Internet linguistics - Knowledge (XXG)

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because it is an amalgam of both spoken and written languages. For example, traditional writing is static compared to the dynamic nature of the new language on the Internet, where words can appear in different colors and font sizes on the computer screen. Yet, this new mode of language also contains other elements not found in natural languages. One example is the concept of framing found in e-mails and discussion forums. In replying to e-mails, people generally use the sender's e-mail message as a frame to write their own messages. They can choose to respond to certain parts of an e-mail message while leaving other bits out. In discussion forums, one can start a new thread, and anyone regardless of their physical location can respond to the idea or thought that was set down through the Internet. This is something that is usually not found in written language.

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common languages used on the Internet (such as English and Spanish). While language interaction can cause a loss in the authentic standard of minority languages, familiarity of the majority language can also affect the minority languages in adverse ways. For example, users attempting to learn the minority language may opt to read and understand about it in a majority language and stop there, resulting in a loss instead of gain in the potential speakers of the minority language. Also, speakers of minority languages may be encouraged to learn the more common languages that are being used on the Web in order to gain access to more resources, and in turn leading to a decline in their usage of their own language. The future of endangered minority languages in view of the spread of Internet remains to be observed.

890:. A typical cell phone novel consists of several chapters, which readers download in short installments. These novels are in their "raw" form, as they do not go through editing processes like traditional novels. They are written in short sentences, similar to text messaging. Authors of such novels are also able to receive feedback and new ideas from their readers through e-mails or online feedback channels. Unlike traditional novel writing, readers’ ideas sometimes get incorporated into the storyline, or authors may also decide to change their story's plot according to the demand and popularity of their novel (typically gauged by the number of download hits). Despite their popularity, there has also been criticism regarding the novels’ "lack of diverse vocabulary" and poor grammar. 1348:

insufficient context for each instance (Google provides a fragment of around ten words); results selected according to criteria that are distorted (from a linguistic point of view) as search term in titles and headings often occupy the top results slots; inability to allow searches to be specified according to linguistic criteria, such as the citation form for a word, or word class; unreliability of statistics, with results varying according to search engine load and many other factors. At present, in view of the conflicts of priorities among the different stakeholders, the best solution is for linguists to attempt to correct these problems by themselves. This will then lead to a large number of possibilities opening in the area of harnessing the rich potential of the Web.

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grammar and style. E-mail is rapidly replacing traditional letter-writing because of its convenience, speed and spontaneity. It is often related to informality, as it feels temporary and can be deleted easily. However, as this medium of communication matures, e-mail is no longer confined to sending informal messages between friends and relatives. Instead, business correspondences are increasingly being carried out through e-mails. Job seekers are also using e-mails to send their resumes to potential employers. The result of a move towards more formal usages will be a medium representing a range of formal and informal stylistics.

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communicators. The use of e-mails has been adopted in language courses to encourage students to communicate in various styles such as conference-type formats and also to generate discussions. Similarly, the use of e-mails facilitates language revitalization in the sense that speakers of a minority language who moved to a location where their native language is not being spoken can take advantage of the Internet to communicate with their family and friends, thus maintaining the use of their native language. With the development and increasing use of telephone broadband communication such as

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messaging, there is an added dimension of familiarity among participants. This increased degree of intimacy allows greater informality in language and "typographical idiosyncrasies". There are also greater occurrences of stylistic variation because there can be a very wide age gap between participants. For example, a granddaughter can catch up with her grandmother through instant messaging. Unlike chatgroups where participants come together with shared interests, there is no pressure to conform in language here.

424: 1261: 471: 806:. There are concerns for the growing infiltration of informal language use and incorrect word use into academic or formal situations, such as the usage of casual words like "guy" or the choice of the word "preclude" in place of "precede" in academic papers by students. There are also issues with spellings and grammar occurring at a higher frequency among students' academic works as noted by educators, with the use of abbreviations such as "u" for "you" and "2" for "to" being the most common. 1017: 1384:, grammatical errors and typographical errors are features of writing on the Internet and other CMC channels. As users of the Internet gets accustomed to these errors, it progressively infiltrates into everyday language use, in both written and spoken forms. It is also common to witness such errors in mass media works, from typographical errors in news articles to grammatical errors in advertisements and even internet slang in drama dialogues. 1469:, DVDs of independent films are often available for purchase over the internet including paid-live-streamings, making access to films more easily available for the public. The very nature of commercial films being screened at public cinemas allows the wide exposure to the mainstream mass audience, resulting in a faster and wider spread of Internet slangs. The latest commercial film is titled "LOL" (acronym for 1088:

the immersion school system and includes components for e-mails, chat, dictionary and online newspaper among others. In higher institutions such as colleges and universities where the Leoki system is not yet installed, the educators make use of other software and Internet tools such as Daedalus Interchange, e-mails and the Web to connect students of Hawaiian language with the broader community.

399: 957:(MUDs) and virtual worlds is highly interactive, with emphasis on speed, brevity and spontaneity. As a result, CMC is generally more vibrant, volatile, unstructured and open. There are often complex organization of sequences and exchange structures evident in the connection of conversational strands and short turns. Some of the CMC strategies used include capitalization for words such as 572:. In view of the increasing number of users connected to the Internet, the linguistics future of the Internet remains to be determined, as new computer-mediated technologies continue to emerge and people adapt their languages to suit these new media. The Internet continues to play a significant role both in encouraging people and in diverting attention away from the usage of languages. 1426:, wherein they labeled Internet memes as "any digital unit that transfers culture". Shifman's definition of Internet-Memes also includes their status as "(a) a group of digital items sharing common characteristics of content, form, and/or stance, which (b) were created with awareness of each other, and (c) were circulated, imitated, and/or transformed via the Internet by many users." 1525:

Internet linguistics, notably in the aspect of the multilingual web. As seen from 2000 to 2010, Internet penetration has experienced its greatest growth in non-English speaking countries such as China and India and countries in Africa, resulting in more languages apart from English penetrating the Web.

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states: “The biggest single problem that basic writers have in developing successful strategies for coping with errors is simply their lack of exposure to formal written English ... We would think it absurd to expect a student to master a foreign language without extensive exposure to it.” Since

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The decision of what to include in a corpus lies with corpus developers, and it has been done so with pragmatism. The desiderata and criteria used for the British National Corpus serves as a good model for a general-purpose, general-language corpus with the focus of being representative replaced with

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saw English at the top of the list with 76,598,718,000 words. The next is German, with 7,035,850,000 words along with 6 other languages with over a billion hits. Even languages with fewer hits on the Web such as Slovenian, Croatian, Malay, and Turkish have more than 100 million words on the Web.

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In principle, any collection of more than one text can be called a corpus. ... But the term “corpus” when used in the context of modern linguistics tends most frequently to have more specific connotations than this simple definition provides for. These may be considered under four main headings:

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The dimensions covered in this section include looking at the Web as a corpus and issues of language identification and normalization. The impacts of Internet linguistics on everyday life are examined under the spread and influence of Internet stylistics, trends of language change on the Internet and

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Hawaiian educators have been taking advantage of the Internet in their language revitalization programs. The graphical bulletin board system Leoki (Powerful Voice) was established in 1994. The content, interface and menus of the system are entirely in the Hawaiian language. It is installed throughout

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This perspective examines how the Internet and its related technologies have encouraged new and different forms of creativity in language, especially in literature. It looks at the Internet as a medium through which new language phenomena have arisen. This new mode of language is interesting to study

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This perspective deals with how society views the impact of Internet development on languages. The advent of the Internet has revolutionized communication in many ways; it changed the way people communicate and created new platforms with far-reaching social impact. Significant avenues include but are

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Despite the sheer size of the Web, it may still not be representative of all the languages and domains in the world, and neither are other corpora. However, the huge quantities of text, in numerous languages and language types on a huge range of topics makes it a good starting point that opens up to

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In areas of language modeling, there are limitations on the applicability of any language model as the statistics for different types of text will be different. When a language technology application is put into use (applied to a new text type), it is not certain that the language model will fare in

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engine. This method was further explored with the introduction of the concept of a parallel corpora where the existing Web pages that exist in parallel in local and major languages be brought together. It was demonstrated that it is possible to build a language-specific corpus from a single document

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Foundations such as the Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Project (HRELP), funded by Arcadia also help to develop the interest in linguistic documentation. The HRELP is a project that seeks to document endangered languages, preserve and disseminate documentation materials among others. The materials

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Like other forms of online communication, instant messaging has also developed its own acronyms and short forms. However, instant messaging is quite different from e-mail and chatgroups because it allows participants to interact with one another in real-time while conversing in private. With instant

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At current state, the Internet provides a form of education and promotion for minority languages. However, similar to how cross-language interaction has resulted in English language's infiltration into Chinese and Korean languages to form new slangs, minority languages are also affected by the more

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As Web texts are easily produced (in terms of cost and time) and with many different authors working on them, it often results in little concern for accuracy. Grammatical and typographical errors are regarded as “erroneous” forms that cause the Web to be a dirty corpus. Nonetheless, it may still be

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speakers have been taking advantage of the Internet to reach out to other Occitan speakers from around the world. These methods provide reasons for using the minority languages by communicating in it. In addition, the use of digital technologies, which the young generation think of as "cool", will

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Future research also includes new varieties of expressions that the Internet and its various technologies are constantly producing and their effects not only on written languages but also their spoken forms. The communicative style of Internet language is best observed in the CMC channels below, as

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advevrtisement in the United States, acronyms such as "BFF Jill" (which means "Best Friend Forever, Jill") were used. More businesses have adopted the use of Internet slang in their advertisements as the more people are growing up using the Internet and other CMC platforms, in an attempt to relate

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should be included remains unsettled. Proponents of it argue that with all sublanguages removed, it will result in an impoverished view of language. Since language is made up of lexicons, grammar and a wide array of different sublanguages, they should be included. However, it is not until recently

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nature of word frequencies. Because the bulk of the lexical stock occurs less than 50 times in the British National Corpus, it is insufficient for statistically stable conclusions about such words. Furthermore, for some rarer words, rare meanings of common words, and combinations of words, no data

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There has been much discussion about the possible developments in the arena of the Web as a corpus. The development of using the web as a data source for word sense disambiguation was brought forward in The EU MEANING project in 2002. It used the assumption that within a domain, words often have a

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at the 1989 ACL meeting in Vancouver. It was met with much controversy, as they lacked theoretical integrity leading to much skepticism of their role in the field, until the publication of the journal "Using Large Corpora" in 1993 that the relationship between computational linguistics and corpora

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With the emergence of greater computer/Internet mediated communication systems, coupled with the readiness with which people adapt to meet the new demands of a more technologically sophisticated world, it is expected that users will continue to remain under pressure to alter their language use to

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The Web is clearly a multilingual corpus. It is estimated that 71% of the pages (453 million out of 634 million Web pages indexed by the Excite engine) were written in English, followed by Japanese (6.8%), German (5.1%), French (1.8%), Chinese (1.5%), Spanish (1.1%), Italian (0.9%), and

1188:, one commonly receives as a corpus a certain amount of data from a certain domain of interest, without having any say in how it is constructed. In such cases, having more training data is normally more useful than any concerns of balance, and one should simply use all the text that is available. 1079:

Secondly, the Internet facilitates language revitalization. Throughout the years, the digital environment has developed in various sophisticated ways that allow virtual contact. From e-mails, chats to instant messaging, these virtual environments have helped to bridge the spatial distance between

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The evolution of these new mediums of communications has raised much concern with regards to the way language is being used. According to Crystal (2005), these concerns are neither without grounds nor unseen in history – it surfaces almost always when a new technology breakthrough

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As the number of Internet users increase rapidly around the world, the cultural background, linguistic habits and language differences among users are brought into the Web at a much faster pace. These individual differences among Internet users are predicted to significantly impact the future of

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The more the internet is incorporated into daily life, the greater the impact it has on formal language. This is especially true in modern Language Arts classes through the use of smart phones, tablets, and social media. Students are exposed to the language of the internet more than ever, and as

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In general, these new CMCs that are made possible by the Internet have altered the way people use language – there is heightened informality and consequently a growing fear of its deterioration. However, as David Crystal puts it, these should be seen positively as it reflects the

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While e-mail has been blamed for students’ increased usage of informal language in their written work, David Crystal argues that e-mail is "not a threat, for language education" because e-mail with its array of stylistic expressiveness can act as a domain for language learners to make their own

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Also, the interaction between English and other languages is predicted to be an important area of study. As global users interact with each other, possible references to different languages may continue to increase, resulting in formation of new Internet stylistics that spans across languages.

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One of the most popular Internet-related technologies to be studied under this perspective is e-mail, which has expanded the stylistics of languages in many ways. A study done on the linguistic profile of e-mails has shown that there is a hybrid of speech and writing styles in terms of format,

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The number of words in the British National Corpus (about 100 million) is sufficient for many empirical strategies for learning about language for linguists and lexicographers, and is satisfactory for technologies that utilize quantitative information about the behavior of words as input

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The applied perspective views the linguistic exploitation of the Internet in terms of its communicative capabilities – the good and the bad. The Internet provides a platform where users can experience multilingualism. Although English is still the dominant language used on the

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has brought about new ways of writing diaries and from a linguistic perspective, the language used in blogs is "in its most 'naked' form", published for the world to see without undergoing the formal editing process. This is what makes blogs stand out because almost all other forms of printed

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The educational perspective has been considerably established in the research on the Internet's impact on language education. It is an important and crucial aspect, as it affects and involves the education of current and future student generations in the appropriate and timely use of informal

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are increasingly making their way into the corporate world. For instance, in 2008, Apple announced their intention to actively step up their efforts to help companies incorporate the iPhone into their enterprise environment, facilitated by technological developments in streamlining integrated

846:, etc.). IMC allows greater interaction between language learners and native speakers of the language, providing for greater error corrections and better learning opportunities of standard language, in the process allowing the picking up of specific skills such as negotiation and persuasion. 829:

Though the use of the Internet resulted in stylistics that are not deemed appropriate in academic and formal language use, Internet use may not hinder language education but instead aid it. The Internet has proven in different ways that it can provide potential benefits in enhancing language

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have acknowledged that linguistics has a contributing role in it, in terms of web interface and usability. Studying the emerging language on the Internet can help improve conceptual organization, translation and web usability. Such study aims to benefit both linguists and web users combined.

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serves as a default means of access to the Web and its wide array of linguistics resources. However, for linguists working in the field of corpora, there presents a number of challenges. This includes the limited instances that are presented by the search engines (1,000 or 5,000 maximum);

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page provides some information on the number of users of the Internet by language, nationality and geography. This multilingual environment continues to increase in diversity as more language communities become connected to the Internet. The Internet is thus a platform where minority and

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provides students with simulations of real-life environments, allowing them to find creative ways to improve their language skills. Virtual worlds are good tools for language learning among the younger learners because they already see such places as a "natural place to learn and play".

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also provides brief information of all of the world's known living languages. By making resources and information of endangered languages and language documentation available on the Internet, it allows researchers to build on these materials and hence preserve endangered languages.

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Firstly, the Internet facilitates language documentation. Digital archives of media such as audio and video recordings not only help to preserve language documentation, but also allows for global dissemination through the Internet. Publicity about endangered languages, such as

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language have gone through some form of editing and standardization. David Crystal stated that blogs were "the beginning of a new stage in the evolution of the written language". Blogs have become so popular that they have expanded beyond written blogs, with the emergence of

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In schools, it is not uncommon for educators and students to be given personalized school e-mail accounts for communication and interaction purposes. Classroom discussions are increasingly being brought onto the Internet in the form of discussion forums. For instance, at

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David Crystal has identified four main perspectives for further investigation: the sociolinguistic perspective, the educational perspective, the stylistic perspective and the applied perspective. The four perspectives are effectively interlinked and affect one another.

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linguistic choices responsibly. Furthermore, the younger generation's high propensity for using e-mail may improve their writing and communication skills because of the efforts they are making to formulate their thoughts and ideas, albeit through a digital medium.

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the same way as how it would when applied to the training corpus. It is found that there are substantial variations in model performance when the training corpus changes. This lack of theory types limits the assessment of the usefulness of language-modeling work.

717:– From a sociolinguistic perspective, language change is influenced by the physical constraints of technology (e.g. typed text) and the shifting social-economic priorities such as globalization. It explores the linguistic changes over time, with emphasis on 1222:

In areas of information retrieval, a Web track was integrated as a component in the community's TREC evaluation initiative. The sample of the Web used for this exercise amount to around 100GB, compromising of largely documents in the .gov top level domain.

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Linguists and professors like Eleanor Johnson suspect that widespread mistakes in writing are strongly connected to Internet usage, where educators have similarly reported new kinds of spelling and grammar mistakes in student works. There is, however, no

773:. The rise and rapid spread of Internet use has brought about new linguistic features specific only to the Internet platform. These include, but are not limited to, an increase in the use of informal written language, inconsistency in written styles and 1315:

This reveals the potential strength and accuracy of using the Web as a Corpus given its significant size, which warrants much additional research such as the project currently being carried out by the British National Corpus to exploit its scale.

641:, students engage in collaborative learning at the university's portal – edveNTUre, where they participate in discussions on forums and online quizzes and view streaming podcasts prepared by their course instructors among others. 882:

are "lazy" or whether they are creative fragments of communication. Despite the ongoing debate, there is no doubt that Twitter has contributed to the linguistic landscape with new lingoes and also brought about a new dimension of communication.

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Stylistic diffusion – It involves the study of the spread of Internet jargons and related linguistic forms into common usage. As language changes, conversation discourse and stylistic diffusion overlap with the aspect of language stylistics.

1127:(IRC), as it is relatively easy to remain anonymous. These conspiracies carry concerns for security and protection. From a forensic linguistic point of view, there are many potential areas to explore. While developing a chat room 683:), and for employees to have individual e-mail accounts. This greatly facilitates internal (among staffs of the company) and external (with other parties outside of one's organization) communication. Mobile communications such as 1377:. The infiltration of Internet stylistics is important as mass audiences are exposed to the works, reinforcing certain Internet specific language styles which may not be acceptable in standard or more formal forms of language. 1091:

Another use of the Internet includes having students of minority languages write about their native cultures in their native languages for distant audiences. Also, in an attempt to preserve their language and culture,

752:– It involves looking at the way these linguistic forms and changes on the Internet are labelled and discussed (e.g. impact of Internet lingo resulted in the "death" of the apostrophe and loss of capitalization.) 929:

provide insights into how users are adapting the usage of natural language for communication within these new mediums. The Internet language that has arisen through user interactions in text-based chatrooms and

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With the Web being a huge reservoir of data and resources, language scientists and technologists are increasingly turning to the web for language data. Corpora were first formally mentioned in the field of

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exist primarily for practical reasons – to reduce the time and effort required to communicate through these mediums apart from technological limitations. Examples of common acronyms include

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The massive size of text available on the Web can be seen in the analysis of controlled data in which corpora of different languages were mixed in various proportions. The estimated Web size in words by

1306:. The number found through the search engines are more than three times the counts generated by the British National Corpus, indicating the significant size of the English corpus available on the Web. 1034:

can seek to revive their language use and/or create awareness. This can be seen in two instances where it provides these languages opportunities for progress in two important regards –

1219:, the Web has been used to address data sparseness. Lexical statistics have been gathered for resolving prepositional phrase attachments, while Web document were used to seek a balance in the corpus. 3588: 368: 874:. The 160-character limit imposed by the cell phone has motivated users to exercise their linguistic creativity to overcome them. A similar example of new technology with character constraints is 664:

These forms of academic social networking and media are slated to rise as educators from all over the world continue to seek new ways to better engage students. It is commonplace for students in

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found that students who regularly texted (sent messages via SMS using a mobile phone) displayed a wider range of vocabulary, and this may lead to a positive impact on their reading development.

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music service into a store that makes available academic lectures and scholastic materials for free – they have partnered more than 600 institutions in 18 countries, including

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Other online materials that support language documentation include the Language Archive Newsletter, which provides news and articles about topics in endangered languages. The web version of

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such, the grammatical structure and slang of the internet are bleeding into their formal writing. Full immersion into a language is always the best way to learn it. Mark Lester in his book

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that student writings suffer little impact from the use of Internet-mediated communication (IMC) such as internet chat, SMS text messaging and e-mail. A study in 2009 published by the

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has been found. Researchers find that probabilistic models of language based on very large quantities of data are better than ones based on estimates from smaller, cleaner data sets.

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single meaning, and that domains are identifiable on the Web. This was further explored by using Web technology to gather manual word sense annotations on the Word Expert Web site.

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Macfadyen, L. P., Roche, J., & Doff, S. (2005). Communicating Across Cultures in Cyberspace : A Bibliographical Review of Intercultural Communication Online. Lit Verlag.

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Ivkovic, D., & Lotherington, H. (2009). Multilingualism in cyberspace: Conceptualising the virtual linguistic landscape. International Journal of Multilingualism, 6(1), 17–36.

870:(also called cell phones) have an expressive potential beyond their basic communicative functions. This can be seen in text-messaging poetry competitions such as the one held by 1396:

In addition, the rise of the Internet and overall immersion of people within it has brought forth a new wave over internet activism that has an impact on the public every day.

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There has been instances of television advertisements using Internet slang, reinforcing the penetration of Internet stylistics in everyday language use. For example, in the

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and the use of new abbreviations in Internet chats and SMS text messaging, where constraints of technology on word count contributed to the rise of new abbreviations. Such

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that it became a viable option. Striking a middle ground by including some sublanguages is contentious because it is an arbitrary issue of which to include and which not.

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based on search terms filtering is effective, there is still minimal linguistically orientated literature to facilitate the task. In other areas, it is observed that the

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are further examples of how users have adapted different expressions to suit the limitations of cyberspace communication, one of which is the "loss of emotivity".

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there are often attempts to overcome technological restraints such as transmission time lags and to re-establish social cues that are often vague in written text.

834:. Language education through the Internet in relation to Internet linguistics is, most significantly, applied through the communication aspect (use of e-mails, 30: 2426: 3596: 2024: 1500:

has incorporated the English alphabet in the formation of its slang, while others were formed from common misspellings arising from fast typing. The new

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Thurlow, C., Lengel, L. B., & Tomic, A. (2004). Computer Mediated Communication: Social Interaction and the Internet. London: Sage Publications.

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Chinese and Korean languages have already experienced English language's infiltration leading to the formation of their multilingual Internet lingo.

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At a professional level, it is a common sight for companies to have their computers and laptops hooked up onto the Internet (via wired and wireless

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Ivković, D. (2013). The Eurovision Song Contest on YouTube: A corpus-based analysis of language attitudes. Language@Internet, 10, article 1. (

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Villasenor-Pineda, L.; Montes-y-Gómez, M.; Pérez-Coutino, M.; Vaufreydaz, D. (2003). "A corpus balancing method for language model construction".

2871: 3723: 3713: 2885: 2854: 2776: 2448: 2282: 2062: 1938: 918:. These developments in interactive blogging have created new linguistic conventions and styles, with more expected to arise in the future. 3758:

Gibbs, D., & Krause, K. (Eds.). (2006). Cyberlines 2.0.: Languages and Cultures of the Internet. Australia: James Nicholas Publishers.

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To establish whether the Web is a corpus, it is worthwhile to turn to the definition established by McEnery and Wilson (1996, p. 21):

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Hit counts were used for carefully constructed search engine queries to identify rank orders for word sense frequencies, as an input to a

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linguistics. Further dimensions have developed as a result of further technological advances, which include the development of the Web as

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Stylistics arising from Internet usage has spread beyond the new media into other areas and platforms, including but not limited to,

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Baron, N. S. (2000). Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It's Heading. London and New York: Routledge.

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contains ample information on the dominant meanings and usage patterns for the 10,000 words that forms the core of English.

2241: 3510: 2499: 878:, which has a 280-character limit. There have been debates as to whether these new abbreviated forms introduced in users’ 823: 258: 236: 3356: 1270: 3818: 2946:

Rigau, German; Magnini, Bernardo; Agirre, Eneko; Carroll, John (2002). "Meaning: A roadmap to knowledge technologies.".

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Biewer, C., Nesselhauf, N., & Hundt, M. (Eds.). (2006). Corpus Linguistics and the Web. The Netherlands: Rodopi.

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markers. Besides contributing to these new forms in language, virtual worlds are also being used to teach languages.

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Relating closer to the Web as a corpus, Manning and Schütze (1999, p. 120) further streamlines the definition:

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and connect to them better. Such advertisements have received relatively enthusiastic feedback from its audiences.

204: 171: 101: 1123:. In recent years, there has been an increase in crimes that involved the use of the Internet such as e-mails and 564:

and the spread and influence of the stylistic variations brought forth by the spread of the Internet, through the

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Enteen, J. (2010). Virtual English: Internet Use, Language, and Global Subjects. London and New York: Routledge.

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Gerrand, P. (2009). Minority Languages on the Internet: Promoting the Regional Languages of Spain. VDM Verlag.

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Proceedings of the Student Workshop of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics

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The use of internet slangs is not limited to the English language but extends to other languages as well. The

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Crystal, D. (2004). The Language Revolution (Themes for the 21st Century). United Kingdom: Polity Press Ltd.

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Fourth International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics (CICLing-2003)

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Jones, Rosie; Rayid, Ghani (2000). "Automatically building a corpus for a minority language from the Web".

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Korhonen, Anna (2000). "Using semantically motivated estimates to help subcategorization acquisition".

1889: 727:– It explores the changes in patterns of social interaction and communicative practice on the Internet. 3638:

Aitchison, J., & Lewis, D. M. (Eds.). (2003). New Media Language. London and New York: Routledge.

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Grefenstette, Gregory; Nioche, Julien (2000). "Estimation of English and non-English use on the WWW".

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A test to find contiguous words like "deep breath" revealed 868,631 Web pages containing the terms in

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Mihalcea, Rada; Moldovan, Dan (1999). "A method for word sense disambiguation of unrestricted text".

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Jenkins, J. (2003). World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. London and New York: Routledge.

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worlds has led to the development of slangs within digital communities. Examples of these include "

811: 680: 665: 159: 66: 2471: 2298: 3688:

Crystal, D. (2004). A Glossary of Netspeak and Textspeak. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

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Wright, Sue (2007). "The Right to Speak One's Own Language: Reflections on Theory and Practice".

2616: 2340: 2211: 1894: 1832: 1788: 1604: 931: 831: 770: 537: 211: 3708:

Crystal, D. (2006). Language and the Internet (2nd Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

3589:"New ways to revitalise minority language: the impact of the Internet in the case of Aragonese" 3407: 1393:

students are immersed in internet language, that is the form and structure they are mirroring.

3789: 3779: 3769: 3759: 3749: 3739: 3729: 3719: 3709: 3699: 3689: 3679: 3669: 3659: 3649: 3639: 3332: 3268: 3258: 3225: 3184: 3033:

Briscoe, Ted; Carroll, John (1997). "Automatic extraction of subcategorization from corpora".

2881: 2850: 2278: 2058: 1934: 1713: 1682: 1556: 1435: 1216: 950: 887: 839: 835: 704:

The sociolinguistics of the Internet may also be examined through five interconnected themes.

673: 650: 438: 343: 313: 231: 141: 61: 2187: 1566: 3299: 3217: 3159: 2981: 2961:

Volk, Martin (2001). "Exploiting the WWW as a corpus to resolve PP attachment ambiguities".

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sampling and representativeness, finite size, machine-readable form, a standard reference.

3116:

Biber, Douglas (1993). "Using register-diversified corpora for general language studies".

2652: 2612: 2427:"Language Teaching Gains Second Life: Virtual Worlds Offer New Methods to Teach Languages" 2323:

Cicognani, Anna (1998). "On The Linguistic Nature of Cyberspace and Virtual Communities".

1497: 1423: 1415: 1281:. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. 1136: 1084:, language revitalization through the internet is no longer restricted to literate users. 762: 714: 708: 658: 428: 323: 56: 2165: 1969: 1504:

is further reinforced and brought into everyday language use by television shows such as

1442:

The use of Internet lingo has also spread into the arena of music, significantly seen in

3546: 3544: 2617:"Technology and Indigenous Language Revitalization: Analyzing the Experience of Hawai'i" 2135: 1660: 1097:

appeal to them and in turn maintain their interest and usage of their native languages.

484:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Atkins, Sue; Clear, Jeremy; Ostler, Nicholas (January 1992). "Corpus design criteria".

3000: 2161: 2052: 1466: 1381: 1374: 1193:

Christopher Manning and Hinrich Schütze, Foundations of Statistical Language Processing

1116: 926: 803: 718: 599: 569: 525: 512:. It studies new language styles and forms that have arisen under the influence of the 338: 106: 86: 81: 3060:

Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in NLK and Very Large Corpora

2916:

Resnik, Philip (1999). "A method for word sense disambiguation of unrestricted text".

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The educational perspective of internet linguistics examines the Internet's impact on

3802: 3367: 3313: 3018:

Baker, Colin; Fillmore, Charles; Lowe, John (1998). "The Berkeley FrameNet Project".

2705: 2532: 1645: 1443: 1405: 509: 378: 333: 303: 281: 71: 3350: 3348: 3237: 2798:"Introduction to the special issue on computational linguistics using large corpora" 2656: 2125: 2123: 2078: 1836: 3482: 3178: 2812: 2749: 2583: 2344: 1792: 1608: 1552: 1501: 1486: 1132: 871: 867: 790: 745: 684: 615: 298: 293: 36: 1657:

Paper Presented at the American Association for the Advancement of Science Meeting

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Internet, other languages are gradually increasing in their number of users. The

544:

The study of internet linguistics can take place through four main perspectives:

3718:

Crystal, D. (2011). Internet Linguistics: A Student Guide. New York: Routledge.

2048: 2028: 1505: 1478: 1332: 815: 595: 561: 505: 308: 121: 76: 3678:

Boardman, M. (2005). The Language of Websites. New York and London: Routledge.

3088:

Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Science (HICSS-33)

1784: 3518: 3395: 3371: 3304: 3287: 2770: 2697: 2378: 1686: 1482: 1454:, which incorporated many Internet lingo and mentions of Twitter and texting. 1447: 1067: 689: 646: 630: 625:) has greatly enhanced instantaneous communication. Some examples include the 565: 248: 3229: 3221: 2985: 1717: 711:– It looks at the prevalence and status of various languages on the Internet. 3272: 3103:

Proceedings of the RIAO (Recherche d’Informations Assiste ́e par Ordinateur)

2877: 2664: 2493: 2491: 1311: 1303: 1112: 943: 907: 903: 622: 611: 517: 3206:"New Media and Internet Activism: From the 'Battle of Seattle' to Blogging" 3003:; Craswell, Nick; Bailey, Peter (1999). "Overview of the TREC8 Web track". 2720: 1242:

However, for some other purposes, it is insufficient, as an outcome of the

969:. Symbols are also used for discourse functions, such as the asterisk as a 3728:

Dieter, J. (2007). Webliteralität: Lesen und Schreiben im World Wide Web.

3137:

Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing

3035:

Proceedings of the fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing

2632: 1883: 1881: 621:

At a personal level, CMC such as SMS text messaging and mobile e-mailing (

3252: 2948:

Proceedings of COLING Workshop on A Roadmap for Computational Linguistics

1419: 978: 778: 642: 607: 513: 22: 3587:

Martín, Santiago Jorge Paricio; Cortés, Juan Pablo Martinez (May 2010).

3486: 3163: 2746:"Txt Crimes, Sex Crimes And Murder: The Science Of Forensic Linguistics" 1765: 3511:"Internet Usage Statistics – World Internet Users and Population Stats" 3043: 2558:"Language Documentation and Archiving, or How to Build a Better Corpus" 2336: 2097: 2095: 911: 886:

The cell phone has also created a new literary genre –

875: 591: 318: 40: 2584:"The Internet and Foreign Language Education: Benefits and Challenges" 2360:"The discourse deictics ∧ and <-- in a World of Warcraft community" 2837: 2726:. In Reyhner, J.; Trujillo, O.; Carrasco, R. L.; Lockard, L. (eds.). 2449:"Letters by phone or speech by other means: the linguistics of email" 1344: 1055:

has helped to spur a worldwide interest in linguistic documentation.

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in 2008 began to collaborate with universities as they converted the

626: 1640: 1638: 961:, usage of symbols such as the asterisk to enclose words as seen in 3658:

Beard, A. (2004). Language Change. London and New York: Routledge.

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Beskow, David M.; Kumar, Sumeet; Carley, Kathleen M. (March 2020).

1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1458: 1370: 1366: 1081: 1015: 669: 536:(CMC) and Internet-mediated communication (IMC), experts, such as 288: 181: 2568: 1411: 954: 939: 898: 843: 276: 3086:

Xu, J. L. (2000). "Multilingual search on the World Wide Web".

3429: 1254: 935: 784: 688:

features (push e-mail, calendar and contact management) using

464: 788:(for "laughing out loud"; a general expression of laughter), 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 1848: 1846: 1811:"Introduction to Minority Languages, Multimedia and the Web" 3135:

Sekine, Satshi (1997). "The domain dependence of parsing".

2158:"From Telegraph to Twitter: The Language of the Short Form" 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1555:, publicly available database of 600,000 emails within the 1970:"The Influence of Internet on Language and "Email Stress"" 1764:

Kilgarriff, Adam; Grefenstette, Gregory (September 2003).

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The Internet can also be exploited for activities such as

2730:. Flagstaff: Northern Arizona University. pp. 53–57. 1357:

a large number of possibilities in the study of corpora.

1766:"Introduction to the Special Issue on the Web as Corpus" 3553:"A Comparison of English and Chinese Internet Language" 3400:"LOL :-) Ft. Gucci Mane & Soulja Boy Tell 'Em" 606:

influences languages; as seen in the 15th century when

2873:

Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing

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The spread of Internet linguistics is also present in

1809:

Cunliffe, Daniel; Herring, Susan C. (December 2005).

1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 3454:"Miley Cyrus' Movie 'LOL' Picked Up By Distributor" 3357:"Using Internet Slang in Spoken Conversation: LOL!" 3005:

Proceedings of the Eighth Text Retrieval Conference

2132:"Linguists See Internet Lingo as Cultural Catalyst" 2025:"Experts divided over Internet changes to Language" 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 2742:British Association for the Advancement of Science 2522:"7 Things You Should Know About Instant Messaging" 2520:The EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative (November 2005). 1175:Tony McEnery and Andrew Wilson, Corpus Linguistics 3257:(New ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3204:Kahn, Richard; Kellner, Douglas (February 2004). 2659:. In Kolko, B.; Nakamura, L.; Rodman, G. (eds.). 2188:"Thumbs Race as Japan's Best Sellers Go Cellular" 2003:"No LOL Matter: Cyber lingo shows up in academia" 1273:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 668:to interact with “guest speakers weighing in via 2498:Olsen, Stefanie; Suri, Sabena (24 August 2007). 2299:"Success of blogs heralds an even bigger future" 2870:Manning, Christopher; Schütze, Hinrich (1999). 2721:"Sustaining Indigenous Languages in Cyberspace" 1702:"Linguistics and web usability; Research Paper" 1182: 1167: 1700:Martín del Pozo, Maria Angeles (May 8, 2005). 1059:gathered are made available online under its 446: 8: 2772:Personal Data Protection in the Semantic Web 2305:. Melbourne. Associated Press. 18 March 2003 1135:has been involved in tasks such as personal 3593:Digithum: The Humanities in the Digital Era 3517:. Miniwatts Marketing Group. Archived from 3370:: Colorado State University. Archived from 2920:. College Park, Maryland. pp. 152–158. 2905:. College Park, Maryland. pp. 152–158. 2500:"Say so long to traditional letter writing" 1968:Nazaryan, Ani; Gridchin, Aleksandr (2006). 1489:2008 popular French film similarly titled " 824:British Journal of Developmental Psychology 1890:"Universities Use Social Media to Connect" 1521:suit the new dimensions of communication. 1020:Number of internet users by language, 2020 610:was introduced, the 19th century when the 453: 439: 398: 18: 3303: 3042: 2392:Collister, Lauren Brittany (2011-02-01). 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1826: 965:and the creative use of punctuation like 2796:Church, Kenneth; Mercer, Robert (1993). 1931:Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics 1562:Glossary of Internet-related terminology 1277:Relevant discussion may be found on the 3292:Information Processing & Management 1815:New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia 1706:No Solo Usabilidad (Not Just Usability) 1605:"Language Development via The Internet" 1577: 696:power of the creativity of a language. 672:, library staffs providing support via 614:was invented and the 20th century when 21: 2963:Proceedings of Corpus Linguistics 2001 2918:Proceedings of the 37th Meeting of ACL 2903:Proceedings of the 37th Meeting of ACL 2836:McEnery, Tony; Wilson, Andrew (1996). 2657:"Language, identity, and the Internet" 2565:Language Documentation and Description 2104:"Globalization and Language Education" 1933:. London: Pergamon. pp. 287–289. 2777:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2429:(Press release). Avatar English. 2007 2186:Onishi, Norimitsu (20 January 2008). 2156:Clark, Roy Peter (4 September 2009). 1929:. In Mesthrie, R.; Asher, R. (eds.). 1485:. This movie is a 2011 remake of the 7: 3037:. Washington, DC. pp. 356–363. 2980:. Taipei, Taiwan. pp. 393–401. 2134:. yourdictionary.com. Archived from 814:to confirm the proposed connection. 3509:Internet World Stats (2010-06-30). 2358:Collister, Lauren B. (2012-03-01). 2079:"Texting 'improves language skill'" 2001:Hayslett, Chandra M. (2006-11-26). 1650:"The Scope of Internet Linguistics" 590:not limited to SMS text messaging, 3551:Butterfield, Jessica M.; Na, Pan. 3139:. Washington, DC. pp. 96–102. 2403:. The Language of Space and Time. 1361:Impact of its spread and influence 830:learning, especially in second or 508:advocated by the English linguist 14: 3152:Literary and Linguistic Computing 2214:. Associated Press. 18 March 2005 1516:Linguistic future of the Internet 43:through a portion of the Internet 3452:Kaufman, Gil (29 October 2010). 3428:Swanberg, Joe(Director) (2006). 2529:7 Things You Should Know About.. 1855:"iPhone Takes on the BlackBerry" 1259: 1139:, which helps to prevent fraud. 1121:internet crimes against children 973:marker and arrows and carats as 949:Communication in niches such as 639:Nanyang Technological University 618:began to penetrate our society. 469: 422: 397: 254:Internet Message Access Protocol 29: 3434:(Movie). America: Swanberg, Joe 2621:Canadian Modern Language Review 2234:"Cell phone novels come of age" 1465:. Though primarily screened at 983:Virtual world language learning 534:computer-mediated communication 3814:Natural language and computing 3491:(Movie). France: Azuelos, Lisa 3062:. Hong Kong. pp. 216–223. 2394:"*-repair in Online Discourse" 2367:Discourse, Context & Media 2232:Galbraith, Patrick W. (2010). 2212:"Cell Phones Put to Novel Use" 1888:Cohen, Peter (30 March 2010). 1: 2563:. In Austin, Peter K. (ed.). 2468:10.1016/S0271-5309(98)00005-6 2023:Abrams, Rachel (2010-01-16). 1853:Cohen, Peter (7 March 2008). 1328:useful even with some noise. 259:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 237:Transmission Control Protocol 3619:English as a Global Language 3406:. Trey Songz. Archived from 2935:. Hong Kong. pp. 29–36. 2719:Cazden, Courtney B. (2003). 2582:Singhal, Meena (June 1997). 2413:10.1016/j.pragma.2010.09.025 1828:10.1080/13614560512331392186 1677:Mcculloch, Gretchen (2019), 1461:made by both commercial and 1101:Exploitation of the Internet 1061:Endangered Languages Archive 3183:. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 3022:. Montreal. pp. 86–90. 2057:. Oxford University Press. 1924:"The Internet and Language" 1567:Internetlinguistik (German) 1203:in that specific language. 585:Sociolinguistic perspective 217:Hypertext Transfer Protocol 3840: 3623:Cambridge University Press 3180:Teaching Grammar and Usage 3105:. Paris. pp. 237–246. 2847:Edinburgh University Press 2728:Nurturing Native Languages 2588:The Internet TESFL Journal 2456:Language and Communication 2275:Cambridge University Press 1785:10.1162/089120103322711569 1510:High Kick Through the Roof 1403: 1390:Teaching Grammar and Usage 1129:child protection procedure 1104: 802:language that arises from 530:human–computer interaction 205:Information infrastructure 3331:. MIT Press. p. 41. 3305:10.1016/j.ipm.2019.102170 3251:Dawkins, Richard (1989). 3118:Computational Linguistics 3020:Proceedings of COLING-ACL 3007:. Gaithersburg, Maryland. 2811:(1): 1–24. Archived from 2805:Computational Linguistics 2698:10.1007/s10993-007-9050-y 2379:10.1016/j.dcm.2012.05.002 2271:Language and the Internet 1922:Thurlow, Crispin (2001). 1773:Computational Linguistics 1200:word sense disambiguation 1159:computational linguistics 832:foreign-language learning 545: 528:. Since the beginning of 478:This article needs to be 244:Internet service provider 3329:Memes in Digital Culture 3222:10.1177/1461444804039908 2986:10.1007/3-540-36456-0_40 2447:Baron, Naomi S. (1998). 1543:Appendix: Internet Slang 1414:" can be traced back to 1410:The origin of the term " 1162:became widely accepted. 1148:conversation discourse. 769:, which in turn affects 117:Right to Internet access 3617:Crystal, David (2003). 3488:LOL (Laughing Out Loud) 3327:Shifman, Limor (2014). 3210:New Media & Society 3074:urn:nbn:de:0009-7-35977 2567:. Vol. 2. London: 2556:Johnson, Heidi (2004). 2269:Crystal, David (2006). 2130:Cook, Franklin (2001). 1508:or comedy dramas like “ 1491:LOL (Laughing Out Loud) 1343:Search engines such as 1233:British National Corpus 1227:British National Corpus 1075:Language revitalization 1040:language revitalization 757:Educational perspective 736: 557: 553: 549: 364:History of the Internet 227:Internet protocol suite 222:Internet exchange point 2102:Xie, Tim (June 2008). 1463:independent filmmakers 1446:. A recent example is 1196: 1178: 1046:Language documentation 1036:language documentation 1021: 725:Conversation discourse 97:Freedom of information 3460:. MTV. Archived from 3177:Lester, Mark (2001). 2965:. Lancaster, England. 2633:10.3138/cmlr.55.1.139 2462:(2). London: 133–70. 2401:Journal of Pragmatics 1331:The issue of whether 1027:Global Internet usage 1019: 971:conversational repair 850:Stylistic perspective 765:use, specifically on 737:Stylistic perspective 522:Short Message Service 16:Domain of linguistics 3595:(12). Archived from 2744:(8 September 2008). 1611:. February 28, 2005. 1512:” released in 2009. 1251:The multilingual Web 1107:Forensic linguistics 1032:endangered languages 502:Internet linguistics 147:Virtual volunteering 3819:Applied linguistics 3485:(Director) (2008). 3464:on November 1, 2010 2571:. pp. 140–153. 2238:Metropolis Magazine 2005:. The Seattle Times 1548:Applied linguistics 1152:The Web as a corpus 1125:Internet Relay Chat 1012:Applied perspective 816:Naomi S. Baron 812:scientific evidence 681:Internet connection 666:New York University 429:Internet portal 369:Oldest domain names 3599:on August 15, 2010 3355:Pawelski, Amanda. 2839:Corpus Linguistics 2769:Lee, Ryan (2002). 2661:Race in Cyberspace 2337:10.1007/BF01409794 2192:The New York Times 2168:on 19 January 2010 1895:The New York Times 1022: 955:multi-user domains 951:role-playing games 932:computer-simulated 794:("oh my god") and 771:language education 538:Gretchen McCulloch 212:Domain Name System 102:Internet phenomena 3724:978-0-415-60271-6 3714:978-0-521-86859-4 3164:10.1093/llc/7.1.1 2950:. Taipei, Taiwan. 2887:978-0-262-13360-9 2856:978-0-7486-0808-9 2284:978-0-521-86859-4 2081:. BBC. 2009-02-25 2064:978-0-19-531305-5 1940:978-0-08-043726-2 1681:, Books on Tape, 1557:Enron Corporation 1475:Laughing Out Loud 1296: 1295: 1217:language modeling 1003:Instant messaging 888:cell phone novels 836:discussion forums 674:instant messaging 576:Main perspectives 532:(HCI) leading to 499: 498: 463: 462: 314:Instant messaging 232:Internet Protocol 142:Virtual community 39:visualization of 3831: 3824:Sociolinguistics 3809:Internet culture 3627: 3626: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3574: 3568: 3562:. Archived from 3557: 3548: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3526: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3496: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3469: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3415: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3376: 3361: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3307: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3254:The selfish gene 3248: 3242: 3241: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3083: 3077: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3015: 3009: 3008: 2999:Hawking, David; 2996: 2990: 2989: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2844: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2823: 2817: 2802: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2783: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2725: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2671: 2653:Warschauer, Mark 2649: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2639: 2613:Warschauer, Mark 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2562: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2543: 2537: 2531:. Archived from 2526: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2507: 2495: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2476: 2470:. Archived from 2453: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2434: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2398: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2364: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2266: 2253: 2252: 2250: 2249: 2240:. Archived from 2229: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2219: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2198: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2173: 2164:. Archived from 2153: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2143: 2127: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2099: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2035: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2010: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1988: 1977:Law and Politics 1974: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1955: 1949: 1943:. Archived from 1928: 1919: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1902: 1885: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1872: 1863:. Archived from 1850: 1841: 1840: 1830: 1806: 1797: 1796: 1770: 1761: 1728: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1697: 1691: 1689: 1679:Because Internet 1674: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1659:. Archived from 1654: 1642: 1613: 1612: 1601: 1453: 1340:being balanced. 1299:Swedish (0.7%). 1291: 1288: 1282: 1271:factual accuracy 1263: 1262: 1255: 1194: 1176: 1063:(ELAR) program. 1054: 767:Standard English 750:folk linguistics 546:sociolinguistics 494: 491: 485: 473: 472: 465: 455: 448: 441: 427: 426: 401: 400: 33: 19: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3799: 3798: 3635: 3633:Further reading 3630: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3602: 3600: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3555: 3550: 3549: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3524: 3522: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3494: 3492: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3467: 3465: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3437: 3435: 3431:LOL – The Movie 3427: 3426: 3422: 3413: 3411: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3359: 3354: 3353: 3346: 3339: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3265: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3090:. Maui, Hawaii. 3085: 3084: 3080: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3001:Voorhees, Ellen 2998: 2997: 2993: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2842: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2800: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2781: 2779: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2754: 2752: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2723: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2686:Language Policy 2683: 2682: 2678: 2669: 2667: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2637: 2635: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2597: 2595: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2560: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2524: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2505: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2489: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2451: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2432: 2430: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2396: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2362: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2325:Virtual Reality 2322: 2321: 2317: 2308: 2306: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2268: 2267: 2256: 2247: 2245: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2196: 2194: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2171: 2169: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2141: 2139: 2129: 2128: 2121: 2112: 2110: 2101: 2100: 2093: 2084: 2082: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2049:Naomi, S. Baron 2047: 2046: 2042: 2033: 2031: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2008: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1986: 1984: 1972: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1926: 1921: 1920: 1909: 1900: 1898: 1887: 1886: 1879: 1870: 1868: 1852: 1851: 1844: 1808: 1807: 1800: 1768: 1763: 1762: 1731: 1722: 1720: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1652: 1644: 1643: 1616: 1603: 1602: 1579: 1575: 1539: 1518: 1498:Korean language 1451: 1432: 1424:Kathleen Carley 1416:Richard Dawkins 1408: 1402: 1363: 1354: 1321: 1292: 1286: 1283: 1276: 1268:This article's 1264: 1260: 1253: 1229: 1209: 1195: 1192: 1184:In Statistical 1177: 1174: 1154: 1145: 1137:data protection 1109: 1103: 1077: 1052: 1048: 1014: 1005: 992: 924: 896: 865: 852: 840:chat messengers 798:("got to go"). 763:formal language 759: 715:Language change 709:Multilingualism 702: 587: 578: 504:is a domain of 495: 489: 486: 483: 474: 470: 459: 421: 416: 415: 392: 384: 383: 359: 351: 350: 272: 264: 263: 207: 197: 196: 162: 152: 151: 52: 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3837: 3835: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3801: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3786: 3776: 3766: 3756: 3746: 3736: 3726: 3716: 3706: 3696: 3686: 3676: 3666: 3656: 3646: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3609: 3579: 3560:Research Paper 3540: 3531: 3501: 3474: 3444: 3420: 3387: 3364:Research Paper 3344: 3337: 3319: 3278: 3263: 3243: 3196: 3190:978-0205306558 3189: 3169: 3142: 3127: 3108: 3093: 3078: 3065: 3050: 3044:cmp-lg/9702002 3025: 3010: 2991: 2968: 2953: 2938: 2923: 2908: 2893: 2886: 2862: 2855: 2828: 2788: 2775:(PhD thesis). 2761: 2733: 2711: 2692:(2): 203–224. 2676: 2644: 2627:(1): 140–161. 2604: 2574: 2548: 2512: 2487: 2439: 2418: 2407:(3): 918–921. 2384: 2350: 2315: 2290: 2283: 2254: 2224: 2203: 2178: 2162:Poynter Online 2148: 2119: 2091: 2070: 2063: 2040: 2015: 1993: 1960: 1939: 1907: 1877: 1842: 1821:(2): 131–137. 1798: 1779:(3): 333–347. 1729: 1692: 1669: 1666:on 2011-07-26. 1646:Crystal, David 1614: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1550: 1545: 1538: 1535: 1517: 1514: 1471:Laugh Out Loud 1467:film festivals 1452:"LOL :-)" 1431: 1428: 1404:Main article: 1401: 1398: 1382:internet slang 1375:literary works 1362: 1359: 1353: 1352:Representation 1350: 1320: 1317: 1294: 1293: 1267: 1265: 1258: 1252: 1249: 1228: 1225: 1208: 1205: 1190: 1172: 1153: 1150: 1144: 1141: 1117:internet fraud 1102: 1099: 1076: 1073: 1053:Webster (2003) 1047: 1044: 1013: 1010: 1004: 1001: 991: 988: 927:Virtual worlds 923: 922:Virtual worlds 920: 895: 892: 864: 861: 851: 848: 804:Internet usage 758: 755: 754: 753: 743: 742: 741: 728: 722: 719:Internet lingo 712: 701: 698: 661:Universities. 600:virtual worlds 586: 583: 577: 574: 570:literary works 526:text messaging 497: 496: 477: 475: 468: 461: 460: 458: 457: 450: 443: 435: 432: 431: 418: 417: 414: 413: 406: 393: 390: 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 376: 371: 366: 360: 357: 356: 353: 352: 349: 348: 347: 346: 339:World Wide Web 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 285: 284: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265: 262: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 240: 239: 234: 224: 219: 214: 208: 203: 202: 199: 198: 195: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 163: 158: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 107:Net neutrality 104: 99: 94: 89: 87:Digital rights 84: 82:Digital divide 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 53: 50: 49: 46: 45: 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3836: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3795: 3794:0-7619-4954-2 3791: 3787: 3785: 3784:3-8258-7613-6 3781: 3777: 3775: 3774:0-415-25806-5 3771: 3767: 3765: 3764:1-875408-42-8 3761: 3757: 3755: 3754:3-639-19111-0 3751: 3747: 3745: 3744:0-415-97724-X 3741: 3737: 3735: 3734:3-8334-9729-7 3731: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3705: 3704:0-7456-3312-9 3701: 3697: 3695: 3694:0-7486-1982-8 3691: 3687: 3685: 3684:0-415-32854-3 3681: 3677: 3675: 3674:90-420-2128-4 3671: 3667: 3665: 3664:0-415-32056-9 3661: 3657: 3655: 3654:0-415-18685-4 3651: 3647: 3645: 3644:0-415-28303-5 3641: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3621:. Cambridge: 3620: 3613: 3610: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3580: 3569:on 2009-03-26 3565: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3521:on 2020-05-22 3520: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3502: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3483:Azuelos, Lisa 3478: 3475: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3445: 3433: 3432: 3424: 3421: 3410:on 2010-10-10 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3377:on 2011-07-07 3373: 3369: 3368:United States 3365: 3358: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3338:9780262525435 3334: 3330: 3323: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3298:(2): 102170. 3297: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3264:0-19-217773-7 3260: 3256: 3255: 3247: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3197: 3192: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3173: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3131: 3128: 3124:(2): 219–242. 3123: 3119: 3112: 3109: 3104: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3061: 3054: 3051: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3026: 3021: 3014: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2969: 2964: 2957: 2954: 2949: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2927: 2924: 2919: 2912: 2909: 2904: 2897: 2894: 2889: 2883: 2879: 2876:. 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Edinburgh: 2841: 2840: 2832: 2829: 2818:on 2018-02-15 2814: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2792: 2789: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2765: 2762: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2729: 2722: 2715: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2677: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2552: 2549: 2538:on 2011-01-05 2534: 2530: 2523: 2516: 2513: 2501: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2477:on 2009-12-29 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2443: 2440: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2388: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2354: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2316: 2304: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2286: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2244:on 2009-10-15 2243: 2239: 2235: 2228: 2225: 2213: 2207: 2204: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2179: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2149: 2138:on 2010-02-13 2137: 2133: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2016: 2004: 1997: 1994: 1982: 1978: 1971: 1964: 1961: 1950:on 2012-10-08 1946: 1942: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1867:on 2009-10-07 1866: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1696: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1673: 1670: 1662: 1658: 1651: 1647: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1487:Lisa Azuelos' 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1449: 1445: 1444:popular music 1440: 1437: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1407: 1406:Internet meme 1399: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1385: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1360: 1358: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1290: 1280: 1274: 1272: 1266: 1257: 1256: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1218: 1213: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1189: 1187: 1181: 1171: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1151: 1149: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1056: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1018: 1011: 1009: 1002: 1000: 996: 989: 987: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 928: 921: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 900: 893: 891: 889: 884: 881: 877: 873: 869: 868:Mobile phones 863:Mobile phones 862: 860: 856: 849: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 827: 825: 821: 817: 813: 807: 805: 799: 797: 793: 792: 787: 786: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 756: 751: 747: 744: 739: 738: 733: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 716: 713: 710: 707: 706: 705: 699: 697: 693: 691: 686: 682: 677: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 643:iTunes U 640: 634: 632: 628: 624: 619: 617: 613: 609: 603: 602:and the Web. 601: 597: 593: 584: 582: 575: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 516:and of other 515: 511: 510:David Crystal 507: 503: 493: 481: 476: 467: 466: 456: 451: 449: 444: 442: 437: 436: 434: 433: 430: 425: 420: 419: 412: 411: 407: 405: 404: 395: 394: 388: 387: 380: 379:Protocol Wars 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 361: 355: 354: 345: 342: 341: 340: 337: 335: 334:Voice over IP 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 304:File transfer 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 283: 282:Microblogging 280: 279: 278: 275: 274: 268: 267: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 238: 235: 233: 230: 229: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 209: 206: 201: 200: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 164: 161: 156: 155: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 72:Data activism 70: 68: 65: 63: 60: 58: 55: 54: 48: 47: 42: 41:routing paths 38: 32: 28: 27: 24: 20: 3618: 3612: 3601:. 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