1235:. The system is a set of two devices running on 7.5 volt batteries. One device, the voting Unit is used by the voter, and another device called the control unit is operated by the electoral officer. Both units are connected by a five-metre cable. The voting unit has a blue button for each candidate. The unit can hold 16 candidates, but up to four units can be chained, to accommodate 64 candidates. The control unit has three buttons on the surface – one button to release a single vote, one button to see the total number of votes cast till now, and one button to close the election process. The result button is hidden and sealed. It cannot be pressed unless the close button has already been pressed. A controversy was raised when the voting machine malfunctioned which was shown in Delhi assembly. On 9 April 2019, the Supreme Court ordered the ECI to increase
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Kempsey ward, where the margin between the last elected and first non-elected candidates was only 69 votes, the electoral commission determined that the outage caused a 60% chance that the wrong final candidate was elected. Singleton had a 40% chance of having elected the wrong councillor, Shellharbour was a 7% chance and two other races were impacted by a sub-1% chance of having elected the wrong candidate. The NSW Supreme Court ordered the elections in
Kempsey, Singleton and Shellharbour Ward A to be re-run. In the 2022 Kempsey re-vote the highest placed non-elected candidate from 2021, Dean Saul, was instead one of the first councillors elected. This failure caused the NSW Government to suspend the iVote system from use in the
1518:'s demographics require them under U.S. federal election law to provide ballot access in Chinese. With any type of paper ballot, the county has to decide how many Chinese-language ballots to print, how many to make available at each polling place, etc. Any strategy that can assure that Chinese-language ballots will be available at all polling places is certain, at the very least, to result in a significant number of wasted ballots. (The situation with lever machines would be even worse than with paper: the only apparent way to reliably meet the need would be to set up a Chinese-language lever machine at each polling place, few of which would be used at all.)
1678:(NIST) states, "Simply put, the DRE architecture’s inability to provide for independent audits of its electronic records makes it a poor choice for an environment in which detecting errors and fraud is important." The report does not represent the official position of NIST, and misinterpretations of the report has led NIST to explain that "Some statements in the report have been misinterpreted. The draft report includes statements from election officials, voting system vendors, computer scientists and other experts in the field about what is potentially possible in terms of attacks on DREs. However, these statements are not report conclusions."
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independent from the hardware and software running the election. Three aspects of verifiability are considered: individual, universal, and eligibility. Individual verifiability allows a voter to check that her own vote is included in the election outcome, universal verifiability allows voters or election observers to check that the election outcome corresponds to the votes cast, and eligibility verifiability allows voters and observers to check that each vote in the election outcome was cast by a uniquely registered voter.
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20% of e-votes came from voters between the ages of 45 and 54. This goes to show that e-voting is not supported exclusively by the younger generations, but finding some popularity amongst Gen X and Baby
Boomers as well. In terms of electoral results as well, the expectation that online voting would favor younger candidates has not been borne out in the data, with mayors in Ontario, Canada who were elected in online elections actually being slightly older on average than those elected by pencil and paper.
1196:. After the election it produces a tabulation of the voting data stored in a removable memory component and as a printed copy. The system may also provide a means for transmitting individual ballots or vote totals to a central location for consolidating and reporting results from precincts at the central location. These systems use a precinct count method that tabulates ballots at the polling place. They typically tabulate ballots as they are cast and print the results after the close of polling.
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1510:. Systems which use them exclusively are called DRE voting systems. When electronic ballots are used there is no risk of exhausting the supply of ballots. Additionally, these electronic ballots remove the need for printing of paper ballots, a significant cost. When administering elections in which ballots are offered in multiple languages (in some areas of the United States, public elections are required by the
1709:-verified, the record itself must be verified by the voter and able to be done without assistance, such as visually or audibly. If the voter must use a bar-code scanner or other electronic device to verify, then the record is not truly voter-verifiable, since it is actually the electronic device that is verifying the record for the voter. VVPAT is the form of Independent Verification most commonly found in
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1701:(VVPAT) concept (as described in her Ph.D. dissertation in October 2000 on the basic voter verifiable ballot system), proposes to answer the auditability question by having the voting machine print a paper ballot or other paper facsimile that can be visually verified by the voter before being entered into a secure location. Subsequently, this is sometimes referred to as the "
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already an established part of local referendums, voters get their passwords to access the ballot through the postal service. Most voters in
Estonia can cast their vote in local and parliamentary elections, if they want to, via the Internet, as most of those on the electoral roll have access to an e-voting system, the largest run by any
3814:"The OSCE/ODIHR EAM was made aware of a program that could, if it was running on a voter’s computer, change the vote without the possibility for the voter to detect it. The case was brought to the attention of the project manager who assessed this threat to be theoretically plausible but nearly impossible to implement in reality."
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Since a single vote has the potential to tilt a group decision, prevention of sybil attacks is an important priority in ensuring the security of voting. Sybil attacks are a common issue with implementations on open, peer-to-peer networks, as the system must have a way to prevent fake identities to prevent gaming of the vote.
3614:"Electronic ballot return faces significant security risks to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of voted ballots. These risks can ultimately affect the tabulation and results and, can occur at scale... Even with ... technical security considerations, electronic ballot return remains a high-risk activity."
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save time and cost by being able to vote independently from their location. This may increase overall voter turnout. The citizen groups benefiting most from electronic elections are the ones living abroad, citizens living in rural areas far away from polling stations and the disabled with mobility impairments.
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The solution was first demonstrated (New York City, March 2001) and used (Sacramento, California 2002) by AVANTE International
Technology, Inc.. In 2004 Nevada was the first state to successfully implement a DRE voting system that printed an electronic record. The $ 9.3 million voting system provided
1562:, a ballot system using physical markers to indicate where a mark should be made, to vote a secret paper ballot. These ballots can be designed identically to those used by other voters. However, other disabled voters (including voters with dexterity disabilities) could be unable to use these ballots.
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Critics argue the need for extra ballots in any language can be mitigated by providing a process to print ballots at voting locations. They argue further, the cost of software validation, compiler trust validation, installation validation, delivery validation and validation of other steps related to
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country. It has been made possible because most
Estonians carry a national identity card equipped with a computer-readable microchip and it is these cards which they use to get access to the online ballot. All a voter needs is a computer, an electronic card reader, their ID card and its PIN, and they
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but have been decommissioned after public concerns. In Brazil, the use of DRE voting machines has been associated with a decrease in error-ridden and uncounted votes, promoting a larger enfranchisement of mainly less educated people in the electoral process, shifting government spending toward public
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During the 2021 NSW Local
Government Elections the online voting system "iVote" had technical issues that caused some access problems for some voters. Analysis done of these failures indicated a significant chance of the outages having impacted on the electoral results for the final positions. In the
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through the use of personal voting devices sometime in the 22nd century AD. The practice gave rise to a 'voting class' of citizens composed mostly of homemakers and retirees who tended to be at home all day. Because they had the most free time to participate in voting, their opinions ultimately came
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Cost of having electronic machines receive the voter's choices, print a ballot and scan the ballots to tally results is higher than the cost of printing blank ballots, having voters mark them directly (with machine-marking only when voters want it) and scanning ballots to tally results, according to
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Various technologies can be used to assure DRE voters that their votes were cast correctly, and allow officials to detect possible fraud or malfunction, and to provide a means to audit the tabulated results. Some systems include technologies such as cryptography (visual or mathematical), paper (kept
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to replace old machines with more secure models with modern cybersecurity protections. By 2020, 93% of U.S. votes had a paper record, and only 0.5 percent of jurisdictions reported using electronic voting machines without paper audit trails. This reduced the risk of undetected cyber interference or
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varies and may include voting machines in polling places, centralized tallying of paper ballots, and internet voting. Many countries use centralized tallying. Some also use electronic voting machines in polling places. Very few use internet voting. Several countries have tried electronic approaches
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The concept of election verifiability through cryptographic solutions has emerged in the academic literature to introduce transparency and trust in electronic voting systems. It allows voters and election observers to verify that votes have been recorded, tallied and declared correctly, in a manner
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by having a protocol that verifies proof of identities using social interactions would allow a community of users to assign corresponding levels of trusts to different candidates in relation with others. However, this would require a fully decentralized system. This web-of-trust protocol could even
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Moreover, people without internet or the skills to use it are excluded from the service. The so-called digital divide describes the gap between those who have access to the internet and those who do not. Depending on the country or even regions in a country the gap differs. This concern is expected
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between him and the highly favored establishment candidate—a plot line that closely parallels the actual results of the 2003 election. When the private-eye protagonist of the book investigates at the behest of a powerful
Chinatown businesswoman, he determines that the outcome was rigged by someone
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Electronic voting requires capital spending every few years to update equipment, as well as annual spending for maintenance, security, and supplies. If it works well, its speed can be an advantage where many contests are on each ballot. Hand-counting is more feasible in parliamentary systems where
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Electronic voting is perceived to be favored moreover by a certain demographic, namely the younger generation such as
Generation X and Y voters. However, in recent elections about a quarter of e-votes were cast by the older demographic, such as individuals over the age of 55. Including this, about
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It has been argued political parties that have more support from less-wealthy voters—who tend to have less access to and familiarity with the
Internet—may suffer in the elections due to e-voting, which tends to increase participation among wealthier voters. It is unsure as to whether narrowing the
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An audit system can be used in measured random recounts to detect possible malfunction or fraud. With the VVPAT method, the paper ballot is often treated as the official ballot of record. In this scenario, the ballot is primary and the electronic records are used only for an initial count. In any
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ballot voting systems must support auditability in different ways. An independently auditable system, sometimes called an
Independent Verification, can be used in recounts or audits. These systems can include the ability for voters to verify how their votes were cast or enable officials to verify
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Electronic voting machines can be made fully accessible for persons with disabilities. Punched card and optical scan machines are not fully accessible for the blind or visually impaired, and lever machines can be difficult for voters with limited mobility and strength. Electronic machines can use
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One of the biggest weaknesses of online voting is the difficulty of dealing with fake identities, especially when voting is implemented using software without the cooperation of some kind of government agency. These attacks use sybils—fake or duplicate identities—to influence community decisions.
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between higher and lower socioeconomic classes. People who lived greater distances from polling areas voted at higher levels with this service now available. The 2007 Estonian elections yielded a higher voter turnout from those who lived in higher income regions and who received formal education.
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Electronic voting technology intends to speed the counting of ballots, reduce the cost of paying staff to count votes manually and can provide improved accessibility for disabled voters. Also in the long term, expenses are expected to decrease. Results can be reported and published faster. Voters
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released a report titled "Electronic Voting Offers Opportunities and Presents Challenges", analyzing both the benefits and concerns created by electronic voting. A second report was released in September 2005 detailing some of the concerns with electronic voting, and ongoing improvements, titled
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resulted in an average increase in turnout of around 3.5 percentage points. Similarly, a further study of the Swiss case found that while online voting did not increase overall turnout, it did induce some occasional voters to participate who would have abstained were online voting not an option.
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Electronic voting systems may offer advantages compared to other voting techniques. An electronic voting system can be involved in any one of a number of steps in the setup, distributing, voting, collecting, and counting of ballots, and thus may or may not introduce advantages into any of these
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Corporations and organizations routinely use Internet voting to elect officers and board members and for other proxy elections. Internet voting systems have been used privately in many modern nations and publicly in the United States, the UK, Switzerland and Estonia. In Switzerland, where it is
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A public network DRE voting system is an election system that uses electronic ballots and transmits vote data from the polling place to another location over a public network. Vote data may be transmitted as individual ballots as they are cast, periodically as batches of ballots throughout the
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The effects of internet voting on overall voter turnout are unclear. A 2017 study of online voting in two Swiss cantons found that it had no effect on turnout, and a 2009 study of Estonia's national election found similar results. To the contrary, however, the introduction of online voting in
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mandated that one handicapped accessible voting system be provided per polling place, which most jurisdictions have chosen to satisfy with the use of DRE voting machines, some switching entirely over to DRE. In 2004, 28.9% of the registered voters in the United States used some type of direct
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Krimmer R., Duenas-Cid D., Krivonosova I., Vinkel P., Koitmae A. (2018) How Much Does an e-Vote Cost? Cost Comparison per Vote in Multichannel Elections in Estonia. In: Krimmer R. et al. (eds) Electronic Voting. E-Vote-ID 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 11143. Springer, Cham.
1938:, the character played by Williams—a comedic host of political talk show—wins the election for President of the United States when a software error in the electronic voting machines produced by the fictional manufacturer Delacroy causes votes to be tallied inaccurately.
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and auditability, electronic voting has been criticized as unnecessary and expensive to introduce. While countries like India continue to use electronic voting, several countries have cancelled e-voting systems or decided against a large-scale rollout, notably the
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and other organizations, election officials also took steps to harden voting systems against potential cyberattacks. This included training election officials, sharing threat intelligence, and establishing secure systems for vote transmission and counting.
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technique, and thus even sealing DRE machines may not be sufficient protection. This claim is countered by the position that review and testing procedures can detect fraudulent code or hardware, if such things are present, and that a thorough, verifiable
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is to produce evidence that the votes were recorded as cast and tabulated as recorded. Election results produced by voting systems that rely on voter-marked paper ballots can be verified with manual hand counts (either valid sampling or full recounts).
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Online voting is widely used privately for shareholder votes, and other private organizations. The election management companies do not promise accuracy or privacy. In fact one company uses an individual's past votes for research, and to target ads.
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927:. Cases were reported at the time of machines making unpredictable, inconsistent errors. The expert consensus centered on three primary solutions: the openness of a system to public examination from outside experts, the creation of an authenticable
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920:," he said, and "software used on DRE machines must be open to public scrutiny" to ensure the accuracy of the voting system. Verifiable ballots are necessary because computers can and do malfunction and because voting machines can be compromised.
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subsequent recounts or challenges, the paper, not the electronic ballot, would be used for tabulation. Whenever a paper record serves as the legal ballot, that system will be subject to the same benefits and concerns as any paper ballot system.
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Expenses for the installation of an electronic voting system are high. For some governments they may be too high so that they do not invest. This aspect is even more important if it is not sure whether electronic voting is a long-term solution.
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can provide the voter with a receipt that can be taken home. This receipt does not allow voters to prove to others how they voted, but it does allow them to verify that the system detected their vote correctly. End-to-end (E2E) systems include
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In 2013, researchers from Europe proposed that the electronic voting systems should be coercion evident. There should be a public evidence of the amount of coercion that took place in a particular elections. An internet voting system called
1223:(EVM) for its elections to its parliament with 380 million voters casting their ballots using more than one million voting machines. The Indian EVMs are designed and developed by two government-owned defence equipment manufacturing units,
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election day, or as one batch at the close of voting. Public network DRE voting system can utilize either precinct count or central count method. The central count method tabulates ballots from multiple precincts at a central location.
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1514:), electronic ballots can be programmed to provide ballots in multiple languages for a single machine. The advantage with respect to ballots in different languages appears to be unique to electronic voting. For example,
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A worthy e-voting system must perform most of these tasks while complying with a set of standards established by regulatory bodies, and must also be capable to deal successfully with strong requirements associated with
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may be limited to marking a paper ballot, or may be a comprehensive system of vote input, vote recording, data encryption and transmission to servers, and consolidation and tabulation of election results.
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3558:"Secure Internet voting will likely not be feasible in the near future... At the present time, the Internet (or any network connected to the Internet) should not be used for the return of marked ballots"
1973:. Filmed over three years, it documents American citizens investigating anomalies and irregularities with electronic voting systems that occurred during America's 2000 and 2004 elections, especially in
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Nedap-computers used till then did not fulfill that requirement. The decision did not ban electronic voting as such, but requires all essential steps in elections to be subject to public examinability.
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Siddarth, Divya; Ivliev, Sergey; Siri, Santiago; Berman, Paula (13 October 2020). "Who Watches the Watchmen? A Review of Subjective Approaches for Sybil-resistance in Proof of Personhood Protocols".
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1817:" ("We do not trust voting machines"), charge that, for instance, foreign hardware could be inserted into the machine, or between the user and the central mechanism of the machine itself, using a
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estimates that 1 million more ballots were counted in the 2004 US presidential election than in 2000 because electronic voting machines detected votes that paper-based machines would have missed.
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Internet voting can use remote locations (voting from any Internet capable computer) or can use traditional polling locations with voting booths consisting of Internet connected voting systems.
938:(VVPATs). These paper records allow election officials to conduct audits and recounts, significantly enhancing transparency and security. Congress provided $ 380 million in funding through the
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1239:(VVPAT) slips vote count to five randomly selected EVMs per assembly constituency, which means ECI has to count VVPAT slips of 20,625 EVMs before it certifies the final election results.
719:). It may encompass a range of Internet services, from basic transmission of tabulated results to full-function online voting through common connectable household devices. The degree of
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Systems that allow the voter to prove how they voted are never used in U.S. public elections, and are outlawed by most state constitutions. The primary concerns with this solution are
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each level of government is elected at different times, and only one contest is on each ballot, for the national or regional member of parliament, or for a local council member.
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A paper on “remote electronic voting and turnout in the Estonian 2007 parliamentary elections” showed that rather than eliminating inequalities, e-voting might have enhanced the
1275:, and Switzerland as well as municipal elections in Canada and party primary elections in the United States and France. Internet voting has also been widely used in sub-national
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Polling place electronic voting or Internet voting examples have taken place in Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Estonia, France, Germany, India, Italy, Namibia, the Netherlands (
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e-voting which is physically supervised by representatives of governmental or independent electoral authorities (e.g. electronic voting machines located at polling stations);
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that a lack of testing, inadequate audit procedures, and insufficient attention given to system or process design with electronic voting leaves "elections open to error and
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Gurchetan S Grewal, Mark D Ryan, Sergiu Bursuc, Peter Y A Ryan. Caveat Coercitor: coercion-evidence in electronic voting. 34th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2013
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Proceedings of Electronic Voting in Europe Technology, Law, Politics and Society. Lecture Notes in Informatics. Workshop of the ESF TED Programme Together with GI and OCG
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found that when using voting machines the "verification of the result must be possible by the citizen reliably and without any specialist knowledge of the subject." The
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Security experts have found security problems in every attempt at online voting, including systems in Australia, Estonia, Switzerland, Russia, and the United States.
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Smartphones are the mainstream for online voting used by the Japanese private sector, but e-voting is not possible due to the law in public office elections in Japan.
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replaced largely punched card voting systems and were chosen after feedback was solicited from the community through town hall meetings and input solicited from the
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Still regarding the Estonian Internet voting system, it was proved to be more cost-efficient than the rest of the voting systems offered in 2017 local elections.
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Halderman, J. Alex, and Vanessa Teague (13 August 2015). "The New South Wales iVote System: Security Failures and Verification Flaws in a Live Online Election".
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have criticized the accessibility of electronic voting machines and advocate alternatives. Some disabled voters (including the visually impaired) could use a
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remote e-voting via the Internet (also called i-voting) where the voter submits his or her vote electronically to the election authorities, from any location.
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published a study showing that, to change the outcome of the 2000 U.S. presidential election, only 2 votes in each precinct would have needed to be changed.
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Di Franco, A., Petro, A., Shear, E., and Vladimirov, V. 2004. Small vote manipulations can swing elections. Commun. ACM 47, 10 (Oct. 2004), 43–45. DOI=
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Poulos, John, et al. "System, method and computer program for vote tabulation with an electronic audit trail." U.S. Patent No. 8,195,505. 5 June 2012.
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Election Assistance Commission, National Institute of Standards and Technology, FBI, Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (11 May 2020).
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expand to allowing candidates to provide proof of personhood by physical attendance, which could lead to trusted clusters that grow into communities.
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claimed that computer security experts at the time were "unanimous on what to do" about concerns regarding electronic voting. "DRE machines must have
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systems debuted. Their first widespread use was in the US where 7 counties switched to this method for the 1964 presidential election. The newer
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by the voter or verified and left with election officials), audio verification, and dual recording or witness systems (other than with paper).
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Jardí-Cedó, Roger; Pujol-Ahulló, Jordi; Castellà-Roca, Jordi; Viejo, Alexandre (2012). "Study on Poll-Site Voting and Verification Systems".
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1494:"Federal Efforts to Improve Security and Reliability of Electronic Voting Systems Are Under Way, but Key Activities Need to Be Completed".
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Internet voting systems have gained popularity and have been used for government and membership organization elections and referendums in
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There are also hybrid systems that include an electronic ballot marking device (usually a touch screen system similar to a DRE) or other
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Federal Efforts to Improve Security and Reliability of Electronic Voting Systems Are Under Way, but Key Activities Need to Be Completed
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Springall, Drew; Finkenauer, Travis; Durumeric, Zakir; Kitcat, Jason; Hursti, Harri; MacAlpine, Margaret; Halderman, Alex (2014),
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Internet Voting and the Equity of Participatory Budgeting Outcomes: A Study of New York City's Participatory Budgeting Initiative
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Several major reforms took place after the 2016 U.S. election, including the widespread adoption of voting machines that produce
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electronic voting is complex and expensive, thus electronic ballots are not guaranteed to be less costly than printed ballots.
1459:, then use a separate machine for electronic tabulation. Hybrid voting often includes both e-voting and mail-in paper ballots.
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display provided with mechanical or electro-optical components that can be activated by the voter (typically buttons or a
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3667:. International Conference on E-Voting and Identity. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9269. pp. 35–53.
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2382:. Retrieved 10 June 2019 from www.academia.edu/35246981/Advantages_and_Disadvantages_of_e-Voting_The_Estonian_Experience
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and others demonstrates that existing seals can usually be quickly defeated by a trained person using low-tech methods.
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steps. Potential disadvantages exist as well including the potential for flaws or weakness in any electronic component.
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Lalley, Steven; Weyl, E. Glen (24 December 2017). "Quadratic Voting: How Mechanism Design Can Radicalize Democracy".
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came systems where paper cards or sheets could be marked by hand, but counted electronically. These systems included
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should be publicly available for inspection. Others have also suggested publishing voting machine software under a
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Electronic voting machines are able to provide immediate feedback to the voter detecting such possible problems as
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779:, or the Internet. The functions of electronic voting depends primarily on what the organizers intent to achieve.
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Douglas W. Jones; Lorrie Faith Cranor; Rebecca T. Mercuri; Peter G. Neumann (2003). A. Gritzalis, Dimitris (ed.).
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Zissis, D.; Lekkas (April 2011). "Securing e-Government and e-Voting with an open cloud computing architecture".
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5120:"Open Rights Group - ORG verdict on London Elections: "Insufficient evidence" to declare confidence in results"
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would promote equal voting opportunities for people across various social, economic, and ethnic backgrounds.
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which collect and tabulate votes in a single machine, are used by all voters in all elections in Brazil and
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4293:"New methodology for calculating cost-efficiency of different ways of voting: is internet voting cheaper?"
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3231:
2113:
1771:
1220:
1212:
1138:
1037:
519:
420:
301:
4730:. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization. pp. 572–579.
4726:
Shahaf, Gal; Shapiro, Ehud; Talmon, Nimrod (August 2019). "Sybil-Resilient Reality-Aware Social Choice".
2727:"'Angry and disappointed' voters in three NSW local government areas forced back to the polls on July 30"
923:
Concerns regarding security lapses in aging voting machines came to a head shortly before and during the
881:. As of 2023, Brazil is the only country in which all elections are conducted through electronic voting.
6153:
5282:
5045:
Chaum, David; Peter Y. A. Ryan; Steve Schneider (2005). "A Practical Voter-Verifiable Election Scheme".
4912:
3349:
3277:
2030:
1997:
1851:
1737:
1200:
1122:
943:
374:
359:
258:
5416:
2392:
1977:. The film investigates the flawed integrity of electronic voting machines, particularly those made by
1630:
was formed to maintain efforts toward publicly owned General Public License open source voting systems
6199:
5263:
2419:
1869:
1640:
1133:
system similar to a DRE. Systems including a ballot marking device can incorporate different forms of
5470:
5074:
Kremer, Steve; Mark Ryan; Ben Smyth (2010). "Election verifiability in electronic voting protocols".
4406:"Maine system combined with shareholder-style voting could overcome false fraud fears, boost turnout"
2040:
1986:
1452:
1134:
1103:
1099:
1088:
670:
5059:
1779:
1559:
5018:
4589:
1954:
1544:
1435:
1141:
415:
5500:
5239:
2290:
1592:
6271:
6193:
4784:
4386:
4163:
4101:
3783:
3668:
3585:
3317:
3202:
2874:
1803:
1748:
1619:
1534:
A Hart eSlate DRE voting machine with jelly buttons for people with manual dexterity disabilities
1192:); that processes data with computer software; and that records voting data and ballot images in
1157:
1033:
626:
585:
175:
160:
114:
109:
82:
5313:"Pilot Study of the Scantegrity II Voting System Planned for the 2009 Takoma Park City Election"
2148:
1729:
967:, Ireland, Germany and the United Kingdom due to issues in reliability or transparency of EVMs.
3099:
2756:
2195:"Res. 9597 Philippines concerning grid power requirements for various needs including i-voting"
5907:
5671:
5559:
4766:
4762:
4741:
4650:
4378:
4257:
4216:
4155:
3773:
3686:
3643:
3575:
3329:
3325:
3257:
3253:
3192:
2864:
2829:
2592:
2540:"Wichita State mathematician says Kansas voting machines need to be audited to check accuracy"
1966:
1775:
1604:
1511:
729:
595:
575:
514:
463:
344:
296:
230:
145:
124:
119:
36:
5392:
5212:
3155:
2399:
2346:
2327:
1736:
is an add-on that extends current optical scan voting systems with an E2E layer. The city of
6227:
5535:
5380:
4853:
4731:
4527:
4368:
4304:
4247:
4206:
4147:
4093:
3765:
3678:
3567:
3529:
3309:
3184:
2856:
2819:
2270:
2001:
1958:
1823:
1798:
1763:
1685:
A Diebold Election Systems, Inc. model AccuVote-TSx DRE voting machine with VVPAT attachment
1257:
1084:
776:
529:
458:
410:
253:
239:
6167: – a comprehensive list of research relating to technology use in elections
4621:"Retail Shareholder Participation in the Proxy Process: Monitoring, Engagement, and Voting"
3954:. Financial Cryptography 2020 – via International Financial Cryptography Association.
2849:
1416:. On election day itself people have to go to polling stations and fill in a paper ballot.
1071:
6256:
6206:
5399:
5376:
5269:
5219:
5150:"Ruling of the Second Senate of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, 3 March 2009"
4986:
4968:
4962:
4951:
4938:
4899:
4879:
4860:
4837:
4728:
Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
3362:
3290:
3100:"SC Directs ECI To Increase VVPAT Verification From One EVM To Five EVMs Per Constituency"
2406:
2396:
2334:
2296:
2086:
2025:
1919:
To this date no Free or Open Source electronic voting systems have been used in elections.
1810:
1694:
1608:
1507:
1193:
959:
663:
653:
580:
563:
499:
425:
379:
77:
6000:
https://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/dont-let-proprietary-digital-voting-disrupt-democracy
3250:"Effects of the Internet on Participation: Study of a Public Policy Referendum in Brazil"
2322:
Cook, T. (7 December 2016). How Electronic Voting Works: Pros and Cons vs. paper Voting.
971:
to become less important in future since the number of internet users tends to increase.
5337:
4979:
3248:
Spada, Paolo; Mellon, Jonathan; Peixoto, Tiago; Sjoberg, Fredrik M. (26 February 2015).
1782:
component. The new systems, implemented under the direction of then Secretary of State
1681:
6011:
3816:
2045:
1935:
1843:
1741:
1702:
1667:
1662:
1588:
1404:
1303:
1287:
1181:
1163:
1126:
1107:
1062:
1025:
913:
874:
741:
524:
468:
273:
268:
213:
208:
5866:
3070:"Supreme Court: Count VVPAT slips of 5 booths in each assembly seat | India News"
3007:
2808:"Voting Technology, Political Responsiveness, and Infant Health: Evidence From Brazil"
648:
6265:
5456:
4390:
4167:
4105:
3758:
Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security
3589:
3321:
1827:
1548:
1434:
Some future possible avenues of inquiries include to investigate more intersectional
1167:
1058:
909:
903:
899:
878:
745:
621:
539:
534:
194:
170:
165:
87:
4252:
4235:
4097:
3756:
3500:"Democracy Live internet voting: unsurprisingly insecure, and surprisingly insecure"
3206:
1474:
ISG TopVoter, a machine designed specifically to be used by voters with disabilities
6170:
4830:
4195:"Reducing the Cost of Voting: An Evaluation of Internet Voting's Effect on Turnout"
3787:
2878:
2669:
2636:
2378:, N. K. (n.d.). Advantages and Disadvantages of e-Voting: The Estonian Experience.
2137:
1946:
1752:
1540:
1439:
1425:
1413:
1130:
760:
616:
600:
548:
439:
430:
405:
185:
150:
5618:
4309:
4292:
1172:
Electronic voting in the United States § Direct-recording electronic counting
793:
Many countries have used electronic voting for at least some elections, including
6037:
2246:
Buchsbaum, T. (2004). "E-voting: International developments and lessons learnt".
1125:
or electronic ballot marker that allows voters to make their selections using an
6244:
5806:
5176:"German Federal Constitutional Court, Press release no. 19/2009 of 3 March 2009"
4558:
4016:"'Sloppy' Mobile Voting App Used in Four States Has 'Elementary' Security Flaws"
3682:
3188:
2096:
2020:
1906:
and stopped because of difficulties or concerns about security and reliability.
1847:
1783:
1733:
1725:
1263:
1189:
1045:
1024:
Electronic voting systems for electorates have been in use since the 1960s when
964:
866:
858:
850:
842:
753:
699:
590:
473:
453:
180:
6231:
5690:
Ron McCallum, 'Participating in Political and Public life' (2011) 32 AltLJ 80.
3980:
3817:"ESTONIA PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS OSCE/ODIHR Election Assessment Mission Report"
1917:), Norway, Peru, Switzerland, the UK, Venezuela, Pakistan and the Philippines.
1231:(ECIL). Both systems are identical, and are developed to the specifications of
17:
6196:
summary of current technology status in the states of the U.S., as of May 2008
4373:
4356:
4276:
4211:
4194:
4151:
3407:
3126:"When the SC Says No for Software Audit Review of EVMs & VVPAT at Present"
2860:
2274:
2125:
2035:
838:
802:
720:
448:
316:
140:
100:
5911:
5522:
4736:
4382:
4261:
4220:
4159:
3946:
3752:
2833:
1872:, which are conducted on the Election Day with randomly picked machines. The
5836:
4357:"Does the Introduction of Online Voting Create Diversity in Representation?"
3769:
3181:
Fifteen Years of Internet Voting in Switzerland: History, Governance and Use
2172:
2153:
1721:
1580:
1145:
1041:
798:
794:
96:
4872:
3305:
3249:
1279:
processes, including in Brazil, France, United States, Portugal and Spain.
5581:"Here's What Vendors Say It Would Cost To Replace Georgia's Voting System"
5417:"Nedap/Groenendaal ES3B voting computer a security analysis (chapter 7.1)"
4892:
4405:
4234:
Petitpas, Adrien; Jaquet, Julien M.; Sciarini, Pascal (12 November 2020).
1530:
1438:
systems that aren't directly blockchain-based. For example, extending the
4849:
3313:
2108:
2058:
1962:
who defeated the security on the city's newly installed e-voting system.
1584:
870:
846:
733:
349:
4702:"Liberal Radicalism: Can Quadratic Voting Be the Perfect Voting System?"
4134:
Alvarez, R. Michael; Hall, Thad E.; Trechsel, Alexander H. (July 2009).
2855:. Advances in Information Security. Vol. 7. Springer New York, NY.
1830:
are commonly employed in an attempt to detect tampering, but testing by
709:
Depending on the particular implementation, e-voting may use standalone
4939:
Protecting the Integrity and Accessibility of Voting in 2004 and Beyond
4437:"Standing Voting Instructions: Empowering the Excluded Retail Investor"
2080:
1982:
1295:
1272:
1137:. In 2004, Open Voting Consortium demonstrated the 'Dechert Design', a
1076:
947:
machine malfunction by enabling verification through physical ballots.
822:
806:
737:
2824:
2807:
1470:
1207:
51:
6249:
6188:
5750:"e-Democracy entrepreneur: 'Online voting will boom in coming years'"
5369:
5094:"ORG Election Report highlights problems with voting technology used"
3618:"RISK MANAGEMENT FOR ELECTRONIC BALLOT DELIVERY, MARKING, AND RETURN"
3465:
3435:
3376:
2613:"Protecting the 2016 Elections from Cyber and Voting Machine Attacks"
2455:
1591:. This immediate feedback can be helpful in successfully determining
1185:
1095:
854:
818:
814:
810:
772:
703:
695:
68:
43:
5076:
ESORICS'10: 15th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security
5047:
ESORICS'05: 10th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security
768:
6103:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
5642:"Pennsylvania Counties' New Voting Systems Selections: An Analysis"
4789:
3948:
Breaking the Encryption Scheme of the Moscow Internet Voting System
3673:
3571:
2989:
1067:
Electronic voting in the United States § Optical scan counting
1044:
and the United States. They have been used on a large scale in the
5005:
3885:"Researchers Find Critical Backdoor in Swiss Online Voting System"
2777:"Re-evaluation of the Use of Electronic Voting in the Netherlands"
2119:
2092:
1797:
1680:
1529:
1469:
1262:
1206:
1070:
1020:
Counting ballots by an optical scanner, San Jose, California, 2018
1006:
862:
834:
830:
826:
4136:"Internet Voting in Comparative Perspective: The Case of Estonia"
1643:" shows how coercion evidence in voting systems can be achieved.
904:
Vote counting § Errors in direct-recording electronic voting
6211:
5536:"Georgia State Election Technology Acquisition, A Reality Check"
4291:
Krimmer, Robert; Duenas-Cid, David; Krivonosova, Iuliia (2020).
3466:"Decide.Madrid.es Online Participatory Budgeting – Participedia"
3306:"e-Participatory Budgeting: e-Democracy from Theory to Success?"
3160:. Federal Election Commission, U.S. of America. 2002. p. 12
6179:
5939:"Venezuela's Election System Holds Up As A Model For The World"
4806:"Proposal for a Decentralized Unique Identity Seeding Protocol"
4619:
Brav, Alon, Matthew D. Cain, Jonathon Zytnick (November 2019).
2288:
Stott, Michael; Pooler, Michael; Harris, Bryan (22 June 2023).
6067:
5403:
5004:
Juels, Ari; Dario Catalano; Markus Jakobsson (November 2002).
4873:
Electronic Voting Offers Opportunities and Presents Challenges
3858:
Princeton University, Center for Information Technology Policy
1970:
6174:
5900:"Why electronic voting isn't secure – but may be safe enough"
4916:
3945:
Gaudry, Pierrick, and Alexander Golovnev (10 February 2020).
3040:"Aam Aadmi Party "proved" in voting machines in the assembly"
2451:"Security Analysis of the Diebold AccuVote-TS Voting Machine"
2347:"How Electronic Voting Works: Pros and Cons vs. Paper Voting"
1311:
Cost range per ballot (in euro) for the 2017 local elections
5724:
e-lected blog (a view on electronic voting around the world)
4355:
Wigginton, Michael J; Stockemer, Daniel (31 December 2021).
3436:"Participatory Budgeting in Lisbon, Portugal – Participedia"
4497:"NAACP Statement on the NAACP NC State Conference Election"
1826:
would prevent the insertion of such hardware or software.
3753:"Security Analysis of the Estonian Internet Voting System"
2328:
https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/how-electronic-voting-works/
1204:
recording electronic voting system, up from 7.7% in 1996.
782:
In general, two main types of e-voting can be identified:
715:(also called EVM) or computers connected to the Internet (
5640:
Deluzio, Christopher, Kevin Skoglund (28 February 2020).
3377:"Participatory Budgeting in Paris, France – Participedia"
1168:
Vote counting § Direct-recording electronic counting
756:
and ecological sustainability trustworthiness inclusive.
702:
means to either aid or take care of casting and counting
6160:
An Electronic Voting Case Study in KCA University, Kenya
6146:
5213:
Caveat Coercitor: coercion-evidence in electronic voting
4079:"Internet voting and turnout: Evidence from Switzerland"
767:
and specialized voting kiosks (including self-contained
6141:
6092:
4050:"Can Internet voting increase political participation?"
1164:
Voting machine § Direct-recording electronic (DRE)
6180:
How do we vote in India with Electronic Voting machine
5969:"US, EU hail democratic milestone of Philippine polls"
5807:"BBC NEWS | Europe | Estonia forges ahead with e-vote"
4467:"Election Management Software Market Impressive Gains"
2757:
EFFECTIVE USE OF COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY IN VOTE-TALLYING
2482:
Norden, Lawrence; Codrington, Wilfred (8 March 2018).
2291:"The discreet US campaign to defend Brazil's election"
1032:
allow a computer to count a voter's mark on a ballot.
1868:
One method to detect errors with voting machines is
4891:
Government Accountability Office (September 2005) "
4671:"Proxy Services for Mutual Funds and ETF Providers"
4326:"How Estonia's E-Voting System Could Be The Future"
4057:
Centre for the Study of Imperfection in Democracies
3560:National Academies of Sciences (6 September 2018).
2105:(formerly Diebold Election Systems) (United States)
1762:To successfully audit any voting machine, a strict
1603:It has been alleged by groups such as the UK-based
931:of votes cast, and a chain of custody for records.
2848:
2289:
2217:"Switzerland's new legislation on internet voting"
6087:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
3916:"Russia's Blockchain Voting Turned Into A Fiasco"
1049:healthcare, particularly beneficial to the poor.
5534:Perez, Edward, and Gregory Miller (March 2019).
4831:https://patents.google.com/patent/US8195505B2/en
4236:"Does E-Voting matter for turnout, and to whom?"
3563:Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy
2962:"A Short History of Voting in the United States"
2375:
1809:Inadequately secured hardware can be subject to
1674:A discussion draft argued by researchers at the
1371:Election day voting in ordinary polling stations
1294:municipal elections in the Canadian province of
1098:originated as a system where votes are cast and
5781:"A Comparative Assessment of Electronic Voting"
2510:"What's Wrong With Electronic Voting Machines?"
2484:"America's Voting Machines at Risk – An Update"
1885:studies in Georgia, New York and Pennsylvania.
1152:Direct-recording electronic (DRE) voting system
771:, or DRE). It can also involve transmission of
6151:National Institute of Standards and Technology
4286:
4284:
4193:Goodman, Nicole; Stokes, Leah C. (July 2020).
2990:"Direct Recording Electronic information page"
2697:"Number of internet users worldwide 2005-2018"
1676:National Institute of Standards and Technology
1144:paper ballot printing system with open source
1063:Voting machine § Optical scan (marksense)
6165:The Election Technology Library research list
6137:Electronic Vote around the World – Smartmatic
5471:"The Problem with Electronic Voting Machines"
5222:, 2013 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
5178:. Bundesverfassungsgericht.de. Archived from
5152:. Bundesverfassungsgericht.de. Archived from
4992:International Foundation for Election Systems
4871:Government Accountability Office (May 2004) "
2665:"Should Britain introduce electronic voting?"
2400:What’s wrong with electronic voting machines?
671:
8:
5720:"E-voting scores another triumph in Belgium"
5693:"Participating in Political and Public Life"
5676:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5564:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5449:"Defeating Existing Tamper-Indicating Seals"
4655:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4077:Germann, Micha; Serdült, Uwe (1 June 2017).
3964:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3705:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3648:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3493:
3491:
900:Vote counting § Errors in optical scans
5497:"The electronic voting and counting system"
4277:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00419-4_8
1338:Advance voting in ordinary polling stations
380:Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian)
5523:http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1022594.1022621
5370:‘Paper trail’ voting system used in Nevada
3412:(MA thesis). City University of New York.
2570:"Election Audits Across the United States"
1628:California Association of Voting Officials
1102:, using paper ballots. With the advent of
1059:Vote counting § Optical scan counting
769:direct-recording electronic voting systems
678:
664:
569:
493:
399:
345:Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer)
283:Proportional and semi-proportional systems
235:
64:
31:
6123:Learn how and when to remove this message
5058:
5017:
5006:"Coercion-Resistant Electronic Elections"
4788:
4735:
4372:
4308:
4251:
4210:
3672:
2940:"2005 Voluntary Voting System Guidelines"
2823:
759:Electronic voting technology can include
6038:"Infantry Archive, 'The Collective Era'"
2000:resulted from the global institution of
1309:
1229:Electronics Corporation of India Limited
925:2016 United States presidential election
4628:European Corporate Governance Institute
4590:"Online Service Terms & Conditions"
4066:from the original on 18 September 2016.
2906:"Voting machine gets LinuxWorld tryout"
2420:"An Incredibly Insecure Voting Machine"
2164:
1713:and other countries such as Venezuela.
1616:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
940:Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2018
608:
547:
438:
324:
281:
238:
193:
132:
95:
67:
42:
5669:
5557:
5499:. Elections.act.gov.au. Archived from
4648:
4026:from the original on 20 September 2020
3957:
3722:"How NOT to Assess an E-voting System"
3698:
3641:
3358:
3347:
3286:
3275:
2996:from the original on 14 November 2007.
2590:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2183:from the original on 11 February 2017.
1969:" is a 2006 documentary film shown on
6018:from the original on 29 November 2020
5949:from the original on 14 February 2017
5867:"Know Your Electronic Voting Machine"
5847:from the original on 11 February 2017
5787:from the original on 14 February 2017
5760:from the original on 19 November 2016
5730:from the original on 14 February 2017
5591:from the original on 28 February 2020
5293:from the original on 14 February 2017
5199:
5197:
5096:. Openrightsgroup.org. Archived from
4778:
4776:
4336:from the original on 19 November 2020
4043:
4041:
3895:from the original on 2 September 2020
3050:from the original on 22 December 2017
3008:"Know Your Electronic Voting Machine"
2787:from the original on 25 February 2021
2357:from the original on 17 November 2020
1671:that votes were tabulated correctly.
1484:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1408:can vote from anywhere in the world.
1360:Election day voting in county centres
7:
5477:from the original on 8 February 2010
5336:Hardesty, Larry (13 November 2009).
4681:from the original on 31 January 2021
4637:from the original on 18 October 2020
4600:from the original on 18 October 2020
4507:from the original on 29 January 2022
4447:from the original on 18 October 2020
4416:from the original on 31 October 2020
4199:British Journal of Political Science
4140:PS: Political Science & Politics
4115:from the original on 18 October 2020
3995:from the original on 19 October 2020
3926:from the original on 19 October 2020
3833:from the original on 16 January 2021
3510:from the original on 19 January 2021
3416:from the original on 7 December 2020
3387:from the original on 12 January 2021
3304:Peixoto, Tiago (25 September 2008).
2737:from the original on 27 January 2023
2677:from the original on 8 December 2015
2644:from the original on 8 December 2015
2632:"Why electronic voting isn't secure"
2550:from the original on 3 December 2015
2520:from the original on 8 December 2015
2463:from the original on 8 December 2015
2430:from the original on 8 December 2015
2076:Electronics Corporation of India Ltd
1846:, have demanded that voting machine
1543:, foot pedals, joy sticks and other
1412:can only be cast during the days of
1180:A direct-recording electronic (DRE)
1053:Paper-based electronic voting system
952:U.S. Department of Homeland Security
27:Type of voting by election mechanism
6048:from the original on 3 January 2017
6012:"January Magazine, "The Fix Is In""
5699:from the original on 6 January 2016
5429:from the original on 7 January 2010
4559:"Terms of Use & Linking Policy"
4528:"Terms of Use & Privacy Policy"
3979:Anderson, Ross (21 February 2020).
3797:from the original on 12 August 2017
2936:U.S. Election Assistance Commission
2885:from the original on 16 August 2022
1981:and culminates in the hacking of a
1813:. Some critics, such as the group "
1778:touchscreen DREs equipped with the
1717:End-to-end auditable voting systems
1657:End-to-end auditable voting systems
1199:In 2002, in the United States, the
986:2023 New South Wales state election
979:New South Wales 2021 iVote failures
918:voter-verifiable paper audit trails
5981:from the original on 10 March 2016
5817:from the original on 17 March 2017
4174:from the original on 12 March 2021
3854:"How to Assess an E-voting System"
3476:from the original on 12 March 2021
3446:from the original on 12 March 2021
3336:from the original on 12 March 2021
3264:from the original on 12 March 2021
3106:from the original on 10 April 2019
2391:Schneier, Bruce (September 2004),
1512:National Voting Rights Act of 1965
1502:Electronic voting systems may use
775:and votes via telephones, private
240:Plurality and majoritarian systems
25:
5918:from the original on 8 March 2017
5546:from the original on 30 July 2020
5351:from the original on 19 July 2011
5026:from the original on 7 April 2014
4569:from the original on 9 March 2021
4538:from the original on 15 June 2020
4477:from the original on 29 June 2022
4003:– via Newcastle University.
3630:from the original on 10 July 2020
3596:from the original on 9 March 2021
3540:from the original on 23 July 2020
3080:from the original on 9 April 2019
2707:from the original on 3 March 2021
2577:US Election Assistance Commission
2449:Feldman, Halterman & Felten.
2205:from the original on 2 July 2013.
1915:Rijnland Internet Election System
1815:Wij vertrouwen stemcomputers niet
1661:A fundamental challenge with any
936:voter-verified paper audit trails
350:Scorporo (negative vote transfer)
6072:
5974:ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs
5879:from the original on 5 June 2011
5393:Nevada improves odds with e-vote
4048:Bochsler, Daniel (26 May 2010).
4014:Zetter, Kim (13 February 2020).
3864:from the original on 8 July 2022
3732:from the original on 8 July 2022
3720:Teague, Vanessa (28 June 2022).
3136:from the original on 29 May 2019
3020:from the original on 5 June 2011
2986:U.S. Federal Election Commission
2916:from the original on 2 July 2021
2263:Government Information Quarterly
2016:Certification of voting machines
1894:This section is an excerpt from
1864:Certification of voting machines
1744:for its November 2009 election.
1699:Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail
1653:Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail
1491:Government Accountability Office
1457:voter verified paper audit trail
1327:Advance voting in county centres
1243:Public network DRE voting system
1237:voter-verified paper audit trail
647:
50:
5898:Kobie, Nicole (30 March 2015).
4804:Howitt, Aleeza (5 March 2019).
4253:10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102245
4098:10.1016/j.electstud.2017.03.001
2904:Gage, Deborah (2 August 2008).
2663:Hern, Alex (26 February 2015).
2630:Kobie, Nicole (30 March 2015).
2053:Electronic voting manufacturers
1040:, and also on a large scale in
6142:Election Assistance Commission
5283:"E-voting Audits in Venezuela"
5281:apleasant (25 November 2013).
3852:Appel, Andrew (27 June 2022).
2326:. Retrieved 10 June 2019 from
1955:San Francisco Mayoral election
1949:, a surprising showing by the
1711:elections in the United States
1349:Early voting in county centres
958:In addition to concerns about
355:Mixed ballot transferable vote
1:
5338:"Cryptographic voting debuts"
4700:Nebulas (21 September 2018).
4310:10.1080/09540962.2020.1732027
4297:Public Money & Management
3883:Zetter, Kim (12 March 2019).
3498:Appel, Andrew (8 June 2020).
2781:National Democratic Institute
2762:11 February 2016 at Wikiwix.
6250:VoteBox(tm) UK Online Voting
5611:"NYVV - Paper Ballots Costs"
4848:Friel, Brian (November 2006)
4404:Weil, Gordon (4 July 2020).
1992:The central conflict in the
1903:Electronic voting by country
1896:Electronic voting by country
1233:Election Commission of India
1184:records votes by means of a
1121:These systems can include a
632:End-to-end verifiable voting
292:Single non-transferable vote
5585:Georgia Public Broadcasting
5453:Argonne National Laboratory
5233:"Draft white paper on VVPR"
4944:People for the American Way
3981:"Electronic voting systems"
3683:10.1007/978-3-319-22270-7_3
3406:Saad, Rodrigo (June 2020).
3189:10.1109/ICEDEG.2015.7114487
1832:Argonne National Laboratory
1788:Nevada Gaming Control Board
1030:optical scan voting systems
942:under the framework of the
765:optical scan voting systems
490:Voting patterns and effects
6293:
6232:10.1016/j.cose.2012.08.001
6200:Internet Voting in Estonia
5937:Forum, Forbes Leadership.
4532:www.electionservicesco.com
3179:Serdült, U. (April 2015).
3130:Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS
2960:Kids Voting Central Ohio.
2597:: CS1 maint: url-status (
2488:Brennan Center for Justice
2103:Premier Election Solutions
2064:Bharat Electronics Limited
1893:
1861:
1842:Security experts, such as
1650:
1566:Cryptographic verification
1556:Verified Voting Foundation
1554:Organizations such as the
1423:
1255:
1225:Bharat Electronics Limited
1221:Electronic Voting Machines
1213:electronic voting machines
1176:Electronic voting in India
1161:
1155:
1116:digital pen voting systems
1096:Paper-based voting systems
1056:
1000:
997:Electronic voting machines
950:In collaboration with the
897:
712:electronic voting machines
312:Single transferable voting
249:First-past-the-post voting
6185:Electronic Voting Systems
5010:Cryptology ePrint Archive
4374:10.1177/14789299211064450
4212:10.1017/S0007123417000849
4152:10.1017/S1049096509090787
2861:10.1007/978-1-4615-0239-5
2806:Fujiwara, Thomas (2015).
2275:10.1016/j.giq.2010.05.010
1858:Testing and certification
1854:as is done in Australia.
1774:included more than 2,600
1547:to provide the necessary
1003:Electronic voting machine
894:Concerns and improvements
505:Voting advice application
335:Mixed-member proportional
264:Plurality-at-large voting
6220:Computers & Security
6212:Progetto Salento eVoting
6205:19 November 2020 at the
5718:E-lected (28 May 2014).
5649:University of Pittsburgh
4950:12 December 2004 at the
4361:Political Studies Review
3157:Voting Systems Standards
2851:Secure Electronic Voting
2333:17 November 2020 at the
1979:Diebold Election Systems
1819:man in the middle attack
1256:Not to be confused with
736:, integrity, swiftness,
706:including voting time.
370:Rural–urban proportional
365:Dual-member proportional
340:Additional member system
6255:25 October 2017 at the
6245:Systems Behind E-Voting
6149: – the
6014:. Januarymagazine.com.
5375:22 October 2020 at the
5268:2 February 2007 at the
3770:10.1145/2660267.2660315
2070:Dominion Voting Systems
1975:Volusia County, Florida
1516:King County, Washington
1482:Charles Stewart of the
1277:participatory budgeting
1219:In 2004, India adopted
1211:VVPAT used with Indian
1127:electronic input device
1091:, United States in 2010
5837:"i-Voting - e-Estonia"
4985:29 August 2012 at the
4967:10 August 2007 at the
4850:Let The Recounts Begin
4836:8 October 2019 at the
4737:10.24963/ijcai.2019/81
4525:Election Services Co.
3357:Cite journal requires
3285:Cite journal requires
2544:Topeka Capital-Journal
2114:Sequoia Voting Systems
2005:to dominate politics.
1806:
1772:Sequoia Voting Systems
1686:
1587:which may result in a
1535:
1475:
1268:
1216:
1139:General Public License
1092:
1021:
908:In a 2004 article for
520:Passive electioneering
421:Straight-ticket voting
6154:Help America Vote Act
4594:www.computershare.com
3665:E-Voting and Identity
2031:Electronic referendum
1852:free software license
1801:
1738:Takoma Park, Maryland
1697:, the creator of the
1684:
1651:Further information:
1533:
1489:In May 2004 the U.S.
1473:
1266:
1210:
1201:Help America Vote Act
1162:Further information:
1123:ballot marking device
1104:electronic tabulation
1074:
1057:Further information:
1019:
944:Help America Vote Act
898:Further information:
375:Majority bonus system
360:Alternative Vote Plus
259:Instant-runoff voting
6171:E-Voting information
6093:improve this article
5398:3 March 2016 at the
5218:3 March 2016 at the
4859:19 June 2005 at the
4503:. 17 December 2021.
4441:Minnesota Law Review
4435:Fisch, Jill (2017).
3764:, pp. 703–715,
3726:Princeton University
3504:Princeton University
3472:. 23 February 2016.
3314:10.2139/ssrn.1273554
3183:. pp. 126–132.
2974:on 23 December 2010.
2783:. 25 November 2013.
2755:Saltman, Roy (NBS),
2619:. 13 September 2016.
2514:Schneier on Security
2424:Schneier on Security
2353:. 14 November 2019.
2221:electoralpractice.ch
2041:Vote counting system
1987:Leon County, Florida
1453:assistive technology
1135:assistive technology
1089:Johnson County, Iowa
326:Mixed-member systems
6105:footnote references
5813:. 14 October 2005.
5779:Canada, Elections.
5621:on 28 February 2020
5503:on 18 February 2011
5245:on 28 November 2009
5100:on 24 February 2009
4980:"Ballot Templates."
4919:on 20 November 2015
4410:Penobscot Bay Pilot
2949:on 7 February 2008.
2405:22 May 2008 at the
2395:9 June 2007 at the
1985:election system in
1545:adaptive technology
1436:proof of personhood
1312:
1215:in Indian Elections
1108:punched card voting
1034:DRE voting machines
912:, security analyst
654:Politics portal
416:Split-ticket voting
5459:on 7 October 2008.
4989:(tactile ballots)
4898:2016-02-09 at the
4878:2016-03-03 at the
4675:www.broadridge.com
4563:www.broadridge.com
3383:. 3 January 2014.
3074:The Times of India
1945:, a 2007 novel by
1924:In popular culture
1889:Adoption worldwide
1811:physical tampering
1807:
1804:DRE voting machine
1749:voter intimidation
1687:
1536:
1506:to store votes in
1498:Electronic ballots
1476:
1310:
1269:
1217:
1158:DRE voting machine
1093:
1075:A cart holding an
1022:
750:cost-effectiveness
627:Voter registration
586:Voter intimidation
110:Write-in candidate
83:Provisional ballot
6277:Electronic voting
6133:
6132:
6125:
5579:Fowler, Stephen.
5124:Open Rights Group
4747:978-0-9992411-4-1
4240:Electoral Studies
4086:Electoral Studies
3692:978-3-319-22269-1
3581:978-0-309-47647-8
3530:"Internet Voting"
3308:. Rochester, NY.
3252:. Rochester, NY.
3198:978-3-9075-8910-6
2870:978-1-4613-4981-5
2825:10.3982/ecta11520
2508:Schneier, Bruce.
2418:Schneier, Bruce.
1967:Hacking Democracy
1928:In the 2006 film
1634:Coercion evidence
1605:Open Rights Group
1504:electronic ballot
1392:
1391:
1194:memory components
1017:
777:computer networks
692:Electronic voting
688:
687:
639:
638:
596:Voter suppression
576:Ballot harvesting
554:
553:
515:Paradox of voting
481:
480:
464:None of the above
396:Voting strategies
387:
386:
297:Cumulative voting
231:Electoral systems
221:
220:
156:Electronic voting
146:Compulsory voting
16:(Redirected from
6284:
6235:
6128:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6108:
6076:
6075:
6068:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6042:freeinfantry.com
6034:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6008:
6002:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5878:
5871:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5675:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5657:
5651:. Archived from
5646:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5617:. Archived from
5607:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5563:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5531:
5525:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5473:. Schneier.com.
5467:
5461:
5460:
5455:. Archived from
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5428:
5421:
5413:
5407:
5390:
5384:
5383:7 September 2004
5381:Associated Press
5367:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5350:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5325:on 19 July 2011.
5324:
5318:. Archived from
5317:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5278:
5272:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5244:
5238:. Archived from
5237:
5229:
5223:
5210:
5204:
5201:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5130:on 22 April 2009
5126:. Archived from
5116:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5021:
5001:
4995:
4977:
4971:
4960:
4954:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4915:. Archived from
4909:
4903:
4889:
4883:
4869:
4863:
4854:National Journal
4846:
4840:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4780:
4771:
4770:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4739:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4654:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4636:
4625:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4376:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4324:Leetaru, Kalev.
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4288:
4279:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4255:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4214:
4205:(3): 1155–1167.
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4114:
4083:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3985:The RISKS Digest
3976:
3970:
3969:
3963:
3955:
3953:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3832:
3826:. 6 March 2011.
3821:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3796:
3763:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3704:
3696:
3676:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3647:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3629:
3622:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3495:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3470:participedia.net
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3440:participedia.net
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3381:participedia.net
3373:
3367:
3366:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3283:
3281:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3237:on 4 March 2016.
3236:
3230:. Archived from
3225:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3102:. 8 April 2019.
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3076:. 9 April 2019.
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3012:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2967:. Archived from
2966:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2942:. Archived from
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2854:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2827:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2773:
2767:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2579:. 6 October 2021
2574:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2415:
2409:
2389:
2383:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2343:
2337:
2320:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2293:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2223:. Archived from
2213:
2207:
2206:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2169:
2132:Academic efforts
2002:direct democracy
1870:parallel testing
1824:chain of custody
1764:chain of custody
1641:Caveat Coercitor
1410:Estonian e-votes
1313:
1258:open-access poll
1148:on each ballot.
1085:assistive device
1083:and an AutoMARK
1018:
680:
673:
666:
652:
651:
570:
530:Political apathy
494:
459:Election boycott
400:
254:Two-round system
236:
65:
54:
32:
21:
6292:
6291:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6262:
6261:
6257:Wayback Machine
6226:(8): 989–1010.
6217:
6207:Wayback Machine
6129:
6118:
6112:
6109:
6090:
6081:This article's
6077:
6073:
6066:
6061:
6051:
6049:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6021:
6019:
6010:
6009:
6005:
5998:
5994:
5984:
5982:
5967:
5966:
5962:
5952:
5950:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5921:
5919:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5850:
5848:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5820:
5818:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5790:
5788:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5763:
5761:
5756:. August 2014.
5748:
5747:
5743:
5733:
5731:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5702:
5700:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5668:
5661:
5659:
5658:on 26 June 2020
5655:
5644:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5624:
5622:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5594:
5592:
5578:
5577:
5573:
5556:
5549:
5547:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5520:
5516:
5506:
5504:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5480:
5478:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5406:29 October 2004
5400:Wayback Machine
5391:
5387:
5377:Wayback Machine
5368:
5364:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5322:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5296:
5294:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5270:Wayback Machine
5262:
5258:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5220:Wayback Machine
5211:
5207:
5202:
5195:
5185:
5183:
5182:on 4 April 2009
5174:
5173:
5169:
5159:
5157:
5156:on 11 July 2011
5148:
5147:
5143:
5133:
5131:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5103:
5101:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5060:10.1.1.456.7748
5044:
5043:
5039:
5029:
5027:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4987:Wayback Machine
4978:
4974:
4969:Wayback Machine
4961:
4957:
4952:Wayback Machine
4936:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4900:Wayback Machine
4890:
4886:
4880:Wayback Machine
4870:
4866:
4861:Wayback Machine
4847:
4843:
4838:Wayback Machine
4828:
4824:
4814:
4812:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4782:
4781:
4774:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4748:
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4724:
4720:
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4698:
4694:
4684:
4682:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4647:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4603:
4601:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4570:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4541:
4539:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4478:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4450:
4448:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4419:
4417:
4403:
4402:
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4354:
4353:
4349:
4339:
4337:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4290:
4289:
4282:
4273:
4269:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4177:
4175:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4063:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4039:
4029:
4027:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3960:cite conference
3956:
3951:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3914:Gupta, Manhar.
3913:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3780:
3761:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3735:
3733:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3701:cite conference
3697:
3693:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3640:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3597:
3582:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3534:Verified Voting
3528:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3511:
3497:
3496:
3489:
3479:
3477:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3442:. 8 July 2008.
3434:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3356:
3346:
3339:
3337:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3284:
3274:
3267:
3265:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3199:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2917:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2871:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2733:. 8 June 2022.
2725:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2407:Wayback Machine
2397:Wayback Machine
2390:
2386:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2335:Wayback Machine
2321:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2297:Financial Times
2287:
2286:
2282:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2227:on 2 April 2015
2215:
2214:
2210:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2116:(United States)
2089:(United States)
2087:Hart InterCivic
2083:(United States)
2050:
2026:Electoral fraud
2011:
1953:candidate in a
1931:Man of the Year
1926:
1921:
1920:
1899:
1891:
1882:
1866:
1860:
1840:
1796:
1705:." To be truly
1695:Rebecca Mercuri
1659:
1649:
1636:
1601:
1577:
1568:
1528:
1508:computer memory
1500:
1468:
1449:
1428:
1422:
1382:Internet voting
1261:
1254:
1245:
1178:
1160:
1154:
1100:counted by hand
1069:
1055:
1007:
1005:
999:
994:
992:Types of system
981:
960:electoral fraud
906:
896:
887:
690:
684:
646:
641:
640:
581:Ballot stuffing
567:
564:Electoral fraud
556:
555:
500:Coattail effect
491:
483:
482:
426:Tactical voting
397:
389:
388:
302:Binomial system
233:
223:
222:
101:Ballot measures
78:Absentee ballot
62:
37:Politics series
28:
23:
22:
18:Internet voting
15:
12:
11:
5:
6290:
6288:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6215:
6209:
6197:
6191:
6182:
6177:
6168:
6162:
6157:
6144:
6139:
6131:
6130:
6085:external links
6080:
6078:
6071:
6065:
6064:External links
6062:
6060:
6059:
6029:
6003:
5992:
5960:
5929:
5890:
5858:
5828:
5811:news.bbc.co.uk
5798:
5771:
5741:
5710:
5683:
5632:
5602:
5571:
5540:OSET Institute
5526:
5514:
5488:
5462:
5440:
5408:
5385:
5362:
5328:
5304:
5273:
5256:
5224:
5205:
5193:
5167:
5141:
5111:
5085:
5066:
5037:
5019:10.1.1.11.8779
5012:(165): 61–70.
4996:
4972:
4955:
4930:
4904:
4884:
4864:
4841:
4822:
4796:
4772:
4753:
4746:
4718:
4692:
4662:
4611:
4580:
4549:
4518:
4488:
4471:Designer Women
4458:
4427:
4396:
4347:
4316:
4280:
4267:
4226:
4185:
4146:(3): 497–505.
4126:
4069:
4037:
4006:
3971:
3937:
3906:
3875:
3844:
3807:
3778:
3743:
3712:
3691:
3655:
3607:
3580:
3572:10.17226/25120
3551:
3521:
3487:
3457:
3427:
3398:
3368:
3359:|journal=
3296:
3287:|journal=
3240:
3212:
3197:
3171:
3147:
3117:
3091:
3061:
3044:ManoramaOnline
3031:
2999:
2977:
2952:
2927:
2896:
2869:
2839:
2818:(2): 423–464.
2798:
2768:
2748:
2718:
2688:
2655:
2622:
2604:
2561:
2531:
2500:
2474:
2441:
2410:
2384:
2368:
2338:
2310:
2280:
2269:(2): 239–251.
2253:
2238:
2208:
2186:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2046:Voting machine
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2007:
1936:Robin Williams
1925:
1922:
1900:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1859:
1856:
1844:Bruce Schneier
1839:
1836:
1828:Security seals
1795:
1792:
1780:VeriVote VVPAT
1742:Scantegrity II
1703:Mercuri method
1663:voting machine
1648:
1645:
1635:
1632:
1600:
1597:
1589:spoiled ballot
1576:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1560:tactile ballot
1527:
1524:
1499:
1496:
1467:
1464:
1448:
1447:Hybrid systems
1445:
1424:Main article:
1421:
1418:
1414:advance voting
1405:European Union
1390:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1304:digital divide
1288:digital divide
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1182:voting machine
1156:Main article:
1153:
1150:
1081:ballot scanner
1054:
1051:
1001:Main article:
998:
995:
993:
990:
980:
977:
914:Bruce Schneier
895:
892:
886:
883:
875:United Kingdom
791:
790:
787:
686:
685:
683:
682:
675:
668:
660:
657:
656:
643:
642:
637:
636:
635:
634:
629:
624:
619:
611:
610:
606:
605:
604:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
568:
566:and prevention
562:
561:
558:
557:
552:
551:
545:
544:
543:
542:
537:
532:
527:
525:Vote splitting
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
479:
478:
477:
476:
471:
469:Refused ballot
466:
461:
456:
451:
443:
442:
436:
435:
434:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
385:
384:
383:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
329:
328:
322:
321:
320:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
286:
285:
279:
278:
277:
276:
274:Usual judgment
271:
269:General ticket
266:
261:
256:
251:
243:
242:
234:
229:
228:
225:
224:
219:
218:
217:
216:
214:Voting machine
211:
206:
198:
197:
191:
190:
189:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
135:
134:
130:
129:
128:
127:
122:
117:
112:
104:
103:
93:
92:
91:
90:
85:
80:
72:
71:
63:
60:
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9:
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4:
3:
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6275:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6267:
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6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6240:Open Counting
6238:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6195:
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6178:
6176:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6152:
6148:
6147:Vote.NIST.gov
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6127:
6124:
6116:
6113:November 2022
6106:
6102:
6101:inappropriate
6098:
6094:
6088:
6086:
6079:
6070:
6069:
6063:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6033:
6030:
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5970:
5964:
5961:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5933:
5930:
5917:
5913:
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5905:
5901:
5894:
5891:
5875:
5868:
5862:
5859:
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5842:
5841:e-estonia.com
5838:
5832:
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3779:9781450329576
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2376:https://Anwar
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2019:
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2014:
2013:
2008:
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1999:
1995:
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1984:
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1766:is required.
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1626:In 2013, The
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:In 2009, the
1612:
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1590:
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1572:
1565:
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1550:
1549:accessibility
1546:
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1526:Accessibility
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1420:Sybil attacks
1419:
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1316:Voting system
1315:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1265:
1259:
1252:Online voting
1251:
1249:
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1234:
1230:
1226:
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1214:
1209:
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1202:
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1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1087:, as used in
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
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976:
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948:
945:
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932:
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926:
921:
919:
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911:
910:OpenDemocracy
905:
901:
893:
891:
884:
882:
880:
879:United States
876:
872:
868:
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860:
856:
852:
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844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
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812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
788:
785:
784:
783:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:punched cards
757:
755:
751:
747:
746:accessibility
743:
739:
735:
731:
725:
722:
718:
717:online voting
714:
713:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
681:
676:
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669:
667:
662:
661:
659:
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633:
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625:
623:
622:Secret ballot
620:
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584:
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560:
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549:Protest votes
546:
541:
540:Voter turnout
538:
536:
535:Voter fatigue
533:
531:
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440:Protest votes
437:
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411:Fusion voting
409:
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171:Postal voting
169:
167:
166:Polling place
164:
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126:
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108:
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102:
98:
94:
89:
88:Sample ballot
86:
84:
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76:
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73:
70:
66:
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57:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
38:
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6219:
6119:
6110:
6095:by removing
6082:
6052:21 September
6050:. Retrieved
6041:
6032:
6020:. Retrieved
6006:
5995:
5983:. Retrieved
5972:
5963:
5951:. Retrieved
5942:
5932:
5920:. Retrieved
5904:The Guardian
5903:
5893:
5881:. Retrieved
5861:
5849:. Retrieved
5840:
5831:
5819:. Retrieved
5810:
5801:
5789:. Retrieved
5774:
5762:. Retrieved
5754:EurActiv.com
5753:
5744:
5732:. Retrieved
5723:
5713:
5701:. Retrieved
5686:
5660:. Retrieved
5653:the original
5648:
5635:
5623:. Retrieved
5619:the original
5615:www.nyvv.org
5614:
5605:
5593:. Retrieved
5584:
5574:
5548:. Retrieved
5539:
5529:
5517:
5505:. Retrieved
5501:the original
5491:
5479:. Retrieved
5465:
5457:the original
5443:
5431:. Retrieved
5411:
5388:
5365:
5353:. Retrieved
5341:
5331:
5320:the original
5307:
5295:. Retrieved
5286:
5276:
5259:
5247:. Retrieved
5240:the original
5227:
5208:
5184:. Retrieved
5180:the original
5170:
5158:. Retrieved
5154:the original
5144:
5132:. Retrieved
5128:the original
5123:
5114:
5102:. Retrieved
5098:the original
5088:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5028:. Retrieved
5009:
4999:
4990:
4975:
4958:
4942:
4933:
4921:. Retrieved
4917:the original
4907:
4887:
4867:
4844:
4825:
4813:. Retrieved
4810:UBI Research
4809:
4799:
4756:
4727:
4721:
4709:. Retrieved
4705:
4695:
4683:. Retrieved
4674:
4665:
4639:. Retrieved
4627:
4614:
4602:. Retrieved
4593:
4587:Proxydirect
4583:
4571:. Retrieved
4562:
4552:
4540:. Retrieved
4531:
4521:
4509:. Retrieved
4500:
4491:
4479:. Retrieved
4470:
4461:
4449:. Retrieved
4440:
4430:
4418:. Retrieved
4409:
4399:
4364:
4360:
4350:
4340:25 September
4338:. Retrieved
4329:
4319:
4303:(1): 17–26.
4300:
4296:
4270:
4243:
4239:
4229:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4176:. Retrieved
4143:
4139:
4129:
4117:. Retrieved
4089:
4085:
4072:
4056:
4028:. Retrieved
4019:
4009:
3997:. Retrieved
3988:
3984:
3974:
3947:
3940:
3928:. Retrieved
3920:Cryptotrends
3919:
3909:
3897:. Retrieved
3888:
3878:
3866:. Retrieved
3857:
3847:
3835:. Retrieved
3823:
3810:
3799:, retrieved
3757:
3746:
3734:. Retrieved
3725:
3715:
3664:
3658:
3632:. Retrieved
3610:
3598:. Retrieved
3562:
3554:
3542:. Retrieved
3533:
3524:
3512:. Retrieved
3503:
3478:. Retrieved
3469:
3460:
3448:. Retrieved
3439:
3430:
3418:. Retrieved
3408:
3401:
3389:. Retrieved
3380:
3371:
3350:cite journal
3338:. Retrieved
3299:
3278:cite journal
3266:. Retrieved
3243:
3232:the original
3227:
3221:"Event List"
3215:
3180:
3174:
3162:. Retrieved
3156:
3150:
3138:. Retrieved
3129:
3120:
3108:. Retrieved
3094:
3082:. Retrieved
3073:
3064:
3052:. Retrieved
3043:
3034:
3022:. Retrieved
3002:
2980:
2969:the original
2955:
2944:the original
2930:
2918:. Retrieved
2909:
2899:
2887:. Retrieved
2850:
2842:
2815:
2812:Econometrica
2811:
2801:
2789:. Retrieved
2780:
2771:
2763:
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2730:
2721:
2709:. Retrieved
2700:
2691:
2679:. Retrieved
2670:The Guardian
2668:
2658:
2646:. Retrieved
2637:The Guardian
2635:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2583:14 September
2581:. Retrieved
2576:
2564:
2552:. Retrieved
2543:
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2513:
2503:
2493:14 September
2491:. Retrieved
2487:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2454:
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2423:
2413:
2387:
2380:Academia.edu
2379:
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2350:
2341:
2323:
2301:. Retrieved
2295:
2283:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2247:
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2225:the original
2220:
2211:
2198:
2189:
2176:
2167:
2149:Prêt à Voter
2138:Bingo Voting
1991:
1964:
1947:Mark Coggins
1942:
1940:
1930:
1927:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1883:
1867:
1841:
1808:
1768:
1761:
1757:
1753:vote selling
1746:
1730:Prêt à Voter
1715:
1706:
1692:
1688:
1673:
1660:
1647:Audit trails
1637:
1625:
1613:
1602:
1599:Transparency
1593:voter intent
1578:
1575:Voter intent
1569:
1553:
1541:sip and puff
1539:headphones,
1537:
1520:
1503:
1501:
1488:
1481:
1477:
1461:
1450:
1440:web of trust
1433:
1429:
1426:Sybil attack
1401:
1397:
1393:
1301:
1292:
1284:
1281:
1270:
1246:
1218:
1198:
1179:
1131:touch screen
1129:, usually a
1120:
1094:
1026:punched card
1023:
982:
973:
969:
957:
949:
933:
929:paper record
922:
907:
888:
792:
781:
758:
742:auditability
726:
716:
710:
708:
691:
689:
617:Election ink
601:Voter caging
510:Likely voter
431:Vote pairing
406:Issue voting
204:Popular vote
186:Voting booth
155:
151:Early voting
35:Part of the
29:
6175:ACE Project
5985:13 February
5953:13 February
5922:13 February
5883:1 September
5791:13 February
5764:13 February
5734:13 February
5662:28 February
5625:28 February
5595:28 February
5355:30 November
5297:13 February
5287:www.ndi.org
5053:: 118–139.
4815:10 November
4367:: 172–182.
3480:20 November
3450:20 November
3420:20 November
3391:20 November
3340:20 November
3268:20 November
3228:caltech.edu
3164:13 November
3054:19 December
3024:1 September
2097:Netherlands
2021:E-democracy
1996:video game
1951:Green Party
1848:source code
1784:Dean Heller
1734:Scantegrity
1726:ThreeBallot
1581:undervoting
1455:to print a
1190:touchscreen
1142:open source
1046:Netherlands
965:Netherlands
867:Switzerland
859:Philippines
851:Netherlands
843:South Korea
754:scalability
591:Vote buying
474:Spoilt vote
454:Donkey vote
181:Vote center
161:Open ballot
6266:Categories
5851:29 January
5821:29 January
5703:8 February
5082:: 389–404.
4790:2008.05300
4711:3 November
4556:ProxyVote
4246:: 102245.
3801:3 December
3674:1504.05646
2741:27 January
2681:3 December
2648:3 December
2554:3 December
2524:3 December
2467:3 December
2434:3 December
2231:5 February
2199:nea.gov.ph
2173:"i-Voting"
2160:References
2142:DRE-i and
2126:Smartmatic
2036:Soft error
1862:See also:
1802:Brazilian
1585:overvoting
1227:(BEL) and
1114:and later
839:Kazakhstan
803:Bangladesh
721:automation
700:electronic
698:that uses
609:Prevention
449:Abstention
317:Spare vote
307:Party-list
141:Ballot box
133:Collection
115:Electorate
97:Candidates
6272:Elections
6097:excessive
5912:0261-3077
5055:CiteSeerX
5014:CiteSeerX
4501:naacp.org
4391:245625982
4383:1478-9299
4262:0261-3794
4221:0007-1234
4178:7 January
4168:155061911
4160:1537-5935
4119:24 August
4106:157177069
3590:158434942
3322:153840747
2920:16 August
2889:16 August
2834:0012-9682
2791:15 August
2351:MakeUseOf
2177:e-Estonia
2154:Punchscan
1957:forces a
1934:starring
1722:Punchscan
1668:Paperless
1146:bar codes
1112:marksense
1042:Venezuela
799:Australia
795:Argentina
61:Balloting
6253:Archived
6203:Archived
6046:Archived
6016:Archived
5979:Archived
5947:Archived
5916:Archived
5874:Archived
5845:Archived
5815:Archived
5785:Archived
5758:Archived
5728:Archived
5697:Archived
5672:cite web
5589:Archived
5560:cite web
5544:Archived
5475:Archived
5424:Archived
5396:Archived
5373:Archived
5346:Archived
5342:MIT news
5291:Archived
5266:Archived
5216:Archived
5049:. LNCS.
5024:Archived
4983:Archived
4965:Archived
4948:Archived
4896:Archived
4876:Archived
4857:Archived
4834:Archived
4679:Archived
4651:cite web
4632:Archived
4598:Archived
4567:Archived
4536:Archived
4505:Archived
4475:Archived
4445:Archived
4414:Archived
4334:Archived
4172:Archived
4110:Archived
4092:: 1–12.
4061:Archived
4024:Archived
3993:Archived
3924:Archived
3893:Archived
3862:Archived
3828:Archived
3792:archived
3730:Archived
3644:cite web
3625:Archived
3594:Archived
3538:Archived
3508:Archived
3474:Archived
3444:Archived
3414:Archived
3385:Archived
3334:Archived
3262:Archived
3207:10195543
3134:Archived
3104:Archived
3078:Archived
3048:Archived
3015:Archived
2994:Archived
2914:Archived
2883:Archived
2785:Archived
2760:Archived
2735:Archived
2731:ABC News
2705:Archived
2701:Statista
2675:Archived
2642:Archived
2593:cite web
2548:Archived
2518:Archived
2461:Archived
2428:Archived
2403:Archived
2393:Archived
2355:Archived
2331:Archived
2203:Archived
2181:Archived
2109:Safevote
2081:ES&S
2072:(Canada)
2059:AccuPoll
2009:See also
1998:Infantry
1838:Software
1794:Hardware
1776:AVC EDGE
1466:Analysis
1322:Maximum
1077:ES&S
885:Benefits
877:and the
871:Thailand
847:Malaysia
734:accuracy
730:security
195:Counting
176:Precinct
6091:Please
6083:use of
5550:6 March
4767:2003531
4685:29 July
4641:29 July
4604:29 July
4573:29 July
4542:29 July
4511:25 June
4481:25 June
4451:29 July
4420:29 July
4030:23 June
3999:23 June
3930:25 June
3899:20 June
3837:20 June
3788:1985090
3634:23 June
3600:23 June
3544:20 June
3514:23 June
3330:1273554
3258:2571083
2879:1866859
2711:10 June
2361:10 June
2122:(Spain)
2066:(India)
1983:Diebold
1319:Minimum
1296:Ontario
1273:Estonia
857:, the
823:Germany
807:Belgium
773:ballots
738:privacy
704:ballots
69:Ballots
6189:Curlie
6022:24 May
5943:Forbes
5910:
5507:24 May
5481:24 May
5433:24 May
5249:24 May
5186:24 May
5160:24 May
5134:2 July
5104:24 May
5057:
5016:
4923:2 June
4913:"Home"
4765:
4744:
4706:Medium
4389:
4381:
4330:Forbes
4260:
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