387:
1590:
1390:
1604:
1004:(DHCP). DHCP is the most frequently used technology for assigning addresses. It avoids the administrative burden of assigning specific static addresses to each device on a network. It also allows devices to share the limited address space on a network if only some of them are online at a particular time. Typically, dynamic IP configuration is enabled by default in modern desktop operating systems.
669:(CIDR) in 1993. CIDR is based on variable-length subnet masking (VLSM) to allow allocation and routing based on arbitrary-length prefixes. Today, remnants of classful network concepts function only in a limited scope as the default configuration parameters of some network software and hardware components (e.g. netmask), and in the technical jargon used in network administrators' discussions.
1183:
852:
974:, are assigned to interfaces for communication on the attached link. The addresses are automatically generated by the operating system for each network interface. This provides instant and automatic communication between all IPv6 hosts on a link. This feature is used in the lower layers of IPv6 network administration, such as for the
880:
addressing infrastructure of a network segment, i.e. the local administration of the segment's available space, from the addressing prefix used to route traffic to and from external networks. IPv6 has facilities that automatically change the routing prefix of entire networks, should the global connectivity or the
1247:
addressing, available in both IPv4 and IPv6. It normally refers to a single sender or a single receiver, and can be used for both sending and receiving. Usually, a unicast address is associated with a single device or host, but a device or host may have more than one unicast address. Sending the same
692:
Three non-overlapping ranges of IPv4 addresses for private networks are reserved. These addresses are not routed on the
Internet and thus their use need not be coordinated with an IP address registry. Any user may use any of the reserved blocks. Typically, a network administrator will divide a block
677:
Early network design, when global end-to-end connectivity was envisioned for communications with all
Internet hosts, intended that IP addresses be globally unique. However, it was found that this was not always necessary as private networks developed and public address space needed to be conserved.
1461:
Most public IP addresses change, and relatively often. Any type of IP address that changes is called a dynamic IP address. In home networks, the ISP usually assigns a dynamic IP. If an ISP gave a home network an unchanging address, it is more likely to be abused by customers who host websites from
1454:, or the various IPv6 address formats of local scope or site-local scope, for example for link-local addressing. Public IP addresses may be used for communication between hosts on the global Internet. In a home situation, a public IP address is the IP address assigned to the home's network by the
879:
in routers. The smallest possible individual allocation is a subnet for 2 hosts, which is the square of the size of the entire IPv4 Internet. At these levels, actual address utilization ratios will be small on any IPv6 network segment. The new design also provides the opportunity to separate the
462:
In the early stages of development of the
Internet Protocol, the network number was always the highest order octet (most significant eight bits). Because this method allowed for only 256 networks, it soon proved inadequate as additional networks developed that were independent of the existing
1490:
agent on behalf of the client, in which case the real originating IP address is masked from the server receiving a request. A common practice is to have a NAT mask many devices in a private network. Only the public interface(s) of the NAT needs to have an
Internet-routable address.
165:. IPv4 addresses were distributed by IANA to the RIRs in blocks of approximately 16.8 million addresses each, but have been exhausted at the IANA level since 2011. Only one of the RIRs still has a supply for local assignments in Africa. Some IPv4 addresses are reserved for
491:
addressing. Depending on the class derived, the network identification was based on octet boundary segments of the entire address. Each class used successively additional octets in the network identifier, thus reducing the possible number of hosts in the higher order classes
1117:. These addresses are only valid on the link, such as a local network segment or point-to-point connection, to which a host is connected. These addresses are not routable and, like private addresses, cannot be the source or destination of packets traversing the Internet.
203:, and it provides the location of the host in the network, and thus, the capability of establishing a path to that host. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there." The
887:
The large number of IPv6 addresses allows large blocks to be assigned for specific purposes and, where appropriate, to be aggregated for efficient routing. With a large address space, there is no need to have complex address conservation methods as used in CIDR.
1961:
An IPv4 address has the following format: x . x . x . x where x is called an octet and must be a decimal value between 0 and 255. Octets are separated by periods. An IPv4 address must contain three periods and four octets. The following examples are valid IPv4
1360:
is a one-to-many routing topology. However, the data stream is not transmitted to all receivers, just the one which the router decides is closest in the network. Anycast addressing is a built-in feature of IPv6. In IPv4, anycast addressing is implemented with
1151:
An IP address conflict occurs when two devices on the same local physical or wireless network claim to have the same IP address. A second assignment of an address generally stops the IP functionality of one or both of the devices. Many modern
1502:. In this scenario, the computers connected to the router have private IP addresses and the router has a public address on its external interface to communicate on the Internet. The internal computers appear to share one public IP address.
1072:. On the local network of the home or business, a local DHCP server may be designed to provide sticky IPv4 configurations, and the ISP may provide a sticky IPv6 prefix delegation, giving clients the option to use sticky IPv6 addresses.
874:
The intent of the new design was not to provide just a sufficient quantity of addresses, but also redesign routing in the
Internet by allowing more efficient aggregation of subnetwork routing prefixes. This resulted in slower growth of
1011:
and usually has an expiration period. If the lease is not renewed by the host before expiry, the address may be assigned to another device. Some DHCP implementations attempt to reassign the same IP address to a host, based on its
253:
Today, these two versions of the
Internet Protocol are in simultaneous use. Among other technical changes, each version defines the format of addresses differently. Because of the historical prevalence of IPv4, the generic term
1271:
is used for network broadcast. In addition, a more limited directed broadcast uses the all-ones host address with the network prefix. For example, the destination address used for directed broadcast to devices on the network
1156:
notify the administrator of IP address conflicts. When IP addresses are assigned by multiple people and systems with differing methods, any of them may be at fault. If one of the devices involved in the conflict is the
1347:
from its unicast address to the multicast group address and the intermediary routers take care of making copies and sending them to all interested receivers (those that have joined the corresponding multicast group).
337:
is only used within IPv4. Both IP versions however use the CIDR concept and notation. In this, the IP address is followed by a slash and the number (in decimal) of bits used for the network part, also called the
269:
in 1974 and 1977, as there was no separate IP specification at the time. v3 was defined in 1978, and v3.1 is the first version where TCP is separated from IP. v6 is a synthesis of several suggested versions, v6
470:
Classful network design allowed for a larger number of individual network assignments and fine-grained subnetwork design. The first three bits of the most significant octet of an IP address were defined as the
1102:
is defined for the special use of link-local addressing for IPv4 networks. In IPv6, every interface, whether using static or dynamic addresses, also receives a link-local address automatically in the block
989:
IP addresses are assigned to a host either dynamically as they join the network, or persistently by configuration of the host hardware or software. Persistent configuration is also known as using a
2748:
1041:
In the absence or failure of static or dynamic address configurations, an operating system may assign a link-local address to a host using stateless address autoconfiguration.
2425:
1052:
is an informal term used to describe a dynamically assigned IP address that seldom changes. IPv4 addresses, for example, are usually assigned with DHCP, and a DHCP service
258:
typically still refers to the addresses defined by IPv4. The gap in version sequence between IPv4 and IPv6 resulted from the assignment of version 5 to the experimental
246:(IETF) to explore new technologies to expand addressing capability on the Internet. The result was a redesign of the Internet Protocol which became eventually known as
959:
remained unclear and the poorly defined addressing policy created ambiguities for routing. This address type was abandoned and must not be used in new systems.
2380:
2490:
2339:
2307:
1924:
2248:
1643:
1516:
1038:
Computers and equipment used for the network infrastructure, such as routers and mail servers, are typically configured with static addressing.
2794:
1259:
is an addressing technique available in IPv4 to address data to all possible destinations on a network in one transmission operation as an
1434:
of its communicating peer. This is typically done by retrieving geolocation info about the IP address of the other node from a database.
1120:
When the link-local IPv4 address block was reserved, no standards existed for mechanisms of address autoconfiguration. Filling the void,
1080:; sticky configurations have no guarantee of stability, while static configurations are used indefinitely and only changed deliberately.
1001:
146:
1169:
IP addresses are classified into several classes of operational characteristics: unicast, multicast, anycast and broadcast addressing.
1016:, each time it joins the network. A network administrator may configure DHCP by allocating specific IP addresses based on MAC address.
1526:
685:, need not have globally unique IP addresses. Today, such private networks are widely used and typically connect to the Internet with
2177:
2635:
2433:
1230:
911:
Just as IPv4 reserves addresses for private networks, blocks of addresses are set aside in IPv6. In IPv6, these are referred to as
250:(IPv6) in 1995. IPv6 technology was in various testing stages until the mid-2000s when commercial production deployment commenced.
1297:
IPv6 does not implement broadcast addressing and replaces it with multicast to the specially defined all-nodes multicast address.
1952:
2208:
1125:
243:
2800:
1442:
A public IP address is a globally routable unicast IP address, meaning that the address is not an address reserved for use in
223:
are in common use on the
Internet today. The original version of the Internet Protocol that was first deployed in 1983 in the
1208:
741:
666:
463:
networks already designated by a network number. In 1981, the addressing specification was revised with the introduction of
2865:
2840:
2726:
200:
196:
150:
57:
1056:
use rules that maximize the chance of assigning the same address each time a client asks for an assignment. In IPv6, a
665:
in the face of the rapid expansion of networking in the 1990s. The class system of the address space was replaced with
1609:
1248:
data to multiple unicast addresses requires the sender to send all the data many times over, once for each recipient.
1204:
975:
686:
386:
247:
228:
67:
2463:
1538:
Computer operating systems provide various diagnostic tools to examine network interfaces and address configuration.
1520:, with police searches requiring a warrant in order to obtain them. IP addresses are considered personal data by the
1193:
2765:
1479:
1475:
1370:
239:
1212:
1197:
1256:
1065:
1060:
can be handled similarly, to make changes as rare as feasible. In a typical home or small-office setup, a single
303:
299:
158:
154:
863:
In IPv6, the address size was increased from 32 bits in IPv4 to 128 bits, thus providing up to 2 (approximately
259:
2372:
265:
Other versions v1 to v9 were defined, but only v4 and v6 ever gained widespread use. v1 and v2 were names for
2815:
2486:
2403:
1511:
1362:
1032:
681:
Computers not connected to the
Internet, such as factory machines that communicate only with each other via
235:
183:
basis, depending on network practices and software features. Some jurisdictions consider IP addresses to be
75:
1543:
2925:
2512:
993:. In contrast, when a computer's IP address is assigned each time it restarts, this is known as using a
451:
172:
1589:
2664:
2567:
2290:
2222:
2129:
2086:
2048:
1998:
1888:
1844:
1804:
1747:
1698:
1427:
1421:
1366:
912:
427:
391:
1628:
1623:
1521:
1499:
1431:
941:
900:
694:
2627:
2147:
1653:
1648:
1061:
1028:
1020:
971:
442:) of the address. In some cases of technical writing, IPv4 addresses may be presented in various
204:
661:
Classful network design served its purpose in the startup stage of the
Internet, but it lacked
2790:
2742:
2708:
2690:
2631:
2623:
2559:
2343:
2311:
1539:
1329:
addresses) are designated as multicast addresses. IPv6 uses the address block with the prefix
1306:
1133:
1057:
895:, but it is not yet widely deployed in other devices, such as residential networking routers,
439:
420:
220:
53:
1474:
Multiple client devices can appear to share an IP address, either because they are part of a
2698:
2682:
2672:
2615:
2598:
2583:
2549:
2280:
2231:
2212:
2159:
2119:
2095:
2076:
2038:
1988:
1878:
1834:
1794:
1756:
1737:
1688:
1447:
1326:
1153:
756:
464:
49:
1498:
on the public network. In residential networks, NAT functions are usually implemented in a
430:, consisting of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g.,
1595:
1567:
1494:
The NAT device maps different IP addresses on the private network to different TCP or UDP
1443:
1158:
1068:(ISP), and the ISP may try to provide a configuration that is as stable as feasible, i.e.
416:
166:
114:
83:
61:
2892:
175:
assign an IP address to each device connected to a network. Such assignments may be on a
17:
2668:
2616:
415:(2) addresses. Of this number, some addresses are reserved for special purposes such as
2703:
2652:
2348:
2316:
944:
that minimizes the risk of address collisions if sites merge or packets are misrouted.
881:
208:
90:
1389:
891:
All modern desktop and enterprise server operating systems include native support for
2919:
2066:
1864:
1824:
1784:
1458:. In this case, it is also locally visible by logging into the router configuration.
896:
876:
399:
327:
266:
184:
110:
2148:"An efficient solution to a retrial queue for the performability evaluation of DHCP"
2784:
1638:
1571:
1487:
1483:
846:
1981:
Y. Rekhter; B. Moskowitz; D. Karrenberg; G. J. de Groot; E. Lear (February 1996).
981:
Private and link-local address prefixes may not be routed on the public
Internet.
2602:
2587:
2570:
2539:
2293:
2274:
2235:
2225:
2202:
2132:
2113:
2099:
2089:
2070:
2051:
2032:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1982:
1891:
1868:
1847:
1828:
1807:
1788:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1633:
1603:
1495:
1451:
1182:
1013:
856:
662:
443:
323:
306:. For this purpose, an IP address is recognized as consisting of two parts: the
132:
1750:
1727:
1701:
1682:
1161:
access beyond the LAN for all devices on the LAN, all devices may be impaired.
372:, because the first 24 bits of the IP address indicate the network and subnet.
2163:
1723:
1585:
1129:
955:), dubbed site-local addresses. However, the definition of what constituted a
295:
211:
contains the IP address of the sending host and that of the destination host.
2816:"Police now need a warrant to get a person's IP address, Supreme Court rules"
2786:
Internetworking with TCP/IP:Principles, Protocols, and Architectures – 4th ed
2694:
2563:
2653:"Retrospective IP Address Geolocation for Geography-Aware Internet Services"
2459:
2429:
2376:
1555:
1121:
56:
for communication. IP addresses serve two main functions: network interface
2712:
1466:
who can try the same IP address over and over until they breach a network.
2455:
851:
1618:
1575:
1559:
1547:
1344:
1019:
DHCP is not the only technology used to assign IP addresses dynamically.
162:
2686:
358:, respectively. The CIDR notation for the same IP address and subnet is
109:
in IPv6. The size of the routing prefix of the address is designated in
1563:
1514:
decided that IP addresses were protected private information under the
1357:
1309:
is associated with a group of interested receivers. In IPv4, addresses
1244:
940:
blocks with different implied policies. The addresses include a 40-bit
488:
224:
2677:
500:). The following table gives an overview of this now-obsolete system.
330:
determines how the IP address is divided into network and host parts.
2554:
2285:
2217:
2124:
2081:
2043:
1993:
1883:
1839:
1799:
1742:
1693:
1463:
1024:
682:
153:(RIRs) responsible in their designated territories for assignment to
71:
27:
Numerical label used to identify a network interface in an IP network
2426:"Get help with "There is an IP address conflict" message"
884:
change, without requiring internal redesign or manual renumbering.
871:) addresses. This is deemed sufficient for the foreseeable future.
1658:
1551:
850:
447:
385:
2729:. 25 January 2009. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009
2545:
1874:
1733:
1729:
Internet Protocol, DARPA Internet Program Protocol Specification
1140:
892:
381:
82:), using 128 bits for the IP address, was standardized in 1998.
79:
1132:. APIPA has been deployed on millions of machines and became a
74:
number. However, because of the growth of the Internet and the
1455:
1384:
1374:
1369:
to choose destinations. Anycast methods are useful for global
1176:
1905:
2201:
M. Cotton; L. Vegoda; R. Bonica; B. Haberman (April 2013).
2072:
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Addressing Architecture
342:. For example, an IPv4 address and its subnet mask may be
1343:
for multicast. In either case, the sender sends a single
947:
Early practices used a different block for this purpose (
310:
in the high-order bits and the remaining bits called the
2373:"IP Address Conflicts – What Is an IP Address Conflict?"
2340:"Event ID 4199 — TCP/IP Network Interface Configuration"
2308:"Event ID 4198 — TCP/IP Network Interface Configuration"
1263:. All receivers capture the network packet. The address
398:
An IPv4 address has a size of 32 bits, which limits the
1687:. DARPA, Information Sciences Institute. January 1980.
1401:
1128:(APIPA), whose first public implementation appeared in
2789:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 394.
2766:"What Is a Public IP Address? (and How to Find Yours)"
2541:
IANA Guidelines for IPv4 Multicast Address Assignments
2456:"Fix duplicate IP address conflicts on a DHCP network"
929:
is reserved for this block, which is divided into two
322:(IPv6), used for host numbering within a network. The
262:
in 1979, which however was never referred to as IPv5.
1007:
The address assigned with DHCP is associated with a
1000:Dynamic IP addresses are assigned by network using
2487:"Understanding And Resolving IP Address Conflicts"
2276:Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses
1870:Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification
1830:Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification
1790:Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification
195:An IP address serves two principal functions: it
2747:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
145:The IP address space is managed globally by the
1243:The most common concept of an IP address is in
1023:is a similar protocol and predecessor to DHCP.
131:, which is equivalent to the historically used
2273:S. Cheshire; B. Aboba; E. Guttman (May 2005).
438:. Each part represents a group of 8 bits (an
2538:M. Cotton; L. Vegoda; D. Meyer (March 2010).
697:automatically use a default address range of
8:
113:by suffixing the address with the number of
48:that is assigned to a device connected to a
2112:C. Huitema; B. Carpenter (September 2004).
1925:"Why does IP have versions? Why do I care?"
1211:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2249:"DHCP and Automatic Private IP Addressing"
2196:
2194:
899:(VoIP) and multimedia equipment, and some
426:IPv4 addresses are usually represented in
89:IP addresses are written and displayed in
2727:"IP geolocation (The NetOp Organization)"
2702:
2676:
2553:
2284:
2216:
2123:
2080:
2042:
1992:
1976:
1974:
1882:
1859:
1857:
1838:
1819:
1817:
1798:
1779:
1777:
1741:
1692:
1231:Learn how and when to remove this message
504:Historical classful network architecture
1984:Address Allocation for Private Internets
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1677:
1675:
731:
502:
242:and end-user organizations prompted the
2760:
2758:
2406:. Online Tech Tips Online-tech-tips.com
2031:R. Hinden; B. Haberman (October 2005).
1671:
1644:List of assigned /8 IPv4 address blocks
1517:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
832:Contiguous range of 256 Class C blocks
284:TUBA — Tcp & Udp with Big Addresses
2740:
855:Decomposition of an IPv6 address from
810:Contiguous range of 16 Class B blocks
390:Decomposition of an IPv4 address from
227:, the predecessor of the Internet, is
86:has been ongoing since the mid-2000s.
2466:from the original on 28 December 2014
2204:Special-Purpose IP Address Registries
1373:and are commonly used in distributed
733:Reserved private IPv4 network ranges
76:depletion of available IPv4 addresses
7:
1209:adding citations to reliable sources
1031:use dynamic address features of the
199:the host, or more specifically, its
2803:from the original on 13 April 2010.
2493:from the original on 2 October 2013
2404:"How to Fix an IP Address Conflict"
2152:Computers & Operations Research
2034:Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses
1002:Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
147:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
2894:Linux Network Administrators Guide
2891:"Interface Configuration for IP".
2485:Moran, Joseph (1 September 2010).
2432:. 22 November 2013. Archived from
2383:from the original on 13 April 2014
1578:utilities to accomplish the task.
1527:General Data Protection Regulation
1143:defined a formal standard for it.
1139:in the industry. In May 2005, the
859:representation to its binary value
70:(IPv4) defines an IP address as a
25:
1064:is the only device visible to an
419:(≈18 million addresses) and
221:versions of the Internet Protocol
2402:Kishore, Aseem (4 August 2009).
2115:Deprecating Site Local Addresses
1602:
1588:
1388:
1181:
693:into subnets; for example, many
294:IP networks may be divided into
236:exhaustion of IPv4 address space
2209:Internet Engineering Task Force
1953:"IPv4 and IPv6 address formats"
1478:environment or because an IPv4
1126:Automatic Private IP Addressing
475:of the address. Three classes (
423:(≈270 million addresses).
244:Internet Engineering Task Force
40:) is a numerical label such as
2513:"What is a broadcast address?"
1684:DOD Standard Internet Protocol
1356:Like broadcast and multicast,
667:Classless Inter-Domain Routing
234:By the early 1990s, the rapid
1:
2651:Komosny, Dan (22 July 2021).
2614:Holdener, Anthony T. (2011).
1827:; R. Hinden (December 1998).
1787:; R. Hinden (December 1995).
821:192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
487:) were defined for universal
280:PIP — The P Internet Protocol
169:and are not globally unique.
2146:Van Do, Tien (1 July 2010).
1446:, such as those reserved by
1124:developed a protocol called
1076:should not be confused with
238:available for assignment to
151:regional Internet registries
1610:Computer programming portal
976:Neighbor Discovery Protocol
915:(ULAs). The routing prefix
823:
798:
796:172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
773:
687:network address translation
248:Internet Protocol Version 6
229:Internet Protocol version 4
68:Internet Protocol version 4
2942:
2021:.
1480:network address translator
1476:shared web hosting service
1419:
1045:Sticky dynamic IP address
844:
379:
240:Internet service providers
159:Internet service providers
2279:. Network Working Group.
2164:10.1016/j.cor.2009.05.014
2118:. Network Working Group.
2075:. Network Working Group.
2037:. Network Working Group.
1987:. Network Working Group.
1867:; R. Hinden (July 2017).
1833:. Network Working Group.
1793:. Network Working Group.
1524:and are protected by the
1084:Address autoconfiguration
1066:Internet service provider
771:10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
155:local Internet registries
105:2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1
34:Internet Protocol address
18:Internet protocol address
2841:"What is personal data?"
1726:, ed. (September 1981).
1365:using the shortest-path
962:Addresses starting with
276:TP/IX: The Next Internet
272:Simple Internet Protocol
260:Internet Stream Protocol
179:(fixed or permanent) or
2783:Comer, Douglas (2000).
1512:Supreme Court of Canada
1363:Border Gateway Protocol
1033:Point-to-Point Protocol
78:, a new version of IP (
2017:. Updated by RFC
1544:command-line interface
985:IP address assignment
913:unique local addresses
860:
395:
382:IPv4 § Addressing
173:Network administrators
2178:"Reading: IP Address"
2007:Best Common Practice.
1906:"IPv4 Address Report"
854:
389:
2436:on 26 September 2013
1966:01 . 102 . 103 . 104
1422:Internet geolocation
1301:Multicast addressing
1252:Broadcast addressing
1205:improve this section
1147:Addressing conflicts
972:link-local addresses
689:(NAT), when needed.
428:dot-decimal notation
421:multicast addressing
392:dot-decimal notation
320:interface identifier
149:(IANA), and by five
2845:European Commission
2669:2021Senso..21.4975K
2462:. 15 October 2013.
2371:Mitchell, Bradley.
2009:Obsoletes RFC
1629:IP address spoofing
1624:IP address blocking
1522:European Commission
1510:In March 2024, the
1500:residential gateway
1470:Address translation
1432:geographic position
1261:all-hosts broadcast
942:pseudorandom number
901:networking hardware
734:
539:Number of addresses
505:
394:to its binary value
93:notations, such as
2517:IONOS Digitalguide
1654:Virtual IP address
1649:Reverse DNS lookup
1400:. You can help by
1352:Anycast addressing
1173:Unicast addressing
1029:broadband networks
1021:Bootstrap Protocol
995:dynamic IP address
861:
732:
503:
458:Subnetting history
396:
161:(ISPs), and other
2872:. 16 October 2017
2814:Zimonjic, Peter.
2796:978-0-13-018380-4
2678:10.3390/s21154975
2618:HTML5 Geolocation
1540:Microsoft Windows
1418:
1417:
1307:multicast address
1241:
1240:
1233:
1154:operating systems
1058:prefix delegation
991:static IP address
907:Private addresses
836:
835:
673:Private addresses
659:
658:
454:representations.
201:network interface
54:Internet Protocol
16:(Redirected from
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2320:. 26 August 2009
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2158:(7): 1191–1198.
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1910:ipv4.potaroo.net
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1558:systems may use
1534:Diagnostic tools
1444:private networks
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655:223.255.255.255
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465:classful network
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2253:Microsoft Learn
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2221:. BCP 153.
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1596:Internet portal
1594:
1587:
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1426:A host may use
1424:
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1398:needs expansion
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1159:default gateway
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785:Single Class A
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316:host identifier
292:
217:
193:
137:
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104:
103:
96:
95:
84:IPv6 deployment
60:, and location
43:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2939:
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2883:
2870:Microsoft Docs
2857:
2832:
2806:
2795:
2775:
2754:
2718:
2643:
2636:
2624:O'Reilly Media
2606:
2591:
2576:
2566:. BCP 51.
2530:
2504:
2477:
2447:
2417:
2394:
2363:
2349:Microsoft Docs
2331:
2317:Microsoft Docs
2299:
2265:
2240:
2190:
2169:
2138:
2104:
2069:(April 2003).
2057:
2023:
1970:
1944:
1923:DeLong, Owen.
1915:
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1583:
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1507:
1504:
1471:
1468:
1439:
1438:Public address
1436:
1430:to deduce the
1420:Main article:
1416:
1415:
1395:
1393:
1382:
1379:
1371:load balancing
1353:
1350:
1302:
1299:
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1250:
1239:
1238:
1189:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1171:
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1163:
1148:
1145:
1088:Address block
1085:
1082:
1046:
1043:
986:
983:
908:
905:
882:routing policy
877:routing tables
845:Main article:
842:
841:IPv6 addresses
839:
838:
837:
834:
833:
830:
822:
819:
818:192.168.0.0/16
816:
812:
811:
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797:
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544:Start address
542:
537:
532:
524:
515:
510:
467:architecture.
459:
456:
380:Main article:
377:
376:IPv4 addresses
374:
340:routing prefix
308:network prefix
291:
288:
216:
213:
192:
189:
91:human-readable
58:identification
52:that uses the
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2688:
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2679:
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2647:
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2639:
2637:9781449304720
2633:
2629:
2625:
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2619:
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2607:
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2600:
2595:
2592:
2589:
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2577:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2531:
2519:. 13 May 2022
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2492:
2489:. Webopedia.
2488:
2481:
2478:
2465:
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2300:
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2250:
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2214:
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2139:
2134:
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2126:
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2117:
2116:
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2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:Obsoleted by
2091:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1997:. BCP 5.
1995:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1964:1 . 2 . 3 . 4
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1933:
1926:
1919:
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1911:
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1901:
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1597:
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1554:and users of
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1542:provides the
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1403:
1399:
1396:This section
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1199:
1195:
1190:This section
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1170:
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1123:
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1059:
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1030:
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1017:
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1005:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
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982:
979:
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969:
960:
958:
954:
945:
943:
939:
928:
914:
906:
904:
902:
898:
897:voice over IP
894:
889:
885:
883:
878:
872:
858:
853:
848:
840:
831:
820:
817:
814:
813:
809:
795:
793:172.16.0.0/12
792:
789:
788:
784:
770:
767:
764:
763:
759:
758:
754:
749:
747:Address range
746:
743:
740:
737:
736:
730:
729:
728:
726:
712:
709:192.168.0.255
704:
696:
690:
688:
684:
679:
672:
670:
668:
664:
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429:
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422:
418:
401:
400:address space
393:
388:
383:
375:
373:
371:
357:
354:255.255.255.0
349:
341:
336:
331:
329:
328:CIDR notation
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
289:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
267:TCP protocols
263:
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245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
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214:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
190:
188:
186:
185:personal data
182:
178:
174:
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168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
138:255.255.255.0
134:
130:
116:
112:
111:CIDR notation
108:
101:in IPv4, and
100:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
35:
30:
19:
2926:IP addresses
2912:
2899:. Retrieved
2893:
2886:
2874:. Retrieved
2869:
2860:
2848:. Retrieved
2844:
2835:
2823:. Retrieved
2819:
2809:
2785:
2778:
2769:
2731:. Retrieved
2721:
2687:11012/200946
2663:(15): 4975.
2660:
2656:
2646:
2617:
2609:
2594:
2579:
2540:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2516:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2480:
2468:. Retrieved
2450:
2438:. Retrieved
2434:the original
2420:
2408:. Retrieved
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2366:
2354:. Retrieved
2347:
2334:
2322:. Retrieved
2315:
2302:
2275:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2252:
2243:
2203:
2181:. Retrieved
2172:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2114:
2107:
2071:
2060:
2033:
2026:
2006:
1983:
1960:
1956:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1931:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1869:
1829:
1789:
1728:
1683:
1639:IP multicast
1537:
1525:
1515:
1509:
1496:port numbers
1493:
1488:intermediary
1484:proxy server
1473:
1462:home, or by
1460:
1441:
1425:
1406:
1402:adding to it
1397:
1355:
1330:
1325:(the former
1318:
1310:
1304:
1296:
1287:
1273:
1264:
1260:
1257:Broadcasting
1255:
1242:
1227:
1221:January 2021
1218:
1203:Please help
1191:
1168:
1150:
1134:
1119:
1104:
1089:
1087:
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847:IPv6 address
815:16-bit block
790:20-bit block
765:24-bit block
760:description
755:
714:
706:
698:
695:home routers
691:
680:
676:
660:
547:End address
541:per network
536:of networks
527:
518:
497:
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2897:. June 2000
2497:23 November
2470:23 November
2440:23 November
2410:3 September
2387:23 November
2356:3 September
2324:3 September
2258:3 September
2230:Updated by
2065:R. Hinden;
1957:www.ibm.com
1755:Updated by
1634:IP aliasing
1570:, lanstat,
1486:acts as an
1428:geolocation
1381:Geolocation
1290:192.0.2.255
1092:169.254.0.0
1014:MAC address
857:hexadecimal
717:192.168.0.0
701:192.168.0.0
663:scalability
444:hexadecimal
335:subnet mask
324:subnet mask
296:subnetworks
290:Subnetworks
215:IP versions
133:subnet mask
2866:"ipconfig"
2626:. p.
2067:S. Deering
1962:addresses:
1937:24 January
1865:S. Deering
1825:S. Deering
1785:S. Deering
1666:References
1130:Windows 98
768:10.0.0.0/8
652:192.0.0.0
617:128.0.0.0
531:bit field
523:bit field
312:rest field
256:IP address
197:identifies
157:, such as
62:addressing
38:IP address
2876:25 August
2695:1424-8220
2564:2070-1721
2460:Microsoft
2430:Microsoft
2377:About.com
1724:J. Postel
1556:Unix-like
1482:(NAT) or
1409:July 2020
1377:systems.
1313:224.0.0.0
1276:192.0.2.0
1192:does not
1122:Microsoft
1027:and some
970:, called
752:addresses
750:Number of
434:192.0.2.1
362:192.0.2.1
346:192.0.2.1
333:The term
282:, and v9
209:IP packet
163:end users
121:192.0.2.1
97:192.0.2.1
44:192.0.2.1
2920:Category
2901:12 March
2820:CBC News
2801:Archived
2770:Lifewire
2743:cite web
2713:34372212
2491:Archived
2464:Archived
2381:Archived
2183:12 April
1932:Scale15x
1619:Hostname
1582:See also
1576:iproute2
1560:ifconfig
1548:ipconfig
1345:datagram
1317:through
1137:standard
1135:de facto
757:Classful
705:through
649:256 (2)
579:0.0.0.0
564:128 (2)
526:Size of
519:network
517:Size of
512:Leading
298:in both
231:(IPv4).
207:of each
191:Function
117:, e.g.,
2850:9 March
2825:9 March
2733:30 June
2704:8348169
2665:Bibcode
2657:Sensors
2344:TechNet
2312:TechNet
1564:netstat
1464:hackers
1358:anycast
1327:Class D
1245:unicast
1213:removed
1198:sources
1165:Routing
489:unicast
225:ARPANET
181:dynamic
2793:
2711:
2701:
2693:
2634:
2601:
2586:
2562:
2523:8 June
2234:
2098:
1759:
1574:, and
1546:tools
1450:
1367:metric
1333:ff00::
1107:fe80::
1078:static
1074:Sticky
1070:sticky
1062:router
1050:Sticky
1025:Dialup
966:fe80::
951:fec0::
919:fc00::
683:TCP/IP
534:Number
521:number
509:Class
483:, and
452:binary
205:header
177:static
72:32-bit
1928:(PDF)
1659:WHOIS
1572:fstat
1568:route
1552:netsh
1009:lease
865:3.403
744:block
514:bits
473:class
450:, or
448:octal
440:octet
318:, or
278:, v8
274:, v7
2903:2024
2878:2020
2852:2024
2827:2024
2791:ISBN
2749:link
2735:2024
2709:PMID
2691:ISSN
2632:ISBN
2603:4291
2588:2526
2571:5771
2560:ISSN
2546:IETF
2525:2022
2499:2013
2472:2013
2442:2013
2412:2023
2389:2013
2358:2023
2326:2023
2294:3927
2260:2023
2236:8190
2226:6890
2185:2024
2133:3879
2100:4291
2090:3513
2052:4193
2019:6761
2015:1597
2013:and
2011:1627
2002:1918
1939:2020
1892:8200
1875:IETF
1848:2460
1808:1883
1769:6864
1765:2474
1761:1349
1734:IETF
1550:and
1452:1918
1196:any
1194:cite
1141:IETF
957:site
893:IPv6
742:CIDR
738:Name
646:(2)
628:110
614:(2)
605:(2)
576:(2)
528:rest
496:and
350:and
304:IPv6
302:and
300:IPv4
219:Two
80:IPv6
2699:PMC
2683:hdl
2673:doi
2599:RFC
2584:RFC
2568:RFC
2550:doi
2291:RFC
2281:doi
2232:RFC
2223:RFC
2213:doi
2160:doi
2130:RFC
2120:doi
2096:RFC
2087:RFC
2077:doi
2049:RFC
2039:doi
1999:RFC
1989:doi
1889:RFC
1879:doi
1845:RFC
1835:doi
1805:RFC
1795:doi
1757:RFC
1751:791
1748:RFC
1738:doi
1702:760
1699:RFC
1689:doi
1506:Law
1456:ISP
1448:RFC
1404:.
1375:DNS
1286:is
1207:by
1054:can
827:536
805:576
802:048
780:216
777:777
727:).
643:152
640:097
631:24
611:536
602:384
596:16
593:16
590:10
573:216
570:777
561:24
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409:967
406:294
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326:or
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713:(
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498:C
494:B
492:(
485:C
481:B
477:A
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365:/
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36:(
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