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employed. Supporters of online activism claim new information and communications technologies help increase the political power of activist groups that would otherwise have less resources. Proponents along this line of thinking claim the most effective use of online activism is its use in conjunction with more traditional or historical activism activities. Conversely, critics worry about facts and beliefs becoming indistinct in online campaigns and about "sectors of online activism more self-interested than socially interested." These critics warn against the manipulation commonplace to online activism for private or personal interests such as exploiting charities for monetary gain, influencing voters in the political arena and inflating self-importance or effectiveness. In this sense, the ethical implication is that activism becomes descriptive rather than transformative of society. One of these reviewers suggests seven pitfalls to beware of in internet activism: "self-promotion at the expense of the movement... unsolicited bulk
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and changed over time. The model suggests that online activism helped organize collective actions and amplify the conditions for revolutionary movements to form. Yet, it provoked elites' reactions such as
Internet filtering and surveillance, which do not only promote self-censorship and generate digital divide, but contribute to the ultimate decline of activism over time. The process model suggests a complex interplay among stakeholders' interests, opportunities for activism, costs, and outcomes that are neither foreseen nor entirely predictable. The authors challenge universal access to the Internet as a convenient and cost-free forum for practicing social activism by organizational stakeholders (customers, employees, outside parties). In fact, the technology enablers of social activism also enable its filtering and repression, and thus, more extreme states of information asymmetry may result in which powerful elites preserve their status and impose a greater digital divide.
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for those who lack the time or motivation to engage otherwise. Those concerned that the
Internet will decrease activism argue that the Internet occupies free time that can no longer be spent getting involved in activist groups, or that Internet activism will replace more substantial, effortful forms of in-person activism. The Pew Research Center has found that platforms create distraction resulting in consumers and online activists believe they are making a difference while their sharing their post is only furthering the echo chamber of media. The Pew Research Center has also found that about 79% of adults believe that "slacktivism" distracts consumers from issues that are truly important and that the majority of adults found that social media resulted in some of form of negative result.
866:. It would from there on not be long until it stretched and attached on various online platforms, and in no more than a day after Milano's tweet, the #MeToo hashtag had been reused over 500,000 times on that same media, as well as 4.7 million times on Facebook. The phrase was first used to demonstrate the amount of sexual assault that happens to young actresses and actors in Hollywood, and it was largely due to the early involvement of several well known individuals from the entertainment industry, who used the hashtag in their own posts, that the movement achieved the spread that it did. It soon expanded to apply to all forms of sexual assault, especially in the work place, and with time it also came to move from concerning mainly white
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alliances and lobby for rights within their respective countries; they can give each other tips and share up-to-date information. This information becomes "hyper textual", available in downloadable formats with easy access for all. The UN organizations also use "hyper textual" formats. They can post information about upcoming summits, they can post newsletters on what occurred at these meetings, and links to videos can be shared; all of this information can be downloaded at the click of a button. The UN and many other actors are presenting this information in an attempt to get a certain message out in the cyber sphere and consequently steer public perception on an issue.
520:'s platform has been increasingly used for raising up social issues through creative short videos, especially after an allegedly make-up tutorial turned into a call to action on China's treatment of Muslim Uighurs. The tutorial was banned for 50 minutes on November 26, 2019. Eric Han, the heads of TikTok's US content-moderation team, claimed the banning was due to a “human moderation error”. The Chinese owners declared the app does not remove content based on sensitivities to China. TikTok also partnered up with UN Women in a campaign fighting women violence in India which kicked off on November 25, 2019. The campaign can be found under the hashtag
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the point where it is no longer just a means amongst others to achieve a certain objective, but more often than not, it is where the main part of a movement takes place. Activities such as the conveyance of perceivably extreme, bureaucratic ideas, or even the outlining of strategic acts of violence or destruction, are ones nowadays likely to occur online. In other words, this type of "online extremism" could, though difficult to precisely define, be described as the subcategory of
Internet activism that is brought forward by, or connected with, individuals or groups that possess what are generally viewed to be extreme opinions.
790:, published by Peachpit Press in 1992. Rittner, an environmental activist from upstate New York, spent more than 20 years researching and saving the Albany Pine Barrens. He was a beta tester for America Online and ran their Environmental Forum for the company from 1988 to when it launched in 1990. He took his early environmental knowledge and computer savvy and wrote what was called the bible of the online environmental community. It showed new Net users how to get online, find environmental information, connect to environmentalists around the world, and how to use those resources to save the planet.
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and gives them the impression of being part of a much larger network than is necessarily the case." The impersonal nature of communication by computer, Epstein suggests, may have a more insidious effect, undermining important human contact that always has been crucial to social movements. During the
Vietnam War, "a large sector of a generation got drawn in, in a very personal way. They went to a protest because their roommate was going. The movement became the center of social life. It became the most exciting place on campus."
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often a common devotion to a particular leader. Overseas supporters provide funding and support; domestic practitioners distribute tracts, participate in acts of resistance, and share information on the internal situation with outsiders. Collectively, members and practitioners of such sects construct viable virtual communities of faith, exchanging personal testimonies and engaging in collective study via email, on-line chat rooms and web-based message boards."
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probability for non-White citizens to consume political information was shown to be higher than that of Whites. These two outcomes go in the face of normal predictors of political activity. Despite these surprising findings older generations, men and whites showed the highest levels of political mobilization. Acts of political mobilization, such as fundraising, volunteering, protesting require the most continued interest, resources and knowledge (Nam, 2010).
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MoveOn hosted a competition that requested submissions from ordinary citizens with the criteria the digital ads were positive towards Obama. The contest drew 1,000 entries of 30-second ads for Obama that streamed on YouTube. This endorsement by a grassroots organization, and the ensuing contest, is an example of agenda setting that scholars have been studying ever since social media and digital content began influencing presidential politics.
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refers to gathering people and information together for online or offline activism. Awareness/advocacy refers to sharing information to make others aware of an issue or advocating for issues and campaigns. There are other ways of classifying
Internet activism, such as by the degree of reliance on the Internet versus offline mobilization. Thus, Internet sleuthing or hacking could be viewed as purely online forms of activism, whereas the
902:" summarizes the act of somehow utilizing hacking capabilities as a means to achieve some type of political goal, and the expression is occasionally also referred to as a variation of "cyberterrorism". The varieties of different routes groups of hacktivists choose to approach the organization, website or forum that they are taking on, can be categorized into different tactics. Some examples of those tactics or strategies are "
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quickly forget about it once they have seen it flash across our computer screens. Viral campaigns are great for sparking initial interest and conversation, but they are not as effective in the long term—people begin to think that clicking "like" on something is enough of a contribution, or that posting information about a current hot topic on their
Facebook page or Twitter feed means that they have made a difference.
1158:. The purpose of this online protest was to amplify Black voices on social media. However, many criticized this protest, arguing that the protest had the opposite effect as the squares flooded the important #BlackLivesMatter hashtag. People started to accuse those who participated in Blackout Tuesday, but did not do anything else in regards to the Black Lives Matter movement, of being performative activists.
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576:, said of the candidates which benefited from use of the Internet to attract supporters: "They are all charismatic, outspoken mavericks and insurgents. Given that the Internet is interactive and requires an affirmative action on the part of the users, as opposed to a passive response from TV users, it is not surprising that the candidate has to be someone people want to touch and interact with."
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dangerous. For example, people can read up on the latest news events relatively easily and quickly; however, there is danger in the fact that apathy or fatigue can quickly arise when people are inundated with so many messages, or that the loudest voice on a subject can often be the most extreme one, distorting public perception on the issue.
1154:, this term started to become widely used as many took to social media to participate in the Black Lives Matter movement. The intentions of a lot of new activists and allies were questioned. On June 2, 2021, the social media platform, Instagram, was flooded with millions of the same image. These images were black squares under the hashtag,
399:, pressured hospitals were in need of supplies in form of menstrual protection and related products. Supplies which they, despite the fact that the vast majority of the medical workers is made up of females, were not given access to. Amongst others, hashtags such as #RefusePeriodShame, circulated in protest to the ongoing situation and the
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the societal denial of women's biological functions and needs. #JiangshanjiaoDoYouGetYourPeriod, while, like the previous hashtag mentioned, being censored and taken down by the government, had time to spread and catch a lot more attention than what #RefusePeriodShame did, and up until 15 March 2020, it accumulated over 89,200,000 views.
317:, and its decentralized, scattered architecture make it difficult for big, establishment candidates, companies and media to gain control of it. And the establishment loathes what it can't control. This independence is by design, and the Internet community values above almost anything the distance it has from the slow,
162:–based computer professional, posted a message that was widely reposted on newsgroups and via e-mail: "It will contain a LOT of personal information about YOU, which anyone in the country can access by just buying the discs. It seems to me (and to a lot of other people, too) that this will be a little too much like
774:. They provide search results that confirm one's beliefs and biases and, further, connect one to communities of like-minded people. This works in favor of white nationalists; for example, search engines' autocomplete features suggest racist notions, and make White supremacist sites readily accessible to users.
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literacy become a concept taught in school, with educators incorporating blogging, commenting, and creating content as part of their curriculum, has been bandied about among social and political scientists in an effort to turn online enthusiasm from young people into demonstrable results at the ballot box.
957:, however, have found that they can raise large amounts of money from small donors at minimal cost, with credit card transaction fees constituting their biggest expense. "For the first time, you have a door into the political process that isn't marked 'big money,' " says Darr. "That changes everything."
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The
Internet connects an ideologically broad anti-war constituency, from the leftists of A.N.S.W.E.R. to the pressed-for-time "soccer moms" who might prefer MoveOn, and conservative activists as well. And for its part, MoveOn is itself part of an anti-war coalition that includes the NAACP, the Sierra
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refers to the action of acting as if one is an advocate or activist – often on social media – for personal gain. This term is used as a negative term towards those who seem to be untruthful or exaggerating their activism work. Performative activism became frequently used
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technology vastly changing existing and introducing new mechanisms by which to attain, share and employ information, internet activism raises ethical issues for consideration. Proponents contend internet activism serves as an outlet for social progress but only if personal and professional ethics are
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With all this information so readily available, there is a rising trend of "slacktivism" or "clicktivism". While it is positive that information can be distributed so quickly and efficiently all around the world, there is negativity in the fact that people often take this information for granted, or
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The
Internet is widely accessible by everyone. Thus, it has, since its beginning, increasingly become a place where various opinions are expressed, and not seldom are those opinions ones from some very far end of the spectrum. Extremists of different sorts have come to heavily rely on the Internet to
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Studies delving into the 2008 presidential campaign examined inequality online of various ideologies deriving from various socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. Scholars concluded the 2008 race, and the influence of online politicking, did not see an empowerment of new voices. The idea that digital
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Two-thirds of
Internet users under the age of 30 have an SNS, and during the 2008 election, half of them used an SNS site for candidate information (Hirzalla, 2010). MoveOn.org endorsed then-Senator Barack Obama in 2008, and used this endorsement as an opportunity to encourage grassroots advertising.
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Professor
Burdett Loomis from the University of Kansas spoke at @america via DVC on Tuesday, September 25, in front of a crowd of university students majoring in communications and connected to five American Corners via Webchat. Professor Loomis traced the evolution of the use of media as a political
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like Freedom News Group or BurmaNet assist in spreading news that would otherwise be inaccessible in these countries. Internet activists also organize petitions to be sent to the government as well as interest groups and organizations to protest or argue for change. Many non-profits and charities use
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argues that activism through social media and the internet cannot be successful because they promote a 'lazy' way of activism that doesn't require people to put in meaningful effort. For example 'liking' a protest related post on social media, people feel like they have contributed to a cause, which
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Scholars are divided about whether the Internet will increase or decrease political participation, including slacktivism. Those who suggest political participation will increase believe the Internet can be used to recruit and communicate with more users, and offers lower-costs modes of participation
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student shared a "letter to her attacker" in her college paper. The letter described how she was sexually assaulted and how she chose to respond and build from that point in her life. At the end of the letter she urged readers to send a letter back describing their own sexual assault experience with
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Exploring the dynamics of online activism for expressing resistance to a powerful organization, a study developed a critical mass approach to online activism. The results were integrated in a four-year longitudinal process model that explains how online activism started, generated societal outcomes,
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All the Internet traffic may represent an "echo chamber" of virtual activism rather than meaningful protest, warns Barbara Epstein, a University of California-Santa Cruz professor of the history of consciousness. The Internet, she says, "allows people who agree with each other to talk to each other
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professor Zeynep Tufekci has argued that the need to put in significant organizing time in the pre-Internet era is what gave street protests their strength. Max Halupka, of the Canberra School of Politics, Economics and Society, likens slacktivism to "an impulsive and non-committal online political
1098:, visit a website, or comment on a blog, but fail to engage in political activism beyond the Internet, such as volunteering or canvassing. This critique has been criticized as Western-centric, however, because it discounts the impact this can have in authoritarian or repressive contexts. Journalist
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professor Barbara Epstein, is that the Internet "allows people who agree with each other to talk to each other and gives them the impression of being part of a much larger network than is necessarily the case." She warns that the impersonal nature of communication by computer may actually undermine
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of the Chinese Communist Youth Party League (CYL), known as Jiangshanjiao, an avatar displayed as a youthful female, gave rise to #JiangshanjiaoDoYouGetYourPeriod. The hashtag initially sparked from a post on Weibo where a user sarcastically wrote that exact question, to point out the absurdness in
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Within online activism Sandor Vegh distinguished three principal categories: active/reactive, organization/mobilization, and awareness/advocacy based. Active/reactive refers to either being proactive in efforts to bring about change or reacting to issues after they happen. Organization/mobilization
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These social networks which occupy ICTs are simply modern forms of political instruments which pre-date the technological era. People can now go to online forums or Twitter instead of town hall meetings. People can essentially mobilize worldwide through the Internet. Women can create transnational
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Information communication technologies (ICTs) make communication and information readily available and efficient. There are millions of Facebook accounts, Twitter users and websites, and one can educate oneself on nearly any subject. While this is for the most part a positive thing, it can also be
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According to some observers, the Internet may have considerable potential to reach and engage opinion leaders who influence the thinking and behavior of others. According to the Institute for Politics, Democracy & the Internet, what they call "Online Political Citizens" (OPCs) are "seven times
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to spread their message. Then, a century later, with the rise of digital technologies, the KKK adapted to the changing media landscape to become a digital movement. They not only adapted to the digital age, but also found vulnerabilities through which they could most quickly and efficiently insert
462:. Garza ended her letter with the statement "Black lives matter", which her friend turned into a hashtag below. From here, #BlackLivesMatter or simply "BLM" became the movement against police brutality and killings of unarmed African Americans, as well as hate crimes and racially motivated crimes.
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One example of the powerful rise of hashtag activism can be seen in the black feminist movement's use of hashtags to convey their cause. The famous hashtag "IamJada" was an internet backlash to the mocking "#Jadapose" that went viral, ensuing after sixteen-year-old girl Jada Smith was photographed
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database product that was to contain name, address, demographic, and spending habit information on 120 million individual U.S. citizens. While much of the same data was already available elsewhere, privacy advocates worried about the availability of this data collected within one easily searchable
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is a new organizational form which involves: "highly dispersed small groups of practitioners that may remain largely anonymous within the larger social context and operate in relative secrecy, while still linked remotely to a larger network of believers who share a set of practices and texts, and
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The 2016 presidential election changed the digital landscape again. Digital media scholars note that the hopes of developing digital literacy post 2008 turned into a fomenting distrust of traditional news media. People of all ages and political inclinations gravitated towards social media sources
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A more decentralized approach to campaigning arose, in contrast to a top-down, message-focused approach usually conducted in the mainstream. "The mantra has always been, 'Keep your message consistent. Keep your message consistent,'" said John Hlinko, who has participated in Internet campaigns for
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A study looked at the impact of Social Networking Sites (SNS) on various demographics and their political activity. Not surprisingly college students used SNS for political activity the most but this was followed by a more unlikely group, those that had not completed high school. In addition the
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was born. Students came together to create this hashtag to fight for gun control in the U.S. This hashtag turned into an entire movement of over 800 protests across the United States with the main protest taking place in Washington, D.C. There was an estimated 200,000 people in attendance at the
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In one study, a discussion of a developmental model of political mobilization is discussed. By citizens joining groups and creating discussion, they are beginning their first stage of involvement. Progressively, it is hoped that they will begin signing petitions online and graduating to offline
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With cases such as the Black Lives Matter and #MeToo movements, it shows how internet activism can become more than slacktivism. Scholars have found that internet activist communities and offline activist communities work closely together, rather than being two separate entities. With internet
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Internet activism has had the effect of causing increased collective action among people, as found by Postmes and Brunsting (2002), who discovered a tendency among internet users to rely on internalized group memberships and social identities in order to achieve social involvement online. The
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These movements were intended to create an outlet for men and women to share their experiences with those with similar views without blame or guilt. They brought widespread attention to sexual assault and caused much controversy about changes that should be made accordingly. Criticism around
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petition calling for an investigation and prosecution of George Zimmerman. Social media users, including many celebrities retweeted, shared, and created new petitions, eventually raising over 2.1 million signatures combined by March 26, 2012. By April 11, 2012, Zimmerman was charged with the
968:. The telethon and its broadcast became an effective vehicle to present a plea for support and to collect contributions quickly, facilitating a relationship between entertainment and humanitarian fundraising that has developed in response to historical and economic market conditions.
239:. Dorothy Kidd quotes Sheri Herndon in a July 2001 telephone interview about the role of the Internet in the anti-WTO protests: "The timing was right, there was a space, the platform was created, the Internet was being used, we could bypass the corporate media, we were using
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Whether this is due to physical, mental, or financial constraints, internet activism may be the most accessible and comfortable for disabled people. If able to attend a physical protest, the inaccessibility of public spaces is often too large of a roadblock to participation.
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ads in the 1980s – they were masterpieces of nostalgia promising a return to America's past glory and prosperity. The Internet, on the other hand, is a forward-thinking and forward-moving medium, embracing change and pushing the envelope of technology and
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The issue of the mass media's centrality has been highly contested, with some people arguing that it promoted the voices of marginalized groups while others believe it sends forth the messages of the majority alone, leaving minority groups to have their voices robbed.
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The Internet has also made it easier for small donors to play a meaningful role in financing political campaigns. Previously, small-donor fundraising was prohibitively expensive, as costs of printing and postage ate up most of the money raised. Groups like
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to engage meaningfully online; these include ethnic and racial minorities, those of lower socioeconomic status, those with lower levels of education, and the elderly. Issues like racism and sexism are issues that internet activists reportedly deal with.
1178:. The most well known example of internet censorship in China is the Covid-19 virus when China suppressed any information regarding the virus. Information was able to get out though because of Dr. Li Wenliang, but was considered to be falsified.
465:#BlackLivesMatter's impact does not end online. The formation of Black Lives Matter allowed for activists across the United States to organize in-person protests and rallies together, no matter where they may be located. U.S. politicians—such as
1014:. Some say it gives disproportionate representation to those with greater access or technological ability. Groups that may be disadvantaged by the move to activist activity online are those that have limited access to technologies, or lack the
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Winter, Charlie 1; Neumann, Peter 1; Meleagrou-Hitchens, Alexander 2; Ranstorp, Magnus 3; Vidino, Lorenzo 2; FĂĽrst, Johanna1 International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR) at King's College London 2 Program on Extremism (2020).
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Activism against sexual assault is often led on the internet, where individuals may feel comfortable talking about uncomfortable topics. One such movements is the #NotGuilty movement. This movement began in April 2015 when Ione Wells, an
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to communicate with individuals in an inexpensive and timely manner. Indeed, many non-profit and advocacy organizations rely on the internet to launch campaigns with socially conscious messages to maintain a constant stream of revenue.
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activism, activists can organize without the constraints of physical location. The Pew Research Center has found that eight-in-ten Americans have been proven effecting in spreading information and awareness for varying public issues.
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more likely than average citizens to serve as opinion leaders among their friends, relatives and colleagues… Normally, 10% of Americans qualify as Influentials. Our study found that 69% of Online Political Citizens are Influentials."
5247:," CNN.com, March 17, 2004, suggests that blogs may be "Democrats' answer to talk radio," citing a study by George Washington University showing that "online political citizens" outnumber Republicans almost 2 to 1 (49% to 27%).
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817:" (FFF). Through having children miss classes on Fridays to participate in the strike, it has from the moment it started until today, reached and affected leading governments of the world by raising environmental awareness.
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structure that's really doctrinaire and that's really opposed to grassroots. Or you can say, 'Go forth. Do what you're going to do.' As long as we're running in the same direction, it's much better to give some freedom."
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Vitak, J., Zube, P., Smock, A., Carr, C. T., Ellison, N., & Lampe, C. (2011). It's Complicated: Facebook Users' Political Participation in the 2008 Election. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 14(3),
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showed the adverse side of the activism where witness detention in one of the high-profile rape cases highlighted the prioritisation of traditional social morality by the government over women's rights in the country.
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This exploitation of technological innovations is not a novel concept for this group. In the early 20th century, with the emergence of film technology, the KKK created their own film companies and produced films like
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Online, companies launch sites with the intent to positively influence their own public image, to provide negative pressure on competitors, to influence opinion within select groups, and to push for policy changes.
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movements such as these centers on concerns about whether or not participants are being dishonest for their own gain or are misinterpreting acts of kindness. However, the same Me Too movement, which also reached
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Other notable instances in which marginalized groups have used hashtags as organizing tools for social justice include responses to racial violence and police profiling, as in the case of #BlackLivesMatter and
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gave birth to the usage of the saying that would lead to the eventual spread of it, after using it in a post on Twitter, in which she acknowledged several accusations of sexual assault against film producer
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the hashtag #notguilty. She received so many letters from locals that she decided to create a website called "notGuiltyCampaign.co.uk". This caused global attention and inspired many to share their stories.
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Nam, T. (2011). Whose e-democracy? The democratic divide in American electoral campaigns. Information Polity: The International Journal of Government & Democracy in the Information Age, 16(2), 131-150.
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stream of American commerce and culture. Progressive candidates and companies with forward-looking vision have an advantage on the Internet, too. Television is, by its nature, a nostalgic medium. Look at
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1170:, author Evgeny Morozov argues against cyberutopianism. He describes how the Internet is successfully used against activists and for the sake of state repression. China presents a good example of this.
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Hirzalla, F., van Zoonen, L., & de Ridder, J. (2011). Internet Use and Political Participation: Reflections on the Mobilization/Normalization Controversy. Information Society, 27(1), 1-15.
993:... nagging... violating privacy... and being scary." Many of the ethical criticisms against the prevalence of online activism are further discussed in the criticisms section of this article.
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Today, white nationalists' efforts to push their principles on the Web combined with tech companies' belief in the Internet as "raceless" motivate white nationalists to continue to exploit
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The Internet also allows ordinary people to contribute materially to Humanitarian relief projects designed to intervene in situations of global disaster or tragedy, as in the case of the "
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702:.org which organized the "Taxpayer March on Washington" on September 12, 2009, and the Coalition to Protect Patients' Rights, which opposes universal health care in the U.S.
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wrote on his website, “I believe that the internet will begin a chain reaction of racial enlightenment that will shake the world by the speed of its intellectual conquest.”
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813:), a movement that would eventually spread, largely through attention in media, across the globe and develop into something that came to be internationally named "
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4396:"Rethinking political participation: Experiments in internet activism in Australia and Britain." Curtin University of Technology, July, 2002. Retrieved 2017-3-18.
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Gurak, L.J. (1997). Persuasion and Privacy in Cyberspace: The Online Protests over Lotus MarketPlace and the Clipper Chip. New Haven: Yale University Press.
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166:, and it seems like a good idea to get out while there is still time." Over 30,000 people contacted Lotus and asked for their names to be removed from the
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outlets. The term "hashtag activism" first started circulating within journalism in 2011. Since then, its use has been associated with movements such as
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Greijdanus, Hedy; De Matos Fernandes, Carlos A.; Turner-Zwinkels, Felicity; Honari, Ali; Roos, Carla A.; Rosenbusch, Hannes; Postmes, Tom (2020-10-01).
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these methods, emailing petitions to those on their email list and asking people to pass them on. The Internet also enables organizations such as
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2235:"Towards cyberactivism 2.0? Understanding the use of social media and other information technologies for political activism and social movements"
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698:", as opposed to "grassroots activism", due to the funding for such movements being largely private. More recent examples include the right-wing
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The ease with which current social movements form often fails to signal an organizing capacity powerful enough to threaten those in authority
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talks about slacktivism, claiming that the Internet has devalued certain currencies of activism. Citizens may "like" an activist group on
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and influence digital spaces such as Twitter. As algorithms work in a self-reinforcing manner, they worsen the psychological effects of
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Corporations are also using Internet activist techniques to increase support for their causes. According to Christopher Palmeri with
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Patricia M. Thornton, "The New Cybersects: Resistance and Repression in the Reform era. " In Elizabeth Perry and Mark Selden, eds.,
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After the killing of Martin on February 26, 2012, several people wanted justice. The hashtag started to grow in popularity, with a
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that acted as echo chambers, and online personalities and organizations were held in higher esteem than traditional news sources.
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4169:. Institute for Politics, Democracy and the Internet, Graduate School of Political Management. February 5, 2004. Archived from
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E-Activism Connects Protest Groups. Web Makes It Easy To Organize Rallies Quickly, But Sheer Volume Of E-Mail Can Hinder Cause
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The Internet is a key resource for independent activists, particularly those whose message may run counter to the mainstream.
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3979:"#Hashtag: How Selected Texts of Popular Culture Engaged With Sexual Assault In the Context of the Me Too Movement in 2019"
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Yet another instance of where this type of activism was utilized for the matter of feminism and women's right, occurred in
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898:(mass e-mailings) are also examples of Internet activism. While the concept is difficult to exactly pinpoint, the phrase "
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globally known the hopes of having him arrested by the campaign's scheduled expiration at the end of 2012 The film spread
228:. The PGA continued to call for "global days of action" and rally support of other anti-globalization groups in this way.
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2591:"The social media response to Black Lives Matter: how Twitter users interact with Black Lives Matter through hashtag use"
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via blog, online advertising, links to news stories and educational materials. Protest groups have responded by posting
259:, a short film released on March 5, 2012, was intended to promote the charity's "Stop Kony" movement to Ugandan militant
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In response, a mass e-mail and E-bulletin-board campaign was started, which included information on contacting Lotus and
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Tom Head, "A Short Guide to the Ethics and Etiquette of Online Activism." Pearson, August 4, 2010. Retrieved 2017-3-18.
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The most recent display of how the Black Lives Matter movement has been used as a platform for offline activism is the
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539:. Though such activism led to a significant increase in public awareness of the case, it was criticized for spreading
395:. While the rule of the country put efforts into trying to hide and downplay the start of what would develop into the
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quickly saw the potential of the Internet as a platform to effectively disseminate their message to a mass audience.
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contact as long as the organization provides the citizen with escalating steps of involvement (Vitak et al., 2011).
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In August 2018, a movement of environmental activism was initiated in Sweden, by now widely known climate activist
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and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez—have endorsed Black Lives Matter, aligning themselves with a push for racial justice.
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Ghobadi, S., Clegg, S. (2015). "'these days will never be forgotten': Critical Mass Approach to Online Activism".
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3840:"Doctor Stockmann and Greta Thunberg: Some Implications of Intellectual Resistance, Eco-activism and Unschooling"
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4849:"The psychology of online activism and social movements: relations between online and offline collective action"
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2503:"When positive energy meets satirical feminist backfire: Hashtag activism during the COVID-19 outbreak in China"
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makes them less likely to take more costly, and some would argue more effective, action like joining a protest.
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created the phrase back in 2006 to "empower women through empathy", but first over a decade later, the actress
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campaign, which encouraged people to share the first signs of Spring with one another, in particular images of
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hospital authorities, who were considered responsible for it. Soon to follow on the same thread, one of the
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Joss Hands, "@ is for Activism: Dissent Resistance and Rebellion in a Digital Culture", Pluto Press, 2011.
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4326:"Soundscapes of Disaster and Humanitarianism: Survival Singing, Relief Telethons, and the Haiti Earthquake"
4276:"Soundscapes of Disaster and Humanitarianism: Survival Singing, Relief Telethons, and the Haiti Earthquake"
651:
cyberactivist group, among others, launched a boycott campaign against controversial, conservative webpage
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After George Zimmerman was acquitted on July 13, 2013, a "letter to Black folks" was posted to Facebook by
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4734:"23% of users in U.S. say social media led them to change views on an issue; some cite Black Lives Matter"
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following her gang rape In this instance, a hashtag was employed to convey a powerful anti-rape message.
1575:"Apparently They Don't Like Succinct and Articulate': Journalists, Activists, and the Battle over News".
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in the days following the video's release. It was included among the top international events of 2012 by
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Burch, Audra D. S.; Cai, Weiyi; Gianordoli, Gabriel; McCarthy, Morrigan; Patel, Jugal K. (2020-06-13).
2679:"#BlackLivesMatter: black celebrity hashtag activism and the discursive formation of a social movement"
1633:
801:, giving her opinion on the ongoing climate change, by displaying a large sign in front of the Swedish
3401:"Anonymous Twitter accounts in Brazil are pressuring advertisers to drop conservative media campaigns"
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1406:"Canadian Advocacy 2.0: A Study of Social Media Use by Social Movement Groups and Activists in Canada"
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noted that "the Internet connects an ideologically broad anti-war constituency, from the leftists of
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588:. "That was all well and good in the past. Now it's a recipe for disaster. You can choose to have a
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644:, online news paper Freedom News Group has leaked some government corruption and fuel to protests.
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their ideologies. Examples of this included strategic domain names and hidden propaganda content.
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Morozov, E. (2011). The Net Delusion The Dark Side of Internet Freedom. New York: Public Affairs.
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3009:"Intermedia Agenda-Setting and Political Activism: MoveOn.org and the 2008 Presidential Election"
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3613:"Online Extremism: Research Trends in Internet Activism, Radicalization, and Counter-Strategies"
1997:
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has stated that "the Internet doesn't do a very good job of motivating action", citing that the
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women, to eventually being used by both men and women with different sexualities and ethnicity.
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The Revolution Will Not Be Televised: Democracy, the Internet, and the Overthrow of Everything
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as those involved have increasingly relied on social media to organize and stay connected. In
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Network actions - new media and political confrontation in the Internet age (Chinese Edition)
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Rainie, Lee; Hitlin, Paul; Jurkowitz, Mark; Dimock, Michael; Neidorf, Shawn (15 March 2012).
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and features short videos with positive and negative examples of men interacting with women.
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3375:"Coalition Gather More Than One Million Petition Signatures Urging Amazon To Drop Breitbart"
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2268:"Classifying Forms of Online Activism: The Case of Cyberprotests Against the World Bank" in
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4603:"Cyberactivism and the Arab Revolt: Battles Waged Online and Lessons Learned (Part 1 of 9)"
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797:. It all started with Greta, 15 years of age at the time and influenced by the creation of
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pp. 59. Eds. Ayers, Michael D., Mccaughey, Martha. Copyright 2003, Routledge, New York, NY
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4365:"Ethics in Online Activism: False Senses of Social Action or Effective Source of Change?"
2871:"TikTok apologises for deleting Feroza Aziz's video on plight of Muslim Uyghurs in China"
2841:"TikTok 'makeup tutorial' goes viral with call to action on China's treatment of Uighurs"
2900:"TikTok teams up with UN Women to raise awareness about violence against women in India"
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Hanstad, Chelsie Salisbury, Bill Pioneer Press, St. Paul, MO accessed February 12, 2008
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Critics argue that Internet activism faces the same challenges as other aspects of the
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492:. Protests took place in all 50 states, as well as in many countries around the world.
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4767:"Americans think social media can help build movements, but can also be a distraction"
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1486:"Kalle Lasn and Micah White, the Creators of Occupy Wall Street : The New Yorker"
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4997:"Blackout Tuesday: the black square is a symbol of online activism for non-activists"
4629:"Unveiling the Revolutionaries: Cyberactivism and Women's Role in the Arab Uprisings"
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3153:"Time and Meaning-Making in the "Hybrid" Media: Evidence From the 2016 U.S. Election"
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1977:
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88:." Research has started to address specifically how activist/advocacy groups in the
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4904:. CHI '18. Montreal QC, Canada: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1–13.
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3241:"Activists Are Pushing Back Against Tech Platforms That Quietly Empower Hate Groups"
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youth because it is a form of free speech, and can spark mainstream media coverage.
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argued that even this low level of engagement was an important form of activism for
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2930:"Why Britney Spears' Recent TikToks Have Left Many People Concerned For Her Health"
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platforms. So those hadn't been available, and then there was the beginning of the
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Another well-known example of early Internet activism took place in 1998, when the
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2812:"How many people attended March for Our Lives? Crowd in D.C. estimated at 200,000"
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1796:"Globalizing Resistance: The Battle of Seattle and the Future of Social Movements"
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Later, a worldwide network of Internet activist sites, under the umbrella name of
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The Role of the Internet in Democratic Transition: Case Study of the Arab Spring
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5206:'these days will never be forgotten': Critical Mass Approach to Online Activism
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Advocacy, Activism, and the Internet: Community Organization and Social Policy
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Club, the National Organization for Women and the National Council of Churches.
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Anderson, Walter T. "Astroturf – The Big Business of Fake Grassroots Politics."
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5302:, Harvard Human Rights Journal / Vol. 22, 2009, p. 205–244. (PDF, 225 kb)
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5067:"Digital activism and collective mourning by Chinese netizens during COVID-19"
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2026:"Kony 2012: Campaign Shedding light on Uganda Conflict a Huge Online Success"
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tool during elections and questioned the actual influence of media on voters.
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Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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267:. A poll suggested that more than half of young adult Americans heard about
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232:
5139:"Online Political Campaigning during the 2014 Regional Elections in Poland"
5108:
4898:"Slacktivists or Activists?: Identity Work in the Virtual Disability March"
4882:
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1071:
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5125:
4897:
3168:
3056:"Whose e-democracy? The democratic divide in American electoral campaigns"
3055:
2479:"Digital Defense: Black Feminists Resist Violence With Hashtag Activism".
2182:"Memorable World Moments of 2012 | PBS NewsHour | Dec. 24, 2012"
2059:"Kony 2012: Invisible Children Documentary Sheds Light On Uganda Conflict"
170:. On January 23, 1991, Lotus announced that it had cancelled MarketPlace.
84:
claims on a target authority, in which civic initiators or supporters use
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New Media and Internet Activism: From the 'Battle of Seattle' to Blogging
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is a similar movement that started in Hollywood. Initially, the activist
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1311:"Movements, Organising and Transformational Politics in the Digital Age"
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used decentralized communications, such as cell phones, to network with
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4953:"Instagram users flood the app with millions of Blackout Tuesday posts"
2786:
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Jackson, Sarah J.; Bailey, Moya; Foucault Welles, Brooke (2020-03-10).
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684:
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361:
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One early instance of online activism was opposition to the release of
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4828:
Joseph, S. (2012). "Social Media, Political Change and Human Rights".
4275:
3628:
6185:
5330:
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3439:, BusinessWeek Online, January 12, 2004. retrieved October 31, 2007.
2649:"How Black Lives Matter went from a hashtag to a global rallying cry"
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225:
201:
148:
93:
80:. A digital-activism campaign is "an organized public effort, making
38:
3597:(second edition) (London and New York: Routledge, 2003), pp. 149-50.
1036:
the human contact that always has been crucial to social movements.
5276:
1174:
has often been used as a way to achieve political stability of the
655:, getting more than 2,000 organizations to remove it from ad buys.
290:
Internet is "tailor-made for a populist, insurgent movement," says
6225:
5825:
2550:
Jackson, Sarah, J.; Bailey, Moya; Welles, Brooke Foucault (2020).
2401:
Mobilisation Lab; Collinson, Rachel; Frauzel, Tracy (2021-01-29).
1634:"Bongo Doit Partir | Pour la Construction d'un Gabon nouveau"
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involves the use of electronic-communication technologies such as
4896:
Li, Hanlin; Bora, Disha; Salvi, Sagar; Brady, Erin (2018-04-21).
3700:"How the Ku Klux Klan seized cinema to become a force in America"
5707:
2286:
Dariusz Jemielniak; Aleksandra Przegalinska (18 February 2020).
1103:
788:
Ecolinking: Everyone's Guide to Online Environmental Information
416:, along with misogyny and gendered violence, such as #MeToo and
205:
185:(Bongo Must Go) to encourage a revolution against the regime of
5334:
4588:
4088:"Witness detentions cast shadow over Egyptian 'MeToo' movement"
2554:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 1–10, 123–133.
3301:"How to Destroy the Business Model of Breitbart and Fake News"
342:
272:
4534:"Scott Duke Harris: Anti-war Movement Marshals Forces Online"
4508:"Scott Duke Harris: Anti-war Movement Marshals Forces Online"
4441:"Digital Divide: The Three Stages (Jakob Nielsen's Alertbox)"
527:
In July 2020, the TikTok platform played a major role in the
4224:
Mulligan, Emily; Tu, Katherine; Maitland, Tom (2019-12-17).
3888:"Blossom watch day: National Trust urges UK to share blooms"
3340:"German firms including BMW pull advertising from Breitbart"
3271:"Lyft, HP won't advertise on Breitbart. Uber, Amazon remain"
2589:
Ince, Jelani; Rojas, Fabio; Davis, Clayton A. (2017-09-02).
2249:"Citizen 2.0: How the Internet Shapes Citizen Participation"
1637:
1577:
Soundbitten: The Perils of Media-Centered Political Activism
694:
Corporate methods of information dissemination is labelled "
193:
reported the arrest of five Gabonese known to be members of
5309:, New Media & Society / Vol 6; 2004, Pages 87–95. (PDF)
4059:"Beware the #MeToo Backlash—It Masks Ugly Lies About Women"
2209:"Kony 2012 | Arts & Entertainment | TIME.com"
151:
and could not be changed until a new edition was released.
4661:"Why in-person protests are stronger than online activism"
4164:"Political Influentials in the 2004 Presidential campaign"
2976:
2677:
Duvall, Spring-Serenity; Heckemeyer, Nicole (2018-07-03).
964:" telethon event, which was launched three days after the
890:, the taking over and vandalizing of a website, uploading
632:
The Internet has become the catalyst for protests such as
4560:"Ralph Nader: Internet not so hot at "motivating action""
1943:"Uganda rebel Joseph Kony target of viral campaign video"
1309:
Howey, Ned; Tectonica; Paszewska, Weronika (2024-03-18).
1090:
do not necessarily "fear the civic use of the Internet."
109:
was mainly conducted offline, and only partially online.
96:
use social media to achieve digital-activism objectives.
2737:"How Black Lives Matter Reached Every Corner of America"
2373:"What is Hashtag Activism? - Definition from Techopedia"
364:
for fighting or supporting a cause through the usage of
147:
database. Furthermore, the data would be distributed on
5319:(Huazhong Normal University Press (December 1, 2011)),
5223:
Politics of the Web: Meet, Greet, Segregate, Meet Again
5208:, Information and Organization, Vol 25 Issue 1, pp 2–71
3190:
Kleinfield, N. R.; Buckley, Cara (September 30, 2011).
1445:
McCaughey, Martha; Ayers, Michael D. (1 January 2003).
4797:"Small Change: Why the revolution will not be tweeted"
4151:
Cyberactivism: Online Activism in Theory and Practice,
3106:"Digital Media Shapes Youth Participation in Politics"
2270:
Cyberactivism: Online Activism in Theory and PRACTICE,
435:
One of the most prominent uses of hashtag activism is
5254:," The Blogging of the President 2004, April 4, 2004.
4765:
Auxier, Brooke; McClain, Colleen (9 September 2020).
4120:
Aydelia Gareeva; Kira Krylova; Olga Khovrina (2020).
2552:#HashtagActivism: Networks of Race and Gender Justice
2434:#HashtagActivism: Networks of Race and Gender Justice
1843:
Cyberactivism: Online Activism in Theory and Practice
1448:
Cyberactivism: Online Activism in Theory and Practice
49:
to enable faster and more effective communication by
4369:
Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs
2276:, pp. 72-73. Copyright 2003, Routledge, New York, NY
820:
In 2020 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the
566:
Institute for Politics, Democracy & the Internet
543:
regarding the conservatorship alongside a number of
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5284:
Insurgency Online: Web Activism and Global Conflict
5065:Cao, Xun; Zeng, Runxi; Evans, Richard (July 2022).
3338:Henley, Jon; Oltermann, Philip (December 8, 2016).
805:(parliament) in protest. This act would start the "
439:, a social justice movement that first began after
4951:Whitten, Jessica Bursztynsky, Sarah (2020-06-02).
4830:College International & Comparative Law Review
4153:pp. 71-95. Copyright 2003, Routledge, New York, NY
1770:"Media Activism, Indymedia History, Mar. 11, 2005"
675:is an example: The company hosts a website called
3192:"Wall Street Occupiers, Protesting Till Whenever"
5252:When Mainstream Political Kibitzing Comes Online
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
3595:Chinese Society: Change, Conflict and Resistance
3104:Kahne, Joseph; Middaugh, Ellen (November 2012).
3007:Ragas, Matthew W.; Kiousis, Spiro (2010-10-29).
1509:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
4039:Fonda, Jane (January 1, 2018). "After #metoo".
3847:Journal of Unschooling and Alternative Learning
3230:, Davit Chokoshvili, Master's Thesis, June 2011
1885:Lees, Philippa; Zavan, Martin (March 7, 2012).
1841:"Indymedia.org: A New Communications Common in
5234:Appropriating the Internet for Global Activism
4251:Principles of Fundraising: Theory and Practice
4122:"Hacktivism: a new form of political activism"
3617:International Journal of Conflict and Violence
3528:. Boycott American Apparel.com. Archived from
197:. The members were detained for three months.
5346:
3430:Up Front: How To Make A Corporate Cause Click
2150:Polly Curtis; Tom McCarthy (April 20, 2012).
8:
4980:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3506:YouTube: Save Our State vs. American Apparel
2574:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2327:"The 'popular' culture of internet activism"
1550:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1039:On the other hand, Scott Duke Harris of the
5277:An Introduction to Activism on the Internet
5034:Xu, Beina; Albert, Eleanor (Feb 17, 2017).
4467:"Social Media Mob: Being Indigenous Online"
4253:. Jones and Bartlett Publ. pp. 69–83.
4226:"Developing Sustainable Online Fundraising"
3764:"Twitter and White Supremacy, A Love Story"
3660:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2403:"10 Ways People Power Can Change the World"
5353:
5339:
5331:
4149:"Classifying Forms of Online Activism" in
3819:Personal Computers; Learning to Save Trees
1887:"Kony 2012 sheds light on Uganda conflict"
1856:"News Hour – Trending Now: Kony 2012"
1492:. Archived from the original on 2014-02-09
782:One of the earliest books on activism was
5154:
5098:
4917:
4864:
4012:
3994:
3947:"How we talk about sexual assault online"
3746:
3731:"The Algorithmic Rise of the "Alt-Right""
3559:Jinn 5 January 1996 accessed Feb 12, 2008
2518:
2442:
1421:
1380:
235:, was created to provide coverage of the
4585:"Causebuilder Resources and Information"
922:Impact on everyday political discussions
564:candidates, Carol Darr, director of the
455:second-degree murder of Trayvon Martin.
275:and called the most viral video ever by
4694:Australian Journal of Political Science
4465:Carlson, Bronwyn; Frazer, Ryan (2018).
3797:. New York: New York University Press.
3319:from the original on September 18, 2017
2188:from the original on September 14, 2013
1953:from the original on September 16, 2018
1276:
1225:
1057:, and conservative activists as well."
5201:, Volume 14, Issue 9, October 1, 2003.
4973:
4760:
4758:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4532:Scott Duke Harris (February 3, 2003).
4506:Scott Duke Harris (February 3, 2003).
4358:
4356:
4354:
4115:
4113:
3833:
3831:
3653:
3002:
3000:
2567:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2131:from the original on November 10, 2013
2071:from the original on November 18, 2014
1543:
1502:
931:Information communication technologies
584:and the electoral primary campaign of
521:
445:shooting and killing of Trayvon Martin
5232:Mark Surman & Katherine Reilly, "
4795:Gladwell, Malcolm (October 4, 2010).
3972:
3970:
3774:from the original on 12 November 2019
3710:from the original on 12 November 2019
3605:
3603:
3452:. Americanapparel.net. Archived from
2910:from the original on 16 December 2019
2496:
2494:
2325:Tatarchevskiy, Tatiana (2011-03-01).
2215:from the original on October 10, 2013
2162:from the original on October 16, 2013
300:The Revolution Will Not Be Televised,
7:
2958:"Website Reels In Political Newbies"
2306:from the original on 17 January 2023
2117:Kanczula, Antonia (April 20, 2012).
1720:"www.agp.org – Brief history of PGA"
1363:Obar, Jonathan; et al. (2012).
1033:University of California, Santa Cruz
5286:University of Toronto Press, 2006.
4690:"The legitimisation of clicktivism"
4587:. Causebuilder.info. Archived from
4375:from the original on April 11, 2017
3762:Daniels, Jessie (19 October 2017).
3476:"Politics Wrapped in a Clothing Ad"
2098:from the original on 3 January 2017
1991:Neylon, Stephanie (March 7, 2012).
1919:. February 14, 2012. Archived from
1484:Schwartz, Mattathias (2014-02-09).
1465:from the original on 9 October 2021
5305:Richard Kahn and Douglas Kellner,
5046:from the original on July 26, 2020
4363:Jaber, Rimah (February 22, 2016).
3474:Story, Louise (January 18, 2008).
3299:Kennedy, Pagan (January 7, 2017).
3202:from the original on March 9, 2014
2851:from the original on 11 March 2021
2207:Carbone, Nick (December 4, 2012).
2038:from the original on March 9, 2012
1893:from the original on March 8, 2012
1815:10.17813/maiq.6.1.y63133434t8vq608
25:
4732:Andrew Perrin (15 October 2020).
4634:. Rice University. Archived from
4230:The Commons Social Change Library
4211:Gender Matters in Global Politics
4196:Gender Matters in Global Politics
3729:Daniels, Jessie (February 2018).
2407:The Commons Social Change Library
2057:Nelson, Sara C. (March 7, 2012).
1976:. Kentucky Kernel. Archived from
1913:"Jackson Center To Show KONY2012"
1410:Canadian Journal of Communication
1315:The Commons Social Change Library
1290:The Commons Social Change Library
1286:"Digital Campaigning: Start Here"
509:Washington, D.C. protest, alone.
5124:
4995:Sinanan, Jolynna (4 June 2020).
4126:Journal of Society and the State
4098:from the original on 19 May 2022
1538:10.1016/j.infoandorg.2014.12.002
1188:
476:that occurred after 17-year old
27:Form of activism on the internet
5997:Party platforms (or manifestos)
5007:from the original on 2021-05-06
4963:from the original on 2021-03-09
4777:from the original on 2022-10-06
4744:from the original on 2022-10-11
4667:from the original on 2019-05-06
4659:Malchik, Antonia (2019-05-06).
4609:from the original on 2021-12-21
4566:from the original on 2011-06-07
4479:from the original on 2021-03-18
4447:from the original on 2012-08-25
4306:from the original on 2019-06-28
4132:from the original on 2021-10-09
4069:from the original on 2018-04-20
4021:from the original on 2021-09-21
3983:New Horizons in English Studies
3957:from the original on 2018-03-20
3945:Wells, Ione (10 October 2016),
3927:from the original on 2018-03-27
3898:from the original on 2022-07-15
3868:from the original on 2021-10-04
3838:Rahaman, Habibur (2021-06-01).
3675:Clemmitt, Marcia (March 2017).
3643:from the original on 2023-01-17
3576:from the original on 2013-12-26
3488:from the original on 2019-08-14
3411:from the original on 2020-09-15
3381:from the original on 2023-01-17
3281:from the original on 2019-06-11
3251:from the original on 2017-08-10
3086:from the original on 2023-01-17
2940:from the original on 2021-04-10
2881:from the original on 2019-11-30
2822:from the original on 2021-04-12
2793:from the original on 2021-04-12
2755:from the original on 2020-06-25
2717:from the original on 2022-08-15
2659:from the original on 2022-12-10
2629:from the original on 2021-04-18
2461:from the original on 2021-04-18
2444:10.7551/mitpress/10858.001.0001
2383:from the original on 2019-08-29
2152:"Kony 2012: what happens next?"
1862:. March 6, 2012. Archived from
1824:from the original on 2021-02-26
1776:from the original on 2013-05-10
1747:. Indymedia.org. Archived from
1726:from the original on 2019-10-07
1701:from the original on 2012-06-18
1606:from the original on 2019-03-27
1345:from the original on 2016-03-15
562:2004 U.S. presidential election
391:in relation to the outbreak of
360:Hashtag activism is the use of
5245:The Rise of the Online Citizen
5036:""Media Censorship in China.""
3977:Oleszczuk, Anna (2020-09-04).
3825:. Peter H Lewis, May 12, 1992.
3687:: 241–64 – via CQ Press.
3526:"Boycott American Apparel.com"
3013:Mass Communication and Society
2024:Molloy, Mark (March 7, 2012).
1972:Myers, Julia (March 7, 2012).
212:activists and help create the
173:In 1998 Dr. Daniel Mengara, a
1:
5204:Ghobadi, S., Clegg, S. 2014,
4853:Current Opinion in Psychology
4706:10.1080/10361146.2017.1416586
4627:Radsch, Courtney (May 2012).
4558:Lasar, Matthew (2009-05-12).
4439:Nielsen, Jakob (2006-11-20).
4324:McAlister, Elizabeth (2012).
4274:McAlister, Elizabeth (2012).
3886:Morris, Steven (2021-04-24).
3698:Rice, Tom (8 December 2015).
3572:. Protectpatientsrights.org.
2695:10.1080/19392397.2018.1440247
2647:Asmelash, Leah (2020-07-26).
2607:10.1080/01419870.2017.1334931
1382:10.5325/jinfopoli.2.2012.0001
1369:Journal of Information Policy
502:Parkland high school shooting
6085:Rally 'round the flag effect
5040:Council on Foreign Relations
4866:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.03.003
3025:10.1080/15205436.2010.515372
1526:Information and Organization
1172:Internet censorship in China
1108:University of North Carolina
570:George Washington University
177:scholar and activist living
4688:Halupka, Max (2018-01-02).
2092:"The Viral Kony 2012 Video"
1772:. Indybay.org. 2005-03-11.
1423:10.22230/cjc.2014v39n2a2678
671:The clothing manufacturer,
537:her conservatorship dispute
249:anti-globalization movement
181:, created a website called
107:Occupy Wall Street movement
6386:
5137:Baranowski, Paweł (2015).
4605:. YouTube. 29 March 2011.
4047:: 22–25 – via EBSCO.
3996:10.17951/nh.2020.5.208-217
3151:Lavi, Liron (April 2020).
3122:10.1177/003172171209400312
3054:Nam, Taewoo (2011-08-02).
2211:. Entertainment.time.com.
2184:. PBS. December 24, 2012.
1745:"Independent Media Center"
1138:
1064:
760:The Toll of Justice (1923)
726:
687:videos and establishing a
619:2016 Presidential Campaign
597:2008 Presidential Campaign
556:2004 Presidential Campaign
551:Use in political campaigns
353:
298:. In his campaign memoir,
130:Examples of early activism
5426:Manipulation (psychology)
5083:10.1177/0920203X211054172
3399:Garcia, Raphael Tsavkko.
2595:Ethnic and Racial Studies
2520:10.1177/20594364211021316
1473:– via Google Books.
1284:Dun, Antje (2024-01-10).
1049:to the pressed-for-time '
888:Denial-of-Service attacks
807:School Strike for Climate
237:1999 Seattle WTO protests
189:in Gabon. In July 2003,
60:technologies are used by
5604:Criticism of advertising
4292:10.1215/07990537-1894078
4249:Lindahl, Wesley (2019).
4194:Shepherd, Laura (2010).
3795:Algorithms of Oppression
3748:10.1177/1536504218766547
3157:Journal of Communication
2904:South China Morning Post
2501:Yang, Yue (2021-06-03).
2343:10.1177/1461444810372785
2272:Eds. Ayers, Michael D.,
1695:"A world of many worlds"
1145:Similar to slacktivism,
628:Non-traditional activism
324:Ronald Reagan's campaign
222:World Trade Organization
6355:Politics and technology
6266:Promotional merchandise
5977:Character assassination
5914:Narcotizing dysfunction
5788:Photograph manipulation
5501:Guerrilla communication
5143:Media and Communication
4910:10.1145/3173574.3173799
4209:Shepherd, Laua (2010).
2773:Wilson, Hayley (2019).
2331:New Media & Society
1993:"Kony fever hits York!"
1404:Obar, Jonathan (2014).
1176:Chinese Communist Party
836:Sexual assault activism
811:Skolstrejk för klimatet
488:by then-police officer
251:in the United States."
6249:Product demonstrations
5678:Historical negationism
5193:Garance Franke-Ruta, "
5182:, Lyceum Books, 2002.
3793:Noble, Safiya (2018).
2507:Global Media and China
2481:Feminist Media Studies
2119:"Kony 2012 in numbers"
1794:Smith, Jackie (2001).
1596:"CPSR - document_view"
1209:Online social movement
1118:Journalist and writer
1084:United States Congress
1075:
1031:One concern raised by
1016:technological literacy
948:Fundraising capability
778:Environmental activism
607:
504:on February 14, 2018,
486:murder of George Floyd
443:was acquitted for the
432:
329:
6360:Technology in society
6181:Reputation management
6100:Psychological warfare
5949:Political campaigning
5758:Firehose of falsehood
5264:(Regan Books, 2004),
5199:The American Prospect
5156:10.17645/mac.v3i4.368
3450:"Legalize LA subpage"
3428:Christopher Palmeri,
2289:Collaborative Society
1697:. Iran-bulletin.org.
1147:performative activism
1141:Performative activism
1135:Performative activism
1074:
1042:San Jose Mercury News
1012:global digital divide
966:2010 Haiti Earthquake
727:Further information:
604:
547:of varying accuracy.
529:#FreeBritney movement
431:
332:Spreading information
304:
220:(PGA) to protest the
218:Peoples Global Action
191:Amnesty International
144:direct-mail marketing
138:. On April 10, 1990,
113:Development processes
45:for various forms of
6216:Corporate propaganda
5163:Eric J.S. Townsend,
5133:at Wikimedia Commons
3677:"Alt-Right Movement"
3072:10.3233/ip-2011-0220
2877:. 29 November 2019.
2847:. 27 November 2019.
2379:. 12 November 2012.
1974:"A call for justice"
1451:. Psychology Press.
1339:digital-activism.org
1204:Internet vigilantism
560:When discussing the
296:Howard Dean campaign
6304:Media concentration
6176:Non-apology apology
6166:Cult of personality
5894:Emotive conjugation
5648:Burying of scholars
5229:, January 25, 2004.
5174:Steven F. Hick and
5171:, December 4, 2002.
4809:on January 10, 2011
4771:Pew Research Center
4738:Pew Research Center
3704:theconversation.com
3169:10.1093/joc/jqaa003
2983:Library of Congress
2906:. 2 December 2019.
1532:. Elsevier: 52–71.
1254:electronic advocacy
1242:digital campaigning
1086:, corporations and
1053:' who might prefer
1010:, particularly the
545:conspiracy theories
496:March For Our Lives
302:Trippi notes that:
6287:Influence-for-hire
6080:National mythology
6050:Crowd manipulation
5939:Tabloid journalism
5808:Video manipulation
5753:Fictitious entries
5476:Civil disobedience
5362:Media manipulation
5299:Networked Activism
5296:Molly Beutz Land,
5282:Michael Dartnell,
3555:2011-01-29 at the
3511:2019-08-14 at the
3481:The New York Times
3435:2007-11-13 at the
3305:The New York Times
3226:2012-07-05 at the
3196:The New York Times
3060:Information Polity
2981:2004-09-24 at the
2787:10.17615/0az6-bd10
2741:The New York Times
1683:. 15 October 2003.
1100:Courtney C. Radsch
1076:
1002:Demographic issues
962:Hope for Haiti Now
894:, and sending out
815:Fridays for Future
809:" (SSC) (Swedish:
752:White nationalists
718:Political activism
706:Religious activism
681:immigration reform
659:Corporate activism
634:Occupy Wall Street
608:
522:#KaunsiBadiBaatHai
433:
424:Black Lives Matter
414:#JusticeForTrayvon
294:, who managed the
214:anti-globalization
158:. Larry Seiler, a
70:community building
64:for cause-related
6370:Internet activism
6342:
6341:
6108:Airborne leaflets
5987:Election promises
5841:Product placement
5716:Alternative facts
5456:Alternative media
5292:978-0-8020-8747-8
5131:Internet activism
5129:Media related to
5071:China Information
4929:978-1-4503-5620-6
3629:10.4119/ijcv-3809
2818:. 25 March 2018.
2683:Celebrity Studies
2601:(11): 1814–1830.
2299:978-0-262-35645-9
2274:Mccaughey, Martha
1980:on July 13, 2012.
1949:. March 8, 2012.
1665:. 12 August 2003.
1341:. November 2013.
1250:online organizing
1152:2020 BLM protests
843:Oxford University
799:#MarchForOurLives
772:confirmation bias
738:White Nationalism
711:Cybersectarianism
506:#MarchForOurLives
480:live-streamed on
474:2020 BLM protests
437:#BlackLivesMatter
380:, and many more.
374:#BlackLivesMatter
195:Bongo Doit Partir
183:Bongo Doit Partir
136:Lotus Marketplace
31:Internet activism
18:Internet activist
16:(Redirected from
6377:
6365:Activism by type
6334:Media proprietor
6158:Public relations
6138:Public diplomacy
6123:Information (IT)
6002:Name recognition
5627:Media regulation
5609:Annoyance factor
5466:Call-out culture
5381:Crowd psychology
5355:
5348:
5341:
5332:
5279:," January 2005.
5243:Carlos Watson, "
5195:Virtual Politics
5169:Hartford Courant
5160:
5158:
5128:
5113:
5112:
5102:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5031:
5025:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5001:The Conversation
4992:
4986:
4985:
4979:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4921:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4868:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4808:
4803:. Archived from
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4762:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4729:
4718:
4717:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4663:. The Atlantic.
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4640:
4633:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4562:. Ars Technica.
4555:
4549:
4548:
4542:
4536:. Archived from
4529:
4523:
4522:
4516:
4510:. Archived from
4503:
4497:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4478:
4471:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4421:. Archived from
4420:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4360:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4336:. Archived from
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4191:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4168:
4160:
4154:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4117:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4094:. January 2021.
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4016:
3998:
3974:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3867:
3844:
3835:
3826:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3768:damemagazine.com
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3607:
3598:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3566:
3560:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3522:
3516:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3446:
3440:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3237:
3231:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3110:Phi Delta Kappan
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3004:
2995:
2992:
2986:
2974:
2968:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2573:
2565:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2522:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2446:
2428:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2283:
2277:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2251:. Archived from
2245:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2005:on March 8, 2012
2001:. Archived from
1988:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1917:The Post-Journal
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1866:on March 9, 2012
1852:
1846:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1636:. Archived from
1630:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1541:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1281:
1265:
1246:digital activism
1230:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1162:State repression
1156:#BlackoutTuesday
1120:Malcolm Gladwell
864:Harvey Weinstein
742:In 1998, former
723:Online extremism
673:American Apparel
574:Washington, D.C.
478:Darnella Frazier
441:George Zimmerman
356:Hashtag activism
350:Hashtag activism
243:, we were using
21:
6385:
6384:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6329:Media influence
6324:Media franchise
6309:Media democracy
6275:
6220:
6152:
6094:
6075:Loaded language
6026:
5943:
5860:
5812:
5702:
5631:
5613:
5540:
5481:Culture jamming
5430:
5364:
5359:
5275:John Emerson, "
5250:Matt Stoller, "
5136:
5121:
5119:Further reading
5116:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5049:
5047:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5023:
5019:
5010:
5008:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4930:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4812:
4810:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4780:
4778:
4764:
4763:
4756:
4747:
4745:
4731:
4730:
4721:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4670:
4668:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4631:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4612:
4610:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4569:
4567:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4543:on 2003-02-16.
4540:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4517:on 2003-02-16.
4514:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4450:
4448:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4425:
4418:
4416:"IRMJ01mcmanus"
4414:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4400:
4392:
4388:
4378:
4376:
4362:
4361:
4352:
4343:
4341:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4309:
4307:
4273:
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4232:
4223:
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4218:
4208:
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4193:
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4181:
4173:
4166:
4162:
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4148:
4144:
4135:
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4119:
4118:
4111:
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3805:
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3775:
3761:
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3728:
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3713:
3711:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3609:
3608:
3601:
3592:
3588:
3579:
3577:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3557:Wayback Machine
3548:
3544:
3535:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3513:Wayback Machine
3504:
3500:
3491:
3489:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3459:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3437:Wayback Machine
3427:
3423:
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3398:
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3393:
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3293:
3284:
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3268:
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3263:
3254:
3252:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3228:Wayback Machine
3219:
3215:
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2882:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2825:
2823:
2816:www.cbsnews.com
2810:
2809:
2805:
2796:
2794:
2779:cdr.lib.unc.edu
2772:
2771:
2767:
2758:
2756:
2734:
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2676:
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2309:
2307:
2300:
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2267:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2064:Huffington Post
2056:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1923:on May 16, 2013
1911:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1840:
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1827:
1825:
1821:
1798:
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1788:
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1768:
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1763:
1754:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1729:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1681:www.amnesty.org
1675:
1674:
1670:
1663:www.amnesty.org
1657:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1542:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1459:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1238:online activism
1231:
1227:
1222:
1196:Internet portal
1194:
1187:
1184:
1164:
1143:
1137:
1092:Ethan Zuckerman
1069:
1063:
1029:
1004:
999:
974:
950:
933:
924:
885:
851:Me Too movement
838:
780:
740:
731:
725:
720:
708:
679:that advocates
661:
649:Sleeping Giants
630:
621:
599:
558:
553:
515:
498:
426:
358:
352:
334:
287:
241:open publishing
210:developed world
132:
115:
102:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6383:
6381:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6347:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6289:
6283:
6281:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6230:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6206:Understatement
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6162:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6104:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6070:Indoctrination
6067:
6062:
6057:
6055:Disinformation
6052:
6047:
6042:
6036:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6017:Smear campaign
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5953:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5934:Sensationalism
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5874:Agenda-setting
5870:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5822:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5748:False document
5745:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5712:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5653:Catch and kill
5650:
5645:
5640:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5550:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5486:Demonstrations
5483:
5478:
5473:
5471:Cancel culture
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5440:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5310:
5303:
5294:
5280:
5273:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5240:, Spring 2004.
5230:
5227:New York Times
5219:
5209:
5202:
5191:
5176:John G. McNutt
5172:
5161:
5134:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5077:(2): 159–179.
5057:
5026:
5017:
4987:
4943:
4928:
4888:
4839:
4820:
4801:The New Yorker
4787:
4754:
4719:
4700:(1): 130–141.
4680:
4651:
4619:
4594:
4591:on 2012-11-24.
4576:
4550:
4524:
4498:
4489:
4457:
4431:
4428:on 2012-02-10.
4407:
4398:
4394:Jenny Pickeril
4386:
4350:
4316:
4266:
4260:978-0763759148
4259:
4241:
4216:
4201:
4179:
4176:on 2004-04-07.
4155:
4142:
4109:
4079:
4050:
4031:
3989:(5): 208–217.
3966:
3937:
3908:
3878:
3827:
3810:
3804:978-1479837243
3803:
3785:
3754:
3721:
3690:
3667:
3599:
3586:
3561:
3542:
3517:
3498:
3466:
3441:
3421:
3391:
3377:. 2017-05-08.
3366:
3330:
3291:
3261:
3247:. 2017-05-09.
3232:
3213:
3182:
3163:(2): 195–218.
3143:
3096:
3066:(2): 131–150.
3046:
3019:(5): 560–583.
2996:
2987:
2969:
2963:2003-10-05 at
2950:
2936:. 2020-07-08.
2921:
2891:
2862:
2832:
2803:
2765:
2727:
2689:(3): 391–408.
2669:
2639:
2581:
2560:
2542:
2490:
2471:
2453:
2418:
2393:
2377:Techopedia.com
2364:
2337:(2): 297–313.
2317:
2298:
2278:
2261:
2258:on 2008-02-04.
2240:
2226:
2199:
2173:
2142:
2109:
2082:
2049:
2016:
1983:
1964:
1934:
1904:
1877:
1847:
1834:
1786:
1761:
1736:
1711:
1686:
1668:
1650:
1625:
1616:
1586:
1567:
1557:
1516:
1490:The New Yorker
1476:
1457:
1437:
1396:
1355:
1326:
1301:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1232:Also known as
1224:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1183:
1180:
1163:
1160:
1139:Main article:
1136:
1133:
1065:Main article:
1062:
1059:
1028:
1025:
1008:digital divide
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
989:... violating
973:
970:
949:
946:
932:
929:
923:
920:
884:
881:
837:
834:
822:National Trust
795:Greta Thunberg
779:
776:
739:
736:
724:
721:
719:
716:
707:
704:
660:
657:
653:Breitbart News
629:
626:
620:
617:
598:
595:
557:
554:
552:
549:
541:misinformation
533:Britney Spears
514:
511:
497:
494:
425:
422:
354:Main article:
351:
348:
333:
330:
327:communication.
315:hacker culture
286:
283:
131:
128:
114:
111:
101:
98:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6382:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6314:Media ecology
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6298:
6297:United States
6295:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6278:
6272:
6271:Telemarketing
6269:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6060:Fearmongering
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5899:False balance
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5857:
5856:Word of mouth
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5643:Broadcast law
5641:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5616:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
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5491:Deplatforming
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5396:False balance
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5221:Amy Harmon, "
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4836:(1): 301–310.
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4641:on 2012-10-04
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4443:. Useit.com.
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4340:on 2015-10-04
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4063:Women's eNews
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3681:CQ Researcher
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3623:: 0_1, 1–20.
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3532:on 2014-05-17
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3456:on 2011-07-23
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2965:archive.today
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2292:. MIT Press.
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1751:on 2011-02-24
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1722:. Nadir.org.
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1640:on 2019-08-07
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912:Webdefacement
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892:Trojan horses
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859:Alyssa Milano
856:
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746:Grand Wizard
745:
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647:In 2017, the
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490:Derek Chauvin
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86:digital media
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44:
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36:
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6319:Media ethics
6239:Door-to-door
6234:Cold calling
6211:Weasel words
6118:Fifth column
6012:Push polling
5962:Astroturfing
5924:Pseudo-event
5904:Infotainment
5879:Broadcasting
5798:Urban legend
5721:April Fools'
5594:Testimonials
5564:Infomercials
5510:
5391:Dumbing down
5316:
5297:
5283:
5261:
5238:Yes Magazine
5237:
5226:
5198:
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5149:(4): 35–44.
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3892:The Guardian
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3345:The Guardian
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3274:
3269:Kerr, Dara.
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3245:Fast Company
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3206:February 16,
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3116:(3): 52–56.
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3063:
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2985:Web Archives
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1806:
1803:Mobilization
1802:
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1764:
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1739:
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1638:the original
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1599:
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1546:cite journal
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1289:
1279:
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1257:
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1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:web activism
1233:
1228:
1168:Net Delusion
1167:
1165:
1144:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1088:the Pentagon
1077:
1040:
1038:
1030:
1027:Polarization
1021:
1005:
975:
959:
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938:
934:
925:
904:DDoS attacks
896:e-mail bombs
886:
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868:heterosexual
855:Tarana Burke
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826:BlossomWatch
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810:
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418:#YesAllWomen
410:
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366:social media
359:
335:
305:
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6171:Doublespeak
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5982:Dog whistle
5957:Advertising
5783:Lying press
5768:Gaslighting
5546:Advertising
5521:Occupations
5411:Obfuscation
5401:Half-truths
3778:12 November
3714:12 November
3323:January 10,
2914:16 December
2855:16 December
2310:23 November
2219:October 16,
2192:October 16,
1889:. Ninemsn.
1809:(1): 1–20.
1214:User revolt
1111:response."
1080:Ralph Nader
1067:Slacktivism
1061:Slacktivism
1051:soccer moms
824:began the #
784:Don Rittner
677:Legalize LA
638:Arab Spring
378:#SayHerName
319:homogeneous
308:open-source
261:Joseph Kony
164:big brother
160:New England
66:fundraising
6349:Categories
6292:Media bias
6148:Subversion
6113:False flag
6090:Techniques
6032:Propaganda
5992:Lawn signs
5972:Canvassing
5866:News media
5622:Censorship
5554:Billboards
5506:Hacktivism
5496:Grassroots
5421:Persuasion
5258:Joe Trippi
5011:2021-04-12
4967:2021-04-12
4919:1805/18469
4781:2022-10-11
4748:2022-10-11
4671:2019-05-06
4645:2012-09-28
4613:2013-08-18
4570:2013-08-18
4483:2019-08-13
4451:2013-12-11
4344:2019-06-28
4310:2019-06-28
4235:2024-04-19
4136:2021-10-05
4073:2018-03-31
4025:2021-09-19
3961:2018-03-27
3931:2018-03-27
3921:#NotGuilty
3902:2022-07-15
3872:2021-10-09
3647:2021-10-09
3637:2466060586
3580:2013-10-17
3536:2013-12-11
3492:2008-06-26
3460:2013-12-11
3415:2020-11-14
3385:2017-05-25
3359:January 5,
3285:2017-02-11
3255:2017-05-11
3090:2021-10-10
2944:2021-11-04
2885:2019-12-16
2826:2021-04-12
2797:2021-04-12
2759:2021-04-12
2721:2021-04-18
2663:2022-12-10
2633:2021-04-18
2513:: 99–119.
2465:2021-04-18
2412:2024-04-19
2387:2017-09-15
1998:The Yorker
1828:2020-10-18
1780:2013-12-11
1755:2013-12-11
1730:2013-12-11
1705:2013-12-11
1677:"Document"
1659:"Document"
1644:2023-01-17
1610:2017-09-15
1496:2024-04-14
1469:18 October
1349:2016-04-17
1320:2024-04-19
1295:2024-04-19
1272:References
1262:e-activism
1150:after the
987:Hacktivism
916:hacktivism
900:hacktivism
883:Hacktivism
768:algorithms
748:David Duke
582:MoveOn.org
500:After the
467:Ilhan Omar
452:Change.org
292:Joe Trippi
245:multimedia
187:Omar Bongo
179:New Jersey
82:collective
78:organizing
6254:Promotion
6133:Political
6040:Bandwagon
5967:Attack ad
5846:Publicity
5818:Marketing
5731:Fake news
5693:Religious
5688:Political
5668:Euphemism
5663:Cover-ups
5658:Corporate
5526:Petitions
5416:Orwellian
5386:Deception
5091:0920-203X
4875:2352-250X
4859:: 49–54.
4714:1036-1146
4379:March 15,
4330:Small Axe
4300:144995319
4280:Small Axe
4102:1 January
4014:229015540
4005:2543-8980
3859:1916-8128
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3741:: 60–65.
3354:0261-3077
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3138:144355309
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3080:1875-8754
3041:144596666
3033:1520-5436
2749:0362-4331
2711:148920621
2703:1939-2397
2623:149165778
2615:0141-9870
2570:cite book
2537:236269704
2529:2059-4364
2359:206726985
2351:1461-4448
2166:April 22,
2135:April 20,
2102:6 January
1860:Global TV
1078:Activist
997:Criticism
991:copyright
729:Extremism
691:website.
590:Stalinist
338:Listservs
269:Kony 2012
256:Kony 2012
233:Indymedia
224:(WTO) in
62:activists
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6201:Transfer
6143:Sedition
6007:Negative
5919:Newspeak
5909:Managing
5851:Research
5826:Branding
5778:Literary
5743:Fakelore
5736:websites
5726:Deepfake
5683:Internet
5574:Modeling
5531:Protests
5511:Internet
5444:Advocacy
5436:Activism
5109:38603245
5044:Archived
5005:Archived
4976:cite web
4961:Archived
4883:32330859
4775:Archived
4742:Archived
4665:Archived
4607:Archived
4564:Archived
4474:Archived
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4373:Archived
4304:Archived
4130:Archived
4096:Archived
4067:Archived
4019:Archived
3955:archived
3951:TED Talk
3925:Archived
3896:Archived
3863:Archived
3772:Archived
3735:Contexts
3708:Archived
3641:Archived
3633:ProQuest
3574:Archived
3553:Archived
3509:Archived
3486:Archived
3433:Archived
3409:Archived
3379:Archived
3317:Archived
3279:Archived
3249:Archived
3224:Archived
3200:Archived
3084:Archived
2979:Archived
2961:Archived
2938:Archived
2908:Archived
2879:Archived
2875:ABC News
2849:Archived
2820:Archived
2791:Archived
2753:Archived
2715:Archived
2657:Archived
2627:Archived
2459:Archived
2381:Archived
2304:Archived
2213:Archived
2186:Archived
2160:Archived
2129:Archived
2096:Archived
2075:March 7,
2069:Archived
2042:March 7,
2036:Archived
2009:March 7,
1957:June 21,
1951:Archived
1947:BBC News
1927:March 7,
1897:March 7,
1891:Archived
1870:March 7,
1819:Archived
1774:Archived
1724:Archived
1699:Archived
1604:Archived
1600:cpsr.org
1594:pupeno.
1565:107-114.
1463:Archived
1375:: 1–25.
1343:Archived
1182:See also
1096:Facebook
978:internet
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636:and the
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393:COVID-19
362:hashtags
175:Gabonese
168:database
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6280:Related
6259:Spaving
6244:Pricing
6186:Slogans
6128:Lawfare
6065:Framing
6045:Big lie
5836:Product
5831:Loyalty
5763:Forgery
5708:Hoaxing
5589:Slogans
5569:Mobiles
5461:Boycott
5369:Context
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5100:9207594
5050:May 14,
4938:5062011
4092:Reuters
3917:"About"
3405:Insider
1432:2254742
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830:blossom
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685:YouTube
642:Myanmar
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265:virally
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5889:Cycle
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5673:Films
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5559:False
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