447:(or as metastases): bone metastases located in the spine, pelvis and long bones can be treated with image guided ablative techniques (RFA, MWA, cryoablation, electroportation) with or without injection of cement (cementoplasty) to stabilize the bone. These treatments may be palliatively for bone metastases pain or for some cases such as osteoid osteoma can curatively treat tumors.
330:(also known as SIRT or Y-90 radioembolization or TARE): Injection of small beads loaded with a radioactive isotope, Yittrium-90 (Y-90), into blood vessels feeding a tumor in order to deliver a lethal dose of radiation causing cell death. Can be performed in a segmental (radiation segmentectomy) or a lobar (
1572:
Rivero, J. Ricardo; De La Cerda, Jose; Wang, Hanzhang; Liss, Michael A.; Farrell, Ann M.; Rodriguez, Ronald; Suri, Rajeev; Kaushik, Dharam (January 2018). "Partial
Nephrectomy versus Thermal Ablation for Clinical Stage T1 Renal Masses: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of More than 3,900 Patients".
369:
Interventional oncology has long been used to provide palliative care for patients. IO procedures can help reduce cancer-related pain and improve patients’ quality of life. Tumours can intrude into various ducts and blood vessels of the body, obstructing the vital passage of food, blood or waste. The
382:
cancer. IO treatments may be also offered in combination with any of the above oncological therapies in order to augment the therapeutic outcome in more complex or widespread (metastatic) cancer cases. There is a variety of applications of interventional oncological treatments for tumors that arise
723:
Hickey, Ryan; Vouche, Michael; Sze, Daniel Y.; Hohlastos, Elias; Collins, Jeremy; Schirmang, Todd; Memon, Khairuddin; Ryu, Robert K.; Sato, Kent; Chen, Richard; Gupta, Ramona; Resnick, Scott; Carr, James; Chrisman, Howard B.; Nemcek, Albert A.; Vogelzang, Robert L.; Lewandowski, Robert J.; Salem,
673:
Hickey, Ryan; Vouche, Michael; Sze, Daniel Y.; Hohlastos, Elias; Collins, Jeremy; Schirmang, Todd; Memon, Khairuddin; Ryu, Robert K.; Sato, Kent; Chen, Richard; Gupta, Ramona; Resnick, Scott; Carr, James; Chrisman, Howard B.; Nemcek, Albert A.; Vogelzang, Robert L.; Lewandowski, Robert J.; Salem,
596:
of tumours is generally accepted to offer the best long-term solution, it is often not possible due to the size, number or location of the tumour. IR therapies may be applied to shrink the tumour, making a surgical or interventional treatment possible. Some patient groups may also be too weak to
622:
Cancer is a multifaceted disease group that requires a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. Numerous studies have shown that cancer patients treated in multidisciplinary environments benefit greatly from the combined expertise. Interventional
Radiologists are seen as playing a major role in
434:
can be treated with image guided ablation (RFA, MWA, cryotherapy) with similar results to partial nephrectomy. Benign kidney tumors such as angiomyolipomas can be treated with transarterial embolization to shrink the tumor size and reduce the risk of rupture/bleeding. Other
158:) solid tumors resulting in tumor cell death. Ablation techniques can be performed throughout the body such as in the lung, liver, kidney, prostate, breast, bone, and other organs using image guidance to place a needle/probe through the skin into the target tissue.
1131:
Napoli, Alessandro; Anzidei, Michele; Marincola, Beatrice
Cavallo; Brachetti, Giulia; Noce, Vincenzo; Boni, Fabrizio; Bertaccini, Luca; Passariello, Roberto; Catalano, Carlo (2013). "MR Imaging–guided Focused Ultrasound for Treatment of Bone Metastasis".
370:
interventional radiological treatment known as stenting can be used to re-open blockages, for example of the esophagus or bile ducts in cases of esophageal cancer or cholangiocarcinoma, respectively, considerably relieving the patient's adverse symptoms.
601:. For example, IO techniques can be used to shrink large tumours making them easier to excise. Chemotherapeutic drugs can also be administered intra-arterially, increasing their potency and removing the harsh effects of system-wide application.
597:
undergo open surgery. IR treatments can be applied in these complex cases to provide effective and milder forms of treatment. Interventional oncological techniques can also be used in combination with other treatments to help increase their
631:
Proper patient selection is the key element for the success of any medical procedure and improper conduct can have fatal consequences. Patient selection protocols must be strictly followed before treating patients with IO procedures.
88:
techniques that destroy neoplastic tissues by delivery of some form of heat, cryo or electromagnetic energy and embolization techniques that aim to occlude the blood vessels feeding the tumour and thereby destroy it by means of
604:
Patients can greatly benefit from IO treatments. The minimally invasive nature of the treatments means they cause less pain, fewer side effects and shorter recovery times. Many IO procedures can be performed on an
83:
procedures that help obtain tissue diagnosis of suspicious neoplasms and therapeutic ones that aim to cure or palliate the tumour. Therapeutic interventional oncology procedures may be classified further into
359:
feeding the lobe of liver containing the tumor(s) of interest to induce growth of the non-diseased lobe in order to have adequate liver function necessary to undergo surgical resection of lobe containing the
414:: lung metastases or inoperable primary lung cancer can be treated by interventional radiology procedures such as image guided ablation (cryoablation, microwave ablation and radiofrequency ablation).
31:
and cancer-related problems using targeted minimally invasive procedures performed under image guidance. Interventional oncology has developed to a separate pillar of modern oncology and it employs
334:) fashion. Radiation lobectomy is commonly performed with the goal of inducing growth of the non-diseased lobe in order to have adequate liver function necessary to undergo surgical resection.
281:
into the arteries feeding a tumor in order to completely occlude the tumor's blood supply and cause cell death. The most common indication is for treatment of unresectable liver cancer (
47:
to help guide miniaturized instruments (e.g. biopsy needles, ablation electrodes, intravascular catheters) to allow targeted and precise treatment of solid tumours (also known as
1886:
Deneve, Jeremiah L.; Choi, Junsung; et al. (December 2012). "Chemosaturation with
Percutaneous Hepatic Perfusion for Unresectable Isolated Hepatic Metastases from Sarcoma".
133:: similar to core needle aspiration but using vacuum assistance to gather the sample. Vacuum assisted breast biopsy may provide a high diagnostic yield in case of breast tumours.
459:: for small, solitary breast cancer image guided ablative techniques are used to treat tumors, however their efficacy versus surgical resection has not yet been studied.
1074:
Santiago, Fernando Ruiz; del Mar
Castellano GarcĂa, MarĂa; Montes, Jose Luis MartĂnez; GarcĂa, Manuel Ruiz; Fernández, Juan Miguel Tristán (2009-01-07).
871:
926:"Phase 3 Study of ThermoDox With Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) in Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov"
399:
290:
406:(SIRT/Y-90 radioembolization), portal vein embolization, transarterial/bland embolization, or image guided ablation (RFA, MWA, IRE, Cryoablation).
310:
Drug-eluting bead chemoembolization (DEB-TACE): delivery of microparticles that are themselves loaded with the chemotherapy agent – typically
1202:
Shah, Rajesh P.; Brown, Karen T.; Sofocleous, Constantinos T. (October 2011). "Arterially directed therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma".
403:
327:
264:
Uses a machine that emits high frequency sound waves to kill cancer cells and provide relief for tumor-related pain, such as in the bone.
1334:"Treatment of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with yttrium-90 radioembolization: a systematic review and pooled analysis"
71:. Interventional oncology treatments are routinely carried out by interventional radiologists in appropriate settings and facilities.
2042:
245:
1167:
Gangi, A.; Basile, A.; Buy, X.; Alizadeh, H.; Sauer, B.; Bierry, G. (2005). "Radiofrequency and laser ablation of spinal lesions".
623:
multidisciplinary cancer teams where they provide innovative solutions to improve combined therapies and to treat complications.
93:. Both ablation and embolization techniques are minimally invasive treatment, i.e. they may be delivered through the skin (in a
1951:
Adam, Andreas; Kenny, Lizbeth M. (2015). "Interventional oncology in multidisciplinary cancer treatment in the 21st century".
1498:
471:
952:"Cryoablation vs radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of case series studies"
297:
into arteries feeding a tumor that both delivers chemotherapy and blocks the blood supply to the tumor to cause cell death
773:
467:: inoperable tumors can be treated with image guided ablative techniques and more recently irreversible electroporation.
191:
151:
640:
IO treatments are carried out under image guidance. For this reason practitioners must have attained solid training in
798:
Pereira, Philippe L.; Salvatore, Masala; Cardiovascular
Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE) (2012).
105:
appointments and patients may enjoy rapid recovery and minimal pain and discomfort with low rates of complications.
44:
1833:
Barney Brooks, The
Treatment of Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistula, Southern Medical Journal. 01/1930; 23(2):100-106.
1307:
40:
1031:
Sabel, Michael S. (July 2014). "Nonsurgical ablation of breast cancer: future options for small breast tumors".
1675:"Ablation of Musculoskeletal Metastases: Pain Palliation, Fracture Risk Reduction, and Oligometastatic Disease"
653:
391:
352:
282:
24:
1929:
347:
Intra-arterial chemotherapy: high dose chemotherapy is administered directly into the tumor-feeding arteries.
846:
553:
177:
143:
130:
1007:
879:
519:
114:
162:
Chemical ablation: one of the earliest ablative techniques involving the injection of substances such as
1388:
641:
431:
307:
with high dose chemotherapy with or without microparticles directly into the tumor-feeding arteries.
331:
127:: similar to fine-needle aspiration, only involving the use of larger needles to excise the tissue.
1976:
1911:
1868:
1674:
989:
829:
593:
395:
274:
223:
147:
124:
1332:
Al-Adra, D. P.; Gill, R. S.; Axford, S. J.; Shi, X.; Kneteman, N.; Liau, S.-S. (January 2015).
2037:
1968:
1903:
1860:
1816:
1798:
1759:
1741:
1702:
1694:
1655:
1637:
1598:
1590:
1554:
1546:
1480:
1439:
1421:
1371:
1353:
1289:
1271:
1227:
1219:
1184:
1149:
1113:
1095:
1056:
1048:
981:
973:
821:
755:
705:
565:
1997 – Intra-arterial delivery of tumor-killing viruses and gene therapy vectors to the liver.
484:
480:
1525:"Standards of Practice: Guidelines for Thermal Ablation of Primary and Secondary Lung Tumors"
800:"Standards of Practice: Guidelines for Thermal Ablation of Primary and Secondary Lung Tumors"
1960:
1895:
1852:
1806:
1790:
1749:
1733:
1686:
1645:
1629:
1582:
1536:
1470:
1429:
1413:
1361:
1345:
1279:
1261:
1211:
1176:
1141:
1103:
1087:
1040:
963:
847:
The Royal
College of Radiologists UK. Interventional Oncology: Guidance for Service delivery
811:
745:
737:
695:
687:
2047:
573:
529:
464:
472:
https://www.mskcc.org/videos/irreversible-electroporation-nanoknife-treat-prostate-tumors
1794:
1737:
901:
1811:
1778:
1754:
1721:
1650:
1617:
1475:
1458:
1434:
1401:
1366:
1333:
1284:
1249:
1108:
1075:
900:
Radiology (ACR), Radiological
Society of North America (RSNA) and American College of.
750:
725:
700:
675:
562:
1990s – RFA for soft tissue tumors, i.e., bone, breast, kidney, lung and liver cancer.
194:: delivery of electrical fields to disrupt cellular membranes and cause cell death or
2031:
968:
951:
505:
456:
427:
1915:
993:
833:
1980:
1872:
536:
498:
448:
436:
387:
209:
180:: tissue destruction through delivery of electricity that produces ionic friction.
155:
121:
with a fine needle trying to obtain tissue diagnosis by examining the tumour cells.
98:
94:
1936:. Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe. Archived from
925:
676:"Cancer Concepts and Principles: Primer for the Interventional Oncologist—Part II"
726:"Cancer Concepts and Principles: Primer for the Interventional Oncologist—Part I"
378:
Interventional oncology (IO) procedures are commonly applied to treat primary or
516:
444:
411:
356:
311:
255:
Laser ablation (Interstitial laser therapy): tissue coagulation by a laser beam.
231:
227:
167:
1964:
1690:
1586:
1349:
1180:
777:
741:
691:
212:: instant cell death by tissue freezing to temperatures as low as -20 Celsius.
1899:
1541:
1524:
1266:
1091:
1044:
816:
799:
606:
542:
1983 – Laser interstitial thermal therapy first performed on a tumour by Bown.
509:
418:
379:
338:
315:
293:(TACE): Injection of a chemotherapy agent often with microparticles through a
249:
238:
216:
202:
184:
171:
102:
80:
52:
36:
1802:
1745:
1698:
1641:
1594:
1550:
1425:
1357:
1275:
1223:
1099:
1052:
977:
439:
are also performed for symptom relief or prior to surgery to reduce bleeding.
195:
48:
1972:
1907:
1820:
1763:
1706:
1659:
1633:
1602:
1558:
1484:
1443:
1417:
1375:
1293:
1231:
1188:
1153:
1117:
1060:
985:
825:
759:
709:
1864:
277:: Injection of embolic material (microparticles, alcohol, glue) through a
1402:"Portal vein embolization: rationale, technique, and current application"
1145:
902:"Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) | Microwave Ablation (MWA) - Liver Tumors"
598:
304:
294:
278:
90:
85:
1215:
1856:
1779:"Use of irreversible electroporation in unresectable pancreatic cancer"
580:
163:
60:
2008:
IASIOS- International
Accreditation System for Interventional Oncology
1457:
Katsanos, K.; Ahmad, F.; Dourado, R.; Sabharwal, T.; Adam, A. (2009).
1250:"Chemoembolization and radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma"
546:
525:
1969 – The catheter-delivered stenting technique and prototype stent.
118:
28:
857:
Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe, "
303:
Conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE): Injection of
1937:
512:(Y90) started to be investigated for the use in cancer treatments.
64:
56:
32:
79:
Interventional oncology procedures are generally divided between
2003:
Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe
1720:
Nguyen, Tiffany; Hattery, Eleanor; Khatri, Vijay P. (May 2014).
569:
501:
procedure (of a carotid-cavernous fistula); described by Brooks.
68:
2022:
1389:
Cancer Treatment Center of America, Intra-Arterial chemotherapy
1308:"Chemotherapy Delivery Options: Benefits of Regional Therapies"
2018:
ECIO - European Conference on Interventional Oncology Services
1076:"Treatment of bone tumours by radiofrequency thermal ablation"
97:
way) without the need for any skin incisions or other form of
858:
398:
and liver metastases are often treated by procedures such as
101:. Hence, most treatments are nowadays offered as day case or
950:
El Dib, Regina; Touma, Naji J.; Kapoor, Anil (August 2012).
559:
1990s – Treatment of bone and kidney tumors by embolization.
1499:"Liver Cancer Interventional Radiology: Minimally Invasive"
451:
are also performed for prior to surgery to reduce bleeding.
2023:
CIO - Annual Symposium on Clinical Interventional Oncology
1673:
Kurup, Anil Nicholas; Callstrom, Matthew R. (2013-12-01).
579:
2012 – Pioneering liver chemoperfusion study reported by
483:: inoperable, or borderline resectable, locally advanced
2007:
1997:
549:
are developed for vascular and oncological applications.
252:
waves that accumulates high energy and burns the tissue.
2002:
2017:
2012:
1523:
Pereira, Philippe L.; Salvatore, Masala (April 2012).
774:"Interventional Radiology Treatments for Liver Cancer"
1722:"Radiofrequency ablation and breast cancer: a review"
1679:
Techniques in Vascular & Interventional Radiology
609:
basis, freeing up hospital beds and reducing costs.
1616:Foster, Ryan C.B.; Stavas, Joseph M. (June 2014).
528:1970s – Embolisation agents started to be used in
470:Irreversible electroporation video demonstration:
201:Irreversible electroporation video demonstration:
1248:Salem, Riad; Lewandowski, Robert J. (June 2013).
417:Cryoablation of lung cancer video demonstration:
226:: electromagnetic energy produces high frequency
1575:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology
1400:May, Benjamin J.; Madoff, David C. (June 2012).
730:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology
680:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology
515:1966 – Embolization therapy to treat tumors and
487:can be treated with irreversible electroporation
170:into a tumour to cause protein denaturation and
27:that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of
1934:European Conference of Interventional Oncology
355:(PVE): delivery of embolic material into the
183:Radiofrequency ablation video demonstration:
8:
1243:
1241:
150:), deliver electrical fields/electroporate (
1888:CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology
1529:CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology
1080:Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
804:CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology
419:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RH4po_14mDY
339:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YndyQkSZl5I
239:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPcU7HFumIk
217:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=goLRh3UX0vM
203:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NL-IIq-c3Ic
185:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Xu0mxkLSzE
1843:Bown SG (1983). "Phototherapy in tumors".
1033:Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America
291:Trans(catheter) arterial chemoembolization
1810:
1753:
1649:
1540:
1474:
1459:"Interventional radiology in the elderly"
1433:
1365:
1283:
1265:
1107:
967:
872:"Radiofrequency ablation for lung cancer"
815:
749:
699:
1254:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
260:High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)
237:Microwave ablation video demonstration:
142:Uses different types of energy to burn (
665:
1338:European Journal of Surgical Oncology
230:of water molecules leading to tissue
7:
1622:Seminars in Interventional Radiology
1406:Seminars in Interventional Radiology
404:Selective internal radiation therapy
328:Selective internal radiation therapy
300:Can be performed in different ways:
1998:Society of Interventional Radiology
1795:10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2015.01.10
1783:Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition
1738:10.3978/j.issn.2227-684X.2014.03.05
1503:Cancer Treatment Centers of America
1312:Cancer Treatment Centers of America
198:or enhance targeted drug delivery.
55:, including but not limited to the
51:) located in various organs of the
1777:Martin, Robert C. G. (June 2015).
1169:Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI
583:for disseminated liver metastases.
215:Cryoablation video demonstration:
14:
1204:American Journal of Roentgenology
1008:"Cryotherapy for Prostate Cancer"
273:Transarterial embolization (TAE)/
248:(HIFU): targeted beam of focused
246:High-intensity focused ultrasound
152:irreversible electroporation(IRE)
1953:Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology
969:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10885.x
45:magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
1618:"Bone and Soft Tissue Ablation"
1463:Clinical Interventions in Aging
400:transarterial chemoembolization
390:: primary liver tumors such as
1:
554:Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
144:radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
23:) is a subspecialty field of
878:. 2017-08-21. Archived from
192:Irreversible electroporation
556:technique for liver tumors.
522:by blocking the blood flow.
138:Image-guided tumor ablation
2064:
1965:10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.211
1691:10.1053/j.tvir.2013.08.007
1587:10.1016/j.jvir.2017.08.013
1350:10.1016/j.ejso.2014.09.007
1181:10.1053/j.sult.2005.02.005
742:10.1016/j.jvir.2013.04.024
692:10.1016/j.jvir.2013.04.023
618:Multidisciplinary approach
337:Y-90 video demonstration:
1900:10.1007/s00270-012-0425-x
1542:10.1007/s00270-012-0340-1
1267:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.12.039
1092:10.1007/s12178-008-9042-3
1045:10.1016/j.soc.2014.03.009
817:10.1007/s00270-012-0340-1
497:1930 – First therapeutic
485:pancreatic adenocarcinoma
2043:Interventional radiology
1845:World Journal of Surgery
654:Interventional radiology
430:: kidney tumors such as
392:hepatocellular carcinoma
353:Portal vein embolization
283:hepatocellular carcinoma
148:microwave ablation (MWA)
41:computed tomography (CT)
25:interventional radiology
539:to freeze liver tumors.
178:Radiofrequency ablation
17:Interventional oncology
1634:10.1055/s-0034-1373791
1418:10.1055/s-0032-1312568
613:Further considerations
545:1985 – Self-expanding
532:to treat liver tumors.
520:vascular malformations
268:Embolisation therapies
131:Vacuum-assisted biopsy
115:Fine-needle aspiration
906:www.radiologyinfo.org
365:Palliative treatments
109:Diagnostic techniques
1146:10.1148/rg.336125162
642:radiation protection
636:Radiation protection
572:first used to treat
432:renal cell carcinoma
75:Procedures performed
1216:10.2214/AJR.11.7554
332:Radiation Lobectomy
1857:10.1007/BF01655209
930:clinicaltrials.gov
594:surgical resection
396:cholangiocarcinoma
275:bland embolization
224:Microwave ablation
125:Core needle biopsy
956:BJU International
627:Patient selection
2055:
1985:
1984:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1894:(6): 1480–1487.
1883:
1877:
1876:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1544:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1437:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1287:
1269:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1140:(6): 1555–1568.
1128:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1004:
998:
997:
971:
947:
941:
940:
938:
937:
922:
916:
915:
913:
912:
897:
891:
890:
888:
887:
868:
862:
855:
849:
844:
838:
837:
819:
795:
789:
788:
786:
785:
776:. Archived from
770:
764:
763:
753:
736:(8): 1157–1164.
720:
714:
713:
703:
686:(8): 1167–1188.
670:
374:Diseases treated
2063:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2028:
2027:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1210:(4): W590–602.
1201:
1200:
1196:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1006:
1005:
1001:
949:
948:
944:
935:
933:
932:. 24 March 2017
924:
923:
919:
910:
908:
899:
898:
894:
885:
883:
870:
869:
865:
856:
852:
845:
841:
797:
796:
792:
783:
781:
772:
771:
767:
722:
721:
717:
672:
671:
667:
662:
650:
638:
629:
620:
615:
590:
574:prostate cancer
530:palliative care
494:
376:
367:
270:
262:
140:
111:
77:
12:
11:
5:
2061:
2059:
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357:portal vein
312:doxorubicin
232:coagulation
228:oscillation
168:acetic acid
2032:Categories
1509:2019-10-29
1318:2019-10-29
1017:2019-10-29
936:2019-10-29
911:2019-10-29
886:2019-10-29
784:2015-05-07
660:References
607:outpatient
592:While the
510:Yttrium-90
492:Milestones
380:metastatic
316:irinotecan
250:ultrasonic
172:cell death
103:outpatient
81:diagnostic
53:human body
37:ultrasound
1803:2304-3881
1746:2227-684X
1699:1089-2516
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234:by heat.
196:apoptosis
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2038:Oncology
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599:efficacy
588:Benefits
508:such as
504:1960s –
481:Pancreas
465:Prostate
402:(TACE),
383:in the:
305:lipiodol
295:catheter
279:catheter
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86:ablation
1981:7689364
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