515:, grid computing, telephone lines, cellular service, or neighborhood networks, when combined with the devices that access them (phones, cellphones, computers, etc.) makes it possible for social networks to form. Such infrastructures make a connection available technically, even if not yet activated socially. These technical connections support latent social network ties, used here to indicate ties that are technically possible but not yet activated socially. They are only activated, i.e. converted from latent to weak, by some sort of social interaction between members, e.g. by telephoning someone, attending a group-wide meeting, reading and contributing to a Webboard, emailing others, etc. Given that such connectivity involves unrelated persons, the latent tie structure must be established by an authority beyond the persons concerned. Internet-based social support sites contain this profile. These are started by individuals with a particular interest in a subject who may begin by posting information and providing the means for online discussion.
233:, entitled "Changing Jobs: Channels of Mobility Information in a Suburban Community". The thesis of his dissertation illustrated the conception of weak ties. For his research, Dr. Granovetter crossed the Charles River to Newton, Massachusetts where he surveyed 282 professional, technical, and managerial workers in total. 100 were personally interviewed, in regards to the type of ties between the job changer and the contact person who provided the necessary information. Tie strength was measured in terms of how often they saw the contact person during the period of the job transition, using the following assignment:
332:, there are some problems in the Granovetter definition. The first one refers to the fact that the Granovetter definition of the strength of a tie is a curvilinear prediction and his question is "how do we know where we are on this theoretical curve?". The second one refers to the effective character of strong ties. Krackhardt says that there are subjective criteria in the definition of the strength of a tie such as emotional intensity and the intimacy. He thought that strong ties are very important in severe changes and uncertainty:
595:(Sparrowe et al., 2001); Burt (1992) expects it to result in promotions, Brass (1984) affiliates centrality with power and Friedkin (1993) with influence in decision power. Other authors, such as Krackhardt and Porter (1986) contemplate the disadvantages of the position is social networks such as organizational exit (see also Sparrowe et al., 2001) and Wellman et al.,(1988) introduce the use of social networks for emotional and material support. Blau and Fingerman, drawing from these and other studies, refer to weak ties as
173:
216:
297:
30:
579:
friends and family). By not going further in the strong ties, but focusing on the weak ties, Granovetter highlights the importance of acquaintances in social networks. He argues, that the only thing that can connect two social networks with strong ties is a weak tie: "… these clumps / would not, in fact, be connected to one another at all were it not for the existence of weak ties.
491:, such as two people living on the same street, is not absent but invisible. Indeed, because such ties involve only limited interaction (as in the case of 'nodding relationships'), if any, they are hardly observable, and are often overlooked as a relevant type of ties. Absent or invisible ties nevertheless support people's sense of familiarity and belonging.
188:
478:
need not move their relation out of this category if their interaction is negligible. In some contexts, however (disasters, for example), such 'negligible' ties might usefully be distinguished from non-existent ties. This is an ambiguity caused by substitution, for convenience of exposition, of discrete values for an underlying continuous variable.
529:
591:; and 6) individual characteristics, such as openness" (pp 5). This fits in nicely with Granovetter's argument that "Weak ties provide people with access to information and resources beyond those available in their own social circle; but strong ties have greater motivation to be of assistance and are typically more easily available."
83:
in society as well as the transmission of information through these networks. Specifically, more novel information flows to individuals through weak rather than strong ties. Because our close friends tend to move in the same circles that we do, the information they receive overlaps considerably with
319:
and will be confined to the provincial news and views of their close friends. However, having a large number of weak ties can mean that novel information is effectively "swamped" among a high volume of information, even crowding out strong ties. The arrangement of links in a network may matter as
586:
Cross et al., (2001) confirm this by presenting six features which differentiate effective and ineffective knowledge sharing relations: "1)knowing what other person knows and thus when to turn to them; 2) being able to gain timely access to that person; 3) willingness of the person sought out to
400:
and others developed a probabilistic approach to the characterization of large social networks in which the nodes are persons and the links are acquaintanceship. During these years, formulas were derived that connected local parameters such as closure of contacts, and the supposed existence of the
303:
That is, if we consider any two randomly selected individuals, such as A and B, from the set S = A, B, C, D, E, ..., of all persons with ties to either or both of them, then, for example, if A is strongly tied to both B and C, then according to probability arguments, the B–C tie is always present.
256:
Of those who found jobs through personal contacts (N=54), 16.7% reported seeing their contact often, 55.6% reported seeing their contact occasionally, and 27.8% rarely. When asked whether a friend had told them about their current job, the most frequent answer was "not a friend, an acquaintance".
160:
To obtain data for his doctoral thesis, Granovetter interviewed dozens of people to find out how social networks are used to land new jobs. Granovetter found that most jobs were found through "weak" acquaintances. This pattern reminded
Granovetter of his freshman chemistry lesson that demonstrated
582:
It follows that in an all-covering social network individuals are at a disadvantage with only a few weak links, compared to individuals with multiple weak links, as they are disconnected with the other parts of the network. Another interesting observation that
Granovetter makes in his work is the
477:
Included in 'absent' are both the lack of any relationship and ties without substantial significance, such as a 'nodding' relationship between people living on the same street, or the 'tie' to the vendor from whom one customarily buys a morning newspaper. That two people 'know' each other by name
383:
The combination of these qualities predicts trust and predicts that strong ties will be the critical ones in generating trust and discouraging malfeasance. When it comes to major change, change that may threaten the status quo in terms of power and the standard routines of how decisions are made,
594:
This weak/strong ties paradox is elaborated by myriad authors. The extent in which individuals are connected to others is called centrality. Sparrowe & Linden (1997) argue how the position of a person in a social network confer advantages such organizational assimilation, and job performance
578:
Granovetter's 1973 work proved to be crucial in the individualistic approach of the social network theory as seen by the number of references in other papers. His argument asserts that weak ties or "acquaintances", are less likely to be involved within the social network than strong ties (close
443:
is positive. A signed graph is unbalanced if the product is ever negative. The theorem says that if a network of interrelated positive and negative ties is balanced, then it consists of two subnetworks such that each has positive ties among its nodes and negative ties between nodes in distinct
336:"People resist change and are uncomfortable with uncertainty. Strong ties constitute a base of trust that can reduce resistance and provide comfort in the face of uncertainty. This it will be argued that change is not facilitated by weak ties, but rather by a particular type of strong tie."
99:
since they are hardly observable, and are often overlooked as a relevant type of ties. They nevertheless support people's sense of familiarity and belonging. Furthermore, the fact that two people may know each other by name does not necessarily qualify the existence of a weak tie. If their
95:, are those relationships (or ties) without substantial significance, such as "nodding" relationships between people living on the same street, or the "tie", for example, to a frequent vendor one would buy from. Such relations with familiar strangers have also been called
277:. Nodes are the individual actors within the networks, and ties are the relationships between the actors. There can be many kinds of ties between the nodes. In its simplest form, a social network is a map of all of the relevant ties between the nodes being studied.
623:
outcomes. In 1992, Montgomery explored the role of "weak ties", which he defined as non-frequent and transitory social relations in the labour market. He demonstrated that weak ties are positively correlated with higher wages and higher aggregate employment rates.
179:
In
Granovetter's view, a similar combination of strong and weak bonds holds the members of society together. This model became the basis of his first manuscript on the importance of weak social ties in human life, published in May 1973. According to
486:
was proposed to overcome the contradiction between the adjective "absent" and this definition, which suggests that such ties exist and might "usefully be distinguished" from the absence of ties. From this perspective, the relationship between two
456:
produced a mathematical formalization of a published theory of social groups by constructing a model consisting of a deterministic system of differential equations. A formal study of the system led to theorems about the dynamics and the implied
141:
commented on the "well-known fact that the likely contacts of two individuals who are closely acquainted tend to be more overlapping than those of two arbitrarily selected individuals". This argument became one of the cornerstones of
206:
is a device that allows a transmission medium to carry a number of separate signals. In social relations, by extrapolation, "multiplexity" is the overlap of roles, exchanges, or affiliations in a social relationship.
451:
In these two developments, we have mathematical models bearing upon the analysis of the structure. Other early influential developments in mathematical sociology pertained to process. For instance, in 1952
583:
increasing specialization of individuals creates the necessity for weak ties, as all the other specialist information and knowledge is present in large social networks consisting predominately of weak ties.
320:
well as the number of links. Further research is needed to examine the ways in which types of information, numbers of ties, quality of ties, and trust levels interact to affect the spreading of information.
108:. The "strength" of an interpersonal tie is a linear combination of the amount of time, the emotional intensity, the intimacy (or mutual confiding), and the reciprocal services which characterize each tie.
308:. In other words, the B–C tie, according to this logic, is always present, whether weak or strong, given the other two strong ties. In this direction, the "weak tie hypothesis" postulates that clumps or
618:
contributed to economic theories of network structures in the labour market. In 1991, Montgomery incorporated network structures in an adverse selection model to analyze the effects of social networks on
257:
The conclusion from this study is that weak ties are an important resource in occupational mobility. When seen from a macro point of view, weak ties play a role in affecting social cohesion.
312:
of social structure will form, being bound predominately by "strong ties", and that "weak ties" will function as the crucial bridge between any two densely knit clumps of close friends.
1075:
801:
587:
engage in the problem solving rather than dump information; 4) a degree of safety in the relationship that promoted learning and creativity; 5) the factors put by
757:
Blokland, Talja; Nast, Julia (July 2014). "From Public
Familiarity to Comfort Zone: The Relevance of Absent Ties for Belonging in Berlin's Mixed Neighbourhoods".
198:, published "Norms and the Manipulation of Relationships in a Work Context" after doing field work in Africa. In the document, he postulated the existence of
1479:
1134:
909:
1500:
507:
lays the groundwork for connectivity between formerly unconnected others. Similarly, laying an infrastructure, such as the
Internet,
293:
in 1957, that if A is linked to both B and C, then there is a greater-than-chance probability that B and C are linked to each other:
1344:
1149:
959:
565:
547:
539:
615:
448:. There is, however, a special case where one of the two subnetworks may be empty, which might occur in very small networks.
126:, Goethe discussed the "marriage tie". The analogy shows how strong marriage unions are similar in character to particles of
1201:
1116:
1174:
840:
444:
subnetworks. In other words, "my friend's enemy is my enemy". The imagery here is of a social system that splits into two
602:
positing that they provide some of the same benefits as intimates as well as many distinct and complementary functions.
421:
67:
are defined as information-carrying connections between people. Interpersonal ties, generally, come in three varieties:
84:
what we already know. Acquaintances, by contrast, know people that we do not, and thus receive more novel information.
1387:
Montgomery, J.D. (1992). "Job Search and
Network Composition: Implications of the Strength-of-Weak-Ties Hypothesis".
315:
It may follow that individuals with few bridging weak ties will be deprived of information from distant parts of the
116:
One of the earliest writers to describe the nature of the ties between people was German scientist and philosopher,
117:
49:
900:
Linked – How
Everything is Connected to Everything Else and What it Means for Business, Science, and Everyday Life
643:
184:, by 1986, the Weak Ties paper had become a citation classic, being one of the most cited papers in sociology.
925:
Kapferer, B. (1969). "Norms and the
Manipulation of Relationships in a Work Context". In J.C. Mitchell (ed.).
953:
597:
431:
This effort led to an important and non-obvious
Structure Theorem for signed graphs, which was published by
56:
1485:
1090:
648:
304:
The absence of the B–C tie, in this situation, would create, according to
Granovetter, what is called the
60:
79:. Weak social ties, it is argued, are responsible for the majority of the embeddedness and structure of
633:
266:
143:
379:, must have a history of interactions with each other that have lasted over an extended period of time.
440:
165:
hold together many water molecules, which are themselves composed of atoms held together by "strong"
1095:
1360:
Montgomery, J.D. (1991). "Social Networks and Labor-Market Outcomes: Toward an Economic Analysis".
122:
678:
1453:
1445:
1404:
1369:
1317:
1263:
1108:
990:
832:
824:
736:
488:
230:
172:
1340:
1309:
1224:
1169:
1145:
1016:
905:
658:
458:
131:
127:
157:. This paper is now recognized as one of the most influential sociology papers ever written.
1437:
1424:
1396:
1301:
1255:
1216:
1100:
1071:
1046:
982:
873:
816:
797:
766:
726:
690:
620:
470:
453:
329:
92:
1337:
Consequential strangers : the power of people who don't seem to matter-- but really do
1187:
1183:
878:
861:
397:
290:
138:
80:
941:
348:
relationship as one that meets the following three necessary and sufficient conditions:
215:
588:
417:
195:
166:
150:
41:
1494:
1457:
1243:
898:
740:
653:
638:
611:
316:
162:
1267:
836:
1165:
432:
425:
413:
1037:
Rapoport, Anatol (1957). "Contributions to the Theory of Random and Biased Nets".
202:, characterized by multiple contexts in a relationship. In telecommunications, a
17:
715:"Strong, Weak and Invisible Ties: A Relational Perspective on Urban Coexistence"
286:
223:
203:
296:
1259:
1313:
731:
694:
770:
508:
412:
such as animosity among persons. In considering the relationships of three,
29:
1228:
1020:
512:
504:
1135:"The Strength of Strong Ties: The Importance of Philos in Organizations"
187:
1449:
1408:
1373:
1050:
1013:
Changing Jobs: Channels of Mobility Information in a Suburban Community
994:
828:
1473:
1321:
1289:
1112:
1220:
445:
309:
1400:
986:
1441:
1305:
1104:
820:
1474:
Caves, Clusters, and Weak Ties: The Six Degrees World of Inventors
28:
149:
In 1973, stimulated by the work of Rapoport and Harvard theorist
1425:"Weak Ties, Employment, and Inequality: An Equilibrium Analysis"
973:
Verbrugge, Lois M. (1979). "Multiplexity in Adult Friendships".
1144:. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. pp. 216–239.
522:
500:
499:
Adding any network-based means of communication such as a new
295:
229:
In 1970, Granovetter submitted his doctoral dissertation to
186:
171:
1202:"Structural Balance: A Generalization of Heider's Theory"
285:
The "weak tie hypothesis" argues, using a combination of
714:
401:
B–C tie to the global network property of connectivity.
1290:"The Strength of Weak Ties: A Network Theory Revisited"
1142:
Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action
384:
then trust is required. Thus, change is the product of
439:
if the product of the signs of all relations in every
194:
In a related line of research in 1969, anthropologist
679:"The Impact of Social Structure on Economic Outcomes"
759:
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
1244:"Social networks and Internet connectivity effects"
420:of relations. In a larger network represented by a
1423:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1006:
1004:
897:
246:= more than once a year but less than twice a week
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
1339:(1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
424:, the totality of relations is represented by a
404:Moreover, acquaintanceship (in most cases) is a
1200:Cartwright, Dorwin & Harary, Frank (1956).
475:
334:
137:In 1954, the Russian mathematical psychologist
269:, social relationships are viewed in terms of
1015:(Doctoral dissertation). Harvard University.
340:He called this particular type of strong tie
8:
1170:"On the notion of balance of a signed graph"
1476:– Harvard Business School, 28 November 2004
1032:
1030:
1335:Blau, Melinda; Karen L. Fingerman (2009).
929:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
891:
889:
752:
750:
473:defines what he considers as absent ties:
130:, which find unity through the process of
1094:
1076:"The Strength of the Weak Tie: Revisited"
877:
730:
566:Learn how and when to remove this message
289:and mathematics, as originally stated by
100:interaction is negligible the tie may be
1248:Information, Communication & Society
855:
853:
708:
706:
704:
359:, A and B must interact with each other.
214:
91:, according to the American sociologist
48:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1242:Haythornthwaite, Caroline (June 2005).
1140:. In N. Nohria & R. Eccles (eds.).
669:
1486:The Power of Weak Ties (in Recruiting)
951:
862:"Networks of Conflict and Cooperation"
879:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102523
7:
1039:Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics
927:Social Networks in Urban Situations
860:Larson, Jennifer M. (11 May 2021).
503:channel, a social support group, a
435:in 1953. A signed graph is called
1482:– Ross Mayfield, 15 September 2003
866:Annual Review of Political Science
538:tone or style may not reflect the
25:
896:Barabasi, Albert-Laszlo (2003).
683:Journal of Economic Perspectives
548:guide to writing better articles
527:
942:"Bruce Kapferer – An interview"
519:The individualistic perspective
392:Positive ties and negative ties
120:. In his classic 1809 novella,
369:, A must feel affection for B.
87:Included in the definition of
1:
1430:American Journal of Sociology
1175:Michigan Mathematical Journal
958:: CS1 maint: date and year (
940:Smedal, Olaf H. (2000–2001).
153:, Mark Granovetter published
1480:The Weakening of Strong Ties
1389:American Sociological Review
396:Starting in the late 1940s,
1501:Interpersonal relationships
802:"The Strength of Weak Ties"
1517:
1288:Granovetter, Mark (1983).
1011:Granovetter, M.S. (1970).
677:Granovetter, Mark (2005).
408:. However, there are also
118:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
50:Interpersonal relationship
47:
1422:Montgomery, J.D. (1994).
1260:10.1080/13691180500146185
644:Six degrees of separation
155:The Strength of Weak Ties
1362:American Economic Review
732:10.1177/0038038519895938
695:10.1257/0895330053147958
465:Absent or invisible ties
1133:Krackhardt, D. (1992).
771:10.1111/1468-2427.12126
713:Felder, Maxime (2020).
598:consequential strangers
57:social network analysis
649:Bridge (interpersonal)
480:
338:
324:Strong ties hypothesis
300:
240:= at least once a week
226:
191:
176:
61:mathematical sociology
45:
1122:on 10 September 2006.
634:Dependent origination
513:wireless connectivity
299:
267:social network theory
252:= once a year or less
218:
190:
175:
144:social network theory
32:
1209:Psychological Review
846:on 16 February 2008.
610:In the early 1990s,
365:: For A and B to be
355:: For A and B to be
1294:Sociological Theory
1083:Sociological Theory
616:James D. Montgomery
281:Weak tie hypothesis
123:Elective Affinities
1051:10.1007/BF02478417
489:familiar strangers
459:equilibrium states
301:
231:Harvard University
227:
192:
177:
65:interpersonal ties
46:
36:(individuals) and
1072:Granovetter, M.S.
911:978-0-452-28439-5
798:Granovetter, M.S.
765:(4): 1142–11 59.
659:Social connection
614:social economist
576:
575:
568:
542:used on Knowledge
540:encyclopedic tone
375:: A and B, to be
132:chemical affinity
40:(connections) in
18:Interpersonal tie
16:(Redirected from
1508:
1462:
1461:
1427:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1221:10.1037/h0046049
1206:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1139:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1115:. Archived from
1098:
1080:
1068:
1055:
1054:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1008:
999:
998:
981:(4): 1286–1309.
970:
964:
963:
957:
949:
937:
931:
930:
922:
916:
915:
903:
893:
884:
883:
881:
857:
848:
847:
845:
839:. Archived from
806:
794:
775:
774:
754:
745:
744:
734:
710:
699:
698:
674:
571:
564:
560:
557:
551:
550:for suggestions.
546:See Knowledge's
531:
530:
523:
471:Mark Granovetter
454:Herbert A. Simon
330:David Krackhardt
182:Current Contents
93:Mark Granovetter
21:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1491:
1490:
1470:
1465:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1401:10.2307/2095914
1386:
1385:
1381:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1096:10.1.1.128.7760
1078:
1070:
1069:
1058:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1010:
1009:
1002:
987:10.2307/2577271
972:
971:
967:
950:
946:Antropolog Nytt
939:
938:
934:
924:
923:
919:
912:
895:
894:
887:
859:
858:
851:
843:
804:
796:
795:
778:
756:
755:
748:
712:
711:
702:
676:
675:
671:
667:
630:
608:
572:
561:
555:
552:
545:
536:This article's
532:
528:
521:
497:
482:The concept of
469:In a footnote,
467:
398:Anatol Rapoport
394:
326:
306:forbidden triad
291:Anatol Rapoport
283:
263:
261:Social networks
213:
139:Anatol Rapoport
114:
81:social networks
53:
42:social networks
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1514:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1469:
1468:External links
1466:
1464:
1463:
1442:10.1086/230410
1436:(5): 1212–36.
1414:
1379:
1368:(5): 1408–18.
1352:
1345:
1327:
1306:10.2307/202051
1280:
1254:(2): 125–147.
1234:
1215:(5): 277–293.
1192:
1157:
1150:
1125:
1105:10.2307/202051
1056:
1045:(4): 257–277.
1026:
1000:
965:
954:cite interview
932:
917:
910:
885:
849:
821:10.1086/225469
815:(6): 1360–80.
776:
746:
725:(4): 675–692.
700:
668:
666:
663:
662:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
629:
626:
607:
604:
589:Geert Hofstede
574:
573:
535:
533:
526:
520:
517:
496:
493:
466:
463:
461:of any group.
418:balance theory
393:
390:
381:
380:
370:
360:
325:
322:
282:
279:
262:
259:
254:
253:
247:
241:
222:, painting by
212:
209:
200:multiplex ties
196:Bruce Kapferer
167:covalent bonds
163:hydrogen bonds
151:Harrison White
113:
110:
97:invisible ties
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1513:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1395:(5): 586–96.
1394:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1346:9780393067033
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1166:Harary, Frank
1161:
1158:
1153:
1151:9780875843247
1147:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1089:(6): 201–33.
1088:
1084:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
975:Social Forces
969:
966:
961:
955:
947:
943:
936:
933:
928:
921:
918:
913:
907:
902:
901:
892:
890:
886:
880:
875:
872:(1): 89–107.
871:
867:
863:
856:
854:
850:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:Am. J. Sociol
803:
799:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
777:
772:
768:
764:
760:
753:
751:
747:
742:
738:
733:
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
707:
705:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
670:
664:
660:
657:
655:
654:Simmelian tie
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
639:Human bonding
637:
635:
632:
631:
627:
625:
622:
621:labour market
617:
613:
606:Labour market
605:
603:
601:
599:
592:
590:
584:
580:
570:
567:
559:
556:November 2022
549:
543:
541:
534:
525:
524:
518:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
494:
492:
490:
485:
484:invisible tie
479:
474:
472:
464:
462:
460:
455:
449:
447:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:negative ties
407:
402:
399:
391:
389:
387:
378:
374:
371:
368:
364:
361:
358:
354:
351:
350:
349:
347:
343:
337:
333:
331:
328:According to
323:
321:
318:
317:social system
313:
311:
307:
298:
294:
292:
288:
280:
278:
276:
272:
268:
260:
258:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
234:
232:
225:
221:
217:
211:Research data
210:
208:
205:
201:
197:
189:
185:
183:
174:
170:
168:
164:
158:
156:
152:
147:
145:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
124:
119:
111:
109:
107:
103:
98:
94:
90:
85:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
51:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
19:
1433:
1429:
1417:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1336:
1330:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1273:24 September
1271:. Retrieved
1251:
1247:
1237:
1212:
1208:
1195:
1179:
1173:
1160:
1141:
1128:
1117:the original
1086:
1082:
1042:
1038:
1012:
978:
974:
968:
948:(Interview).
945:
935:
926:
920:
899:
869:
865:
841:the original
812:
808:
762:
758:
722:
718:
689:(1): 33–50.
686:
682:
672:
609:
596:
593:
585:
581:
577:
562:
553:
537:
498:
483:
481:
476:
468:
450:
436:
433:Frank Harary
430:
426:signed graph
416:initiated a
414:Fritz Heider
409:
406:positive tie
405:
403:
395:
385:
382:
376:
372:
366:
362:
356:
352:
345:
341:
339:
335:
327:
314:
305:
302:
284:
274:
270:
264:
255:
249:
244:occasionally
243:
237:
228:
219:
199:
193:
181:
178:
159:
154:
148:
136:
121:
115:
105:
101:
96:
88:
86:
76:
72:
68:
64:
54:
37:
33:
26:
1300:: 201–233.
1182:: 143–146,
353:Interaction
344:and define
287:probability
224:Hanna Pauli
204:multiplexer
161:how "weak"
128:quicksilver
89:absent ties
665:References
495:Latent tie
1458:144457270
1314:0735-2751
1091:CiteSeerX
904:. Plume.
741:213368620
719:Sociology
509:intranets
363:Affection
106:invisible
1495:Category
1268:11776788
1229:13359597
1168:(1955),
1074:(1983).
837:59578641
800:(1973).
628:See also
505:Webboard
437:balanced
1450:2781148
1409:2095914
1374:2006929
1188:0067468
1021:8156948
995:2577271
829:2776392
446:cliques
310:cliques
220:Friends
112:History
1456:
1448:
1407:
1372:
1343:
1322:202051
1320:
1312:
1266:
1227:
1186:
1148:
1113:202051
1111:
1093:
1019:
993:
908:
835:
827:
739:
386:philos
377:philos
367:philos
357:philos
346:philos
250:rarely
102:absent
77:absent
69:strong
1454:S2CID
1446:JSTOR
1405:JSTOR
1370:JSTOR
1318:JSTOR
1264:S2CID
1205:(PDF)
1138:(PDF)
1120:(PDF)
1109:JSTOR
1079:(PDF)
991:JSTOR
844:(PDF)
833:S2CID
825:JSTOR
805:(PDF)
737:S2CID
441:cycle
422:graph
342:philo
271:nodes
238:often
34:Nodes
1341:ISBN
1310:ISSN
1275:2021
1225:PMID
1146:ISBN
1017:OCLC
960:link
906:ISBN
373:Time
275:ties
273:and
73:weak
59:and
38:ties
1438:doi
1397:doi
1302:doi
1256:doi
1217:doi
1101:doi
1047:doi
983:doi
874:doi
817:doi
767:doi
727:doi
691:doi
501:IRC
265:In
104:or
75:or
55:In
1497::
1452:.
1444:.
1434:99
1432:.
1428:.
1403:.
1393:57
1391:.
1366:81
1364:.
1316:.
1308:.
1296:.
1292:.
1262:.
1250:.
1246:.
1223:.
1213:63
1211:.
1207:.
1184:MR
1178:,
1172:,
1107:.
1099:.
1085:.
1081:.
1059:^
1043:19
1041:.
1029:^
1003:^
989:.
979:57
977:.
956:}}
952:{{
944:.
888:^
870:24
868:.
864:.
852:^
831:.
823:.
813:78
811:.
807:.
779:^
763:38
761:.
749:^
735:.
723:54
721:.
717:.
703:^
687:19
685:.
681:.
612:US
511:,
428:.
388:.
169:.
146:.
134:.
71:,
63:,
1460:.
1440::
1411:.
1399::
1376:.
1349:.
1324:.
1304::
1298:1
1277:.
1258::
1252:8
1231:.
1219::
1180:2
1154:.
1103::
1087:1
1053:.
1049::
1023:.
997:.
985::
962:)
914:.
882:.
876::
819::
773:.
769::
743:.
729::
697:.
693::
600:,
569:)
563:(
558:)
554:(
544:.
52:.
44:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
