17:
716:"Mannheim carotid intima–media thickness and plaque consensus (2004-2006-2011). An update on behalf of the advisory board of the 3rd, 4th and 5th watching the risk symposia, at the 13th, 15th and 20th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, Brussels, Belgium, 2006, and Hamburg, Germany, 2011"
818:
Stein JH, Korcarz CE, Hurst RT, Lonn E, Kendall CB, Mohler ER, Najjar SS, Rembold CM, Post WS (2008). "Use of carotid ultrasound to identify subclinical vascular disease and evaluate cardiovascular disease risk: a consensus statement from the
American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima–Media
144:
The carotid artery is the usual site of measurement of IMT and consensus statements for carotid IMT have been published for adults and children. Often, carotid IMT is measured in three locations: in the common carotid artery (typically at one cm proximal to the flow divider), at the bifurcation, and
771:
Dalla Pozza, Robert; Ehringer-Schetitska, Doris; Fritsch, Peter; Jokinen, Eero; Petropoulos, Andreas; Oberhoffer, Renate; Association for
European Paediatric Cardiology Working Group Cardiovascular Prevention (February 2015). "Intima media thickness measurement in children: A statement from the
440:
Lorenz MW, Polak JF, Kavousi M, Mathiesen EB, Völzke H, Tuomainen TP, Sander D, Plichart M, Catapano AL, Robertson CM, Kiechl S, Rundek T, Desvarieux M, Lind L, Schmid C, Dasmahapatra P, Gao L, Ziegelbauer K, Bots ML, Thompson SG; on behalf of the PROG-IMT Study Group. (April 2012).
983:
Masoura C, Pitsavos C, Aznaouridis K, Skoumas I, Vlachopoulos C, Stefanadis C (2011). "Arterial endothelial function and wall thickness in familial hypercholesterolemia and familial combined hyperlipidemia and the effect of statins. A systematic review and meta-analysis".
145:
in the internal carotid artery. IMT measurements of the far (deeper) wall, by ultrasound, are generally considered more reliable than measurements performed on the near (more superficial) wall; although measurement of both near and far wall IMT has also been advocated.
69:
by Paolo
Pignoli in 1984 and further details were subsequently published in a highly cited article. The use of IMT as a non-invasive tool to track changes in arterial walls has increased substantially since the mid-1990s. Although carotid IMT is predictive of future
1019:
Touboul PJ, Labreuche J, Bruckert E, Schargrodsky H, Prati P, Tosetto A, Hernandez-Hernandez R, Woo KS, Silva H, Vicaut E, Amarenco P (2014). "HDL-C, triglycerides and carotid IMT: a meta-analysis of 21,000 patients with automated edge detection IMT measurement".
241:
de Groot, Eric; van Leuven, Sander I; Duivenvoorden, Raphaël; Meuwese, Marijn C; Akdim, Fatima; Bots, Michiel L; Kastelein, John JP (2008). "Measurement of carotid intima–media thickness to assess progression and regression of atherosclerosis".
192:
for evaluating the regression and/or progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; however the appropriateness of carotid IMT in this context is uncertain. Although carotid intima–media thickness is strongly associated with
598:
European
Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology Guidelines Committee (June 2003). "2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension".
443:"Carotid intima–media thickness progression to predict cardiovascular events in the general population (the PROG-IMT collaborative project): a meta-analysis of individual participant data"
78:
in carotid IMT over time is disputed, as meta-analyses have not found that change in carotid IMT is predictive of cardiovascular events. As such, the use of change in carotid IMT as a
1055:
Ambrosino P, Lupoli R, Di Minno A, Tasso M, Peluso R, Di Minno MN (2015). "Subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A meta-analysis of literature studies".
97:
guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension recommended the use of carotid IMT measurements in high-risk patients to help identify target organ damage and in 2010 the
65:
in humans and, more contentiously, to track the regression, arrest or progression of atherosclerosis. Ultrasound measurements of carotid IMT were first proposed and validated
665:
Kume, Teruyoshi; Akasaka, Takashi; Kawamoto, Takahiro; Watanabe, Nozomi; Toyota, Eiji; Neishi, Yoji; Sukmawan, Renan; Sadahira, Yoshito; Yoshida, Kiyoshi (August 2005).
651:
492:
197:, thickening of the intima–media may not always be due to atherosclerosis. Intima–medial thickening is a complex process, depending on a variety of factors, including
1098:
Madan SA, John F, Pyrsopoulos N, Pitchumoni CS (2015). "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and carotid artery atherosclerosis in children and adults: a meta-analysis".
93:
found no support for its routine use in stratification of risk for people at intermediate cardiovascular risk. However, in 2003 the
European Society of Hypertension–
772:
Association for
European Paediatric Cardiology (AEPC) Working Group on Cardiovascular Prevention endorsed by the Association for European Paediatric Cardiology".
1406:
Saba L, Sanfilippo R, Montisci R, Mallarini G (Feb 2010). "Carotid artery wall thickness: comparison between sonography and multi-detector row CT angiography".
636:
403:
129:
arteries). External ultrasound methods have the advantage of being non-invasive, comparatively low cost and convenient. Deeper internal arteries, such as the
90:
1143:"Carotid Intima–Media Thickness, a Marker of Subclinical Atherosclerosis, and Particulate Air Pollution Exposure: the Meta-Analytical Evidence"
634:
LPhilip
Greenland, MD, FACC, FAHA (15 November 2010). "2010 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk in Asymptomatic Adults".
148:
Carotid IMT has been used in many epidemiological and clinical studies and these have shown associations with several risk factors, including
863:
557:"Emerging risk factors for coronary heart disease: a summary of systematic reviews conducted for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force"
89:
Carotid IMT is occasionally used in clinical practice, but its role is not clear. After systematically reviewing the evidence base, the
938:"Carotid artery intima–media thickness in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance: a systematic review"
714:
Touboul, P.-J.; Hennerici, M. G.; Meairs, S.; Adams, H.; Amarenco, P.; Bornstein, N.; Csiba, L.; Desvarieux, M.; Ebrahim, S. (2012).
399:"Does carotid intima–media thickness regression predict reduction of cardiovascular events? A meta-analysis of 41 randomized trials"
169:
1452:
102:
94:
1192:
Bots ML (2006). "Carotid intima–media thickness as a surrogate marker for cardiovascular disease in intervention studies".
153:
667:"Assessment of coronary intima–media thickness by optical coherence tomography: comparison with intravascular ultrasound"
355:"Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima–media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
138:
561:
98:
105:
advocated the use of carotid IMT on intermediate risk patients if usual risk classification was not satisfactory.
1293:"Carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) and plaque from risk assessment and clinical use to genetic discoveries"
157:
134:
51:
397:
Costanzo P, Perrone-Filardi P, Vassallo E, Paolillo S, Cesarano P, Brevetti G, Chiariello M (December 2010).
218:
645:
486:
114:
71:
1373:"Ultrasonic-pathological comparison of the human arterial wall: verification of intima–media thickness"
113:
IMT can be measured using external ultrasound in large arteries relatively close to the skin (e.g. the
165:
16:
1462:
1457:
185:
1431:
1217:
1123:
1080:
965:
275:
210:
189:
79:
314:"Intima plus media thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement with ultrasound imaging"
1423:
1394:
1359:
1314:
1266:
1209:
1174:
1115:
1072:
1037:
1001:
957:
937:
918:
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859:
836:
797:
789:
753:
735:
696:
688:
616:
580:
537:
529:
474:
422:
376:
335:
267:
259:
181:
130:
1415:
1384:
1349:
1304:
1256:
1248:
1201:
1164:
1154:
1107:
1064:
1029:
993:
949:
908:
892:
828:
781:
743:
727:
678:
608:
575:
570:
556:
519:
464:
456:
412:
366:
325:
251:
1033:
997:
785:
194:
149:
118:
62:
1261:
1236:
1169:
1142:
913:
880:
748:
715:
555:
Helfand M, Buckley DI, Freeman M, Fu R, Rogers K, Fleming C, Humphrey LL (6 Oct 2009).
469:
442:
293:
Pignoli P (1984). "Ultrasound B-mode imaging for arterial wall thickness measurement".
198:
177:
126:
83:
460:
371:
354:
1446:
1354:
1337:
953:
612:
214:
213:. Variations in IMT between different locations (e.g. the common carotid artery, the
173:
161:
122:
35:
1127:
1084:
969:
279:
1435:
1221:
206:
202:
55:
39:
1252:
1309:
1292:
1159:
1111:
1330:
832:
524:
507:
417:
398:
1419:
447:
47:
1318:
1205:
904:
896:
793:
739:
692:
533:
508:"Carotid Intima–Media Thickness and Plaque in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment"
330:
313:
263:
1389:
1372:
1427:
1363:
1270:
1213:
1178:
1119:
1076:
1041:
1005:
961:
922:
840:
801:
757:
700:
620:
584:
541:
478:
426:
380:
271:
1398:
339:
255:
1068:
683:
666:
881:"Carotid Intima–Media Thickness Studies: Study Design and Data Analysis"
1141:
Provost, E; Madhloum, N; Int Panis, L; De Boever, P; Nawrot, T (2015).
1237:"Clinical and research applications of carotid intima–media thickness"
819:
Thickness Task Force. Endorsed by the
Society for Vascular Medicine".
731:
43:
353:
Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, Rosvall M, Sitzer M (January 2007).
86:, or in clinical management of cardiovascular disease, is debated.
15:
1291:
Bartels, Susanne; Franco, Angelica Ruiz; Rundek, Tatjana (2012).
854:
Filippo
Molinari; Jasjit S. Suri; Chirinjeev Kathuria (2010).
312:
Pignoli P, Tremoli E, Poli A, Oreste PL, Paoletti R (1986).
1331:
Various
Newscasts on Carotid IMT (Intima Media Thickness)
236:
234:
221:) may reflect differences in local hemodynamic forces.
1235:
Sharma K, Blaha MJ, Blumenthal RS, Musunuru K (2009).
188:
interventions have also used carotid artery IMT as a
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
133:require special intravascular catheters employing
58:can also be done using other imaging modalities.
1371:Wong M, Edelstein J, Wollman J, Bond MG (1993).
244:Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine
392:
390:
61:Carotid IMT is used to detect the presence of
54:. Measurements of the total wall thickness of
46:. The measurement is usually made by external
879:Peters, Sanne A.E.; Bots, Michiel L. (2013).
637:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
42:, the innermost two layers of the wall of an
8:
813:
811:
650:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
491:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
91:United States Preventive Services Task Force
1338:"What does intima–media thickness tell us?"
1388:
1353:
1308:
1260:
1168:
1158:
912:
747:
682:
574:
523:
506:Naqvi, Tasneem Z.; Lee, Ming-Sum (2014).
468:
416:
370:
329:
936:Brohall G, Odén A, Fagerberg B (2006).
576:10.7326/0003-4819-151-7-200910060-00010
230:
52:internal, invasive ultrasound catheters
34:, is a measurement of the thickness of
643:
484:
1034:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.011
998:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.10.008
786:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.029
7:
856:Atherosclerosis Disease Management
14:
372:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628875
170:non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
1355:10.1097/00004872-200501000-00009
954:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01725.x
613:10.1097/00004872-200306000-00001
103:American College of Cardiology
95:European Society of Cardiology
74:, the usefulness of measuring
1:
1253:10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.01.020
461:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60441-3
154:familial hypercholesterolemia
1310:10.1016/j.permed.2012.01.006
1160:10.1371/journal.pone.0127014
1112:10.1097/MEG.0000000000000429
512:JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging
139:optical coherence tomography
82:measure of drug efficacy in
1100:Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol
1479:
833:10.1016/j.echo.2007.11.011
827:(2): 93–111, quiz 189–90.
525:10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.11.014
418:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.059
99:American Heart Association
1420:10.1007/s00234-009-0589-5
1297:Perspectives in Medicine
1206:10.1185/030079906X148472
897:10.5853/jos.2013.15.1.38
720:Cerebrovascular Diseases
331:10.1161/01.cir.74.6.1399
176:. Since the 1990s, some
158:high-density lipoprotein
32:intimal medial thickness
1453:Cardiovascular diseases
1390:10.1161/01.ATV.13.4.482
1342:Journal of Hypertension
295:Atherosclerosis Reviews
219:internal carotid artery
24:Intima–media thickness
20:
821:J Am Soc Echocardiogr
256:10.1038/ncpcardio1163
160:cholesterol (HDL-C),
72:cardiovascular events
19:
1069:10.1160/TH14-11-0921
858:. Berlin: Springer.
684:10.1253/circj.69.903
209:and circumferential
166:rheumatoid arthritis
50:and occasionally by
1377:Arterioscler Thromb
671:Circulation Journal
190:surrogate endpoint
109:Measurement of IMT
80:surrogate endpoint
21:
1336:Bortel L (2005).
1303:(1–12): 139–145.
1194:Curr Med Res Opin
885:Journal of Stroke
865:978-1-4419-7221-7
732:10.1159/000343145
518:(10): 1025–1038.
455:(9831): 2053–62.
404:J Am Coll Cardiol
131:coronary arteries
1470:
1439:
1402:
1392:
1367:
1357:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1288:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1162:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1016:
1010:
1009:
980:
974:
973:
933:
927:
926:
916:
876:
870:
869:
851:
845:
844:
815:
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805:
768:
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686:
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656:
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649:
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631:
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490:
482:
472:
437:
431:
430:
420:
394:
385:
384:
374:
350:
344:
343:
333:
324:(6): 1399–1495.
309:
303:
302:
290:
284:
283:
238:
141:to measure IMT.
1478:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1443:
1442:
1405:
1370:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1290:
1289:
1278:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1200:(11): 2181–90.
1191:
1190:
1186:
1153:(5): e0127014.
1140:
1139:
1135:
1106:(11): 1237–48.
1097:
1096:
1092:
1057:Thromb. Haemost
1054:
1053:
1049:
1022:Atherosclerosis
1018:
1017:
1013:
986:Atherosclerosis
982:
981:
977:
935:
934:
930:
878:
877:
873:
866:
853:
852:
848:
817:
816:
809:
774:Atherosclerosis
770:
769:
765:
713:
712:
708:
664:
663:
659:
642:
633:
632:
628:
597:
596:
592:
554:
553:
549:
505:
504:
500:
483:
439:
438:
434:
411:(24): 2006–20.
396:
395:
388:
352:
351:
347:
311:
310:
306:
292:
291:
287:
240:
239:
232:
227:
195:atherosclerosis
178:clinical trials
150:type 2 diabetes
111:
84:clinical trials
63:atherosclerosis
30:), also called
12:
11:
5:
1476:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1408:Neuroradiology
1403:
1383:(4): 482–486.
1368:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1276:
1247:(9): 1316–20.
1241:Am. J. Cardiol
1227:
1184:
1133:
1090:
1047:
1011:
975:
928:
871:
864:
846:
807:
780:(2): 380–387.
763:
726:(4): 290–296.
706:
677:(8): 903–907.
657:
626:
607:(6): 1011–53.
590:
569:(7): 496–507.
562:Ann Intern Med
547:
498:
432:
386:
345:
304:
285:
250:(5): 280–288.
229:
228:
226:
223:
211:tensile stress
199:blood pressure
186:pharmaceutical
110:
107:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1475:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
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1400:
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1378:
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1311:
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1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
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1137:
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1125:
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1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:(5): 916–30.
1062:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
992:(1): 129–38.
991:
987:
979:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
948:(6): 609–16.
947:
943:
939:
932:
929:
924:
920:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
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867:
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857:
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838:
834:
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826:
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787:
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767:
764:
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741:
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733:
729:
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721:
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710:
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594:
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582:
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572:
568:
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558:
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548:
543:
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535:
531:
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428:
424:
419:
414:
410:
406:
405:
400:
393:
391:
387:
382:
378:
373:
368:
365:(4): 459–67.
364:
360:
356:
349:
346:
341:
337:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
308:
305:
300:
296:
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224:
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216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:air pollution
171:
167:
163:
162:triglycerides
159:
155:
151:
146:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
108:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
64:
59:
57:
56:blood vessels
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:tunica intima
33:
29:
25:
18:
1414:(2): 75–82.
1411:
1407:
1380:
1376:
1348:(1): 37–39.
1345:
1341:
1300:
1296:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1028:(1): 65–71.
1025:
1021:
1014:
989:
985:
978:
945:
941:
931:
891:(1): 38–48.
888:
884:
874:
855:
849:
824:
820:
777:
773:
766:
723:
719:
709:
674:
670:
660:
646:cite journal
635:
629:
604:
601:J. Hypertens
600:
593:
566:
560:
550:
515:
511:
501:
487:cite journal
452:
446:
435:
408:
402:
362:
358:
348:
321:
317:
307:
298:
294:
288:
247:
243:
215:carotid bulb
207:shear stress
203:hemodynamics
147:
143:
112:
88:
75:
66:
60:
40:tunica media
31:
27:
23:
22:
942:Diabet. Med
359:Circulation
318:Circulation
1463:Ultrasound
1458:Cardiology
1447:Categories
301:: 177–184.
225:References
135:ultrasound
48:ultrasound
1319:2211-968X
905:2287-6391
794:1879-1484
740:1421-9786
693:1346-9843
534:1936-878X
264:1743-4297
182:lifestyle
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