20:
907:
872:. This was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945. Currently, the UN is the main IGO with its arms such as the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), the General Assembly (UNGA), the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the Secretariat (UNSA), the Trusteeship Council (UNTC) and the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).
893:
744:. Otherwise, the organizations' immunities may be put in question in national and international courts. Some organizations hold proceedings before tribunals relating to their organization to be confidential, and in some instances have threatened disciplinary action should an employee disclose any of the relevant information. Such confidentiality has been criticized as a lack of
570:
735:
is intended to be ensured by legal mechanisms that are internal to the intergovernmental organization itself and access to administrative tribunals. In the course of many court cases where private parties tried to pursue claims against international organizations, there has been a gradual realization
852:
of 1814–1815, which was an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the
European political order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon. States then became the main decision makers who preferred to maintain their sovereignty as of 1648 at the Westphalian treaty that closed the
835:
and middle-income countries, and this assistance would be a good resource for developmental projects in developing countries. The UN has to protect against any kind of human rights violation, and in the UN system, some specialized agencies, like ILO and United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
138:
in 1911. In 1935, Pitman B. Potter defined international organization as "an association or union of nations established or recognized by them for the purpose of realizing a common end". He distinguished between bilateral and multilateral organizations on one end and customary or conventional
880:
When defined as "organizations with at least three state parties, a permanent headquarters or secretariat, as well as regular meetings and budgets", the number of IGOs in the world increased from about 60 in 1940 to about 350 in 1980, after which it has remained roughly constant.
189:
that acts as a charter creating the group. Treaties are formed when lawful representatives (governments) of several states go through a ratification process, providing the IGO with an international legal personality. Intergovernmental organizations are an important aspect of
541:, there are restrictions on membership due to factors such as geography or political regimes. To enter the European Union (EU), the states require different criteria; member states need to be European, liberal-democratic political system, and be a capitalist economy.
1658:
Reinisch, August; Weber, Ulf
Andreas (2004). "In the shadow of Waite and Kennedy – the jurisdictional immunity of international organizations, the individual's right of access to the courts and administrative tribunals as alternative means of dispute settlement".
225:. Other treaties have established an administrative apparatus which was not deemed to have been granted binding legal authority. The broader concept wherein relations among three or more states are organized according to certain principles they hold in common is
755:. In this regard, immunity from national jurisdiction necessitates that reasonable alternative means are available to effectively protect employees' rights; in this context, a first instance Dutch court considered an estimated duration of proceedings before the
429:
Health and
Population Organizations – based on common perceived health and population goals. These are formed to address those challenges collectively, for example, the intergovernmental partnership for population and development Partners in Population and
827:
that predated the UN). A few UN special agencies are very centralized in policy and decision-making, but some are decentralized; for example, the country-based projects or missions' directors and managers can decide what they want to do in the fields.
840:), work in the human rights' protection fields. The UN agency, ILO, is trying to end any kind of discrimination in the work field and child labor; after that, this agency promotes fundamental labor rights and to get safe and secure for the laborers.
641:
markets due to their membership. External actors can also contribute to economic rewards and fuel the attractiveness of IGOs - notably for developing countries. For example, external donor funding from the
European Union to IGOs in the Global
715:
709:
Intergovernmental organizations are provided with privileges and immunities that are intended to ensure their independent and effective functioning. They are specified in the treaties that give rise to the organization (such as the
693:
Attractive external options: Bilateral co-operation with external actors or competing IGOs may provide more attractive (external) policy options for member states. Thus, powerful external actors may undermine existing
1680:
711:
756:
1241:
1221:
Intergovernmental organizations having received a standing invitation to participate as observers in the sessions and the work of the
General Assembly and maintaining permanent offices at Headquarters
241:. Some IGOs developed to fulfill a need for a neutral forum for debate or negotiation to resolve disputes. Others developed to carry out mutual interests with unified aims to preserve peace through
1775:
2075:
Pevehouse, Jon C.W., Timothy
Nordstron, Roseanne W McManus, Anne Spencer Jamison, "Tracking Organizations in the World: The Correlates of War IGO Version 3.0 datasets", Journal of Peace Research.
293:
Worldwide or global organizations – generally open to nations worldwide as long as certain criteria are met: This category includes the United
Nations (UN) and its specialized agencies, the
1190:
1173:
79:, but may also include other entities, such as other international organizations, firms, and nongovernmental organizations. Additionally, entities (including states) may hold observer status.
336:
Cultural, linguistic, ethnic, religious, or historical organizations – open to members based on some cultural, linguistic, ethnic, religious, or historical link. Examples include the
333:(formerly the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research), a global partnership that unites intergovernmental organizations engaged in research for a food-secured future.
2126:
414:
was chartered as a university and umbrella organization dedicated to sustainable development in signatory countries. The United
Nations has founded multiple universities, notably the
665:, IGOs are beneficial as the nation increases influence in the smaller countries' internal affairs and expanding other nations dependence on themselves, so to preserve allegiance.
2169:
2262:
1003:
465:
87:
759:
of 15 years to be too long. An international organization does not pay taxes, is difficult to prosecute in court and is not obliged to provide information to any parliament.
423:
2347:
2715:
501:
437:
1677:
422:, for research and education around issues relevant to the UN, such as peace and sustainable development. The United Nations also has a dedicated training arm: the
2310:
724:
in the United States). The organizations are thereby immune from the jurisdiction of national courts. Certain privileges and immunities are also specified in the
549:
347:
68:
2078:
Roger, Charles., Sam Rowan, "The New
Terrain of Global Governance: Mapping Membership in Informal International Organizations.", Journal of Conflict Resolution,
2290:
837:
505:
310:
1574:"Status: Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organizations of a Universal Character. Vienna, 14 March 1975"
626:
There are several different reasons a state may choose membership in an intergovernmental organization. But there are also reasons membership may be rejected.
1793:
968:
963:
958:
856:
The first and oldest international organization—being established employing a treaty, and creating a permanent secretariat, with a global membership—was the
361:
250:
237:
Intergovernmental organizations differ in function, membership, and membership criteria. They have various goals and scopes, often outlined in the treaty or
1198:
159:
1769:
2305:
720:
653:, who do not carry much political clout on the international stage, are given a substantial increase in influence through membership in IGOs such as the
353:
2137:
1546:"Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organizations of a Universal Character. Vienna, 14 March 1975"
1124:
2367:
2162:
461:
388:
2710:
831:
The UN agencies have a variety of tasks based on their specialization and their interests. The UN agencies provide different kinds of assistance to
509:
175:
171:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2397:
2202:
2085:
Lundgren, Magnus; Squatrito, Theresa; Sommerer, Thomas; Tallberg, Jonas (2023). "Introducing the Intergovernmental Policy Output Dataset (IPOD)".
1698:
953:
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481:
214:
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1521:
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1345:
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857:
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298:
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687:: Membership often comes with a loss of state sovereignty as treaties are signed that require co-operation on the part of all member states.
2819:
2735:
2725:
2184:
2155:
1717:
926:
637:(NAFTA), membership in the free trade agreement benefits the parties' economies. For example, Mexican companies are given better access to
2720:
2573:
2563:
1366:
946:
800:
634:
365:
309:(IMF). It also includes globally operating intergovernmental organizations that are not an agency of the UN, including for example: the
210:
2490:
2480:
2222:
457:
369:
91:
2092:
Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, Mette (2021-03). "What kills international organisations? When and why international organisations terminate".
2786:
2740:
2417:
1867:
1715:
Reinisch, August (July 2008). "The immunity of international organizations and the jurisdiction of their administrative tribunals".
613:
221:) do not establish an independent secretariat and instead rely on the parties for their administration, for example by setting up a
197:
Intergovernmental organizations in a legal sense should be distinguished from simple groupings or coalitions of states, such as the
99:
580:
1744:
690:
Insufficient benefits: Often membership does not bring about substantial enough benefit to warrant membership in the organization.
2333:
824:
675:
Democracy: It has been noted that member countries experience a greater degree of democracy and those democracies survive longer.
2824:
2781:
2640:
489:
477:
473:
726:
Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organizations of a Universal Character
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2457:
2237:
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179:
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988:
357:
163:
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811:) and are governed independently by them; examples include international organizations that predate the UN, such as the
322:
222:
103:
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2232:
436: – open to members from a particular continent or other specific region of the world. This category includes the
384:
306:
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2600:
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796:
202:
1790:
591:
2247:
820:
799:, are generally regarded as international organizations in their own right. Additionally, the United Nations has
718:), which are normally supplemented by further multinational agreements and national regulations (for example the
493:
415:
294:
64:
1957:"Death of international organizations. The organizational ecology of intergovernmental organizations, 1815–2015"
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gives security benefits to member countries. This provides an arena where political differences can be resolved.
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485:
380:
218:
191:
119:
2131:
2023:
Lall, Ranjit. 2017. "Beyond Institutional Design: Explaining the Performance of International Organizations."
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of 1975,. which however has so far not been signed by 35 states and is thus not yet in force (status: 2022).
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2578:
2356:
2300:
1858:
Alesani, Daniele (17 December 2013). "International Institutions. Classification and main characteristics".
936:
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449:
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was founded as an economic-policy-focused organization. An example of a recently formed economic IGO is the
337:
246:
144:
2141:
816:
286:
167:
31:(Switzerland), which is the city that hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world
19:
2037:
Lavelle, Kathryn C. (2020): The Challenges of Multilateralism. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300230451.
1335:
1810:
998:
864:, founded on 10 January 1920 with a principal mission of maintaining world peace after World War I. The
804:
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741:
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497:
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860:(founded in 1865). The first general international organization—addressing a variety of issues—was the
209:. Intergovernmental organizations must also be distinguished from treaties. Many treaties (such as the
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205:. Such groups or associations have not been founded by a constituent document and exist only as
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1988:
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has been credited with coining the term "international organization" in a 1871 article in the
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56:
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148:
1885:"Specialised Agencies and Other United Nations Organs Working in the Field of Human Rights"
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Regionalism in Africa and External Partners. Uneven Relationships and (Un)Intended Effects
1797:
1779:
1702:
1684:
1643:
The French court said... The right to a day in court prevails over jurisdictional immunity
1505:
Regionalism in Africa and External Partners: Uneven Relationships and (Un)Intended Effects
1367:"Analyzing international organizations: How the concepts we use affect the answers we get"
978:
898:
375:
Economic organizations – based on macro-economic policy goals: Some are dedicated to
226:
1598:
Parish, Matthew (2010). "An essay on the accountability of international organizations".
2422:
2267:
1860:
Management of International Institutions and NGOs: Frameworks, practices and challenges
1811:"International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD): Die Migrations-Manager"
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François Modoux, "La Suisse engagera 300 millions pour rénover le Palais des Nations",
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522:
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274:
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83:
60:
24:
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892:
182:, as well as lobby groups that represent the interests of multinational corporations.
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147:" (all relations between states), "international law" (which lacks enforcement) and
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Swords into Plowshares: The problems and progress of international organization
1945:
Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice
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on the 'Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations' in the
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1973:
1956:
1918:
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1446:
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1101:
1086:"The International Law Commission's Definition of International Organizations"
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888:
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Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the International Criminal Court
376:
302:
206:
134:
in works published in 1907, 1908 and 1909, and by political science professor
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1992:
1904:
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that alternative means of dispute settlement are required as states have
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107:
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obligations to provide plaintiffs with access to court in view of their
1932:
1485:
1461:
1394:
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Educational organizations – centered around tertiary-level study.
238:
1983:
819:, as well as organizations that were created after the UN such as the
2660:
2548:
658:
392:
186:
52:
28:
1497:
1495:
1296:
598:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2032:
Making International Institutions Work: The Politics of Performance
2011:
Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics
848:
An early prominent example of an international organization is the
143:, Potter argued that international organization was distinct from "
2635:
2392:
768:
534:
330:
18:
1833:
712:
Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations
401:
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
166:(NGOs) that operate internationally. These include international
130:(1883, 1884). Other early uses of the term were by law professor
2412:
1191:"International Organizations - Research Guide International Law"
757:
Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization
669:
530:
400:
396:
72:
2329:
2151:
1059:"Articles on the Responsibility of International Organisations"
2692:
563:
807:
that have their member states (often nearly identical to the
1123:
Koremenos, Barbara; Lipson, Charles; Snidal, Duncan (2001).
767:
The United Nations focuses on five main areas: "maintaining
277:) while others may have subject-specific missions (such as
141:
An Introduction to the Study of International Organization
2115:
List of International Organisation and their Headquarters
154:
International Organizations are sometimes referred to as
75:. International organizations are composed of primarily
2127:
United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
1337:
Introduction to the Study of International Organization
587:
313:, an operating intergovernmental organization based in
249:, promote international cooperation on matters such as
1281:"The Classification of International Organizations, I"
124:
Revue de Droit International et de Legislation Compare
16:
Organization established by treaty between governments
823:(which was made up of regional organizations such as
59:
and possesses its own legal personality, such as the
2263:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2018:
International Organizations: Politics, Law, Practice
1223:." United Nations Department of Public Information,
1004:
Supranational aspects of international organizations
466:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
126:. Lorimer use the term frequently in his two-volume
88:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
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2701:
2499:
2456:
2431:
2385:
2376:
2286:
2212:
2193:
2140:: IGO/NGO google custom search engine built by the
1125:"The Rational Design of International Institutions"
424:United Nations Institute for Training and Research
763:United Nations agencies and related organizations
657:. Also for countries with more influence such as
139:organizations on the other end. In his 1922 book
645:Political influence: Smaller countries, such as
502:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
438:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
1242:"Origin of the Term International Organization"
2398:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
2311:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
550:Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine
348:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
69:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2341:
2163:
506:Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization
311:Hague Conference on Private International Law
8:
1955:Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, Mette (1 April 2020).
969:List of supranational environmental agencies
964:List of regional organizations by population
959:List of organizations with .int domain names
731:Rather than by national jurisdiction, legal
362:International Organization of Turkic Culture
345:
317:that pursues the progressive unification of
160:international non-governmental organizations
2094:European Journal of International Relations
1508:. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
2382:
2348:
2334:
2326:
2306:Community of Portuguese Language Countries
2209:
2170:
2156:
2148:
2113:Headquarters of International Organisation
1065:. United Nations - Office of Legal Affairs
721:International Organizations Immunities Act
354:Community of Portuguese Language Countries
325:that adjudicates crimes defined under the
108:International Criminal Police Organization
2413:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
2087:The Review of International Organizations
2009:Barnett, Michael and Finnemore, M. 2004.
1982:
1972:
1961:The Review of International Organizations
1653:
1651:
1393:
1374:The Review of International Organizations
1365:Roger, Charles B.; Rowan, Sam S. (2022).
1167:
614:Learn how and when to remove this message
462:Economic Community of West African States
2119:Procedural history and related documents
2060:(3rd ed.). New York: Random House.
1063:Audiovisual Library of International Law
510:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
176:International Committee of the Red Cross
172:World Organization of the Scout Movement
158:(IGOs), to clarify the distinction from
55:or other type of instrument governed by
2418:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
1705:, brettonwoodlaw.com, 11 September 2013
1031:
954:List of intergovernmental organizations
668:Security: Membership in an IGO such as
1661:International Organizations Law Review
1600:International Organizations Law Review
1462:"Turkey's Candidacy for EU Membership"
1090:International Organizations Law Review
482:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
379:and reduction of trade barriers, e.g.
273:. Some are more general in scope (the
215:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
1883:Blyth-Kubota, Fiona (16 April 1992).
1340:. The Century Company. pp. 1–5.
1246:American Journal of International Law
932:International organisations in Europe
858:International Telecommunication Union
813:International Telecommunication Union
803:, which are organizations within the
633:Economic rewards: In the case of the
299:International Telecommunication Union
283:International Telecommunication Union
7:
2144:of the American Library Association.
1718:Chinese Journal of International Law
1696:The success of which we cannot speak
1431:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1235:
1233:
1084:Bouwhuis, Stephen (1 January 2012).
927:International financial institutions
2142:Govt Documents Round Table (GODORT)
2134:on the World News related documents
1889:Nordic Journal of International Law
1179:from the original on 22 April 2023.
947:Index of international trade topics
635:North American Free Trade Agreement
521:In regional organizations like the
366:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
211:North American Free Trade Agreement
2491:International relations since 1989
2481:Diplomatic history of World War II
2403:International Criminal Court (ICC)
2223:Bank for International Settlements
2040:Muntschick, Johannes, ed. (2022):
1502:Muntschick, Johannes, ed. (2022).
679:Reasons for rejecting membership:
458:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
370:Commonwealth of Independent States
92:Bank for International Settlements
14:
2787:International political sociology
1428:The Challenges of Multilateralism
1285:American Political Science Review
1057:Gaja, Giorgio (9 December 2011).
100:International Labour Organization
1791:EPO: no immunity in labor cases?
905:
891:
568:
217:before the establishment of the
128:Institutes of the Law of Nations
2782:International political economy
490:Union of South American Nations
478:Association of Caribbean States
474:Organization of American States
156:intergovernmental organizations
2238:International Seabed Authority
1633:Heitz, André (November 2005).
751:The immunities also extend to
164:non-governmental organizations
41:intergovernmental organization
1:
2056:Claude, Inis L. Jr. (1964) .
2034:. Cambridge University Press.
2020:. Cambridge University Press.
989:Regional Economic Communities
560:Participation and involvement
358:Organization of Turkic States
82:Notable examples include the
2750:Related fields and subfields
2228:International Criminal Court
2132:World News related documents
1771:Waite and Kennedy v. Germany
1425:Lavelle, Kathryn C. (2020).
1047:, Friday 28 June 2013, p. 9.
323:International Criminal Court
104:International Criminal Court
2820:International organizations
2233:International Monetary Fund
2179:International organizations
2013:. Cornell University Press.
1460:Yesilada, Birol A. (2002).
629:Reasons for participation:
594:the claims made and adding
385:International Monetary Fund
307:International Monetary Fund
2841:
2792:Peace and conflict studies
2408:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
2243:World Customs Organization
2025:International Organization
1745:"Van der Peet vs. Germany"
1386:10.1007/s11558-021-09432-2
1334:Potter, Pitman B. (1922).
1279:Potter, Pitman B. (1935).
1240:Potter, Pitman B. (1945).
1225:United Nations Secretariat
1144:10.1162/002081801317193592
1132:International Organization
868:followed this model after
797:UN Relief and Works Agency
702:
185:IGOs are established by a
37:international organization
2363:
2248:Inter-Parliamentary Union
2050:10.1007/978-3-031-10702-3
1974:10.1007/s11558-018-9340-5
1897:10.1163/15718107-90000022
1862:. Routledge. p. 24.
1800:, dvdw.nl, 27 August 2013
1731:10.1093/chinesejil/jmn020
1514:10.1007/978-3-031-10702-3
1258:10.1017/S0002930000140515
1102:10.1163/15723747-00902004
853:30 Years' War in Europe.
821:World Health Organization
699:Privileges and immunities
552:, created in 1815 by the
494:Asia Cooperation Dialogue
416:United Nations University
389:international development
346:
319:private international law
295:World Health Organization
289:). Common types include:
145:international intercourse
65:World Health Organization
51:that is established by a
45:international institution
2278:World Trade Organization
1891:. 61–62 (1–4): 193–195.
1813:(in German). 19 May 2023
1673:10.1163/1572374043242330
1612:10.1163/157237410X543332
738:fundamental human rights
486:Islamic Development Bank
387:. Others are focused on
381:World Trade Organization
251:environmental protection
219:World Trade Organization
192:public international law
180:Médecins Sans Frontières
2767:Foreign policy analysis
2579:International community
2357:International relations
2301:Commonwealth of Nations
1635:"UN Special number 645"
937:International relations
785:sustainable development
450:Eurasian Economic Union
338:Commonwealth of Nations
287:standards organizations
247:international relations
168:nonprofit organizations
118:Scottish law professor
2825:Cultural globalization
817:Universal Postal Union
517:Regional organizations
434:Regional organizations
32:
999:Regional organization
805:United Nations System
742:right to a fair trial
546:regional organization
498:Pacific Islands Forum
22:
2757:Comparative politics
2258:New Development Bank
2030:Lall, Ranjit. 2023.
1641:on 19 October 2013.
1195:Peace Palace Library
994:Regional integration
922:Intergovernmentalism
876:Expansion and growth
833:low-income countries
801:Specialized Agencies
420:University for Peace
271:economic development
2539:Collective security
2423:United Nations (UN)
2287:Cultural IGOs
1466:Middle East Journal
1009:Supranational union
984:Non-aggression pact
974:List of trade blocs
942:International trade
705:Diplomatic immunity
243:conflict resolution
162:(INGOs), which are
39:, also known as an
23:The offices of the
2044:. Cham: Palgrave.
1796:2013-10-19 at the
1778:2013-08-25 at the
1751:on 19 October 2013
1701:2013-10-19 at the
1683:2013-10-19 at the
850:Congress of Vienna
579:possibly contains
554:Congress of Vienna
259:social development
33:
2805:
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2777:International law
2646:Right of conquest
2611:National interest
2554:Deterrence theory
2452:
2451:
2439:League of Nations
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2318:
2195:Intergovernmental
2123:Historic Archives
2016:Hurd, Ian. 2018.
1832:Nations, United.
1523:978-3-031-10701-6
1438:978-0-300-25232-3
1347:978-1-4067-2003-7
862:League of Nations
789:international law
624:
623:
616:
581:original research
442:Council of Europe
412:EUCLID University
405:Bank of the South
233:Types and purpose
132:Walther Schucking
96:Council of Europe
57:international law
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2589:Internationality
2584:Internationalism
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1820:
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1761:
1760:
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1756:
1747:. Archived from
1741:
1735:
1734:
1712:
1706:
1693:
1687:
1676:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1637:. Archived from
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1586:
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1570:
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1355:
1354:on 1 March 2024.
1350:. Archived from
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1324:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1237:
1228:
1217:
1211:
1210:
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1129:
1120:
1114:
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787:, and upholding
781:humanitarian aid
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596:inline citations
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508:(AALCO) and the
454:Energy Community
391:. International
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267:humanitarian aid
149:world government
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2626:Non-state actor
2621:Non-belligerent
2616:Neutral country
2601:Interventionism
2534:Co-belligerence
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2631:Imperialism
2544:Colonialism
2529:Appeasement
2444:Warsaw Pact
1395:10230/49072
1039:(in French)
793:UN agencies
685:sovereignty
544:The oldest
342:Arab League
301:(ITU), the
263:health care
245:and better
207:task groups
114:Terminology
2814:Categories
2726:Liberalism
2671:Friendship
2656:Suzerainty
2138:IGO Search
2072:Datasets:
1984:1814/60598
1834:"Our Work"
1447:1149484630
1291:(2): 215.
1026:References
1014:Trade bloc
815:, and the
795:, such as
703:See also:
588:improve it
464:(ECOWAS),
395:, such as
377:free trade
329:; and the
305:, and the
303:World Bank
285:and other
2762:Diplomacy
2666:Bilateral
2564:Grey-zone
2517:Coalition
2476:1919–1939
2471:1814–1919
2466:1648–1814
2066:559717722
1993:1559-744X
1905:0902-7351
1532:252751858
1478:0026-3141
1412:255317045
1404:1559-744X
1321:251095046
1305:0003-0554
1266:0002-9300
1205:21 August
1152:0020-8183
1110:1572-3747
1069:21 August
604:June 2023
592:verifying
504:(SAARC),
484:(ASEAN),
440:(CLACS),
426:(UNITAR).
315:The Hague
269:, and to
213:, or the
2721:Feminism
2574:Idealism
2569:Hegemony
2522:Military
2507:Alliance
2500:Concepts
2486:Cold War
2368:Glossary
2253:Interpol
1794:Archived
1776:Archived
1699:Archived
1681:Archived
1174:Archived
1169:41593236
1044:Le Temps
885:See also
773:security
714:and the
683:Loss of
647:Portugal
539:Mercosur
468:(OSCE),
460:(NATO),
452:(EAEU),
418:and the
279:INTERPOL
90:(OSCE),
47:, is an
2741:Realism
2731:Marxism
2594:Liberal
2512:Entente
2458:History
2386:Present
2125:of the
1933:YouTube
1620:1651784
1486:4329722
1313:1947502
1160:3078615
844:History
663:Germany
651:Belgium
586:Please
548:is the
512:(OECS).
496:(ACD),
480:(ACS),
476:(OAS),
444:(CoE),
393:cartels
281:or the
239:charter
203:Quartet
201:or the
102:(ILO),
98:(COE),
94:(BIS),
2703:Theory
2661:Treaty
2549:Crisis
2199:
2181:
2064:
1991:
1903:
1866:
1817:9 June
1773:(1999)
1618:
1583:18 May
1578:un.org
1558:18 May
1553:un.org
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659:France
642:South.
472:(AU),
448:(EU),
372:(CIS).
368:, and
321:; the
297:, the
187:treaty
106:, and
86:(UN),
71:, and
63:, the
53:treaty
43:or an
29:Geneva
2686:Peace
2641:Power
2636:Peace
2393:BRICS
1927:7 May
1843:7 May
1549:(PDF)
1528:S2CID
1482:JSTOR
1408:S2CID
1370:(PDF)
1317:S2CID
1309:JSTOR
1177:(PDF)
1164:S2CID
1156:JSTOR
1128:(PDF)
838:UNHCR
769:peace
694:IGOs.
535:ASEAN
331:CGIAR
2432:Past
2291:list
2215:IGOs
2203:list
2185:list
2100:(1).
2062:OCLC
1989:ISSN
1929:2022
1901:ISSN
1864:ISBN
1845:2022
1819:2023
1757:2013
1678:Pdf.
1616:SSRN
1585:2022
1560:2022
1518:ISBN
1474:ISSN
1443:OCLC
1433:ISBN
1400:ISSN
1342:ISBN
1301:ISSN
1262:ISSN
1207:2019
1148:ISSN
1106:ISSN
1071:2019
825:PAHO
771:and
670:NATO
661:and
649:and
639:U.S.
537:and
531:NATO
397:OPEC
178:and
73:NATO
2693:War
2046:doi
1979:hdl
1969:doi
1893:doi
1727:doi
1669:doi
1608:doi
1510:doi
1390:hdl
1382:doi
1293:doi
1254:doi
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