631:
582:
is under compression, magma at shallow depth will tend to form laccoliths instead, with the magma penetrating the least competent beds, such as shale beds. Ring dikes and cone sheets form only at shallow depth, where a plug of overlying country rock can be raised or lowered. The immense volumes of magma involved in batholiths can force their way upwards only when the magma is highly silicic and buoyant, and are likely do so as
570:. This produces magma that is less dense than its source rock. For example, a granitic magma, which is high in silica, has a density of 2.4 Mg/m, much less than the 2.8 Mg/m of high-grade metamorphic rock. This gives the magma tremendous buoyancy, so that ascent of the magma is inevitable once enough magma has accumulated. However, the question of precisely how large quantities of magma are able to shove aside
271:
77:
429:. As they have reached the surface they are really extrusions, but the non erupted material is an intrusion and indeed due to erosion may be difficult to distinguish from an intrusion that never reached the surface when magma/lava. The root material of a diatreme is identical to intrusive material nearby, if it exists, that never reached the then surface when formed.
45:
783:
composition of the rest of the intrusion. Isotherms (surfaces of constant temperature) propagate away from the margin according to a square root law, so that if the outermost meter of the magma takes ten years to cool to a given temperature, the next inward meter will take 40 years, the next will take 90 years, and so on.
782:
is found on the country rock side. The chilled margin is much finer grained than most of the intrusion, and may be different in composition, reflecting the initial composition of the intrusion before fractional crystallization, assimilation of country rock, or further magmatic injections modified the
621:
Large felsic intrusions likely form from melting of lower crust that has been heated by an intrusion of mafic magma from the upper mantle. The different densities of felsic and mafic magma limit mixing, so that the silicic magma floats on the mafic magma. Such limited mixing as takes place results in
443:
A stock is a non-tabular discordant intrusion whose exposure covers less than 100 square kilometers (39 sq mi). Although this seems arbitrary, particularly since the exposure may be only the tip of a larger intrusive body, the classification is meaningful for bodies which do not change much
350:
Dikes are tabular discordant intrusions, taking the form of sheets that cut across existing rock beds. They tend to resist erosion, so that they stand out as natural walls on the landscape. They vary in thickness from millimeter-thick films to over 300 meters (980 ft) and an individual sheet can
581:
The composition of the magma and country rock and the stresses affecting the country rock strongly influence the kinds of intrusions that take place. For example, where the crust is undergoing extension, magma can easily rise into tensional fractures in the upper crust to form dikes. Where the crust
769:
is the thermal diffusivity (typically close to 10 m s for most geologic materials), x is the distance from the contact, and t is the time since intrusion. This formula suggests that the magma close to the contact will be rapidly chilled while the country rock close to the contact is rapidly heated,
811:
are discordant with country rock and have sharp contacts with chilled margins, with only limited metamorphism in a contact aureole, and often contain xenolithic fragments of country rock suggesting brittle fracturing. Such intrusions are interpreted as occurring at shallow depth, and are commonly
786:
This is an idealization, and such processes as magma convection (where cooled magma next to the contact sinks to the bottom of the magma chamber and hotter magma takes its place) can alter the cooling process, reducing the thickness of chilled margins while hastening cooling of the intrusion as a
594:
Igneous intrusions may form from a single magmatic event or several incremental events. Recent evidence suggests that incremental formation is more common for large intrusions. For example, the
Palisades Sill was never a single body of magma 300 meters (980 ft) thick, but was formed from
530:
Lopoliths are concordant intrusions with a saucer shape, somewhat resembling an inverted laccolith, but they can be much larger and form by different processes. Their immense size promotes very slow cooling, and this produces an unusually complete mineral segregation called a
638:
An intrusion of magma loses heat to the surrounding country rock through heat conduction. Near the contact of hot material with cold material, if the hot material is initially uniform in temperature, the temperature profile across the contact is given by the relationship
806:
have a much lower degree of metamorphism in their contact aureoles, and the contact between country rock and intrusion is clearly discernible. Migmatites are rare and deformation of country rock is moderate. Such intrusions are interpreted as occurring at medium depth.
734:
787:
whole. However, it is clear that thin dikes will cool much faster than larger intrusions, which explains why small intrusions near the surface (where the country rock is initially cold) are often nearly as fine-grained as volcanic rock.
351:
have an area of 12,000 square kilometers (4,600 sq mi). They also vary widely in composition. Dikes form by hydraulic fracturing of the country rock by magma under pressure, and are more common in regions of
458:
Batholiths are discordant intrusions with an exposed area greater than 100 square kilometers (39 sq mi). Some are of truly enormous size, and their lower contacts are very rarely exposed. For example, the
802:
in the intrusion and the surrounding country rock are roughly parallel, with indications of extreme deformation in the country rock. Such intrusions are interpreted as taking placed at great depth.
512:
A laccolith is a concordant intrusion with a flat base and domed roof. Laccoliths typically form at shallow depth, less than 3 kilometers (1.9 mi), and in regions of crustal compression.
644:
1698:
Miller, Calvin (March 2011). "Growth of plutons by incremental emplacement of sheets in crystal-rich host: Evidence from
Miocene intrusions of the Colorado River region, Nevada, USA".
794:
have a thick aureole that grades into the intrusive body with no sharp margin, indicating considerable chemical reaction between intrusion and country rock, and often have broad
1289:
Crustal
Contamination of Picritic Magmas During Transport Through Dikes: the Expo Intrusive Suite, Cape Smith Fold Belt, New Quebec | Journal of Petrology | Oxford Academic
403:-shaped at depth. Dikes often radiate from a volcanic neck, suggesting that necks tend to form at intersections of dikes where passage of magma is least obstructed.
763:
494:
A sill is a tabular concordant intrusion, typically taking the form of a sheet parallel to sedimentary beds. They are otherwise similar to dikes. Most are of
830:. Crystals formed early in cooling are generally denser than the remaining magma and can settle to the bottom of a large intrusive body. This forms a
1980:
1304:
1288:
1275:
1126:
1323:"Dykes and structures of the NE rift of Tenerife, Canary Islands: a record of stabilisation and destabilisation of ocean island rift zones"
790:
Structural features of the contact between intrusion and country rock give clues to the conditions under which the intrusion took place.
618:
zoning provides important evidence for determining if a single magmatic event or a series of injections were the methods of emplacement.
1321:
Delcamp, A.; Troll, V. R.; Vries, B. van Wyk de; Carracedo, J. C.; Petronis, M. S.; Pérez-Torrado, F. J.; Deegan, F. M. (2012-07-01).
1214:
244:
is poorly defined, but has been used to describe an intrusion emplaced at great depth; as a synonym for all igneous intrusions; as a
1947:
1932:
1908:
1239:
1167:
900:
322:. These are further classified according to such criteria as size, evident mode of origin, or whether they are tabular in shape.
826:
An intrusion does not crystallize all minerals at once; rather, there is a sequence of crystallization that is reflected in the
231:
Intrusions must displace existing country rock to make room for themselves. The question of how this takes place is called the
248:
for intrusions whose size or character are not well determined; or as a name for a very large intrusion or for a crystallized
928:
498:
composition, relatively low in silica, which gives them the low viscosity necessary to penetrate between sedimentary beds.
463:
is 1,100 kilometers (680 mi) long and 50 kilometers (31 mi) wide. They are usually formed from magma rich in
2218:
1973:
603:
when formed of repeated injections of magma of unlike composition. A composite dike can include rocks as different as
2208:
38:
460:
1659:
614:
While there is often little visual evidence of multiple injections in the field, there is geochemical evidence.
2050:
2037:
1397:
839:
158:
1958:
1643:
2213:
178:
31:
1430:
Troll, Valentin R.; Nicoll, Graeme R.; Ellam, Robert M.; Emeleus, C. Henry; Mattsson, Tobias (2021-02-09).
1966:
1033:
571:
189:
444:
in area with depth and that have other features suggesting a distinctive origin and mode of emplacement.
1115:
827:
870: – Geometries and processes associated with the presence of significant thicknesses of evaporites
1856:
1703:
1598:
1443:
1334:
1025:
729:{\displaystyle T/T_{0}={\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\operatorname {erf} ({\frac {x}{2{\sqrt {kt}}}})}
373:
Ring dikes and cone sheets are dikes with particular forms that are associated with the formation of
1301:
1038:
834:
with distinctive texture and composition. Such cumulate layers may contain valuable ore deposits of
799:
426:
225:
399:. Surface exposures are typically cylindrical, but the intrusion often becomes elliptical or even
1882:
1624:
1358:
1051:
549:
193:
858: – Geological theory that Earth's igneous rocks formed by solidification of molten material
586:
in the ductile deep crust and through a variety of other mechanisms in the brittle upper crust.
630:
1943:
1928:
1904:
1874:
1616:
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1322:
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1235:
1210:
1163:
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896:
532:
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57:
137:. Intrusions have a wide variety of forms and compositions, illustrated by examples like the
2092:
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1711:
1654:
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1342:
1043:
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2011:
1994:
1308:
778:
559:
471:
or other rock rich in mafic minerals, but some batholiths are composed almost entirely of
438:
327:
213:
150:
1644:"Are plutons assembled over millions of years by amalgamation from small magma chambers?"
1183:
1860:
1707:
1602:
1447:
1338:
1029:
196:, cooling of the magma is extremely slow, and intrusive igneous rock is coarse-grained (
2110:
867:
772:
489:
345:
291:
287:
279:
138:
123:
1069:
846:
includes cumulate layers of the rare rock type, chromitite, composed of 90% chromite,
2202:
2085:
1886:
1829:
1628:
1432:"Petrogenesis of the Loch Bà ring-dyke and Centre 3 granites, Isle of Mull, Scotland"
1362:
1156:
821:
386:
295:
249:
1055:
770:
while material further from the contact will be much slower to cool or heat. Thus a
2166:
2162:
1990:
1016:
Le Bas, M. J.; Streckeisen, A. L. (1991). "The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks".
843:
563:
416:
221:
174:
162:
126:
1869:
1844:
1611:
1586:
634:
Thermal profiles at different times after intrusion, illustrating square root law
622:
the small inclusions of mafic rock commonly found in granites and granodiorites.
235:, and it remains a subject of active investigation for many kinds of intrusions.
1715:
472:
217:
65:
1456:
1431:
599:
when it forms from repeated injections of magma of similar composition, and as
2115:
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368:
270:
197:
182:
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146:
76:
61:
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895:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 77–108.
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81:
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17:
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205:
107:
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44:
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2124:
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615:
583:
468:
464:
400:
209:
1398:"Laccoliths of the Ortiz porphyry belt, Santa Fe County, New Mexico"
1739:
1737:
1121:. United States of America: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 67–79.
310:, which cut across the existing structure of the country rock, and
2024:
629:
555:
495:
134:
130:
85:
75:
43:
1374:
1372:
595:
multiple injections of magma. An intrusive body is described as
252:. A pluton that has intruded and obscured the contact between a
154:
69:
1962:
1927:. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman & Company. pp. 119 ff.
1816:
Gu, F; Wills, B (1988). "Chromite- mineralogy and processing".
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
776:
is often found on the intrusion side of the contact, while a
1660:
10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014<0004:APAOMO>2.0.CO;2
200:). Intrusive igneous rocks are classified separately from
923:(2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 13–20.
812:
associated with volcanic rocks and collapse structures.
921:
Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
1209:(9th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. p. 59.
1077:
British
Geological Survey: Rock Classification Scheme
886:
884:
744:
647:
1899:
Guilbert, John M., and Park, Charles F., Jr. (1986)
421:
Diatremes and breccia pipes are pipe-like bodies of
331:
is a group of intrusions related in time and space.
1155:
1114:
914:
912:
757:
728:
60:which was subsequently uplifted and exposed, near
864: – Structural dome formed of salt or halite
765:is the initial temperature of the hot material,
37:"Intrusion" redirects here. For other uses, see
1940:Mind Over Magma: the Story of Igneous Petrology
1391:
1389:
1387:
1117:Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
893:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
204:igneous rocks, generally on the basis of their
1070:"Rock Classification Scheme - Vol 1 - Igneous"
1974:
1779:
1743:
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1685:
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1500:
1488:
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1254:
1100:
1003:
991:
979:
30:"Pluton" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
1585:Emeleus, C. H.; Troll, V. R. (August 2014).
1162:(Fourth ed.). Oxford University Press.
891:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).
1843:Emeleus, C. H.; Troll, V. R. (2014-08-01).
2004:
1981:
1967:
1959:
1803:
1791:
1767:
1572:
1186:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 January 2018
1158:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
1141:
967:
955:
943:
192:into which magma intrudes is an excellent
1868:
1658:
1610:
1465:
1455:
1436:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
1266:Glazner, Allen F., Stock, Greg M. (2010)
1037:
749:
743:
710:
701:
682:
669:
660:
651:
646:
919:Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996).
269:
133:slowly cooling below the surface of the
1154:Allaby, Michael, ed. (2013). "Pluton".
880:
425:that are formed by particular kinds of
1755:
7:
1396:Maynard, Steven R. (February 2005).
391:Volcanic necks are feeder pipes for
306:Intrusions are broadly divided into
1845:"The Rum Igneous Centre, Scotland"
1587:"The Rum Igneous Centre, Scotland"
314:that intrude parallel to existing
102:domed mountains and later uplifted
84:atop a massive pluton system near
25:
1925:Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
1018:Journal of the Geological Society
590:Multiple and composite intrusions
578:) is still a matter of research.
574:to make room for themselves (the
208:content. The relative amounts of
129:that forms by crystallization of
56:intruded below a section of gray
1234:. Berlin: Springer. p. 28.
516:Lopoliths and layered intrusions
1230:Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003).
177:intrusion in Scotland; and the
27:Body of intrusive igneous rocks
1942:. Princeton University Press.
723:
698:
274:Basic types of intrusions: 1.
256:and adjacent rock is called a
1:
1731:, pp. 104–105, 350, 378.
1291:, accessdate: March 27, 2017.
1268:Geology Underfoot in Yosemite
224:is particularly important in
1901:The Geology of Ore Deposits,
1870:10.1180/minmag.2014.078.4.04
1830:10.1016/0892-6875(88)90045-3
1612:10.1180/minmag.2014.078.4.04
1311:, accessdate: March 27, 2017
1716:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.07.011
1642:Glazner, Allen (May 2004).
407:Diatremes and breccia pipes
2235:
1457:10.1007/s00410-020-01763-4
819:
547:
519:
505:
487:
451:
436:
410:
395:that have been exposed by
384:
362:
359:Ring dikes and cone sheets
343:
39:Intrusion (disambiguation)
36:
29:
2002:
1780:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1744:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1729:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1686:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1674:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1561:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1549:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1537:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1525:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1513:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1501:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1489:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1379:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1347:10.1007/s00445-012-0577-1
1270:. Mountain Press, p. 45.
1255:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1205:Levin, Harold L. (2010).
1101:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1004:Philpotts & Ague 2009
992:Philpotts & Ague 2009
980:Philpotts & Ague 2009
461:Coastal Batholith of Peru
228:intrusive igneous rocks.
1938:Young, Davis A. (2003).
1048:10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825
840:Bushveld Igneous Complex
159:Bushveld Igneous Complex
1923:Best, Myron G. (1982).
1702:. 500, 1–4 (1): 65–77.
1327:Bulletin of Volcanology
1113:Winter, John D (2010).
554:The ultimate source of
179:Sierra Nevada Batholith
32:Pluton (disambiguation)
1849:Mineralogical Magazine
1804:Blatt & Tracy 1996
1792:Blatt & Tracy 1996
1770:, p. 382-383,508.
1768:Blatt & Tracy 1996
1591:Mineralogical Magazine
1573:Blatt & Tracy 1996
1207:The earth through time
1142:Blatt & Tracy 1996
968:Blatt & Tracy 1996
956:Blatt & Tracy 1996
944:Blatt & Tracy 1996
759:
730:
635:
303:
103:
73:
828:Bowen reaction series
760:
758:{\displaystyle T_{0}}
731:
633:
479:Concordant intrusions
335:Discordant intrusions
312:concordant intrusions
308:discordant intrusions
273:
79:
47:
1818:Minerals Engineering
1653:. 14 4/5 (4): 4–11.
804:Mesozonal intrusions
792:Catazonal intrusions
742:
645:
1861:2014MinM...78..805E
1782:, pp. 323–326.
1758:, "Chilled margin".
1746:, pp. 111–117.
1708:2011Tectp.500...65M
1603:2014MinM...78..805E
1448:2021CoMP..176...16T
1339:2012BVol...74..963D
1030:1991JGSoc.148..825L
809:Epizonal intrusions
427:explosive eruptions
2219:Igneous intrusions
2129:Diabase (Dolerite)
1806:, p. 128-129.
1527:, p. 101-108.
1405:New Mexico Geology
1307:2017-03-29 at the
755:
726:
636:
550:Pluton emplacement
304:
188:Because the solid
104:
74:
2209:Igneous petrology
2196:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2163:Microgranodiorite
2093:Subvolcanic rocks
1575:, pp. 21–22.
1551:, pp. 95–99.
1515:, p. 99-101.
1491:, pp. 86–89.
1381:, pp. 80–86.
1287:Oxford Academic:
1276:978-0-87842-568-6
1257:, pp. 79–80.
1128:978-0-32-159257-6
994:, pp. 87–89.
982:, pp. 80–81.
721:
718:
690:
677:
533:layered intrusion
526:Layered intrusion
467:, and never from
112:igneous intrusion
58:sedimentary rocks
16:(Redirected from
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246:dustbin category
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966:
962:
954:
950:
942:
938:
931:
918:
917:
910:
903:
890:
889:
882:
877:
852:
824:
818:
779:contact aureole
745:
740:
739:
706:
656:
643:
642:
628:
592:
562:of rock in the
560:partial melting
552:
546:
541:
528:
520:Main articles:
518:
510:
504:
492:
486:
481:
456:
450:
441:
439:Stock (geology)
435:
419:
411:Main articles:
409:
389:
383:
371:
363:Main articles:
361:
348:
342:
337:
328:intrusive suite
268:
214:alkali feldspar
151:Henry Mountains
122:) is a body of
52:pluton of pink
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2232:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2214:Plutonic rocks
2211:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2173:
2171:
2156:
2154:
2139:
2137:
2122:
2120:
2111:Picrite basalt
2108:
2106:
2100:Plutonic rocks
2086:Volcanic rocks
2082:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2061:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1993:classified by
1988:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1956:
1955:External links
1953:
1952:
1951:
1936:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1892:
1855:(4): 805–839.
1835:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1733:
1721:
1700:Tectonophysics
1690:
1678:
1666:
1634:
1597:(4): 805–839.
1577:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1422:
1383:
1368:
1333:(5): 963–980.
1313:
1293:
1280:
1259:
1247:
1240:
1222:
1216:978-0470387740
1215:
1197:
1175:
1168:
1146:
1134:
1127:
1105:
1086:
1061:
1024:(5): 825–833.
1008:
1006:, p. 102.
996:
984:
972:
960:
948:
936:
929:
908:
901:
879:
878:
876:
873:
872:
871:
868:Salt tectonics
865:
859:
851:
848:
832:cumulate layer
820:Main article:
817:
814:
773:chilled margin
752:
748:
725:
717:
714:
709:
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697:
694:
689:
686:
681:
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591:
588:
548:Main article:
545:
542:
540:
537:
517:
514:
506:Main article:
503:
500:
490:Sill (geology)
488:Main article:
485:
482:
480:
477:
452:Main article:
449:
446:
437:Main article:
434:
431:
408:
405:
385:Main article:
382:
381:Volcanic necks
379:
360:
357:
346:Dike (geology)
344:Main article:
341:
338:
336:
333:
267:
266:Classification
264:
139:Palisades Sill
116:intrusive body
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2231:
2220:
2217:
2215:
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2207:
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2069:
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2056:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1991:igneous rocks
1984:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1948:0-691-10279-1
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:0-7167-1335-7
1930:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1909:0-7167-1456-6
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
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1734:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1688:, p. 85.
1687:
1682:
1679:
1676:, p. 79.
1675:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1563:, p. 87.
1562:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1539:, p. 93.
1538:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1490:
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1463:
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1324:
1317:
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1303:
1297:
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1243:
1241:9783540436508
1237:
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1198:
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1179:
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1169:9780199653065
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1150:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1109:
1106:
1103:, p. 80.
1102:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:: 1–52. 1999.
1082:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
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1023:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1000:
997:
993:
988:
985:
981:
976:
973:
970:, p. 15.
969:
964:
961:
958:, p. 14.
957:
952:
949:
946:, p. 13.
945:
940:
937:
932:
926:
922:
915:
913:
909:
904:
902:9780521880060
898:
894:
887:
885:
881:
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869:
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863:
860:
857:
854:
853:
849:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
823:
822:Cumulate rock
815:
813:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
784:
781:
780:
775:
774:
768:
750:
746:
736:
715:
712:
707:
703:
695:
692:
687:
684:
679:
674:
671:
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632:
625:
623:
619:
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612:
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569:
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561:
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551:
543:
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536:
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499:
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491:
483:
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455:
447:
445:
440:
432:
430:
428:
424:
418:
414:
406:
404:
402:
398:
394:
388:
387:Volcanic neck
380:
378:
376:
370:
366:
358:
356:
354:
347:
339:
334:
332:
330:
329:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
301:
297:
296:Volcanic neck
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
265:
263:
261:
260:
255:
251:
250:magma chamber
247:
243:
242:
236:
234:
229:
227:
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219:
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211:
207:
203:
199:
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98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
78:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
40:
33:
19:
2180:Microgranite
2174:
2167:Granodiorite
2157:
2146:Microdiorite
2140:
2123:
2109:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2083:
2051:Intermediate
2038:Intermediate
1939:
1924:
1900:
1895:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1724:
1699:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1650:
1637:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1408:
1404:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1296:
1283:
1267:
1262:
1250:
1231:
1225:
1206:
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1178:
1157:
1149:
1144:, p. 8.
1137:
1116:
1108:
1080:
1076:
1064:
1021:
1017:
1011:
999:
987:
975:
963:
951:
939:
920:
892:
844:South Africa
831:
825:
808:
803:
791:
789:
785:
777:
771:
766:
737:
641:
637:
620:
613:
600:
596:
593:
580:
576:room problem
575:
572:country rock
564:upper mantle
553:
529:
511:
493:
457:
442:
420:
417:Breccia pipe
390:
372:
349:
326:
324:
311:
307:
305:
258:
257:
240:
239:
237:
233:room problem
232:
230:
222:feldspathoid
190:country rock
187:
175:Ardnamurchan
163:South Africa
127:igneous rock
119:
115:
111:
105:
80:The exposed
1756:Allaby 2013
1467:10023/23670
1190:17 November
838:. The vast
473:anorthosite
298:, pipe, 7.
278:, 2. Small
226:classifying
218:plagioclase
66:House Range
2203:Categories
2116:Peridotite
2012:Ultramafic
1824:(3): 235.
930:0716724383
875:References
800:Foliations
605:granophyre
566:and lower
502:Laccoliths
448:Batholiths
401:cloverleaf
369:Cone sheet
198:phaneritic
183:California
171:New Mexico
147:New Jersey
118:or simply
62:Notch Peak
1903:Freeman,
1887:129549874
1879:0026-461X
1651:GSA Today
1629:129549874
1621:0026-461X
1476:1432-0967
1442:(2): 16.
1363:129673436
1355:1432-0819
1300:9/28/94:
1232:Volcanism
1034:CiteSeerX
862:Salt dome
856:Plutonism
816:Cumulates
796:migmatite
696:
601:composite
539:Formation
508:Laccolith
454:Batholith
393:volcanoes
365:Ring dike
355:tension.
284:Batholith
276:Laccolith
238:The term
202:extrusive
194:insulator
124:intrusive
120:intrusion
82:laccolith
54:monzonite
18:Intrusion
2176:Rhyolite
2142:Andesite
2071:>69%
2015:<45%
1305:Archived
1184:"Pluton"
1056:28548230
850:See also
836:chromite
597:multiple
522:Lopolith
413:Diatreme
375:calderas
300:Lopolith
167:Shiprock
143:New York
50:Jurassic
2184:Granite
2150:Diorite
2058:63–69%
2041:52–63%
2028:45–52%
1997:content
1989:Common
1857:Bibcode
1704:Bibcode
1599:Bibcode
1444:Bibcode
1335:Bibcode
1302:9/28/94
1026:Bibcode
798:zones.
626:Cooling
609:diabase
584:diapirs
423:breccia
397:erosion
353:crustal
316:bedding
254:terrane
206:mineral
108:geology
100:diorite
93:syenite
90:Vitosha
2159:Dacite
2133:Gabbro
2125:Basalt
2068:Felsic
2055:felsic
1946:
1931:
1907:
1885:
1877:
1627:
1619:
1474:
1415:8 June
1361:
1353:
1274:
1238:
1213:
1166:
1125:
1054:
1036:
927:
899:
738:where
616:Zircon
469:gabbro
465:silica
433:Stocks
320:fabric
241:pluton
220:, and
210:quartz
173:; the
157:; the
149:; the
2025:Mafic
1883:S2CID
1647:(PDF)
1625:S2CID
1401:(PDF)
1359:S2CID
1073:(PDF)
1052:S2CID
568:crust
556:magma
496:mafic
484:Sills
340:Dikes
294:, 6.
290:, 5.
286:, 4.
282:, 3.
135:Earth
131:magma
110:, an
97:Plana
86:Sofia
2008:Type
1944:ISBN
1929:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1875:ISSN
1617:ISSN
1472:ISSN
1417:2020
1351:ISSN
1272:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1211:ISBN
1192:2020
1164:ISBN
1123:ISBN
925:ISBN
897:ISBN
607:and
524:and
415:and
367:and
292:Sill
288:Dike
280:dike
155:Utah
145:and
114:(or
95:and
70:Utah
2073:SiO
2060:SiO
2043:SiO
2030:SiO
2017:SiO
1865:doi
1826:doi
1712:doi
1655:doi
1607:doi
1462:hdl
1452:doi
1440:176
1411:(1)
1343:doi
1044:doi
1022:148
842:of
693:erf
558:is
325:An
318:or
181:of
169:in
165:;
161:of
153:of
141:of
106:In
2205::
1881:.
1873:.
1863:.
1853:78
1851:.
1847:.
1820:.
1736:^
1710:.
1649:.
1623:.
1615:.
1605:.
1595:78
1593:.
1589:.
1470:.
1460:.
1450:.
1438:.
1434:.
1409:27
1407:.
1403:.
1386:^
1371:^
1357:.
1349:.
1341:.
1331:74
1329:.
1325:.
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1079:.
1075:.
1050:.
1042:.
1032:.
1020:.
911:^
883:^
611:.
535:.
475:.
377:.
262:.
216:,
212:,
185:.
68:,
64:,
48:A
2102::
2095::
2088::
2075:2
2062:2
2053:–
2045:2
2032:2
2019:2
1982:e
1975:t
1968:v
1950:.
1935:.
1889:.
1867::
1859::
1832:.
1828::
1822:1
1718:.
1714::
1706::
1663:.
1657::
1631:.
1609::
1601::
1478:.
1464::
1454::
1446::
1419:.
1365:.
1345::
1337::
1278:.
1244:.
1219:.
1194:.
1172:.
1131:.
1081:1
1058:.
1046::
1028::
933:.
905:.
767:k
751:0
747:T
724:)
716:t
713:k
708:2
704:x
699:(
688:2
685:1
680:+
675:2
672:1
667:=
662:0
658:T
653:/
649:T
302:.
72:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
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