietnam. He offers first hand and documentary evidence about US war crimes. His book provides many details of US atrocities and shows the larger motivation for the
1341:
challenge the impartiality of their accusers. And it may be the case that the organisers of opinion tribunals, as of any other tribunal, might be biased or produce insufficient evidence. But to further develop the rule of law, those which are unsatisfied about the outcomes of these tribunals should
826:
that is in danger in Saigon. This means that their first aim is military: it is to encircle
Communist China, the major obstacle to their expansionism. Thus, they will not let south-east Asia escape. America has put men in power in Thailand, it controls part of Laos and threatens to invade Cambodia.
645:
We find the government and armed forces of the United States are guilty of the deliberate, systematic and large-scale bombardment of civilian targets, including civilian populations, dwellings, villages, dams, dikes, medical establishments, leper colonies, schools, churches, pagodas, historical and
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A detailed historical account of the tribunal carried out by historian Cody J. Foster, on the contrary, has argued that the evidence produced in the tribunal was reliable and well balanced, and that the initiative was very important to re-balance the
American public opinion views about the Vietnam
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The question also arises as to whether or not the governments of
Thailand and other countries have become accomplices to acts of aggression or other crimes against Vietnam and its populations. We have not been able to study this question during the present session. We intend to examine at the next
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and others took part in a Russell Tribunal on Human Rights in Psychiatry held in Berlin between 30 June and 2 July. The Tribunal brought in the two following verdicts: the majority verdict claimed that there was "serious abuse of human rights in psychiatry" and that psychiatry was "guilty of the
1301:
in October 2011, said of the Russell Tribunal on Palestine that "It is not a 'tribunal.' The 'evidence' is going to be one-sided and the members of the 'jury' are critics whose harsh views of Israel are well known. In Israel, there is no apartheid. Nothing there comes close to the definition of
1262:
as part of a "veritable industry publicizing alleged war crimes", as increasing numbers of American servicemen were stepping forward with published accounts of their experiences with atrocities, and scholars and peace organisations were holding tribunals dealing with war crimes.
171:
More than 30 people, including military personnel from the United States, and both of the warring factions in Vietnam, gave evidence to the tribunal. Financing for the Tribunal included a large contribution from the North Vietnamese government after a request made by Russell to
1059:, and then to all of Latin America. The official name chosen by the constituents was "Russel Tribunal II on the Repression in Brazil, Chile and in Latin America" and was held in three sessions from 1974 to 1976 in Rome and Brussels. Basso presided over the tribunal and writer
114:
If certain acts and violations of treaties are crimes, they are crimes whether the United States does them or whether Germany does them. We are not prepared to lay down a rule of criminal conduct against others which we would not be willing to have invoked against
949:
At the closing session of the Russell Tribunal the creation of three new institutions was announced: the International Foundation for the Rights and Liberations of Peoples, and the International League for the Rights and Liberations of Peoples, and the
1188:. More than âŹ15,000 was raised at a 24 September 2011 fundraising event by the Belgian support committee of the Russell Tribunal. The Caipirinha Foundation lists the RToP as a grant receiver, but does not disclose the amount or the year of its grant.
1213:
The Russell Tribunal on Kashmir was launched in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Hercegovina, and took place on December 17â19, 2021. It was organized by Canadian NGO Kashmir Civitas whose Secretary-General is Canadian academic Farhan Mujahid Chak, and attended by
2267:"The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam: A Compendium Prepared for the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate"
433:
Have Vietnamese prisoners been subjected to inhuman treatment forbidden by the laws of war and, in particular, to torture or mutilation? Have there been unjustified reprisals against the civilian population, in particular, execution of
1313:, now living in Israel, described the Cape Town Session of the Russell Tribunal on Palestine as "It's theatre: the actors know their parts and the result is known before they start. Israel is to be dragged into the mud."
1169:
and its member states in the Palestinian-Israel conflict. The second international session of the RToP took place in London in November 2010. It examined international corporate issues in Israel and human rights law.
772:(CCI) to hold hearings intended to document testimony of war crimes in Indochina. These hearings were held in several American cities, and would eventually form the foundation of two national investigations: the
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All participants in the war in Southeast Asia are petitioned to attend and present evidence, including Vietnam, Cambodia and the United States, as noted in this excerpt from the Tribunal's description of aims and
3017:
1230:
The event had support/partnerships with the World Kashmir Awareness Forum, Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation, Permanent Peoples' Tribunal, Aljazeera Balkans, Nahla, Center for Advanced Studies in Sarajevo, and
2210:
437:
Have forced labour camps been created, has there been deportation of the population or other acts tending to the extermination of the population and which can be characterised juridically as acts of genocide?
701:
The three Tribunal members who voted against agree that the Japanese Government gives considerable aid to the Government of the United States, but do not agree on its complicity in the crime of aggression.
2236:
2621:
2523:
2181:"Kashmir Civitas â Russell tribunal â An international civil society & strategic advocacy org committed to the socio-political emancipation, moral uplift & economic empowerment of Kashmir"
224:, international lawyer; Deputy of Italian Parliament and Member of the Commission of Foreign Affairs; professor, Rome University. President of PSIUP (Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity)
2123:
1280:
peasants ... and those of an immense army backed by a highly organized country ...". Horowitz interpreted Sartre's words to mean "the Communists were, by definition, incapable of committing
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be able to produce further evidence and legal arguments rather than unsubstantiated criticism. Legal discourse, they argue, is necessarily based on the opposition of contrasting views.
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in the war that the American government is fighting against Vietnam. Article 2 of the Convention of 1948 defines genocide on the basis of intention." And that "Recently,
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653:
Have the governments of Australia, New Zealand and South Korea been accomplices of the United States in the aggression against Vietnam in violation of international law?
141:, was published in January 1967. His postscript called for establishing this investigative body. The findings of the tribunal were largely ignored in the United States.
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2342:
1658:
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Pierre Galand pointed out that the Cape Town session of the tribunal had a budget of âŹ190,000; âŹ100,000 was donated by Editions Indigene, the publisher of the book
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1361:
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Has there been bombardment of targets of a purely civilian character, for example hospitals, schools, sanatoria, dams, etc., and on what scale has this occurred?
2232:
1685:
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2607:
2361:
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Has the United States Government (and the Governments of Australia, New Zealand and South Korea) committed acts of aggression according to international law?
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began organizing a second tribunal in 1973 initially focused on human rights violations in Brazil, which then expanded to include Chile in the wake of the
801:
Tribunal on the accusation of genocide rests from the clear need to expose documented atrocities against civilians rather than an actual ongoing genocide.
415:
We constitute ourselves a Tribunal which, even if it has not the power to impose sanctions, will have to answer, amongst others, the following questions:
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246:
237:
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Has there been, and if so, on what scale, bombardment of purely civilian targets, for example, hospitals, schools, medical establishments, dams, etc?
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praised this event, stating that "to resuscitate the tradition of a Russell Tribunal is symbolically an important and necessary thing to do today."
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commented: "Lord Russell would think no more of doing that than of trying the Jews of the Warsaw Ghetto for their uprising against the Nazis."
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Has the United States Government committed aggression against the people of Laos, according to the definition provided by international law?
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1232:
1032:
3007:
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1739:"Wielding the human rights weapon against the American empire: the second Russell Tribunal and human rights in transatlantic relations"
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681:
Is the Government of the Philippines guilty of complicity in the aggression committed by the United States Government against Vietnam?
1991:
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2462:
2086:
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318:, poet laureate of the Philippines; Chairman, Democratic Labor Party; Acting President, National Organization of Philippine Writers
153:
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Have the armed forces of the United States subjected the civilian population to inhuman treatment prohibited by international law?
728:
Have prisoners of war captured by the armed forces of the United States been subjected to treatment prohibited by the laws of war?
548:
During the Second Tribunal Session in Roskilde, testimony and evidence was produced by the following witnesses (incomplete list):
465:
During the First Tribunal Session in Stockholm, testimony and evidence was produced by the following witnesses (incomplete list):
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1867:
781:
2016:
1833:
Parker, Ian (2001). "Russell Tribunal on Human rights in Psychiatry & "Geist Gegen Genes", June 30 â July 2, 2001, Berlin".
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Is the Government of Thailand guilty of complicity in the aggression committed by the United States Government against Vietnam?
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in November 2011. It asked the question: "Are Israeli practices against the Palestinian people in breach of the prohibition on
909:
2697:
2553:
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881:
866:
769:
691:
Is the Government of Japan guilty of complicity in the aggression committed by the United States Government against Vietnam?
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951:
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bases his argument for genocide on several reasons, but part of it rests on statements and declarations from US leaders and
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2339:
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625:
Has the Government of the United States committed acts of aggression against Vietnam under the terms of international law?
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2853:
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1411:
1376:
888:
777:
31:
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2383:
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3012:
343:
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1681:
1549:
895:
3022:
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1198:
773:
1024:"the abusive refusal") of the genocide by Turkish governments since the establishment of the Kemalist republic.
188:, JD, Professor of Political Science, Marburg University (did not attend the sessions in Stockholm and Roskilde)
2813:
1013:
293:
2582:
877:
1629:
1327:
A group of Jewish South Africans protested against the court, and the organiser of the protest called it a "
855:
2571:
Reviews of the Proceedings of the Russell International War Crimes Tribunal and Sartre's essay, On Genocide
718:
Have the armed forces of the United States used or experimented with weapons prohibited by the laws of war?
427:
Has the American army made use of or experimented with new weapons or weapons forbidden by the laws of war?
2675:
2495:
1105:
1028:
336:, Swedish novelist and activist (substitute for Wolfgang Abendroth at the Stockholm and Roskilde sessions)
2184:
1127:
In April 2011, the association converted to a non-profit organisation, with legal status in Brussels, by
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on 23 June 1979. Between its founding and April 1984, the tribunal pronounced two advisory opinions on
227:
2266:
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combination of force and unaccountability"; the minority verdict, signed by the Israeli Law Professor
324:, Chairman, Cuban Committee for Solidarity with Viet Nam, now the Cuba-Viet Nam Friendship Association
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1227:
1178:
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1707:
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339:
2889:
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1924:
1223:
1128:
1104:" took place in Brussels as a continuation of the tradition of the Russell Tribunal as part of the
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242:
2570:
1805:
1776:
1297:
1147:
1121:
1101:
315:
267:
257:
233:
185:
80:
17:
218:, African-American novelist and essayist (did not attend the sessions in Stockholm and Roskilde)
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2529:
2117:"The Russel Tribunal on Palestine Extraordinary Session on Gaza: Summary of Findings Brussels"
1904:
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1768:
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1509:
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1292:
1005:
902:
585:
395:
Other intellectuals were invited but eventually rejected this invitation for various reasons:
327:
197:
121:
96:
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war. Furthermore, it inspired several subsequent films and documentaries on the Vietnam war.
1165:
in March 2010 This session's objective was to consider the complicities and omissions of the
129:
The tribunal was constituted in November 1966, and was conducted in two sessions in 1967, in
2925:
2883:
2630:
2409:
2233:"Kashmir issue be seen in context of genocide, settler colonialism: Russell Tribunal judges"
1896:
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1317:
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1064:
1009:
804:
564:
555:
532:
502:
376:
370:
358:
309:
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302:, Israeli liberation fighter, jurist (did not attend the sessions in Stockholm and Roskilde)
263:
203:
84:
72:
68:
1197:
An extraordinary session was held in Brussels on 24 September 2014 in response to Israel's
2665:
2589:
2577:
2482:
Against The Crime of Silence: Proceedings of the Russell International War Crimes Tribunal
2466:
2365:
2346:
1984:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1252:
1109:
761:
321:
283:
273:
92:
88:
71:, British philosopher and Nobel Prize winner, and hosted by French philosopher and writer
2207:"Kashmir Civitas to hold Russell Tribunal on Kashmir in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"
1889:
Lendman, Stephen (2010). "The Russell Tribunal on Palestine". In Cook, William A. (ed.).
1158:. The former non-elected PS senator, Galand, was appointed president of the association.
2457:
1963:
330:, Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan, Senior Advocate Supreme Court of Pakistan
2491:
1371:
1328:
1272:
1266:
1191:
A fourth international session of the RToP took place in New York on 6â7 October 2012.
1166:
962:
364:
299:
206:, international lawyer; Member of Turkish Parliament; President, Turkish Workers' Party
1861:
1619:
Gerassi, John (1968) ''North Vietnam: A Documentary,'' London : Allen & Unwin
1337:
and Alice Pease have argued that it is a rather common practice that those accused of
812:
3001:
1780:
1366:
1219:
1068:
514:
469:
251:
215:
1795:"First Session of Russell Tribunal on Repression in Brazil, Chile and Latin America"
137:, Denmark. Bertrand Russell's book on the armed confrontations underway in Vietnam,
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2877:
2533:
2511:
1259:
1215:
1133:
1089:
1080:
797:
664:
session legal aspects of the problem and to seek proofs of any incriminating facts.
526:
399:
382:
373:(Tribunal Executive President), philosopher; writer, playwright, political activist
348:
287:
165:
149:
2583:
War Crimes and Vietnam: The "Nuremberg Defense" and the Military Service Resister
748:
Is the United States Government guilty of genocide against the people of Vietnam?
2765:
2565:
2153:
1396:
1321:
1052:
1017:
1004:
A special hearing was conducted in Paris on 13â16 April 1984 to investigate the
982:
978:
974:
844:
606:
496:
388:
333:
221:
173:
104:
76:
39:
1754:
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1202:
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More than three decades later, the Russell Tribunal model was followed by the
986:
145:
2038:
1900:
1846:
1772:
1738:
1248:
1174:
1162:
994:
970:
819:
266:, MA, JD, Tribunal chairman and President of Sessions, historian and former
209:
191:
130:
30:"International War Crimes Tribunal" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1047:
1974â76: On Repression in Brazil, Chile, and Latin America (Rome, Brussels)
1545:"Chomsky on Latin America", Stony Brook Interview #5 with Eduardo Mendieta
1116:
2009â2014: On Palestine (Barcelona, London, Cape Town, New York, Brussels)
312:; author of works on French repression of independence fighters in Algeria
552:
Peter Martinsen, American veteran, 541st Military Intelligence Detachment
361:(Tribunal Honorary President), peace activist; philosopher; mathematician
134:
100:
1763:
2087:"Full conclusions of the final session | Russell Tribunal on Palestine"
966:
958:
1092:, called for "public critical examination of the role of psychiatry."
110:
Bertrand Russell justified the establishment of this body as follows:
1682:"Theotonio dos Santos â Site Oficial: Lelio Basso e a AmĂ©rica Latina"
1531:
The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell: The Public Years, 1914â1970
1324:, who testified at the Tribunal that "Israel is an apartheid state".
998:
44:
1506:
The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell: The Public Years 1914-1970
1008:. The Tribunal's 35-member panel included three Nobel Prize winnersâ
156:
and, most recently, on the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
144:
Further tribunals were also held on various other issues, including
2599:
164:
The idea for the tribunal was first proposed to Russell in 1965 by
2525:
Crime and Global Justice: The Dynamics of International Punishment
2459:
Crime and Global Justice: The Dynamics of International Punishment
1071:, and professor of law François Rigaux served as vice-presidents.
990:
38:
1320:
filed a complaint with the Knesset's Ethics Committee against MK
509:
2603:
2595:
Interview with Frank Barat of the Russell Tribunal on Palestine
2149:"Inaugural Russell Tribunal highlights aggrievances in Kashmir"
941:
Additional tribunals using the same model and the denomination
2180:
838:
814:"In particular, we must try to understand whether there is an
597:
Thai Binh Danh, Vietnamese farmworker, napalm bombing survivor
594:
Pham Thi Yen, Vietnamese pharmacist, former political prisoner
1985:"Rencontre-débat autour du Tribunal Russell sur la Palestine"
508:
Charles Cobb, American journalist and field secretary of the
478:
Charles Fourniau, French historian, journalist and playwright
561:
David Kenneth Tuck, American veteran, 25th Infantry Division
520:
Fujio Yamazaki, Japanese scientist, Professor of Agriculture
1247:
The tribunal did not investigate alleged war crimes by the
254:, General Secretary, Scottish National Union of Mineworkers
3018:
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
1173:
The third international session of the RToP took place in
538:
Do Van Ngoc, 9-year-old Vietnamese napalm bombing survivor
822:
has declared: 'We are defending ourselves ... It is the
391:, German playwright, novelist; experimental film director
576:
Gilbert Dreyfus, French M.D., Professor of Biochemistry
103:
investigated and evaluated American foreign policy and
67:, was a private people's tribunal organised in 1966 by
2484:, edited by J. Duffett, O'Hare Books, New York, 1968.
1194:
A fifth session met in Brussels on 16â17 March 2013.
1479:"Voiceless no more: The Russell Tribunal on Kashmir"
957:
The Permanents People's Tribunal was established in
27:
People's tribunal formed in 1966 by Bertrand Russell
2947:
2864:
2749:
2715:
2688:
2651:
2644:
1708:"International War Crimes Tribunal Records TAM.098"
1309:South African journalist and human rights activist
1031:, which was held to make a similar analysis of the
869:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
831:achieve, at least partially, this extermination."
1655:"11. Armenian Genocide (Paris, 13-16 April 1984)"
43:Nine-year-old Do Van Ngoc exhibits injuries from
2639:British philosopher, logician, and social critic
1161:The first session of the Tribunal took place in
603:Stanley Faulkner, American civil rights attorney
484:Samuel Rosenwein, American constitutional lawyer
2938:Henrietta Stanley, Baroness Stanley of Alderley
2410:"MK Schneller files complaint against MK Zoabi"
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1258:The Russell Tribunal was included by historian
1209:2021: On Kashmir (Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina)
997:). The latter was concluded in January 1983 in
618:The Tribunal stated that its conclusions were:
124:, Chief Prosecutor, Nuremberg War Crimes Trials
112:
2067:. Russelltribunalonpalestine.com. October 2012
1473:
1471:
1362:International Tribunal on Crimes against Women
2615:
2017:"Fundraiser by the Belgian support committee"
490:John Takman, Swedish M.D. and parliamentarian
379:, Professor of Mathematics, Paris University.
8:
2504:, by Bertrand Russell, 1967, see Postscript.
1075:2001: On Human Rights in Psychiatry (Berlin)
236:, American civil rights activist, Chairman,
517:, American author and civil rights activist
2712:
2685:
2648:
2622:
2608:
2600:
2384:"Lies Told About Israel are Beyond Belief"
2122:. European Parliament. 25 September 2014.
1630:"Questioning the New Imperial World Order"
411:The Tribunal aims were stated as follows:
2340:Did America Commit War Crimes in Vietnam?
1828:
1826:
1762:
1407:War crimes committed by the United States
929:Learn how and when to remove this message
280:; Chairman, Fifth Avenue Parade Committee
247:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
238:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
1895:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 173â176.
1357:Human Rights Record of the United States
1316:After the Cape Town session, Israeli MK
493:Axel Höjer, Swedish M.D. and UN official
2920:Katharine Russell, Viscountess Amberley
2798:Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy
2456:See Daniele Archibugi and Alice Pease,
1964:"Russell Tribunal on Palestine website"
1508:. Vol. 2. Routledge. p. 586.
1427:
1051:After Russell's death in 1970, Senator
558:, American veteran, Army Special Forces
2830:In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays
2520:. Directed by Staffan Lamm. 2003/2004.
2097:from the original on 24 September 2015
1718:from the original on 24 September 2018
1402:Vietnam War Crimes Working Group Files
1863:Jacques Derrida: For a future to come
1661:from the original on 20 December 2016
194:, journalist and political campaigner
7:
2806:Free Thought and Official Propaganda
2554:Selections from the Russell Tribunal
2440:"Israel slammed at Russell Tribunal"
2420:from the original on 9 December 2011
2390:from the original on 18 January 2013
2382:Benjamin Pogrund (30 October 2011).
2277:from the original on 6 December 2022
1870:from the original on 19 October 2007
1615:
1613:
1587:
1585:
1559:
1557:
1458:. Ed. Monthly Review, January 1967;
1233:International University of Sarajevo
1033:Project for the New American Century
867:adding citations to reliable sources
2988:Category: Works by Bertrand Russell
2488:Radical Son: A Generational Odyssey
2327:Radical Son: A Generational Odyssey
2239:from the original on 4 January 2022
2213:from the original on 8 January 2022
2187:from the original on 4 January 2022
2161:from the original on 4 January 2022
1937:from the original on 25 August 2014
1684:. Theotoniodossantos.blogspot.com.
1485:from the original on 4 January 2022
523:Makato Kandachi, Japanese scientist
2514:, Allen & Unwin, London, 1968.
2313:The War Crimes Tribunal: A Dissent
2091:www.russelltribunalonpalestine.com
2045:from the original on 26 March 2011
1997:from the original on 21 April 2012
1124:(RToP) was created in March 2009.
591:Roger Pic, French photo journalist
544:Martin Birnstingl, British surgeon
461:Evidence presented at the Tribunal
245:, American civil rights activist,
212:, British philosopher and logician
25:
2349:, New York Times, 1 December 2017
2311:Lynd, Staughton (December 1967),
1688:from the original on 1 March 2012
1277:Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation
766:Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation
573:Masahiro Hashimoto, Japanese M.D.
535:, British journalist and academic
353:Students for a Democratic Society
57:International War Crimes Tribunal
18:International War Crimes Tribunal
2982:
2981:
2902:Conrad Russell, 5th Earl Russell
2740:
2359:Israel and the Apartheid Slander
2273:. 17 February 1972. p. 64.
2129:from the original on 1 June 2016
2019:. Russelltribunalonpalestine.com
1925:"Official but unsigned document"
1860:de Cauter, Lieven (April 2004).
1743:Journal of Transatlantic Studies
843:
782:Vietnam Veterans Against the War
499:, Cuban author and revolutionary
475:Jean Chesneaux, French historian
355:; playwright; political essayist
105:military intervention in Vietnam
2914:John Russell, Viscount Amberley
2908:Frank Russell, 2nd Earl Russell
2846:A History of Western Philosophy
2296:Lewy, Guenter (December 1978).
2271:U.S. Government Printing Office
1680:Postado por Almir Cezar Filho.
1529:Griffin, Nicholas (July 2002).
1504:Griffin, Nicholas, ed. (2002).
1043:, and the links between these.
854:needs additional citations for
770:Citizens Commissions of Inquiry
582:, M.D., Professor of Pediatrics
541:Ngo Thi Nga, Vietnamese teacher
286:, Polish-British historian and
260:, French writer and philosopher
2932:John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
2896:John Russell, 4th Earl Russell
2416:. Ynetnews.com. 20 June 1995.
1892:The Plight of the Palestinians
1737:Tulli, Umberto (1 June 2021).
776:sponsored by the CCI, and the
600:Edgar Ledeer, French scientist
385:, American author and activist
367:, Japanese physicist, educator
308:, French lawyer; attorney for
1:
2758:The Principles of Mathematics
2566:Russell Tribunal on Palestine
1057:military coup in that country
481:Leon Matarasso, French jurist
402:, American anti-war activist.
276:, American pacifist; Editor,
2854:My Philosophical Development
2838:Power: A New Social Analysis
2559:Aims of the Russell Tribunal
2508:North Vietnam: A Documentary
2041:. Caipirinhafoundation.org.
1594:Against the Crime of Silence
1592:Duffett, John, ed. (1970) .
1566:Prevent the Crime of Silence
1412:Winter Soldier Investigation
1377:List of massacres in Vietnam
1275:, who did some work for the
778:Winter Soldier Investigation
609:, French jurist and activist
230:, former President of Mexico
32:International Criminal Court
2970:Professorship of Philosophy
952:Permanent Peoples' Tribunal
344:Japan Civil Liberties Union
342:, attorney; Vice-Chairman,
3044:
3008:International criminal law
2782:The Problems of Philosophy
2698:RussellâEinstein Manifesto
2300:. Oxford University Press.
1755:10.1057/s42738-021-00071-4
1181:under international law?"
487:Abraham Behar, French M.D.
29:
2978:
2738:
2637:
1634:www.brussellstribunal.org
1564:Coates, Ken, ed. (1971).
1302:apartheid under the 1998
1199:Operation Protective Edge
969:and held eight sessions (
774:National Veterans Inquiry
154:Israel-Palestine conflict
2814:Why I Am Not a Christian
2661:CoplestonâRussell debate
2364:16 February 2017 at the
2258:"Off With Their Hands".
1901:10.1057/9780230107922_22
1120:The Russell Tribunal on
1096:2004: On Iraq (Brussels)
760:Prompted in part by the
614:Conclusions and verdicts
570:Erich Wulff, German M.D.
200:, writer and philosopher
99:and several others. The
1088:and Brazilian novelist
567:, Australian journalist
61:RussellâSartre Tribunal
2955:Appointment court case
2940:(maternal grandmother)
2934:(paternal grandfather)
2723:PeanoâRussell notation
2676:Theory of descriptions
2588:25 August 2012 at the
2368:RICHARD J. GOLDSTONE.
2345:5 October 2019 at the
1568:. London: Allen Lane.
1106:World Tribunal on Iraq
1061:Gabriel GarcĂa MĂĄrquez
1029:World Tribunal on Iraq
788:Reasoning for verdicts
704:
697:, (by 8 Votes to 3).
667:
649:
296:, ambassador to UNESCO
160:Composition and origin
127:
48:
2774:Principia Mathematica
2576:16 April 2005 at the
2502:War Crimes in Vietnam
1835:Psychology in Society
1804:. CIA. Archived from
1596:. New York: Clarion.
1456:War Crimes in Vietnam
1438:. Oliver & Boyd.
1434:Watling, John (1970)
1417:World Courts of Women
1037:2003 Invasion of Iraq
1014:Adolfo PĂ©rez Esquivel
816:intention of genocide
698:
660:
642:
294:Miguel Ăngel Estrella
139:War Crimes in Vietnam
42:
2465:7 April 2020 at the
2446:on 10 November 2011.
2235:. 23 December 2021.
2209:. 17 December 2021.
2157:. 20 December 2021.
1339:international crimes
1226:, David Hearst, and
863:improve this article
835:Subsequent tribunals
811:rather than conduct.
793:Verdict 11: Genocide
529:, American scientist
472:, American historian
55:, also known as the
2890:Edith Finch Russell
2872:Alys Pearsall Smith
2822:Marriage and Morals
2653:Views on philosophy
2536:, Cambridge, 2018.
2386:. Timeslive.co.za.
2039:"Groups We Support"
1224:Jonathan A.C. Brown
1186:Time for an outrage
588:, French journalist
580:Alexandre Minkowski
3013:Vietnam War crimes
2298:America in Vietnam
2065:"New York Session"
1811:on 24 January 2017
1298:The New York Times
1102:BRussells Tribunal
1041:occupation of Iraq
1022:il diniego abusive
878:"Russell Tribunal"
351:, Past President,
316:Amado V. Hernandez
258:Simone de Beauvoir
234:Stokely Carmichael
186:Wolfgang Abendroth
81:Simone de Beauvoir
65:Stockholm Tribunal
49:
3028:People's Tribunal
2995:
2994:
2874:(wife, 1894â1921)
2736:
2735:
2728:Russell's paradox
2711:
2710:
2684:
2683:
2532:and Alice Pease,
2530:Daniele Archibugi
2518:Russelltribunalen
2498:, New York, 1997.
2372:, 31 October 2011
1910:978-1-349-28656-0
1657:. 16 April 1984.
1603:978-0-671-20781-6
1464:978-0-85345-058-0
1444:978-0-0500-2215-3
1335:Daniele Archibugi
1293:Richard Goldstone
1006:Armenian genocide
939:
938:
931:
913:
780:sponsored by the
702:
665:
647:
586:Madelaine Riffaud
328:Mahmud Ali Kasuri
268:Yugoslav Partisan
122:Robert H. Jackson
16:(Redirected from
3035:
3023:Bertrand Russell
2985:
2984:
2965:Peace Foundation
2926:John Stuart Mill
2884:Patricia Russell
2744:
2713:
2703:Russell Tribunal
2690:Views on society
2686:
2671:Russell's teapot
2649:
2631:Bertrand Russell
2624:
2617:
2610:
2601:
2470:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2442:. Archived from
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2379:
2373:
2356:
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2338:Cody J. Foster,
2336:
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2325:David Horowitz,
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2013:
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1996:
1989:
1981:
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1972:
1970:
1960:
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1936:
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1526:
1520:
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1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1475:
1466:
1452:
1446:
1436:Bertrand Russell
1432:
1318:Otniel Schneller
1311:Benjamin Pogrund
1205:on 8 July 2014.
1201:launched in the
1152:Henri Eisendrath
1140:Jacques Michiels
1137:
1065:Vladimir Dedijer
943:Russell Tribunal
934:
927:
923:
920:
914:
912:
871:
847:
839:
805:Jean-Paul Sartre
700:
662:
659:(unanimously).
644:
565:Wilfred Burchett
533:Malcolm Caldwell
503:Alejo Carpentier
377:Laurent Schwartz
371:Jean-Paul Sartre
359:Bertrand Russell
310:Djamila Bouhired
264:Vladimir Dedijer
204:Mehmet Ali Aybar
180:Tribunal members
125:
85:Vladimir Dedijer
73:Jean-Paul Sartre
69:Bertrand Russell
53:Russell Tribunal
21:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3032:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2974:
2943:
2892:(wife, 1952â70)
2886:(wife, 1936â51)
2880:(wife, 1921â35)
2860:
2745:
2732:
2707:
2680:
2666:Logical atomism
2640:
2633:
2628:
2590:Wayback Machine
2578:Wayback Machine
2550:
2478:
2473:
2469:, Polity, 2018.
2467:Wayback Machine
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1453:
1449:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1392:Phoenix Program
1387:Pentagon Papers
1382:My Lai Massacre
1348:
1253:Ralph Schoenman
1245:
1211:
1144:Jacques Debatty
1131:
1118:
1110:Jacques Derrida
1098:
1077:
1049:
1039:and subsequent
935:
924:
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915:
872:
870:
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848:
837:
795:
790:
762:My Lai Massacre
750:
740:
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719:
710:
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683:
673:
655:
641:(unanimously).
637:
627:
616:
463:
409:
322:Melba Hernandez
284:Isaac Deutscher
274:David Dellinger
228:LĂĄzaro CĂĄrdenas
182:
162:
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119:
93:Isaac Deutscher
89:Ralph Schoenman
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2542:978-1509512621
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2492:David Horowitz
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2370:New York Times
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2262:. 15 May 1967.
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1749:(2): 215â237.
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1329:Kangaroo Court
1273:David Horowitz
1267:Staughton Lynd
1244:
1241:
1210:
1207:
1167:European Union
1156:Roseline Sonet
1117:
1114:
1108:. Philosopher
1097:
1094:
1076:
1073:
1048:
1045:
1016:and Professor
963:Western Sahara
937:
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851:
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842:
836:
833:
794:
791:
789:
786:
764:, in 1969 the
758:
757:
756:
755:
754:(unanimously).
745:
744:(unanimously).
735:
734:(unanimously).
725:
723:(unanimously).
715:
714:(unanimously).
705:
688:
687:(unanimously).
678:
677:(unanimously).
668:
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632:
631:(unanimously).
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2394:18 February
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2071:18 February
2049:18 February
2023:18 February
2001:18 February
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389:Peter Weiss
334:Sara Lidman
222:Lelio Basso
174:Ho Chi Minh
166:M.S. Arnoni
77:Lelio Basso
47:in Vietnam.
3002:Categories
2645:Philosophy
2496:Free Press
2264:Quoted in
1874:17 October
1423:References
1282:war crimes
1243:Criticisms
1203:Gaza Strip
1086:Alon Harel
987:East Timor
985:I and II,
889:newspapers
768:organised
290:biographer
278:Liberation
152:, and the
146:psychiatry
2910:(brother)
2281:28 August
2243:4 January
2217:8 January
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2165:4 January
1847:1015-6046
1781:233670258
1773:1754-1018
1665:7 January
1489:4 January
1249:Viet Cong
1179:apartheid
1175:Cape Town
1163:Barcelona
1122:Palestine
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995:Guatemala
971:Argentina
820:Dean Rusk
809:intention
434:hostages?
210:A.J. Ayer
192:Tariq Ali
131:Stockholm
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2916:(father)
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2043:Archived
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1932:Archived
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1722:30 April
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