1003:
website was exposing to the international community what was happening in
Morocco, the one thing the monarchy was attempting to hide the most. On 10 March, after the King's speech promising constitutional reform, Mamfakinch posted a critical analysis along with an announcement that it was still protesting because they didn't believe real change can occur from the top. Mamfakinch played an especially important role in the international community by representing real Moroccan civilian's values, particularly while western commentators praised the King's response. The aforementioned government agencies responsible for internet surveillance directed its efforts towards targeting Mamfakinch. On 13 July 2012, at the height of its international recognition, members of Mamfakinch unknowingly granted the government access to their computers via an encrypted email. This enabled access to microphone, webcam, and key board stroke. After Mamfakinch published this story, it garnered even more international attention. The story was covered by US and European media outlets and prompted an investigation of surveillance by the British company
936:
relatively more relaxed laws regarding street protests. The government had frequently allowed protests in order to allow civilians to blow off steam, and thus became more equipped to deal with riots. Rather than trying to censor the internet as other countries did, they used the internet as a tool to watch and anticipate physical revolts, knowing it would be harder to control the revolts without it. Morocco adapted to a changing electronic era by creating and reforming state agencies with rather flexible rules on surveillance. Several commissions formed in late 1990 and early 2000 were altered in order to extend regulations to the online sphere. These commissions include: the
National Agency of the Regulation of Telecommunications (ANRT) established in 1998, the High Authority of Audiovisual Com- munication (HACA) established by royal decree in 2002, the National Control Commission for the Protection of Per- sonal Data (CNDP) in 2009, and the
940:. While they appeared to uphold ideals of free media, the internal structure in which one appointed person holds power, translating into power polarized towards the king, provides a gateway for censorship, surveillance, and free speech violations. In the past the government had been exposed for using Eagle, a French Surveillance company to watch individual's internet activity and enable mass monitoring. Anyone who made an effort to expose internet surveillance was arrested. Most arrests were arrested under false pretenses of "adultery" and then published in headlines to ruin the reputation of the individual.
944:
backlash primarily expressed on social media. According to the EEF, "the strategy of the
Moroccan authorities has been to “watch” the internet, and often intimidate and humiliate those who criticize the regime, rather than censor". As opposed to censorship of civilians through social media, the government took several measures to regulate the media coverage of what was happening on the ground by extorting journalists. One of the most prolific events entailed sentencing
1011:
4311:
3489:
46:
1035:'s death, and after witnessing successful revolutions from neighboring countries, the government noticeably increased all forms of suppression; more restrictions were placed on expression via increased security and internet censorship. Censorship spread into television: channels were surveilled and extensive debates on politics were orchestrated or prohibited all together
742:
no longer filters a majority of sites in favor of independence of the
Western Sahara, which were previously blocked. The filtration regime is not comprehensive, that is to say, similar content can be found on other Web sites that are not blocked. On the other hand, Morocco has started to prosecute Internet users and bloggers for their online activities and writings.
969:
constitutional democratization promised by the King in 2011 had a very weak basis. This has allowed for the government to maintain a public facade that they are authorizing protests and free speech, while censoring individual opinions. Furthermore, there are no direct references in the constitution for how censorship should be handled online or virtually.
955:
The judiciary has also targeted several other newspapers. In 2009, Al-Jarida al-Oula, Al-Michaal, Le
Journal Hebdomadaire, and Akhbar al-Youm were suppressed by the government. Editor Driss Chahtan was sentenced one year for "intentionally publishing false information". In 2010 Akhbar al-Youm and Le
741:
was, for the most part, open and unrestricted. Morocco's
Internet filtration regime was relatively light and focused on a few blog sites, a few highly visible anonymizers, and for a brief period in May 2007, the video sharing Web site YouTube. Testing by the OpenNet Initiative revealed that Morocco
935:
One of the main objectives of the Arab Spring in
Morocco was democratization, primarily through liberation and privatization of media outlets. During the Arab Spring, protesters used social media to coordinate street riots. Unlike other Middle Eastern countries, Morocco remains a monarchy and has
801:
have been intermittently blocked in
Morocco since at least 2006, but they were all found to be accessible in tests conducted in mid-2013. Since, the blocking is not systematic and consistent in time and region, it is difficult to be sure of a particular site's status and Morocco's main ISP denies
880:, has been held in pre-trial detention since 17 September 2013. The site administrators migrated the French version to another domain—Lakome.info and lako.me—which was briefly accessible on 18 October, but was later blocked. Due to over-blocking, some popular websites using cloud hosting such as
1002:
outlet in the country, which quickly gained notoriety through its coverage of the revolution. Unlike its predecessors such as Talk
Morocco, this site was able to garner more attention by publishing in various languages and being the single citizen media outlet, or a voice for the people. The
968:
The
Moroccan constitution vows to protect the rights of free expression, but its spectrum is left vague. In several interviews, Moroccan citizens claim that the constitution is not a reality; what is written is not actually adhered to, thereby giving the King more power. It also meant that the
943:
In 2012 a draft bill called the Code Numérique was introduced, which would restrict online rights and yield power to government with vague guidelines. In 2013 Maghreb Digital program's "Maroc Numeric" 2013 strategy was released to reinforce this legislation, but was abandoned soon after due to
809:(also called Blogoma or Blogma) and Moroccan internauts as well as the printed press, as the site was immensely popular. Some days later Maroc Telecom lifted the ban. The public reaction was one of the founding events of the consciousness and the fight against Internet censorship in Morocco.
956:
Journal were targeted and Al-Massae in 2011. Moroccan law stipulates that surveillance can be utilized when the judiciary calls upon it, but does not define when that is necessary or applicable. The government utilizes the judiciary to authorize arrests by manipulating this weak branch:
986:
Civil society leaders found that state security services were noticeably more reluctant to move in on protesters precisely because most of the protesters had mobile phone cameras. It appears that most efforts are made to prevent international recognition of government activity.
3438:
1157:
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from truck drivers and potential smugglers. The videos generated wide debate on the press and discussions on the Internet, but they were never mentioned in the state media. Many were seeing them as a new way of
3443:
1419:
805:
When videos judged offensive to the king were posted on YouTube, Maroc Telecom decided to ban the site, without basing its act on a judiciary decision. This led to an immense uproar among the Moroccan
1365:"Aboubakr Jamai, co-fondateur de Lakome et directeur de publication de sa version francophone, s'exprime sur le dernier communiqué d'Ali Anouzla et sur sa décision de maintenir les sites en activité"
306:
864:'s identity. Fouad was sentenced to 3 years of jail plus a fine of 10,000 Moroccan Dirhams. On the evening of 18 March 2008, Fouad was released by a royal pardon after spending 43 days in jail.
750:
As there have been no judiciary decisions one can only speculate about the reasons sites are blocked. However, some patterns emerge and it seems that the blocked sites are often related to the
937:
2152:
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1832:
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Filtering of numerous websites and online tools was lifted as the government introduced liberalizing measures to counter rising discontent heightened by the events of the
3056:
1254:
1818:
1367:[Abubakr Jamai Lakome co-founder and editor of the French version, speaks about the latest release of Ali Anouzla and the decision to keep the sites active].
1031:, many people "have been prosecuted and jailed over the past decade for expressing their views on Internet". A second wave of an uprising occurred in 2016 following
2220:
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781:'s websites were blocked in Morocco in March 2023, according to Moroccan media, which cited a tweet accusing Algerian media of an anti-Moroccan bias using figures.
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All have the right to express and to disseminate freely and within the sole limits expressly provided by the law, information, ideas and opinions.
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town in northern Morocco, posted several videos of good quality on YouTube showing Moroccan police officers, one after another, accepting cash
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is a media collective established in early February 2011, at the start of the Moroccan Spring. It marked the arrival of the first independent
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was listed as selective in the social, conflict/security, and Internet tools areas and as no evidence in the political area by the
1773:
Laboratory for Monitoring of Sociopolitical Destabilization Risks, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow
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960:"The judiciary is very weak and heavily influenced by the Ministry of Interior," Taoufik Bouachrine, editor of the banned daily
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2493:
2413:
2377:
2367:
2200:
1598:
Errazzouki, Samia (2017). "Under watchful eyes: Internet surveillance and citizen media in Morocco, the case of Mamfakinch".
645:
459:
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was also blocked after it reported on the censorship. Later that day Moroccan authorities also blocked the free web proxy
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A study conducted by the OpenNet initiative about Internet censorship in the MENA region (Middle East and North Africa)
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The company was then sued by the Moroccan government, who simultaneously targeted individual Mamfakinch reporters.
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348:
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1992:
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911:
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told CPJ. "The press freedom situation will keep deteriorating unless the king decides to turn this bleak page,"
3147:
2093:
1943:
1714:
506:
103:
3397:
3382:
1745:
1501:"RSF et le Comité de soutien demandent à Laurent Fabius d'évoquer le cas d'Ali Anouzla lors du "dialogue 5+5""
952:, an independent publication, to one year in jail for "compromising national security" in an opinion article.
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259:
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149:
83:
1771:
Shishkina, Alisa (14 November 2018). "Internet Censorship in Arab Countries: Religious and Moral Aspects".
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1833:"Annonce des réformes constitutionnelles: Texte intégral du discours adressé par SM le Roi à la Nation"
3121:
2040:
1786:
1472:"Comment bien merder sa politique de censure du net, tout en faisant chier un maximum de monde ?"
3856:
3318:
3192:
3152:
2962:
2937:
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2681:
2443:
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2387:
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2185:
1143:[Analysis: Algeria Press Service, a Moroccan obsession manufactured by a fake news factory].
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133:
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113:
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1354:, Jillian C. York, Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), 17 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
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3803:
1452:[Reflets.info is censored by @ Maroc_Telecom # FreeAnouzla] (in French). 19 October 2013
860:. He was convicted on 23 February 2008 of "villainous practices linked to the alleged theft" of
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1100:
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4291:
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4016:
3909:
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3293:
3288:
2967:
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2701:
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2014:
1965:
1867:
1812:
1751:
1535:
1141:"Analyse: Algérie Presse Service, une obsession marocaine fabriquée par une usine à fake news"
762:
extremists and fundamentalists, to carrying non-official or subversive information about King
4023:
4213:
4162:
4157:
4147:
3726:
3534:
3467:
1607:
1044:
1145:
4132:
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2026:
1977:
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922:, asking him to mention the case of Anouzla in his meeting with his Moroccan counterpart.
751:
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3212:
3197:
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3157:
3111:
3101:
3086:
919:
876:
was blocked in Morocco starting from 17 October 2013. The editor of its Arabic version
755:
1565:"Will Morocco Regulate the Internet? An Interview with Zineb Belmkaddem and @IbnKafka"
4329:
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4255:
4218:
4142:
4069:
3902:
3346:
3187:
3116:
3106:
1619:
999:
831:
822:
680:
2094:"Radio and television in Morocco: New regulation and licensing for private channels"
856:
court to three years in prison for creating a fake profile of the king's brother on
4296:
4177:
4137:
4122:
3598:
3583:
3303:
3222:
3217:
1297:
841:
The videos led to the arrest of nine corrupt policemen and the transfer of others.
790:
714:
Restrictive press and national security laws applied to online media sites lead to
3768:
1611:
1635:"Private Eyes: The Little-Known Company That Enables Worldwide Mass Surveillance"
1471:
4167:
4127:
4102:
4097:
3789:
3603:
3308:
3283:
3278:
1271:
1123:
945:
877:
806:
708:
1067:
918:). Additionally it addressed a message to France's Minister of Foreign Affairs
4208:
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1326:
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857:
818:
759:
722:
4260:
3835:
3796:
3754:
3698:
3578:
1396:[# FreeAnouzla: Morocco Telecom ... you're really too stupid].
1176:[Algeria: APS, the beating heart of anti-Moroccan propaganda].
798:
767:
738:
726:
684:
2121:, regarding the Internet filtering situation in Morocco, October 2007.
3980:
3655:
881:
802:
that they knowingly block these services, citing technical glitches.
721:
Several online users were arrested for comments and videos posted to
1222:[Algeria Press Service, a factory of fake news on Morocco].
3503:
1150:
4223:
3628:
3268:
1009:
893:
826:
794:
2119:
Interview with Moroccan Internet activist Mohamed Drissi Bakhkhat
1450:"Reflets.info est censuré par @Maroc_Telecom : #FreeAnouzla"
4265:
730:
3507:
3038:
2134:
1174:"Algérie: APS, le cœur battant de la propagande anti-marocaine"
817:
An anonymous person calling himself the "Targuist Sniper" from
703:, Freedom House reports that between May 2012 and April 2013:
1219:
892:
were also briefly blocked.The block reportedly impacted only
1747:
The Middle East in Transition: The Centrality of Citizenship
1394:"#FreeAnouzla : Maroc Telecom… tu es vraiment trop con"
1220:"Algérie Presse Service, une usine à fake news sur la Maroc"
2068:"Why Morocco's protests won't usher in another Arab Spring"
1893:""Closing that Internet Up": The Rise of Cyber Repression"
1528:"Morocco protests will test regime's claims to liberalism"
687:'s "Internet Freedom Status" as "Partly Free" in its 2018
1689:"CPJ: End campaign against independent media in Morocco"
1027:
was jailed for reporting extremism. According to the
1942:
Privacy International, Human Rights Council (2016).
1352:"Sometimes a Link Is Just a Link: Free Ali Anouzla!"
4274:
4248:
4232:
4201:
4090:
4054:
4001:
3994:
3958:
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3919:
3887:
3880:
3813:
3690:
3681:
3627:
3554:
3411:
3365:
3332:
3261:
3235:
3140:
3079:
3072:
3001:
2775:
2564:
2396:
2168:
914:mirrored the censored website on its domain name (
770:. Morocco also blocked some sites that facilitate
1633:Gallagher, Ryan; Hager, Nicky (23 October 2016).
1993:"The Right to Privacy in the Kingdom of Morocco"
1800:Howard, Hussain, Philip N., Muzammil M. (2013).
1422:[Crazy internet censorship in Morocco].
1063:
1061:
1059:
2162:Internet censorship and surveillance by country
971:
958:
634:Internet censorship and surveillance by country
1202:[Algeria: the obsession for Morocco].
1096:
1094:
1092:
3519:
3050:
2146:
1750:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 112–113.
1252:"Morocco's 'video sniper' sparks a new trend"
653:
8:
1817:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1426:(in French). 19 October 2013. Archived from
1086:, Freedom House. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
1114:, Freedom House. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
1019:2013-present: Subsequent attempts to revolt
3998:
3884:
3687:
3526:
3512:
3504:
3076:
3057:
3043:
3035:
2153:
2139:
2131:
1860:"Moroccan Youth Demands Action, Not Words"
1744:Butenschøn, Nils A.; Meijer, Roel (2018).
1388:
1386:
1200:"Algérie : l'obsession pour le Maroc"
852:, a Moroccan engineer, was sentenced by a
660:
646:
20:
1261:, Layal Abdo, Menassat, 12 November 2007.
18:Observatory over the Internet in Morocco
1660:"Attacks on the Press in 2011: Morocco"
1139:Berrada, Jamal Khalil (28 March 2023).
1055:
620:
52:
34:
2022:
2012:
1973:
1963:
1810:
1495:
1493:
1420:"Censure folle de l'internet au Maroc"
1683:
1681:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1563:York, Jillian C. (17 December 2013).
1558:
1556:
1230:from the original on 25 December 2023
7:
3357:National Human Rights Council (CNDH)
1600:The Journal of North African Studies
1526:Tremlett, Giles (18 February 2011).
948:, executive producer and founder of
931:2011-2012: First attempts in Morocco
772:circumvention of Internet censorship
1124:"YouTube site 'blocked' in Morocco"
1070:, OpenNet Initiative, 6 August 2009
2041:"Morocco: Leading Editor Arrested"
1327:"Morocco 'Facebook prince' pardon"
1272:"Jail for Facebook spoof Moroccan"
1186:from the original on 30 March 2023
1160:from the original on 28 March 2023
14:
2125:A Taguist Sniper Video on YouTube
2066:Yerkes, Sarah (2 November 2016).
1944:"The Right to Privacy in Morocco"
1715:"The Right to Privacy in Morocco"
926:Censorship during the Arab Spring
754:, a pro-independence movement in
4310:
4309:
3488:
3487:
1858:McTighe, Kristen (11 May 2011).
838:in the government institutions.
785:Google Earth, Skype, and YouTube
44:
1787:"Constitution Project- Morocco"
1023:In 2013 Ali Anouzla, editor of
4341:Internet censorship by country
3546:Internet censorship in Morocco
3419:Human rights in Western Sahara
1991:Privacy International (2016).
1569:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1068:"ONI Country Profile: Morocco"
673:Internet censorship in Morocco
1:
4346:Internet censorship in Africa
3388:Years of Lead (Hassan II-era)
1612:10.1080/13629387.2017.1307907
1302:"The Fake Prince of Facebook"
899:On 19 October French website
789:There have been reports that
1897:Council on Foreign Relations
1400:(in French). 19 October 2013
1371:(in French). 18 October 2013
1226:(in French). 30 March 2023.
1182:(in French). 30 March 2023.
629:Freedom of speech by country
3248:Temara interrogation centre
872:Independent media platform
834:by fighting the widespread
737:In 2009 Internet access in
4372:
4275:Ministers of Communication
1918:"State of Privacy Morocco"
1839:(in French). 19 March 2013
1802:"Democracy's Fourth Wave?"
1206:(in French). 29 March 2023
766:such as parodic videos on
4305:
3881:Specialised printed media
3541:
3483:
1505:Reporters without Borders
912:Reporters without Borders
2206:Central African Republic
2000:privacyinternational.org
1951:privacyinternational.org
1101:"Morocco country report"
1080:"Morocco country report"
1014:Moroccan protest in 2011
3850:Le Journal Hebdomadaire
3713:Al Ittihad Al Ichtiraki
3253:Ain Aouda secret prison
3066:Human rights in Morocco
2692:Palestinian territories
1622:– via EBSCO HOST.
1126:, BBC News, 29 May 2007
1112:Freedom on the Net 2013
1084:Freedom on the Net 2018
980:Constitution of Morocco
701:Freedom on the Net 2013
3949:Al Ahdath Al Maghribia
3734:Maroc Soir (newspaper)
2862:YouTube video blocking
2813:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1015:
984:
966:
679:(ONI) in August 2009.
4351:Censorship in Morocco
4336:Mass media in Morocco
4240:Mena Media Consulting
4091:Prominent journalists
4045:The North Africa Post
3748:Assahra Al Maghribiya
3683:General printed media
3398:Daniel Galván scandal
2072:Brookings Institution
1922:Privacy International
1723:Privacy International
1029:Brookings Institution
1013:
1005:Privacy International
779:Algeria Press Service
37:Censorship by country
3857:Assahifa Al Ousbouia
3822:La DĂ©pĂŞche marocaine
3762:Aujourd'hui Le Maroc
3378:1965 students revolt
3319:Soulaimane Raissouni
2752:United Arab Emirates
1300:(21 February 2008).
862:Prince Moulay Rachid
813:Targuist Sniper case
746:Causes of censorship
580:United Arab Emirates
4356:Internet in Morocco
4031:La Nouvelle Tribune
3864:Souffles (magazine)
3843:La Gazette du Maroc
3324:Internet censorship
3183:Abdelkader Belliraj
2534:Trinidad and Tobago
2047:. 18 September 2013
845:Fouad Mourtada case
229:Democratic Republic
4282:Mustapha El Khalfi
4188:Abdelkhalek Torres
4173:Abderrahim Foukara
4118:Taoufik Bouachrine
4038:Morocco World News
3393:2011–2012 Protests
2459:Dominican Republic
2045:Human Rights Watch
2025:has generic name (
1976:has generic name (
1864:The New York Times
1666:. 21 February 2012
1430:on 20 October 2013
1278:. 23 February 2008
1257:2019-12-06 at the
1106:2017-02-05 at the
1016:
689:Freedom on the Net
677:OpenNet Initiative
4323:
4322:
4292:Nabil Benabdallah
4249:Telecom companies
4193:Mokhtar Laghzioui
4153:Ahmed Akhchichine
4086:
4085:
3990:
3989:
3876:
3875:
3829:Le Petit Marocain
3636:SNRT Chaîne Inter
3501:
3500:
3373:Rif revolt (1957)
3262:Freedom of speech
3231:
3230:
3032:
3031:
1695:. 9 November 2009
1507:. 22 October 2013
1478:. 21 October 2013
695:Current situation
670:
669:
266:Dutch East Indies
4363:
4313:
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4214:Maroc Soir Group
4163:Muhammad Bassiri
4158:Mohammed Achaari
4148:Latifa Akherbach
3999:
3885:
3727:Bayane Al Yaoume
3688:
3535:Media in Morocco
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3122:Omar El Khattabi
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3429:Second Intifada
3407:
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3352:Ali Salem Tamek
3334:
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3299:Ahmed Benchemsi
3257:
3227:
3208:Ahmed Benseddik
3193:Kaddour Terhzaz
3168:Ali Salem Tamek
3141:Mohammed VI-era
3136:
3132:Aminatou Haidar
3127:Abdelkrim Motii
3068:
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2928:North Macedonia
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2092:HIDASS, AHMED.
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3434:Third Intifada
3431:
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3424:First Intifada
3415:
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3412:Western Sahara
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3236:Secret prisons
3233:
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3228:
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3215:
3213:Nasser Zefzafi
3210:
3205:
3200:
3198:Zakaria Moumni
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3178:Fouad Mourtada
3175:
3173:Hassan Kettani
3170:
3165:
3163:Hicham Mandari
3160:
3158:Ahmed Boukhari
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3150:
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3119:
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3112:Ahmed Marzouki
3109:
3104:
3102:General Oufkir
3099:
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3092:Mehdi Benbarka
3089:
3087:Abbas Messaadi
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2107:External links
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1606:(3): 361–385.
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916:Lakome.RSF.org
910:On 22 October
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4297:Mohamed Gahs
4178:Maati Kabbal
4138:Mohamed Gahs
4123:Driss Ksikes
4075:
4068:
4061:
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4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
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3896:L'Économiste
3894:
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3711:
3704:
3697:
3599:Tamazight TV
3584:Al Maghribia
3545:
3323:
3304:Driss Ksikes
3223:Maati Monjib
3218:Salima Ziani
2747:Turkmenistan
2707:Saudi Arabia
2353:South Africa
2343:Sierra Leone
2300:
2191:Burkina Faso
2087:
2075:. Retrieved
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2044:
2035:
2003:. Retrieved
1999:
1986:
1954:. Retrieved
1950:
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1863:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1836:
1827:
1795:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1746:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1721:
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1692:
1668:. Retrieved
1663:
1654:
1642:. Retrieved
1638:
1628:
1603:
1599:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:
1543:. Retrieved
1532:The Guardian
1531:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1504:
1480:. Retrieved
1475:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1428:the original
1423:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1397:
1373:. Retrieved
1368:
1359:
1347:
1335:. Retrieved
1330:
1321:
1309:. Retrieved
1305:
1298:Laila Lalami
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1275:
1266:
1247:
1232:. Retrieved
1223:
1208:. Retrieved
1203:
1188:. Retrieved
1177:
1162:. Retrieved
1144:
1131:
1119:
1111:
1083:
1075:
1024:
1022:
994:
985:
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967:
961:
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942:
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904:
901:Reflets.info
900:
898:
871:
848:
840:
816:
804:
791:Google Earth
788:
776:
749:
736:
700:
698:
688:
672:
671:
502:South Africa
477:Saudi Arabia
460:Soviet Union
358:
15:
4168:Zakya Daoud
4128:Rachid Niny
4103:Ali Lmrabet
4098:Ali Anouzla
3790:Maroc Hebdo
3668:Radio Aswat
3642:SNRT Arabic
3604:Laayoune TV
3556:TV Channels
3309:Rachid Niny
3284:Ali Lmrabet
3279:Ali Anouzla
3203:Ali Aarrass
3019:New Zealand
2978:Switzerland
2923:Netherlands
2717:South Korea
2697:Philippines
2677:North Korea
2572:Afghanistan
2544:Puerto Rico
2469:El Salvador
2261:Ivory Coast
2077:26 November
2051:26 November
2023:|last=
1974:|last=
1699:26 November
1670:26 November
1574:26 November
1234:25 December
1210:25 December
1164:25 December
1149: [
946:Rachid Nini
878:Ali Anouzla
807:blogosphere
764:Mohammed VI
709:Arab Spring
517:South Sudan
512:South Korea
409:Philippines
389:North Korea
374:New Zealand
307:World War I
191:El Salvador
4330:Categories
4219:Eco-MĂ©dias
4209:Free Media
3928:Al Bidaoui
3903:La Vie Éco
3804:Al Ousboue
3674:Radio Plus
3614:Tele Maroc
3461:Land mines
3439:AFAPREDESA
3097:Fqih Basri
2918:Montenegro
2898:Kazakhstan
2798:Azerbaijan
2757:Uzbekistan
2737:Tajikistan
2652:Kyrgyzstan
2602:East Timor
2582:Bangladesh
2449:Costa Rica
2313:Mozambique
2296:Mauritania
2286:Madagascar
2005:6 December
1956:6 December
1927:6 December
1902:6 December
1877:6 December
1843:6 December
1729:5 December
1644:6 December
1545:6 December
1511:22 October
1482:21 October
1456:19 October
1434:19 October
1404:19 October
1375:19 October
1311:18 October
1306:The Nation
1190:29 January
1051:References
996:Mamfakinch
874:Lakome.com
854:Casablanca
836:corruption
821:, a small
507:South Asia
104:Bangladesh
94:Azerbaijan
3974:Annoukhba
3869:La Mañana
3783:Al-Massae
3776:Al Haraka
3769:L'Opinion
3720:Al Bayane
3646:Hit Radio
3609:Medi 1 TV
3589:Assadissa
3403:Hirak Rif
3314:Omar Radi
3243:Tazmamart
3009:Australia
2908:Lithuania
2722:Sri Lanka
2712:Singapore
2617:Indonesia
2607:Hong Kong
2556:Venezuela
2509:Nicaragua
2479:Guatemala
2474:Greenland
2404:Argentina
2363:Swaziland
1872:0362-4331
1620:151816806
1540:0261-3077
1337:4 January
1224:La Relève
950:Al-Massae
890:Instagram
886:Pinterest
595:Venezuela
535:Sri Lanka
528:Francoist
487:Singapore
443:Communist
420:Communist
379:Nicaragua
260:Indonesia
245:Guatemala
150:Hong Kong
84:Australia
54:Countries
4315:Category
4233:PR Firms
4113:Ali Amar
4017:TéléPLUS
4010:Hespress
3941:Tabloids
3920:Regional
3910:Les Ecos
3741:Le Matin
3706:Attajdid
3665:Chada FM
3651:Radio 2M
3619:Chada TV
3594:Aflam TV
3574:Arryadia
3564:Al Aoula
3493:Category
3468:Refugees
3294:Ali Amar
2963:Slovenia
2958:Slovakia
2938:Portugal
2818:Bulgaria
2742:Thailand
2687:Pakistan
2662:Mongolia
2657:Malaysia
2592:Cambodia
2529:Suriname
2519:Paraguay
2494:Honduras
2444:Colombia
2414:Barbados
2397:Americas
2388:Zimbabwe
2368:Tanzania
2236:Ethiopia
2221:Congo RO
2216:Congo DR
2201:Cameroon
2186:Botswana
2015:cite web
1966:cite web
1837:Maroc.ma
1813:cite web
1331:BBC News
1276:BBC News
1255:Archived
1228:Archived
1204:Atalayar
1184:Archived
1179:Hespress
1158:Archived
1104:Archived
1039:See also
976:—
858:Facebook
819:Targuist
760:Islamist
723:Facebook
691:report.
621:See also
610:Zimbabwe
555:Thailand
427:Portugal
399:Paraguay
394:Pakistan
349:Maldives
344:Malaysia
250:Honduras
154:overseas
129:Cambodia
27:a series
24:Part of
4261:Meditel
4055:Defunct
4024:Lakome2
4002:Current
3888:Economy
3836:Lamalif
3814:Defunct
3797:TelQuel
3755:Assabah
3699:Al-Alam
3691:Current
3579:Arrabia
3449:BIRDSHO
3366:History
3002:Oceania
2988:Ukraine
2943:Romania
2913:Moldova
2888:Ireland
2883:Iceland
2878:Hungary
2868:Georgia
2858:Germany
2848:Finland
2843:Estonia
2838:Denmark
2823:Croatia
2808:Belgium
2803:Belarus
2793:Austria
2788:Armenia
2783:Albania
2762:Vietnam
2667:Myanmar
2577:Bahrain
2551:Uruguay
2499:Jamaica
2464:Ecuador
2424:Bolivia
2409:Bahamas
2378:Tunisia
2348:Somalia
2338:Senegal
2328:Nigeria
2318:Namibia
2301:Morocco
2276:Liberia
2271:Lesotho
2231:Eritrea
2196:Burundi
2176:Algeria
1693:cpj.org
1664:cpj.org
1398:Reflets
799:YouTube
768:YouTube
739:Morocco
727:YouTube
699:In its
685:Morocco
683:listed
600:Vietnam
575:Ukraine
560:Tunisia
492:Somalia
437:Romania
384:Nigeria
364:Myanmar
359:Morocco
314:Jamaica
291:Ireland
279:Islamic
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196:Eritrea
181:Ecuador
176:Denmark
161:Croatia
119:Bolivia
109:Belarus
99:Bahrain
89:Austria
79:Armenia
74:Algeria
69:Albania
4224:Soread
4063:Lakome
3995:Online
3981:Zamane
3933:Tawiza
3656:Medi 1
3274:Lakome
2983:Turkey
2973:Sweden
2953:Serbia
2948:Russia
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2903:Latvia
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2828:Cyprus
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2732:Taiwan
2647:Kuwait
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2251:Guinea
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2181:Angola
2169:Africa
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1369:Lakome
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729:, and
570:Uganda
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550:Taiwan
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3959:Other
3629:Radio
3569:2M TV
3444:ASVDH
3269:L7a9d
3073:Cases
2968:Spain
2893:Italy
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2727:Syria
2702:Qatar
2672:Nepal
2637:Japan
2612:India
2597:China
2489:Haiti
2439:Chile
2358:Sudan
2323:Niger
2281:Libya
2266:Kenya
2246:Ghana
2226:Egypt
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1718:(PDF)
1616:S2CID
1282:5 May
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1146:Le360
978:2011
894:Rabat
795:Skype
758:, to
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605:Yemen
545:Syria
522:Spain
497:Sudan
472:Samoa
432:Qatar
369:Nepal
333:Kenya
319:Japan
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255:India
186:Egypt
144:China
4266:Inwi
3342:AMDH
3014:Fiji
2682:Oman
2627:Iraq
2622:Iran
2565:Asia
2524:Peru
2454:Cuba
2373:Togo
2211:Chad
2079:2018
2053:2018
2027:help
2007:2018
1978:help
1958:2018
1929:2018
1904:2018
1879:2018
1868:ISSN
1845:2018
1819:link
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1701:2018
1672:2018
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1513:2013
1484:2013
1458:2013
1436:2013
1406:2013
1377:2013
1339:2011
1313:2013
1284:2010
1236:2023
1212:2023
1192:2024
1166:2023
938:DGST
888:and
777:The
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286:Iraq
273:Iran
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