189:
added. Senior director for internationalised domain names Tina Dam said it was "the most significant day" since the launch of the
Internet. According to ICANN, Arabic was chosen for the initial roll out because it is one of the most widely used non-Latin languages on the Internet. There are problems entering a mixed left-to-right and right-to-left text string on a keyboard, making fully Arabic web addresses extra useful.
355:
The new country codes were available for immediate use, although ICANN admit they may not work properly for all users initially. According to Egypt's communication and information technology minister, three
Egyptian companies were the first to receive domain licenses on the new "masr" country code.
152:
were among the first countries to apply for the new internationalized domain name country code top-level domains. In
January 2010 ICANN announced that these countries' IDN ccTLDs were the first four new IDN ccTLDs to have passed the Fast Track String Evaluation within the domain application process.
122:
to proceed and asked the IDNC Working Group to prepare a proposal, which the group delivered in June 2008, "to recommend mechanisms to introduce a limited number of non-contentious IDN ccTLDs, associated with the ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes in a short time frame to meet near term demand." The group
188:
described the launch as "historic" and "a seismic shift that will forever change the online landscape." "This is the beginning of a transition that will make the
Internet more accessible and user friendly to millions around the globe, regardless of where they live or what language they speak," he
405:
The
Pakistan string پاکستان. was approved by the ICANN BOARD on 7 January 2011 to represent Pakistan in Arabic script. On 4 February 2017, IDN ccTLD پاکستان. was delegated to the National Telecommunication Corporation and the zone was added to the root servers on February 15, 2017.
425:
own both, and makes sure two equal or equally looking second-level domains are not registered in both ccTLD. Second-level domains under eu, ею and ευ shall have same script as the ccTLD (older Greek or
Cyrillic domains under .eu got cloned into the new domain, but kept under .eu)
397:
string in 2015, both after controversies about possibilities of confusion with existing Latin strings. India has applied for top-level domains in each of its local scripts, at first seven, later eight more. The first one,
669:
148:
from representatives of countries and territories in
November. Starting 16 November 2009, nations and territories could apply for IDN ccTLDs. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and the
699:
98:(China) with over 200,000 domains. Still as of 2018 around 20 countries using non-Latin script do not have an internationalized country code top-level domain, including
677:
115:
130:
Identify technical basis of the TLD strings and country code specific processes, select IDN ccTLD personnel and authorities, and prepare documentation;
2926:
241:
2941:
467:
124:
709:
2122:
2108:
435:
82:
As of August 2018 there are 59 approved internationalized country code top-level domains, of them at least 47 used. The most used are
389:
was approved by the ICANN Board on 28 February 2013. The zone was added to the root servers on March 19, 2013. The
Bulgarian string
267:
177:
849:
757:
337:
2226:
858:
440:
321:
145:
58:
356:
Egypt's
Ministry of Communications was possibly the first functional website with an entirely Arabic address. The ccTLD
783:
303:
2931:
421:
also belonging to the
European Union. In 2019 ευ was approved on the condition that the same registry organisation
2721:
2907:
2178:
2164:
181:
399:
2936:
747:(Note: In these minutes, the encodings of the two CNNIC-delegated ccTLDs have inadvertently been swapped.)
484:
37:. IDN ccTLDs are specially encoded domain names that are displayed in an end user application, such as a
114:
board approved the establishment of an internationalized top-level domain name working group within the
402:, was approved 2011 and became active in 2014. The general flow of applications has ceased after 2016.
2684:
2206:
2192:
2144:
530:
464:
393:
was rejected a second time in March 2011 but was approved by the ICANN Board in 2014, and the Greek
123:
proposed a methodology using ICANN's Fast Track Process based on the ICANN charter to work with the
842:
2062:
1998:
1837:
871:
149:
87:
72:
is not an abbreviation of "Saudi Arabia", but the commonwealth short-form name of the country in
30:
579:
153:
In May 2010, twenty-one different countries representing eleven languages, including Chinese,
61:
system to top-level Internet domains assigned to countries, or independent geographic regions.
2650:
731:
73:
54:
2150:
533:(Press release). Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). 30 October 2009
154:
26:
1930:
1832:
1822:
613:
557:
471:
169:
79:
Countries with internationalized ccTLDs also retain their traditional ASCII-based ccTLDs.
46:
2636:
1888:
1842:
835:
333:
317:
207:
158:
50:
417:. ею was approved and put into operation, but ευ was rejected as being too similar to
236:
2920:
1827:
704:
608:
185:
162:
2614:
1964:
1950:
1922:
1908:
1894:
1866:
552:
386:
173:
2102:
784:"TWNIC's Registration Policy and Technical Solution for the .台灣 and .台湾 IDN ccTLDs"
761:
316:
The dual domains delegated to each of CNNIC and TWNIC are synonymous, being purely
290:
280:
254:
225:
215:
95:
91:
512:
827:
2678:
38:
2236:
1902:
192:
Additional IDN ccTLDs had been implemented by the end of June 2010: one using
133:
Perform ICANN due diligence process for technical proposal and publish method;
2087:
787:
2554:
2492:
2382:
2094:
670:"The internet gets international with the arrival of non-Latin Domain Names"
639:
2628:
2302:
1936:
1880:
1852:
414:
410:
394:
390:
368:
358:
198:
83:
68:, some of these ccTLDs are not codes but full words. For example, السعودية
2376:
2314:
2262:
2230:
2408:
2290:
2172:
2076:
1916:
1860:
445:
363:
206:), and five using Chinese characters (the first using a non-alphabetical
193:
42:
34:
2392:
2364:
2338:
2278:
2622:
2326:
2186:
2130:
1992:
1972:
1874:
2016:
345:
341:
329:
325:
2751:
2692:
2664:
2580:
2136:
2048:
1958:
1944:
485:"Proposed Final Implementation Plan for IDN ccTLD Fast Track Process"
349:
203:
184:, (all reading right to left as is customary in Arabic). ICANN CEO
809:
2767:
2514:
2444:
2268:
2252:
2214:
2200:
2116:
2006:
735:
643:
583:
531:"ICANN Bringing the Languages of the World to the Global Internet"
516:
491:
422:
141:
111:
99:
2354:
2158:
2033:
2793:
2719:
1803:
869:
831:
580:"First IDN ccTLDs Requests Successfully Pass String Evaluation"
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2757:
2743:
2670:
2656:
2642:
2588:
2562:
2540:
2522:
2500:
2478:
2452:
2422:
2400:
2388:
2372:
2360:
2346:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2258:
2242:
2082:
2068:
2054:
2040:
2024:
2012:
1984:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1770:
1767:
1757:
1754:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1485:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1359:
1356:
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1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
758:"Implementation Plan of .中国 (xn--fiqs8S) and .中國 (xn--fiqz9S)"
418:
374:
308:
272:
246:
664:
662:
660:
372:
was rejected by the ICANN due to its visual similarity with
136:
Enter delegation process within established IANA procedures.
409:
The European Union applied in 2016 for the Cyrillic domain
609:"'Historic' day as first non-Latin web addresses go live"
700:"Chinese language top-level domains win ICANN approval"
144:
resolved to start accepting applications for top-level
441:
Country code top-level domain#Internationalized ccTLDs
732:"Adopted Board Resolutions — Brussels – 25 June 2010"
168:
On 5 May 2010, the first implementations, all in the
118:(ccNSO) in December 2006. They resolved in June 2007
465:
World report on Internationalised Domain Names 2014
634:
632:
210:) approved by the ICANN board on 25 June 2010:
23:internationalized country code top-level domain
2755:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
2586:
2560:
2538:
2520:
2498:
2476:
2450:
2420:
843:
8:
2246:
268:Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation
2806:
2801:
2790:
2734:
2729:
2716:
1818:
1813:
1800:
866:
850:
836:
828:
116:Country Code Names Supporting Organization
242:China Internet Network Information Center
172:, were activated. Egypt was assigned the
676:. Relaxnews. May 7, 2010. Archived from
64:Although the domain class uses the term
457:
165:, had requested new IDN country codes.
57:. IDN ccTLDs are an application of the
760:. CNNIC. June 12, 2010. Archived from
41:, in their language-native script or
7:
553:"Internet addresses set for change"
320:variations differing only in using
125:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
90:) with over 900,000 domains names,
436:List of Internet top-level domains
14:
382:was eventually approved in 2014.
306:(TWNIC), the registrar for ccTLD
304:Taiwan Network Information Center
270:(HKIRC), the registrar for ccTLD
244:(CNNIC), the registrar for ccTLD
94:(Taiwan) with around 500,000 and
2927:International telecommunications
640:"First IDN ccTLDs now available"
16:Special type of top-level domain
362:for Russia launched on 13 May.
180:, and the United Arab Emirates
2942:Internationalized domain names
2810:Reserved / unassigned
2499:
2477:
2451:
2421:
859:Country code top-level domains
513:"IDN ccTLD Fast Track Process"
146:internationalized domain names
1:
2816:Phased out / deleted
1806:Internationalized (IDN) ccTLD
698:Peter Sayer (June 25, 2010).
59:internationalized domain name
2561:
2813:Allocated / unused
2393:
2377:
2365:
2339:
2327:
2315:
2303:
2291:
2279:
2263:
2247:
2231:
2017:
176:country code, Saudi Arabia
2958:
2908:Generic top-level domains
2904:
2804:
2800:
2789:
2756:
2732:
2728:
2715:
2587:
2539:
2521:
1816:
1812:
1799:
878:
865:
340:of the same characters (
786:. TWNIC. Archived from
812:. Habr. March 21, 2013
49:, or a non-alphabetic
413:and the Greek domain
385:The Ukrainian string
810:".УКР is going live"
332:), as preferred in
2738:
1838:Chinese characters
712:on October 9, 2012
470:2014-12-10 at the
150:Russian Federation
88:Russian Federation
55:Chinese characters
31:Domain Name System
2932:Top-level domains
2914:
2913:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2701:
1795:
1794:
642:(Press release).
338:traditional forms
302:"), delegated to
266:"), delegated to
240:"), delegated to
140:In October 2009,
2949:
2807:
2802:
2791:
2761:
2760:
2735:
2730:
2717:
2592:
2591:
2566:
2565:
2544:
2543:
2526:
2525:
2504:
2503:
2482:
2481:
2456:
2455:
2426:
2425:
2396:
2380:
2368:
2342:
2330:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2266:
2250:
2234:
2020:
1819:
1814:
1801:
1775:
1762:
1749:
1721:
1696:
1641:
1571:
1549:
1539:
1490:
1480:
1437:
1364:
1324:
1284:
1265:
1228:
1203:
1142:
1117:
1089:
1064:
1000:
939:
867:
852:
845:
838:
829:
822:
821:
819:
817:
806:
800:
799:
797:
795:
780:
774:
773:
771:
769:
764:on June 14, 2010
754:
748:
746:
744:
742:
728:
722:
721:
719:
717:
708:. Archived from
695:
689:
688:
686:
685:
666:
655:
654:
652:
651:
636:
627:
626:
624:
622:
605:
588:
587:
576:
570:
569:
567:
566:
549:
543:
542:
540:
538:
527:
521:
520:
509:
503:
502:
500:
499:
489:
481:
475:
462:
381:
377:
371:
361:
322:simplified forms
311:
301:
297:
293:
287:
283:
275:
265:
261:
257:
249:
239:
232:
228:
222:
218:
201:
27:top-level domain
2957:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2892:
2887:
2857:
2842:
2796:
2777:
2772:
2724:
2722:Proposed ccTLDs
2703:
2698:
2608:
2414:
2220:
1978:
1931:North Macedonia
1833:Brahmic scripts
1823:Cyrillic script
1808:
1791:
1790:
1773:
1760:
1747:
1719:
1694:
1639:
1569:
1547:
1537:
1488:
1478:
1435:
1362:
1322:
1282:
1263:
1226:
1201:
1140:
1115:
1087:
1062:
998:
937:
874:
861:
856:
826:
825:
815:
813:
808:
807:
803:
793:
791:
790:on May 25, 2011
782:
781:
777:
767:
765:
756:
755:
751:
740:
738:
730:
729:
725:
715:
713:
697:
696:
692:
683:
681:
680:on May 10, 2010
674:The Independent
668:
667:
658:
649:
647:
638:
637:
630:
620:
618:
614:BBC News Online
607:
606:
591:
578:
577:
573:
564:
562:
558:BBC News Online
551:
550:
546:
536:
534:
529:
528:
524:
511:
510:
506:
497:
495:
487:
483:
482:
478:
472:Wayback Machine
463:
459:
454:
432:
379:
373:
367:
357:
307:
299:
295:
289:
285:
279:
271:
263:
259:
253:
245:
234:
230:
224:
220:
214:
197:
170:Arabic alphabet
108:
47:Arabic alphabet
17:
12:
11:
5:
2955:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2919:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2860:
2858:
2845:
2843:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2682:
2668:
2654:
2640:
2637:European Union
2626:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2584:
2558:
2536:
2518:
2496:
2474:
2448:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2398:
2386:
2370:
2358:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2256:
2240:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2204:
2190:
2176:
2162:
2148:
2134:
2120:
2106:
2092:
2080:
2066:
2052:
2038:
2022:
2010:
1996:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1962:
1948:
1934:
1920:
1906:
1892:
1889:European Union
1878:
1864:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1817:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
880:
879:
876:
875:
870:
863:
862:
857:
855:
854:
847:
840:
832:
824:
823:
801:
775:
749:
723:
690:
656:
628:
589:
571:
544:
522:
504:
476:
456:
455:
453:
450:
449:
448:
443:
438:
431:
428:
348:), as used in
334:mainland China
318:orthographical
314:
313:
277:
251:
208:writing system
138:
137:
134:
131:
107:
104:
70:(as-Suʻūdiyya)
51:writing system
45:, such as the
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2954:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:Country codes
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2909:
2903:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2788:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2406:
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