Hormonal intrauterine device

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or metal frame and the specific action of the medication (copper or levonorgestrel) that is released. Exposure to a foreign body causes a sterile inflammatory reaction in the intrauterine environment that is toxic to sperm and ova and impairs implantation.28,29 The production of cytotoxic peptides and activation of enzymes lead to inhibition of sperm motility, reduced sperm capacite journal and survival, and increased phagocytosis of sperm.30,31… The progestin in the LNg IUC enhances the contraceptive action of the device by thickening cervical mucus, suppressing the endometrium, and impairing sperm function. In addition, ovulation is often impaired as a result of systemic absorption of levonorgestrel

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metal frame and the specific action of the medication (copper or levonorgestrel) that is released. Exposure to a foreign body causes a sterile inflammatory reaction in the intrauterine environment that is toxic to sperm and ova and impairs implantation. The production of cytotoxic peptides and activation of enzymes lead to inhibition of sperm motility, reduced sperm capacite journal and survival, and increased phagocytosis of sperm.… The progestin in the LNg IUC enhances the contraceptive action of the device by thickening cervical mucus, suppressing the endometrium, and impairing sperm function. In addition, ovulation is often impaired as a result of systemic absorption of levonorgestrel.

740:: Enlarged follicles (ovarian cysts) have been diagnosed in about 12% of the subjects using a hormonal IUD in studies that use ultrasound to look for cysts, even if asymptomatic. In studies that only evaluate symptomatic cysts, only 4.5% of women complain of any ovarian cysts over 5 or more years of use, and only 0.3% require IUD removal for ovarian cysts. Thus, any issues with ovarian cysts are not of a clinically relevant nature. Most of these follicles are asymptomatic, although some may be accompanied by pelvic pain or dyspareunia. In most cases the enlarged follicles disappear spontaneously after two to three months. Surgical intervention is not usually required. 4309:

not indicate that embryos are formed in IUD users at a rate comparable to that of nonusers. The common belief that the usual mechanism of action of IUDs in women is destruction of embryos in the uterus is not supported by empirical evidence. The bulk of the data indicate that interference with the reproductive process after fertilization has taken place is exceptional in the presence of a T-Cu or LNG-IUD and that the usual mechanism by which they prevent pregnancy in women is by preventing fertilization.

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the risks. The World Health Organization recommends against immediate postpartum insertion, citing increased expulsion rates. It also reports concerns about potential effects on the infant's liver and brain development in the first six weeks postpartum. However, it recommends offering Mirena as a contraceptive option beginning at six weeks postpartum even to nursing women. Planned Parenthood offers Mirena as a contraceptive option for breastfeeding women beginning at four weeks postpartum.

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Scommegna's work, a Finnish doctor, Jouni Valter Tapani Luukkainen, created the T-shaped IUD that released progesterone, marketed as the Progestasert System in 1976. This IUD had a short, 1-year lifespan and never achieved widespread popularity. Following this relative lack of success, Dr. Luukkainen replaced the progesterone with the hormone levonorgestrel to be released over a five-year period, creating what is now Mirena.

1036: 719:, infection, miscarriage, and early labor and delivery. As many as half the pregnancies that occur in Mirena users may be ectopic. The incidence rate of ectopic pregnancies is approximately one per 1000 users per year. Immediate removal of the IUD is recommended in the case of pregnancy. No pattern of birth defects was found in the 35 babies for whom birth outcomes were available at the time of FDA approval. 548:, because it requires little action by the user after insertion. The effectiveness of other forms of birth control is mitigated (decreased) by the users themselves. If medication regimens for contraception are not followed precisely, the method becomes less effective. IUDs require no daily, weekly, or monthly regimen, so their typical use failure rate is therefore the same as their perfect use failure rate. 896:, a type of progestin. The cylinder of the device is coated with a membrane that regulates the release of the drug. Bayer markets Skyla as Jaydess in the United Kingdom. Jaydess releases six micrograms per day and lasts for three years. In comparison, oral contraceptives can contain 150 micrograms of levonorgestrel. The hormonal IUD releases the levonorgestrel directly into the 7504: 1020:. The levonorgestrel intrauterine system has several contraceptive effects, although thickening of the cervical mucus appears to be the primary effect. Other effects include making the inside of the uterus become fatal to sperm and thinning of the endometrial lining, but this is not the usual function. 4374:

IUDs that release copper or levonorgestrel are extremely effective contraceptives... Both copper IUDs and levonorgestrel releasing IUSs may interfere with implantation, although this may not be the primary mechanism of action. The devices also create barriers to sperm transport and fertilization, and

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Active substances released from the IUD or IUS, together with products derived from the inflammatory reaction present in the luminal fluids of the genital tract, are toxic for spermatozoa and oocytes, preventing the encounter of healthy gametes and the formation of viable embryos. The current data do

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for decreasing chance of uterine perforation with the IUD, and the IUD is placed using a narrow tube through the opening of the cervix into the uterus. A short length of monofilament plastic/nylon string hangs down from the cervix into the vagina. The string allows physicians and patients to check to

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Perforation: Very rarely, the IUD can be pushed through the wall of the uterus during insertion. Risk of perforation is mostly determined by the skill of the practitioner performing the insertion. For experienced medical practitioners, the risk of perforation is one per 1,000 insertions or less. With

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for overstating the efficacy, minimizing the risks of use, and making "false or misleading presentations" about the device. From 2000 to 2013, the federal agency received over 70,072 complaints about the device and related adverse effects. As of April 2014, over 1,200 lawsuits have been filed in the

701:

Expulsion: Sometimes the IUD can slip out of the uterus. This is termed expulsion. Around 5% of IUD users experience expulsion. If this happens a woman is not protected from pregnancy. Expulsion is more common in younger women, women who have not had children, and when an IUD is inserted immediately

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Although the precise mechanism of action is not known, currently available IUCs work primarily by preventing sperm from fertilizing ova.26 IUCs are not abortifacients: they do not interrupt an implanted pregnancy.27 Pregnancy is prevented by a combination of the "foreign body effect" of the plastic

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The hormonal IUD is inserted in a similar procedure to the nonhormonal copper IUD, and can only be inserted by a qualified medical practitioner. Before insertion, a pelvic exam is performed to examine the shape and position of the uterus. A current STI at the time of insertion can increase the risk

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Estrogen and progesterone have an antagonistic relationship. Estrogen promotes the growing of endometrial lining, while progesterone limits it. In the case of endometrial cancer, progesterone can negatively regulate estrogen driven growth. Tumors formed are correlated with insufficient progesterone

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Irregular menstrual pattern: irregular bleeding and spotting is common in the first three to six months of use. After that time periods become shorter and lighter, and 20% of women stop having periods after one year of use. The average user reports 16 days of bleeding or spotting in the first month

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The LNG-IUS, like the copper device, has a very low ectopic pregnancy rate. Therefore, fertilization does not occur and its main mechanism of action is also preconceptual. Less inflammation occurs within the uterus of LNG-IUS users, but the potent progestin effect thickens cervical mucus to impede

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Nonmedicated IUDs depend for contraception on the general reaction of the uterus to a foreign body. It is believed that this reaction, a sterile inflammatory response, produces tissue injury of a minor degree but sufficient to be spermicidal. Very few, if any, sperm reach the ovum in the fallopian

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Although the precise mechanism of action is not known, currently available IUCs work primarily by preventing sperm from fertilizing ova. IUCs are not abortifacients: they do not interrupt an implanted pregnancy. Pregnancy is prevented by a combination of the "foreign body effect" of the plastic or

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There are conflicting recommendations about use of Mirena while breastfeeding. The U.S. CDC does not recommend any hormonal method as a first choice of contraceptive for nursing mothers, although progestin-only methods, such as Mirena, may be used with close follow-up or when the benefits outweigh

541:, and is considered one of the most effective forms of birth control. The first year failure rate for the hormonal IUD is 0.1-0.2% and the five-year failure rate is 0.7-0.9%. These rates are comparable to tubal sterilization, but unlike sterilization the effects of the hormonal IUD are reversible. 4455:

The common belief that the usual mechanism of action of IUDs in women is destruction of embryos in the uterus is not supported by empirical evidence... Because concern over mechanism of action represents a barrier to acceptance of this important and highly effective method for some women and some

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A "lost coil" occurs when the thread cannot be felt by a woman on routine checking and is not seen on speculum examination. Various thread collector devices or simple forceps may then be used to try to grasp the device through the cervix. In the rare cases when this is unsuccessful, an ultrasound

551:

In a 10-year study, the levonorgestrel coil was found to be as effective as oral medicines (tranexamic acid, mefenamic acid, combined oestrogen–progestogen or progesterone alone) for heavy periods; the same proportion of women had not had surgery for heavy bleeding and had similar improvements in

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Hormonal IUDs were developed in the 1970s following the development of the copper IUD in the 1960s and 1970s. Dr. Antonio Scommenga, working at the Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, discovered that administering progesterone inside the uterus could have contraceptive benefits. With knowledge of

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The Mirena IUD was studied for safety and efficacy in two clinical trials in Finland and Sweden involving 1,169 women who were all between 18 and 35 years of age at the beginning of the trials. The trials included predominantly Caucasian women who had been previously pregnant with no history of

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Numerous studies have demonstrated that IUDs primarily prevent fertilization, not implantation. In one experiment involving tubal flushing, fertilized eggs were found in half of women not using contraception, but no fertilized eggs were found in women using IUDs. IUDs also decrease the risk of

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The progestin-releasing IUD adds the endometrial action of the progestin to the foreign body reaction. The endometrium becomes decidualized with atrophy of the glands. The progestin IUD probably has two mechanisms of action: inhibition of implantation and inhibition of sperm capacite journal,

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In conclusion, IUDs may exert their contraceptive action at different levels. Potentially, they interfere with sperm function and transport within the uterus and tubes. It is difficult to determine whether fertilization of the oocyte is impaired by these compromised sperm. There is sufficient

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When using Mirena, about 0.1% of the maternal dose of levonorgestrel can be transferred via milk to the nursed infant. A six-year study of breastfed infants whose mothers used a levonorgestrel-only method of birth control found the infants had increased risk of respiratory infections and eye

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Progesterone is a hormone in the endometrium that counteracts estrogen driven growth. Very low levels of progesterone will cause estrogen to act more, leading to endometrial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma. These effects can be minimized if treated with progestin, but not in very many cases.

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According to a 1999 evaluation of the studies performed on progestin-only birth control by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, there is some evidence that progestin-only birth control reduces the risk of endometrial cancer. The IARC in 1999 concluded that there is no evidence

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Progestogen-only contraceptives such as an IUD are not believed to affect milk supply or infant growth. However, a study in the Mirena application for FDA approval found a lower continuation of breastfeeding at 75 days in hormonal IUD users (44%) versus copper IUD users (79%).

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ensure the IUD is still in place and enables easy removal of the device. Moderate to severe cramping can occur during the procedure, which generally takes five minutes or less. Insertion can be performed immediately postpartum and post-abortion if no infection has occurred.

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evidence to suggest that IUDs can prevent and disrupt implantation. The extent to which this interference contributes to its contraceptive action is unknown. The data are scanty and the political consequences of resolving this issue interfere with comprehensive research.

868:. In addition, BMD measurements were similar to the expected values for women in the same age group as the participants. The authors of the study said their results were predictable, since it is well established that the main factor responsible for bone loss in women is 3834:

Wong AY, Tang LC, Chin RK (June 2010). "Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena) and Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depoprovera) as long-term maintenance therapy for patients with moderate and severe endometriosis: a randomised controlled trial".

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In 2013 Skyla, a lower dose levonorgestrel IUD effective for up to three years, was approved by the FDA. Skyla has a different bleeding pattern than Mirena, with only 6% of women in clinical trials becoming amenorrheic (compared to approximately 20% with Mirena).

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The contraceptive action of all IUDs is mainly in the intrauterine cavity. Ovulation is not affected, and the IUD is not an abortifacient. It is currently believed that the mechanism of action for IUDs is the production of an intrauterine environment that is

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Thus, both clinical and experimental evidence suggests that IUDs can prevent and disrupt implantation. It is unlikely, however, that this is the main IUD mode of action, … The best evidence indicates that in IUD users it is unusual for embryos to reach the

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Sheng J, Zhang WY, Zhang JP, Lu D (March 2009). "The LNG-IUS study on adenomyosis: a 3-year follow-up study on the efficacy and side effects of the use of levonorgestrel intrauterine system for the treatment of dysmenorrhea associated with adenomyosis".

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Removal of the device should also be performed by a qualified medical practitioner. After removal, fertility will return to previous levels relatively quickly. One study found that the majority of participants returned to fertility within three months.

4848: 1134:"Table 3–2 Percentage of women experiencing an unintended pregnancy during the first year of typical use and the first year of perfect use of contraception, and the percentage continuing use at the end of the first year. United States" 576:

infections, though a lower risk of neurological conditions, compared to infants whose mothers used a copper IUD. No longer-term studies have been performed to assess the long-term effects on infants of levonorgestrel in breast milk.

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of 1.16) and higher risk for those over age 50 (odds ratio 1.52), and suggested balancing this risk against the known benefits of long-term use. Researchers cautioned against causal interpretation from this study, citing

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postpartum insertions, perforation of the uterus is more likely to occur when uterine involution is incomplete; involution usually completes by 4–6 weeks postpartum. Special considerations apply to women who plan to

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Hidalgo M, Bahamondes L, Perrotti M, Diaz J, Dantas-Monteiro C, Petta C (February 2002). "Bleeding patterns and clinical performance of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena) up to two years".

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at the time of insertion increases the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease. If PID does occur, it will most likely happen within 21 days of insertion. The device itself does not increase the risk of infection.

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Bahamondes L, Hidalgo M, Petta CA, Diaz J, Espejo-Arce X, Monteiro-Dantas C (August 2003). "Enlarged ovarian follicles in users of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and contraceptive implant".

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prior to insertion is not recommended. If a person needs screening and there is no evidence of infection on examination or has been previously screened, insertion of the IUD does not need to be delayed.

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D&E) abortion (second-trimester abortion), but may be associated with a higher expulsion rate. To reduce the risk of infection, insertion of an IUD is not recommended for women that have had a

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Faundes A, Alvarez F, Brache V, Tejada AS (June 1988). "The role of the levonorgestrel intrauterine device in the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia during fertility regulation".

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and in need of contraception, two IUDs are generally applied (one in each horn) due to lack of evidence of efficacy with only one IUD. Evidence is lacking regarding progestogen IUD usage for

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Schiappacasse V, Díaz S, Zepeda A, Alvarado R, Herreros C (July 2002). "Health and growth of infants breastfed by Norplant contraceptive implants users: a six-year follow-up study".

7549: 6312: 4321: 365: 4909: 2456:

Acharya GP, Mills AM (July 1998). "Successful management of intractable menorrhagia with a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device, in a woman with a bicornuate uterus".

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Alvarez F, Brache V, Fernandez E, Guerrero B, Guiloff E, Hess R, et al. (May 1988). "New insights on the mode of action of intrauterine contraceptive devices in women".

2738: 1920: 1617:"Randomized clinical trial of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and a depot GnRH analogue for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain in women with endometriosis" 4932: 4795: 1519: 1489: 1459: 856:. Two small studies, limited to studying BMD in the forearm, show no decrease in BMD. One of the studies showed at seven years of use, similar BMD at the midshaft of the 6773: 5498: 4038:"Does insertion and use of an intrauterine device increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease among women with sexually transmitted infection? A systematic review" 2491:

Truitt ST, Fraser AB, Grimes DA, Gallo MF, Schulz KF (2003). Lopez LM (ed.). "Combined hormonal versus nonhormonal versus progestin-only contraception in lactation".

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Jensen JT, Mishell Jr DR (2012). "Family planning: contraception, sterilization, and pregnancy termination.". In Lentz GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, Katz VL (eds.).

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Pregnancy complications: Although the risk of pregnancy with an IUD is very small, if one does occur there is an increased risk of serious problems. These include

698:

Cramping and pain: many women feel discomfort or pain during and immediately after insertion. Some women may have cramping for the first 1–2 weeks after insertion.

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Mansour D, Gemzell-Danielsson K, Inki P, Jensen JT (November 2011). "Fertility after discontinuation of contraception: a comprehensive review of the literature".

2881: 1133: 973:, the same device used during a pap smear. A grasping instrument is used to steady the cervix, the length of the uterus is measured for proper insertion with a 662:

but have not yet had an ultrasound to confirm that the abortion was complete, or that have not yet had their first menstruation following the medical abortion.

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After insertion, Mirena is effective at preventing pregnancy for up to eight years. Kyleena is approved for five years and Skyla is approved for three years.

494:

No preparations needed before sex, though routine checking of the device strings by patient and physician is advised to ensure proper placement remains intact

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scan may be arranged to check the position of the coil and exclude its perforation through into the abdominal cavity or its unrecognised previous expulsion.

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A 2020 meta-analysis by Livia Conz et al. estimated that users of levonorgestrel-releasing systems had an increased breast cancer risk in general (with an

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Ortiz ME, Croxatto HB (June 2007). "Copper-T intrauterine device and levonorgestrel intrauterine system: biological bases of their mechanism of action".

673: 4136: 944: 5024: 2555: 5895: 5245: 2377: 2202: 1400: 1234: 3971: 7524: 2176: 2811: 4503: 3050:

Dean G, Schwarz EB (2011). "Intrauterine contraceptives (IUCs)". In Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates Jr W, Kowal D, Policar MS (eds.).

1199: 7476: 7471: 5491: 5265: 4616: 4441: 4401: 3059: 2893: 2678: 2527: 2292: 2044: 1306: 1267: 1179: 1107: 341: 6082: 1542:"Science Update: Hormonal IUD as effective as a copper IUD at emergency contraception and with less discomfort, NICHD-funded study suggests" 5410: 5118: 4959: 4874: 4473:"Prolonged intrauterine contraception: a seven-year randomized study of the levonorgestrel 20 mcg/day (LNg 20) and the Copper T380 Ag IUDS" 1545: 538: 318: 4814: 4375:

sensitive assays detect hCG in less than 1% of cycles, indicating that significant prevention must occur before the stage of implantation.

824:

progestin-only birth control increases the risk of any cancer, though the available studies were too small to be definitively conclusive.

2318:"Rates of medical or surgical treatment for women with heavy menstrual bleeding: the ECLIPSE trial 10-year observational follow-up study" 1312: 1273: 7534: 5088: 5057: 2986:"Health effects of long-term use of the intrauterine levonorgestrel-releasing system. A follow-up study over 12 years of continuous use" 7544: 6558: 2022: 3496: 7539: 6267: 5222: 4456:

clinicians, it is important to point out that there is no evidence to suggest that the mechanism of action of IUDs is abortifacient.

3228: 3183: 3157: 3128: 1993: 6087: 3782:"FFPRHC Guidance (April 2004). The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) in contraception and reproductive health" 2742: 1048:

ectopic pregnancy or pelvic inflammatory disease within the previous year. Over 70% of the participants had previously used IUDs.

6833: 6768: 6432: 6022: 5484: 5207: 4936: 2355: 1882: 545: 340:

The IUD with levonorgestrel was first approved for medical use in 1990 in Finland and in the United States in 2000. It is on the

4799: 3403:"Short- and long-term influence of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena®) on vaginal microbiota and Candida" 1511: 1481: 1451: 7529: 6563: 5987: 5967: 5108: 3209:

WHO Scientific Group on the Mechanism of Action Safety and Efficacy of Intrauterine Devices, World Health Organization (1987).

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rather than systemic. Most of the drug stays inside the uterus, and only a small amount is absorbed into the rest of the body.

626: 386: 290:. It is one of the most effective forms of birth control with a one-year failure rate around 0.2%. The device is placed in the 3880:"Prospective study of the forearm bone mineral density of long-term users of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system" 7481: 7354: 6307: 5237: 5050: 1572:

Bahamondes L, Bahamondes MV, Monteiro I (July 2008). "Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system: uses and controversies".

183: 2083: 1735:"The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee Opinion no. 631. Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia". 515:

Irregular periods and spotting between periods often occurs after insertion This usually improves after three to six months.

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Randic L, Vlasic S, Matrljan I, Waszak CS (September 1985). "Return to fertility after IUD removal for planned pregnancy".

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Trussell J (2011). "Contraceptive efficacy". In Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates Jr W, Kowal D, Policar MS (eds.).

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effects, methodological concerns and a 2020 meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials which showed no increased risk.

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Conz L, Mota BS, Bahamondes L, Teixeira Dória M, Françoise Mauricette Derchain S, Rieira R, et al. (August 2020).

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Moderate to severe discomfort may be experienced during insertion procedure, including uterine cramping and back pain.

222: 7111: 7106: 712:. If perforation does occur it can damage the internal organs, and in some cases surgery is needed to remove the IUD. 544:

The hormonal IUD is considered to be more effective than other common forms of reversible contraception, such as the

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and excess estrogen. In patients with endometrial cancer who use progestin releasing IUDs concluded mixed results.

6462: 7390: 7385: 6828: 6522: 6147: 6107: 6042: 5957: 5952: 5310: 5255: 3731:"Levonorgestrel intrauterine system for endometrial protection in women with breast cancer on adjuvant tamoxifen" 2877: 2699: 2656: 2417:"Use of the Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System in Adolescents With Known Uterine Didelphys or Unicornuate Uterus" 1429: 1362: 1334: 666: 7016: 6783: 6703: 6659: 5682: 5653: 5536: 5163: 4065: 3375: 2626: 1002: 746: 688: 469:(especially in pre-menopausal women who wish to maintain fertility in the treatment of endometrial hyperplasia) 260: 6097: 5962: 4128: 6778: 6578: 6422: 6377: 6252: 5325: 5016: 4760:

Thiery M (June 2000). "Intrauterine contraception: from silver ring to intrauterine contraceptive implant".

3584:"Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and breast cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 2566: 928: 917: 652: 466: 431: 283: 279: 7395: 6798: 6699: 6372: 6167: 6127: 5977: 5972: 5852: 5648: 5531: 5507: 5405: 5197: 5188: 5152: 2194: 1390: 1226: 935: 924: 6172: 3194:(5). Population Information Program, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health. December 1995. Archived from 3168:(5). Population Information Program, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health. December 1995. Archived from 3139:(5). Population Information Program, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health. December 1995. Archived from 2528:"Medical review of NDA 21-225: Mirena (levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system) Berlex Laboratories" 6603: 6407: 6292: 6162: 5929: 5918: 5811: 5287: 5250: 5144: 3979: 1006: 912: 6142: 2153: 1055:

The city of Turku, Finland, is currently the only production site for the Mirena contraceptive family.

2804: 6981: 6935: 6917: 6892: 6749: 6695: 6680: 6655: 6487: 6362: 6262: 6207: 5315: 4472: 3928: 853: 2226:"Six-year contraceptive efficacy and continued safety of a levonorgestrel 52 mg intrauterine system" 1195: 6635: 6502: 6482: 6477: 6327: 6277: 6227: 6217: 6187: 6122: 5777: 5767: 5633: 5579: 5574: 5440: 5415: 5217: 5129: 1013: 957: 943: 931:

showing a Mirena in optimal place in the uterus, as viewed from angle shown in schematic depiction.

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Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care Clinical Effectiveness Unit (April 2004).

2538: 2052: 7181: 7121: 7101: 6951: 6931: 6848: 6442: 6387: 6352: 6242: 6197: 6137: 5921: 5847: 5584: 5569: 5559: 5465: 5420: 5340: 5093: 4087:

Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, Berry-Bibee E, Horton LG, Zapata LB, et al. (July 2016).

4018: 3952: 3860: 3811: 3711: 3662: 3613: 3269: 2253: 1959:

Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, Berry-Bibee E, Horton LG, Zapata LB, et al. (July 2016).

1912: 1760: 1717: 1597: 1068: 970: 1541: 7340: 7335: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7211: 7191: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7136: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7026: 563:

in bicornuate uterus, but a case report showed good effect with a single IUD for this purpose.

7151: 6843: 6452: 6397: 6347: 6062: 5826: 5476: 5445: 4777: 4742: 4704: 4669: 4612: 4586: 4545: 4495: 4437: 4397: 4350: 4294: 4259: 4224: 4189: 4110: 4057: 3944: 3901: 3852: 3803: 3762: 3703: 3654: 3605: 3564: 3478: 3451: 3424: 3346: 3318: 3261: 3224: 3073: 3065: 3055: 3007: 2931: 2889: 2859: 2674: 2608: 2504: 2473: 2438: 2347: 2298: 2288: 2245: 2126: 1985: 1904: 1858: 1809: 1752: 1709: 1674: 1638: 1589: 1302: 1296: 1263: 1257: 1175: 1121: 1113: 1103: 716: 556: 412: 400: 92: 7221: 4528:

Guttinger A, Critchley HO (June 2007). "Endometrial effects of intrauterine levonorgestrel".

353: 7410: 7400: 6927: 6888: 6282: 5589: 4769: 4734: 4696: 4659: 4649: 4576: 4537: 4487: 4471:

Sivin I, Stern J, Coutinho E, Mattos CE, el Mahgoub S, Diaz S, et al. (November 1991).

4340: 4286: 4251: 4216: 4179: 4171: 4100: 4049: 4010: 3936: 3891: 3844: 3793: 3752: 3742: 3693: 3644: 3595: 3554: 3546: 3414: 3308: 3300: 3253: 3214: 3094:

Myth: IUCs are abortifacients. Fact: IUCs prevent fertilization and are true contraceptives.

2997: 2923: 2849: 2838:"Society of Family Planning clinical recommendations: contraception after surgical abortion" 2703: 2664: 2600: 2496: 2465: 2428: 2385: 2337: 2329: 2237: 2118: 1975: 1894: 1848: 1840: 1799: 1791: 1744: 1701: 1666: 1628: 1581: 1370: 1342: 884: 659: 48: 7131: 4822: 3289:"Five-Year Contraceptive Efficacy and Safety of a Levonorgestrel 52-mg Intrauterine System" 2696:"Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, fifth edition 2015: executive summary" 2018: 7508: 6902: 6863: 6823: 6247: 6112: 5526: 3633:"Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and breast cancer; Is there an association?" 3504: 3117:(5). Population Information Program, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health. December 1995. 869: 865: 434:. In addition to birth control, the hormonal IUD is used for prevention and treatment of: 4906:"Thousands of women complain about dangerous complications from Mirena IUD birth control" 3195: 3169: 3140: 1960: 4541: 4290: 4220: 4053: 3932: 2854: 2837: 2342: 2241: 1881:

Winner B, Peipert JF, Zhao Q, Buckel C, Madden T, Allsworth JE, et al. (May 2012).

1670: 7001: 6961: 6907: 6873: 6853: 6808: 6734: 6729: 6690: 6685: 6650: 6367: 6057: 5857: 5700: 5695: 5687: 5643: 5345: 5171: 4664: 4637: 4184: 4159: 3940: 3757: 3730: 3559: 3534: 3313: 3288: 2317: 1853: 1828: 1804: 1779: 1748: 893: 644: 267: 263: 4773: 4700: 4158:

Lopez LM, Bernholc A, Zeng Y, Allen RH, Bartz D, O'Brien PA, et al. (July 2015).

3682:"Is the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system a risk factor for breast cancer?" 3257: 3002: 2985: 2927: 2604: 2122: 1615:

Petta CA, Ferriani RA, Abrao MS, Hassan D, Rosa E, Silva JC, et al. (July 2005).

7518: 7330: 7226: 7126: 7031: 6858: 6608: 6568: 6402: 6287: 6157: 5355: 5300: 5103: 5073: 4491: 4255: 3848: 3715: 3666: 3617: 3244:

Grimes DA (September 2000). "Intrauterine device and upper-genital-tract infection".

2257: 1705: 1395: 1017: 861: 602: 443: 427: 314: 302: 275: 4022: 3956: 3864: 3815: 1916: 1764: 1721: 1035: 500:

May experience lighter periods (some women stop having periods completely, see also

112: 7441: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7300: 7285: 7250: 7245: 7176: 7146: 7141: 6971: 6744: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6625: 6542: 6527: 6417: 6357: 6322: 6257: 6212: 6202: 6027: 6017: 5887: 5872: 5867: 5842: 5816: 5795: 5787: 5782: 5740: 5730: 5663: 5658: 5599: 5350: 5305: 5273: 5133: 4396:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 239–280. 4175: 3747: 3273: 1844: 1795: 737: 473: 456: 17: 4595:

Both copper IUDs and levonorgestrel releasing IUSs may interfere with implantation

2378:"The coil and medicines are both effective long-term treatments for heavy periods" 1601: 3304: 2224:

Westhoff CL, Keder LM, Gangestad A, Teal SB, Olariu AI, Creinin MD (March 2020).

2079: 7260: 7006: 6976: 6868: 6665: 6615: 6593: 6573: 6532: 6507: 6497: 6472: 6457: 6412: 6317: 6232: 6222: 6182: 6072: 6002: 5772: 5725: 5638: 5628: 5609: 5378: 5365: 2695: 981: 841: 560: 452: 438: 330: 31: 3798: 3781: 2433: 2416: 2389: 7290: 7255: 7216: 7206: 7186: 7116: 7071: 7051: 6946: 6922: 6883: 6878: 6813: 6803: 6764: 6739: 6724: 6675: 6645: 6620: 6517: 6382: 6272: 6237: 6192: 6132: 5862: 5705: 5541: 5335: 5138: 4738: 4014: 2950: 2500: 2302: 836: 807: 790: 501: 4654: 3878:

Bahamondes MV, Monteiro I, Castro S, Espejo-Arce X, Bahamondes L (May 2010).

3077: 3069: 2442: 2316:

Kai J, Dutton B, Vinogradova Y, Hilken N, Gupta J, Daniels J (October 2023).

1585: 1367:

World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021)

1125: 1117: 7066: 7056: 6986: 6966: 6941: 6818: 6793: 6640: 6630: 6598: 6583: 6537: 6492: 6447: 6392: 6342: 6117: 6067: 6007: 5759: 5735: 5594: 5564: 5177: 5148: 4581: 4564: 4345: 4328: 3896: 3879: 3287:

Teal SB, Turok DK, Chen BA, Kimble T, Olariu AI, Creinin MD (January 2019).

2225: 1633: 1616: 953: 901: 873: 727: 634: 630: 334: 310: 295: 106: 4781: 4673: 4590: 4549: 4354: 4298: 4228: 4193: 4114: 4105: 4088: 4061: 3905: 3856: 3807: 3766: 3707: 3658: 3609: 3568: 3550: 3428: 3350: 3322: 3265: 3011: 2935: 2863: 2612: 2508: 2477: 2469: 2351: 2249: 2130: 1989: 1980: 1908: 1862: 1813: 1756: 1678: 1642: 1593: 1339:

World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019

497:

90% of users who wish to become pregnant do so within 24 months of removal.

4746: 4708: 4499: 4263: 3948: 3482: 3455: 1899: 1780:"Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for endometrial hyperplasia" 1713: 1027:

ectopic pregnancy, which further implies that IUDs prevent fertilization.

595:

Have abnormal vaginal bleeding that has not been explained (controversial)

7201: 7156: 6759: 6754: 6512: 6152: 6052: 6047: 5551: 5515: 5098: 3419: 3402: 2951:"Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System (Mirena) for Contraception" 743:

Mental health changes including: nervousness, depressed mood, mood swings

5042: 3837:

The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

2708: 2669: 1375: 1347: 7021: 6996: 6991: 6912: 6588: 4990:"Popular contraceptive device Mirena target of lawsuits in Canada, U.S" 4845:"2009 Warning Letters and Untitled Letters to Pharmaceutical Companies" 3698: 3681: 3649: 3632: 3600: 3583: 3219: 1009: 82: 892:

The hormonal IUD is a small T-shaped piece of plastic, which contains

484:

Considered one of the most effective forms of reversible birth control

6908:

Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethandrolone, normethisterone)

6012: 5295: 4001:

Römer T, Bühling KJ (2013). "Intrauterine hormonelle Kontrazeption".

3919:

Luukkainen T (1991). "Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device".

3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 2333: 897: 612: 608: 461: 326: 291: 271: 4762:

European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology

4727:

The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care

4037: 1298:

Hysteroscopy: Office Evaluation and Management of the Uterine Cavity

3054:(20th revised ed.). New York: Ardent Media. pp. 147–191. 1102:(20th revised ed.). New York: Ardent Media. pp. 779–863. 7085: 4324: 2537:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. December 2000. Archived from 1064: 1034: 942: 923: 911: 883: 782: 322: 1196:"Levonorgestrel intrauterine system medical facts from Drugs.com" 1174:(69th ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. p. 556. 3211:

Mechanism of action, safety and efficacy of intrauterine devices

2287:(Sixth ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer. p. 15. 857: 677:

United States Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use

30:

This article is about hormone-based IUDs. For copper-based, see

5891: 5480: 5046: 4960:"The Courtroom Controversy Behind Popular Contraceptive Mirena" 4875:"The Courtroom Controversy Behind Popular Contraceptive Mirena" 4089:"U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016" 2888:(4th ed.). Geneva: Reproductive Health and Research, WHO. 1961:"U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016" 507:

Effective for up to three to eight years (depending on the IUD)

406: 6308:

Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate (hydroxyprogesterone enanthate)

4725:

Thiery M (March 1997). "Pioneers of the intrauterine device".

722:

Infection: The insertion of the IUD does have a small risk of

472:

In some cases, use of a hormonal IUD may prevent a need for a

197:

Menstrual irregularity, periods usually lighter or none at all

3233:. World Health Organization technical report series; no. 753. 1829:"Surgery versus medical therapy for heavy menstrual bleeding" 810:

which can affect energy, mood, and nervous system functioning

87:

intrauterine system (IUS), levonorgestrel intrauterine system

6303:

Hydroxyprogesterone caproate (hydroxyprogesterone hexanoate)

4933:"Mirena birth control may be causing complications in women" 3631:

Al Kiyumi MH, Al Battashi K, Al-Riyami HA (September 2021).

2149: 1259:

Women's Health, An Issue of Medical Clinics of North America

695:

of use, but this diminishes to about four days at 12 months.

4392:

Speroff L, Darney PD (2011). "Intrauterine contraception".

4160:"Interventions for pain with intrauterine device insertion" 3786:

The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care

803:

May experience a change in vision or contact lens tolerance

2770:. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 2018. 852:

No evidence has been identified to suggest Mirena affects

4459:

sperm penetration and access to the upper genital track.

3401:

Donders GG, Bellen G, Ruban K, Van Bulck B (March 2018).

647:

or any of the inactive ingredients included in the device

4638:"Levonorgestrel-IUS system and endometrial manipulation" 3152: 3150: 1428:. Bayer Health Pharmaceuticals. May 2009. Archived from 1351:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 430:, and a 2021 study demonstrated that it may be used for 395: 2285:

Speroff & Darney's clinical guide for contraception

1883:"Effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraception" 342:

World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines

7355: 6313:

Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate benzilic acid hydrazone

4036:

Mohllajee AP, Curtis KM, Peterson HB (February 2006).

1827:

Marjoribanks J, Lethaby A, Farquhar C (January 2016).

872:, and, in agreement with previous reports, they found 7492: 7365: 3729:

Romero SA, Young K, Hickey M, Su HI (December 2020).

3184:"IUDs—An Update: Chapter 3.4: Postabortion Insertion" 969:

During the insertion, the vagina is held open with a

665:

A full list of contraindications can be found in the

426:

The hormonal IUD is an extremely effective method of

2415:

Oelschlager AM, Debiec K, Micks E, Prager S (2013).

1778:

Mittermeier T, Farrant C, Wise MR (September 2020).

984:

is not effective in reducing pain in IUD insertion.

952:

of pelvic infection. However, routine screening for

7434: 7378: 7353: 7235: 7080: 5942: 5928: 5835: 5804: 5749: 5714: 5672: 5617: 5608: 5550: 5514: 5458: 5429: 5394: 5387: 5364: 5324: 5286: 5264: 5236: 5196: 5187: 5162: 5117: 5081: 4611:(20th rev. ed.). : Ardent Media. p. 162. 3158:"IUDs—An Update: Chapter 3.3: Postpartum Insertion" 3104: 3102: 2663:(5th ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. 1694:

International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics

1420: 1418: 385: 380: 364: 359: 217: 209: 201: 193: 182: 177: 169: 161: 153: 145: 140: 132: 124: 119: 101: 91: 81: 71: 63: 58: 41: 7090:Tooltip Selective progesterone receptor modulators 4436:. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 215–272. 2886:Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use 2661:Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use 670:Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use 3680:Silva FR, Grande AJ, Da Rosa MI (February 2021). 3442:Nijhuis JG, Schijf CP, Eskes TK (July 1985). "". 2799: 2797: 2074: 2072: 2070: 588:A hormonal IUD should not be used by people who: 4868: 4866: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2627:"Classifications for Intrauterine Devices | CDC" 7401:11-Deoxycortisol (17α,21-dihydroxyprogesterone) 4565:"Intrauterine devices and intrauterine systems" 4449: 4409: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4360: 4329:"Intrauterine devices and intrauterine systems" 4304: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3083: 2741:. Planned Parenthood. July 2005. Archived from 2283:Jensen JT, Creinin MD, Speroff L, eds. (2019). 2103: 2101: 301:Side effects include irregular periods, benign 6774:11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate 4129:"CDC - Summary - US SPR - Reproductive Health" 3092:Table 7-1. Myths and misconceptions about IUCs 2421:Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 7550:World Health Organization essential medicines 6103:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (hydroxyprogesterone) 5930: 5903: 5492: 5058: 4720: 4718: 3686:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 3637:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 3588:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 3045: 3043: 3041: 2990:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2522: 2520: 2518: 2150:"Mirena IUD Homepage | Official Website" 1876: 1874: 1872: 1512:"Liletta- levonorgestrel intrauterine device" 1452:"Kyleena- levonorgestrel intrauterine device" 1426:"Mirena - levonorgestrel intrauterine device" 8: 6093:16-Methylene-17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate 3535:"Role of progesterone in endometrial cancer" 3497:"Hormonal Contraceptives, Progestogens Only" 3469:Kaplan NR (April 1976). "Letter: Lost IUD". 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 747:Progestogen (medication) § Mood changes 689:Progestogen (medication) § Side effects 352: 5508:Active molecules in hormonal contraceptives 4164:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3735:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2762: 2760: 2493:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1833:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1784:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1567: 1565: 1563: 1482:"Skyla- levonorgestrel intrauterine device" 417:In general: ℞ (Prescription only) 284:excessive build of the lining of the uterus 7396:11-Deoxycortisone (21-hydroxyprogesterone) 7375: 6488:Gestonorone caproate (gestronol hexanoate) 5939: 5910: 5896: 5888: 5614: 5499: 5485: 5477: 5391: 5193: 5099:Preventing sexually-transmitted infections 5065: 5051: 5043: 3921:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 3501:International Programme on Chemical Safety 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1093: 1091: 1089: 773:Itching, redness or swelling of the vagina 651:Insertion of an IUD is acceptable after a 487:Can be used while breastfeeding (see also 47: 6080:17α-Substituted progesterone derivatives: 5988:17α-Methyl-11-deoxycorticosterone acetate 4663: 4653: 4580: 4344: 4183: 4104: 3895: 3797: 3756: 3746: 3697: 3648: 3599: 3558: 3418: 3312: 3218: 3001: 2853: 2707: 2668: 2432: 2341: 2144: 2142: 2140: 1979: 1898: 1852: 1803: 1632: 1374: 1346: 1301:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 171. 1262:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 507. 1039:Close-up of a Mirena® intrauterine device 1023:Ovulation is not inhibited in all cases. 598:Have untreated cervical or uterine cancer 309:may occur. Use is not recommended during 298:often returns quickly following removal. 3533:Kim JJ, Chapman-Davis E (January 2010). 3129:"IUDs—An Update: Chapter 2.7: Expulsion" 2984:Rönnerdag M, Odlind V (September 1999). 934: 888:Mirena IUD visible on pelvic radiograph. 317:. The IUD with progestogen is a type of 221:benign ovarian cysts, transient risk of 213:No need to remember to take daily action 173:One month after insertion, then annually 77:1976 (Progestasert—discontinued in 2001) 7499: 6523:Oxogestone phenpropionate (xinogestone) 6483:Gestonorone acetate (gestronol acetate) 3444:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2805:"Mirena: Consumer Medicine Information" 2535:Center for Drug Evaluation and Research 1166: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1085: 7360:Tooltip Membrane progesterone receptor 6113:Acetomepregenol (mepregenol diacetate) 4139:from the original on 13 September 2017 2965:from the original on 26 September 2007 1462:from the original on 22 September 2023 351: 305:, pelvic pain, and depression. Rarely 38: 7370:Tooltip Progestin and adipoQ receptor 5027:from the original on 17 November 2016 4970:from the original on 15 November 2016 4847:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 4509:from the original on 22 November 2023 3213:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2733: 2731: 2458:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2177:Highlights of Prescribing Information 1522:from the original on 29 November 2021 1369:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1341:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1067:, the maker of Mirena, was issued an 876:levels in Mirena users to be normal. 111: 7: 5104:Over-the-counter oral contraceptives 4996:from the original on 26 October 2016 4068:from the original on 6 February 2020 3339:The Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2358:from the original on 6 November 2023 1999:from the original on 16 October 2020 1492:from the original on 9 December 2023 1315:from the original on 12 January 2023 1276:from the original on 10 January 2023 539:long-acting reversible contraceptive 522: 319:long-acting reversible birth control 5089:Comparison of birth control methods 4563:ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (2008). 4542:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.01.015 4291:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.01.020 4221:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.04.002 4054:10.1016/j.contraception.2005.08.007 2855:10.1016/j.contraception.2018.08.016 2716:from the original on 28 August 2021 2242:10.1016/j.contraception.2019.10.010 1887:The New England Journal of Medicine 1671:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.11.004 1202:from the original on 1 January 2017 592:Are, or think they may be, pregnant 6559:6,6-Difluoronorethisterone acetate 5466:Male contraceptives in development 4394:A clinical guide for contraception 3941:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb37898.x 2817:from the original on 27 April 2014 2694:World Health Organization (2015). 2565:. 11 December 2009. Archived from 2396:from the original on 18 March 2024 2205:from the original on 24 April 2019 1749:10.1097/01.AOG.0000465189.50026.20 1403:from the original on 19 April 2024 1237:from the original on 24 April 2019 1172:British National Formulary: BNF 69 709: 488: 25: 7467:Progestogens and antiprogestogens 6874:Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene) 6268:Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate 4885:from the original on 18 June 2015 4851:from the original on 18 June 2015 4093:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports 3539:Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 3382:from the original on 18 June 2015 3003:10.1034/j.1600-0412.1999.780810.x 2768:Heavy menstrual bleeding (update) 2637:from the original on 15 July 2020 2264:from the original on 10 June 2020 2156:from the original on 31 July 2012 2025:from the original on 18 June 2015 1968:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports 1923:from the original on 11 June 2020 1548:from the original on 26 July 2021 900:, as such its effects are mostly 726:(PID). Concurrent infection with 75:1990 (Mirena—currently available) 7502: 6834:Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate 6767:; Anabolic–androgenic steroids: 6023:Progesterone 3-acetyl enol ether 4935:. ABC 15 Arizona. Archived from 4327:Workshop Group (May–June 2008). 3849:10.1111/j.1479-828X.2010.01152.x 2836:Roe AH, Bartz D (January 2019). 2183:from the original on 6 May 2016. 2086:from the original on 3 July 2015 1574:Expert Review of Medical Devices 880:Composition and hormonal release 294:and lasts three to eight years. 6538:Segesterone acetate (nestorone) 6430:19-Norprogesterone derivatives: 6083:6α-Methyl-17α-bromoprogesterone 5109:Oral contraceptive formulations 4908:. ABC Cleveland. Archived from 3407:Journal of Medical Microbiology 864:as nonusers matched by age and 7525:Drugs not assigned an ATC code 6691:Norethisterone (norethindrone) 6468:Fluoro furanyl norprogesterone 6088:15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate 6035:Retroprogesterone derivatives: 5644:Norethisterone (norethindrone) 4176:10.1002/14651858.CD007373.pub3 3748:10.1002/14651858.CD007245.pub4 1845:10.1002/14651858.CD003855.pub3 1796:10.1002/14651858.CD012658.pub2 1295:Bradley LD, Falcone T (2008). 333:, and occasionally preventing 329:, stopping the buildup of the 251:and sold under the brand name 97:Mirena, Skyla, Liletta, others 1: 7462:Receptor/signaling modulators 6769:11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone 6433:17α-Methyl-19-norprogesterone 5935:Tooltip Progesterone receptor 5017:"When IUDs Go Terribly Wrong" 4958:Bekiempis V (24 April 2014). 4873:Bekiempis V (24 April 2014). 4796:"FDA drug approval for Skyla" 4774:10.1016/s0301-2115(00)00262-1 4701:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59881-1 4003:Gynäkologische Endokrinologie 3258:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02699-4 2928:10.1016/S0010-7824(01)00302-X 2882:"Intrauterine devices (IUDs)" 2605:10.1016/S0010-7824(02)00319-0 2123:10.1016/s0010-7824(01)00302-x 1012:. The hormonal IUD's primary 702:after childbirth or abortion. 321:. It works by thickening the 165:Check thread position monthly 7477:Estrogen receptor modulators 7472:Androgen receptor modulators 6859:Ethylestrenol (ethylnandrol) 6789:19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone 6671:Lynestrenol phenylpropionate 6564:17α-Allyl-19-nortestosterone 6463:Fluoro ethyl norprogesterone 6438:18-Methylsegesterone acetate 6338:Medroxyprogesterone caproate 5968:9α-Bromo-11-ketoprogesterone 5015:Blackstone H (31 May 2016). 4492:10.1016/0010-7824(91)90149-a 4256:10.1016/0010-7824(85)90048-4 3305:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003034 2322:Health Technology Assessment 1706:10.1016/0020-7292(88)90341-4 1391:"Mirena Product information" 1073:Food and Drug Administration 800:May affect glucose tolerance 767:Lower abdominal or back pain 637:within the past three months 622:within the past three months 354:Hormonal intrauterine device 288:estrogen replacement therapy 233:hormonal intrauterine device 225:, uterine perforation (rare) 178:Advantages and disadvantages 6897:nandrolone phenylpropionate 6839:Dimethandrolone undecanoate 6333:Medroxyprogesterone acetate 6298:Hydroxyprogesterone acetate 6178:Chlormethenmadinone acetate 5822:Medroxyprogesterone acetate 5793:Spironolactone derivatives: 5416:Fertility awareness methods 3978:. Bayer PLC. Archived from 939:Insertion of a hormonal IUD 724:pelvic inflammatory disease 640:Have liver disease or tumor 620:pelvic inflammatory disease 7566: 7535:Intrauterine contraception 6554:6,6-Difluoronorethisterone 4642:Journal of Mid-Life Health 4420:penetration, and survival. 3799:10.1783/147118904322995474 3378:. Bayer UK. 11 June 2013. 2434:10.1016/j.jpag.2013.01.029 2390:10.3310/nihrevidence_62335 2179:(Report). 9 January 2013. 1743:(5): 1272–1278. May 2015. 1379:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02. 854:bone mineral density (BMD) 744: 686: 607:Have abnormalities of the 120:Failure rates (first year) 29: 7545:Drugs developed by AbbVie 7454: 6959:Spirolactone derivatives: 6829:Dimethandrolone buciclate 6550:Testosterone derivatives: 6318:Mecigestone (pentarane B) 6148:Bromethenmadinone acetate 6038:20α-Dihydrodydrogesterone 5950:Progesterone derivatives: 5411:Calendar (rhythm) methods 4739:10.1080/13625189709049930 4569:Human Reproduction Update 4333:Human Reproduction Update 4015:10.1007/s10304-012-0532-4 3471:Obstetrics and Gynecology 3293:Obstetrics and Gynecology 2700:World Health Organization 2657:World Health Organization 2501:10.1002/14651858.CD003988 2195:"What are hormonal IUDs?" 1737:Obstetrics and Gynecology 1363:World Health Organization 1335:World Health Organization 1231:www.plannedparenthood.org 947:Removal of a hormonal IUD 46: 7540:Drugs developed by Bayer 7112:5α-Dihydronorethisterone 7107:5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel 7017:3,8-Dihydrodiligustilide 6784:19-Nor-5-androstenedione 6704:norethisterone enanthate 6660:levonorgestrel butanoate 5683:Norethisterone enanthate 5654:Norethisterone enanthate 5537:Testosterone undecanoate 4655:10.4103/0976-7800.109625 4636:Malik S (January 2013). 4609:Contraceptive technology 4434:Comprehensive gynecology 3052:Contraceptive technology 2166:, Bayer Pharmaceuticals. 1586:10.1586/17434440.5.4.437 1100:Contraceptive technology 7406:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone 7142:Metapristone (RU-42633) 6923:Trenbolone (trienolone) 6779:19-Nor-5-androstenediol 6579:Chloroethynylnorgestrel 6493:Gestronol (gestonorone) 6423:Triamcinolone acetonide 6378:Methenmadinone caproate 6253:Fluorometholone acetate 5998:20β-Dihydroprogesterone 5993:20α-Dihydroprogesterone 5983:16α-Hydroxyprogesterone 5326:Emergency Contraception 4931:Colla C (21 May 2013). 4689:Fertility and Sterility 3792:(2): 99–108, quiz 109. 2949:McCarthy L (May 2006). 2051:. Bayer. Archived from 2049:Let's Talk About Mirena 929:Vaginal ultrasonography 918:vaginal ultrasonography 916:Schematic depiction of 779:Breast pain, tenderness 653:dilation and evacuation 552:their quality of life. 467:Endometrial hyperplasia 439:Heavy menstrual periods 432:emergency contraception 280:heavy menstrual periods 113:Professional Drug Facts 7530:Hormonal contraception 7391:5β-Dihydroprogesterone 7386:5α-Dihydroprogesterone 6992:SC-5233 (spirolactone) 6799:Bolandiol dipropionate 6700:norethisterone acetate 6373:Methenmadinone acetate 6168:Chlormadinone caproate 6128:Algestone acetophenide 6108:17α-Methylprogesterone 6043:20α-Dihydrotrengestone 5978:11-Deoxycorticosterone 5973:11-Dehydroprogesterone 5958:5α-Dihydroprogesterone 5953:3β-Dihydroprogesterone 5853:Algestone acetophenide 5649:Norethisterone acetate 5532:Testosterone buciclate 5246:Multi-month injections 5189:Hormonal contraception 5153:Levonorgestrel implant 5119:Long-acting reversible 4461: 4422: 4377: 4311: 4106:10.15585/mmwr.rr6503a1 3551:10.1055/s-0029-1242998 3503:. 1999. Archived from 3096: 2470:10.1080/01443619867263 2021:. Planned Parenthood. 1981:10.15585/mmwr.rr6503a1 1040: 948: 940: 932: 921: 889: 537:The hormonal IUD is a 325:at the opening of the 53:Correctly inserted IUD 7147:Mifepristone (RU-486) 6696:Norethisterone esters 6656:Levonorgestrel esters 6604:Ethinylandrostenediol 6408:Pentagestrone acetate 6293:Hydromadinone acetate 6163:Chlormadinone acetate 6098:17α-Bromoprogesterone 5963:6α-Methylprogesterone 5919:Progesterone receptor 5812:Chlormadinone acetate 5374:Vaginal pH modulation 5351:Low-dose mifepristone 5251:Progestogen-only pill 5145:Contraceptive implant 4582:10.1093/humupd/dmn003 4346:10.1093/humupd/dmn003 3897:10.1093/humrep/deq043 3692:(2). Wiley: 363–364. 3594:(8). Wiley: 970–982. 2810:. Bayer. March 2014. 1900:10.1056/NEJMoa1110855 1634:10.1093/humrep/deh869 1071:by the United States 1038: 1007:progesterone receptor 946: 938: 927: 915: 908:Insertion and removal 887: 745:Further information: 687:Further information: 205:Potential side effect 7482:List of progestogens 6982:Potassium canrenoate 6936:trenbolone enanthate 6918:Tetrahydrogestrinone 6893:nandrolone decanoate 6869:Metribolone (R-1881) 6750:Quingestanol acetate 6681:Metynodiol diacetate 6363:Melengestrol acetate 6263:Flumedroxone acetate 6208:Clomegestone acetate 5406:Breastfeeding method 5316:Contraceptive sponge 5200:estrogen–progestogen 5149:Etonogestrel implant 4992:. CTV. 21 May 2014. 4825:on 21 September 2021 4536:(6 Suppl): S93–S98. 4453:Mechanisms of action 4451:Intrauterine devices 4362:Mechanisms of action 4285:(6 Suppl): S16–S30. 3507:on 28 September 2006 3420:10.1099/jmm.0.000657 3143:on 5 September 2006. 2739:"Understanding IUDs" 2544:on 27 February 2008. 2082:. MediResource Inc. 1399:. 22 November 2007. 1146:on 15 February 2017. 1001:Levonorgestrel is a 997:Mechanisms of action 787:Abdominal distension 331:lining of the uterus 255:among others, is an 239:), also known as an 42:IUD with progestogen 6636:Etynodiol diacetate 6503:Nomegestrol acetate 6478:Gestadienol acetate 6328:Medroxyprogesterone 6228:Delmadinone acetate 6218:Cyproterone acetate 6188:Cismadinone acetate 6173:Chlormethenmadinone 6123:Algestone acetonide 5778:Nomegestrol acetate 5768:Segesterone acetate 5634:Etynodiol diacetate 5580:Estradiol enanthate 5575:Estradiol cypionate 5441:Non-penetrative sex 5433:vaginal intercourse 5398:vaginal intercourse 5218:Contraceptive patch 5213:Extended cycle Pill 5130:Intrauterine device 5094:Male contraceptives 4607:Hatcher RA (2011). 4411:Mechanism of action 3982:on 17 November 2016 3933:1991NYASA.626...43L 3252:(9234): 1013–1019. 3085:Mechanism of action 2556:"MIRENA Data Sheet" 1544:. 4 February 2021. 1488:. 31 January 2023. 1014:mechanism of action 796:Bacterial vaginosis 764:Excessive hairiness 643:Have an allergy to 601:Have, or may have, 448:chronic pelvic pain 356: 307:uterine perforation 257:intrauterine device 241:intrauterine system 27:Intrauterine device 18:IntraUterine System 7182:Ulipristal acetate 7122:Asoprisnil ecamate 7102:Dihydroethisterone 6952:Trestolone acetate 6932:trenbolone acetate 6849:Dimethyltrienolone 6443:19-Norprogesterone 6388:Mometasone furoate 6353:Megestrol caproate 6243:Flugestone acetate 6198:Clogestone acetate 6153:Butagest (buterol) 6138:Anagestone acetate 5848:Ulipristal acetate 5715:Third generation ( 5618:First generation ( 5585:Estradiol valerate 5570:Estradiol benzoate 5560:Diethylstilbestrol 5341:Ulipristal acetate 5329:(Post-intercourse) 5223:Monthly injections 4819:businessfinland.fi 4802:on 13 August 2014. 3972:"What is Jaydess?" 3884:Human Reproduction 3699:10.1111/aogs.13966 3650:10.1111/aogs.14188 3643:(9). Wiley: 1749. 3601:10.1111/aogs.13817 3198:on 11 August 2006. 3188:Population Reports 3162:Population Reports 3133:Population Reports 3111:Population Reports 3109:"IUDs—An Update". 2745:on 12 October 2006 2199:Planned Parenthood 1621:Human Reproduction 1069:FDA Warning Letter 1041: 949: 941: 933: 922: 890: 860:and at the distal 755:Headache, migraine 546:birth control pill 7490: 7489: 7450: 7449: 7349: 7348: 6928:Trenbolone esters 6889:Nandrolone esters 6844:Dimethyldienolone 6453:Amadinone acetate 6398:Osaterone acetate 6348:Megestrol acetate 6143:Bromethenmadinone 6063:Retroprogesterone 5885: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5827:Megestrol acetate 5750:Fourth generation 5673:Second generation 5474: 5473: 5454: 5453: 5282: 5281: 4618:978-1-59708-004-0 4443:978-0-323-06986-1 4403:978-1-60831-610-6 3450:(30): 1409–1410. 3172:on 29 April 2006. 3061:978-1-59708-004-0 2895:978-92-4-156388-8 2680:978-92-4-154915-8 2294:978-1-9751-0728-4 1893:(21): 1998–2007. 1458:. 13 March 2023. 1308:978-0-323-04101-0 1269:978-0-323-37608-2 1181:978-0-85711-156-2 1109:978-1-59708-004-0 776:Vaginal discharge 717:ectopic pregnancy 584:Contraindications 557:bicornuate uterus 424: 423: 410: 398: 313:but is safe with 282:, and to prevent 274:. It is used for 229: 228: 16:(Redirected from 7557: 7507: 7506: 7505: 7498: 7411:Allopregnanolone 7376: 7371: 7367: 7361: 7357: 7091: 7087: 6283:Haloprogesterone 5940: 5936: 5932: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5889: 5615: 5590:Ethinylestradiol 5501: 5494: 5487: 5478: 5392: 5238:Progestogen-only 5194: 5067: 5060: 5053: 5044: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4870: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4821:. Archived from 4810: 4804: 4803: 4798:. Archived from 4792: 4786: 4785: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4722: 4713: 4712: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4667: 4657: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4584: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4508: 4477: 4468: 4462: 4447: 4429: 4423: 4407: 4389: 4378: 4358: 4348: 4318: 4312: 4302: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4187: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4135:. 21 June 2017. 4125: 4119: 4118: 4108: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4033: 4027: 4026: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3899: 3890:(5): 1158–1164. 3875: 3869: 3868: 3831: 3820: 3819: 3801: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3760: 3750: 3741:(12): CD007245. 3726: 3720: 3719: 3701: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3652: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3603: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3562: 3530: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3422: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3372: 3355: 3354: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3316: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3222: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3154: 3145: 3144: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3106: 3097: 3081: 3047: 3016: 3015: 3005: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2955:Am Fam Physician 2946: 2940: 2939: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2902:on 10 July 2012. 2898:. Archived from 2874: 2868: 2867: 2857: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2816: 2809: 2801: 2772: 2771: 2764: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2735: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2711: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2672: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2633:. 9 April 2020. 2623: 2617: 2616: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2571: 2560: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2543: 2532: 2524: 2513: 2512: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2436: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2384:. 8 March 2024. 2374: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2345: 2334:10.3310/JHSW0174 2313: 2307: 2306: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2146: 2135: 2134: 2105: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2076: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1998: 1983: 1965: 1956: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1902: 1878: 1867: 1866: 1856: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1807: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1636: 1627:(7): 1993–1998. 1612: 1606: 1605: 1569: 1558: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1518:. 29 June 2023. 1508: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1422: 1413: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1378: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1350: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1223: 1212: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1168: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1145: 1139:. Archived from 1138: 1129: 1095: 770:Decreased libido 660:medical abortion 521:Other potential 408: 405: 397: 394: 357: 355: 259:that releases a 249:with progestogen 115: 51: 39: 21: 7565: 7564: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7503: 7501: 7493: 7491: 7486: 7446: 7430: 7369: 7362: 7359: 7345: 7231: 7089: 7082: 7076: 6903:Norethandrolone 6864:Methyldienolone 6824:Dimethandrolone 6248:Fluorometholone 5934: 5924: 5916: 5886: 5877: 5831: 5800: 5745: 5710: 5668: 5604: 5546: 5527:Dimethandrolone 5510: 5505: 5475: 5470: 5450: 5431: 5425: 5396: 5383: 5360: 5328: 5320: 5301:Internal condom 5296:External condom 5288:Barrier Methods 5278: 5260: 5232: 5199: 5183: 5158: 5120: 5113: 5077: 5071: 5041: 5040: 5030: 5028: 5014: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4973: 4971: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4939:on 18 June 2015 4930: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4913: 4912:on 18 June 2015 4903: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4872: 4871: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4828: 4826: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4724: 4723: 4716: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4619: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4444: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4404: 4391: 4390: 4381: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4307: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4170:(7): CD007373. 4157: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3833: 3832: 3823: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3532: 3531: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3358: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3156: 3155: 3148: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3108: 3107: 3100: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3062: 3049: 3048: 3019: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2896: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2775: 2766: 2765: 2758: 2748: 2746: 2737: 2736: 2729: 2719: 2717: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2516: 2495:(2): CD003988. 2490: 2489: 2485: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2295: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2159: 2157: 2148: 2147: 2138: 2107: 2106: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2078: 2077: 2068: 2058: 2056: 2055:on 18 June 2015 2043: 2042: 2038: 2028: 2026: 2017: 2016: 2012: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1963: 1958: 1957: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1880: 1879: 1870: 1839:(1): CD003855. 1826: 1825: 1821: 1790:(9): CD012658. 1777: 1776: 1772: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1571: 1570: 1561: 1551: 1549: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1525: 1523: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1495: 1493: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1465: 1463: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1435: 1433: 1432:on 18 June 2015 1424: 1423: 1416: 1406: 1404: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1318: 1316: 1309: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1279: 1277: 1270: 1256:Wipf J (2015). 1255: 1254: 1250: 1240: 1238: 1227:"Hormonal IUDs" 1225: 1224: 1215: 1205: 1203: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1182: 1170: 1169: 1152: 1143: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1110: 1097: 1096: 1087: 1082: 1076:United States. 1061: 1033: 999: 990: 967: 910: 882: 870:hypoestrogenism 850: 821: 749: 691: 685: 615:(controversial) 586: 569: 532: 523:adverse effects 511:Disadvantages: 489:nursing mothers 420: 376: 350: 146:Duration effect 76: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7563: 7561: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7517: 7516: 7512: 7511: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7444: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7382: 7380: 7373: 7351: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7294: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7239: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7095: 7093: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7069: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7010: 7009: 7004: 7002:Spironolactone 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6962:Canrenoic acid 6955: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6854:Ethyldienolone 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6809:Dimethisterone 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6735:Norvinisterone 6732: 6730:Norgestrienone 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6693: 6688: 6686:Norelgestromin 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6653: 6651:Levonorgestrel 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6368:Methenmadinone 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6058:Dydrogesterone 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6031: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5946: 5944: 5937: 5926: 5925: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5907: 5900: 5892: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5858:Dydrogesterone 5855: 5850: 5845: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5762: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5703: 5701:Norelgestromin 5698: 5696:Levonorgestrel 5690: 5688:Norgestrienone 5685: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5556: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5520: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5496: 5489: 5481: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5437: 5435: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5370: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5346:Levonorgestrel 5343: 5338: 5332: 5330: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5292: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5204: 5202: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5175: 5172:Tubal ligation 5168: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5142: 5136: 5126: 5124: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5085: 5083: 5082:Related topics 5079: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5047: 5039: 5038: 5007: 4981: 4950: 4923: 4896: 4862: 4836: 4805: 4787: 4768:(2): 145–152. 4752: 4714: 4695:(5): 768–773. 4679: 4628: 4617: 4599: 4575:(3): 197–208. 4555: 4520: 4486:(5): 473–480. 4463: 4442: 4424: 4402: 4379: 4339:(3): 197–208. 4313: 4269: 4250:(3): 253–259. 4234: 4215:(5): 465–477. 4199: 4150: 4120: 4079: 4048:(2): 145–153. 4028: 4009:(3): 188–196. 3993: 3962: 3911: 3870: 3843:(3): 273–279. 3821: 3772: 3721: 3672: 3623: 3574: 3518: 3488: 3477:(4): 508–509. 3461: 3434: 3413:(3): 308–313. 3393: 3356: 3345:(8): 637–640. 3328: 3279: 3236: 3229: 3201: 3175: 3146: 3120: 3098: 3060: 3017: 2996:(8): 716–721. 2976: 2941: 2922:(2): 129–132. 2905: 2894: 2869: 2828: 2773: 2756: 2727: 2686: 2679: 2648: 2618: 2583: 2572:on 6 July 2011 2547: 2514: 2483: 2464:(4): 392–393. 2448: 2407: 2369: 2308: 2293: 2275: 2236:(3): 159–161. 2216: 2186: 2168: 2136: 2117:(2): 129–132. 2097: 2066: 2036: 2010: 1934: 1868: 1819: 1770: 1727: 1700:(3): 429–433. 1684: 1665:(3): 189–193. 1648: 1607: 1580:(4): 437–445. 1559: 1533: 1503: 1473: 1443: 1414: 1382: 1354: 1326: 1307: 1287: 1268: 1248: 1213: 1187: 1180: 1150: 1108: 1084: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1060: 1057: 1032: 1029: 1016:is to prevent 998: 995: 989: 986: 966: 963: 909: 906: 894:levonorgestrel 881: 878: 849: 846: 820: 817: 816: 815: 811: 804: 801: 798: 793: 788: 785: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 741: 735: 720: 713: 704: 703: 699: 696: 684: 681: 649: 648: 645:levonorgestrel 641: 638: 623: 616: 605: 599: 596: 593: 585: 582: 568: 565: 555:In women with 531: 528: 527: 526: 519: 516: 509: 508: 505: 498: 495: 492: 485: 478: 477: 470: 464: 459: 450: 441: 422: 421: 419: 418: 415: 403: 391: 389: 383: 382: 378: 377: 375: 374: 370: 368: 362: 361: 349: 346: 268:levonorgestrel 264:hormonal agent 227: 226: 219: 215: 214: 211: 207: 206: 203: 199: 198: 195: 191: 190: 187: 180: 179: 175: 174: 171: 167: 166: 163: 162:User reminders 159: 158: 155: 151: 150: 147: 143: 142: 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 117: 116: 109: 99: 98: 95: 89: 88: 85: 79: 78: 73: 69: 68: 65: 61: 60: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7562: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7510: 7500: 7496: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7453: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7377: 7374: 7368: 7358: 7352: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7331:Valproic acid 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7298:Nonsteroidal: 7296: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7228: 7227:Syringic acid 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7199:Nonsteroidal: 7197: 7196: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7127:Guggulsterone 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7088: 7079: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7032:Riligustilide 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7014:Nonsteroidal: 7012: 7011: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6609:Ethandrostate 6607: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6569:Allylestrenol 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6403:Pentagestrone 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6288:Hydromadinone 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6278:Gestobutanoyl 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6158:Chlormadinone 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5933: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5913: 5908: 5906: 5901: 5899: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5836:Miscellaneous 5834: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5765:Norpregnanes: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5713: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5497: 5495: 5490: 5488: 5483: 5482: 5479: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5356:Yuzpe regimen 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5164:Sterilization 5161: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5121:contraception 5116: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5074:Birth control 5068: 5063: 5061: 5056: 5054: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5008: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4982: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4951: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4924: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4897: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4530:Contraception 4524: 4521: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4480:Contraception 4474: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4445: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4279:Contraception 4273: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4244:Contraception 4238: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4209:Contraception 4203: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4151: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4080: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4042:Contraception 4039: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3994: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3970:Bayer Group. 3966: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3394: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3237: 3232: 3230:92-4-120753-1 3226: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2977: 2964: 2961:(10): 1799–. 2960: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2916:Contraception 2909: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2842:Contraception 2839: 2832: 2829: 2813: 2806: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2687: 2682: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593:Contraception 2587: 2584: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2487: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2408: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382:NIHR Evidence 2379: 2373: 2370: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2276: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230:Contraception 2227: 2220: 2217: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2172: 2169: 2155: 2151: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2111:Contraception 2104: 2102: 2098: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2045:"Convenience" 2040: 2037: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2011: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1823: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1774: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1731: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1688: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659:Contraception 1652: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1611: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1547: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1396:Health Canada 1392: 1386: 1383: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1358: 1355: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1314: 1310: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1291: 1288: 1275: 1271: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1252: 1249: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1201: 1198:. drugs.com. 1197: 1191: 1188: 1183: 1177: 1173: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1142: 1135: 1130:Table 26–1 = 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1105: 1101: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1059:Controversies 1058: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1037: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1018:fertilization 1015: 1011: 1008: 1004: 996: 994: 987: 985: 983: 979: 976: 975:uterine sound 972: 964: 962: 959: 955: 945: 937: 930: 926: 919: 914: 907: 905: 903: 899: 895: 886: 879: 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 847: 845: 843: 838: 833: 829: 825: 818: 812: 809: 805: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 786: 784: 781: 778: 775: 772: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 742: 739: 738:Ovarian cysts 736: 733: 729: 725: 721: 718: 714: 711: 706: 705: 700: 697: 693: 692: 690: 682: 680: 678: 675: 671: 668: 663: 661: 657: 654: 646: 642: 639: 636: 632: 628: 624: 621: 617: 614: 610: 606: 604: 603:breast cancer 600: 597: 594: 591: 590: 589: 583: 581: 577: 573: 567:Breastfeeding 566: 564: 562: 558: 553: 549: 547: 542: 540: 535: 530:Effectiveness 529: 524: 520: 517: 514: 513: 512: 506: 503: 499: 496: 493: 490: 486: 483: 482: 481: 475: 471: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 454: 451: 449: 445: 444:Endometriosis 442: 440: 437: 436: 435: 433: 429: 428:birth control 416: 414: 404: 402: 393: 392: 390: 388: 384: 379: 372: 371: 369: 367: 363: 360:Clinical data 358: 347: 345: 343: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 315:breastfeeding 312: 308: 304: 303:ovarian cysts 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 276:birth control 273: 269: 265: 262: 261:progestogenic 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 185: 181: 176: 172: 170:Clinic review 168: 164: 160: 156: 154:Reversibility 152: 148: 144: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 118: 114: 110: 108: 104: 100: 96: 94: 90: 86: 84: 80: 74: 70: 66: 62: 57: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7442:Mifepristone 7426:Progesterone 7421:Pregnenolone 7416:Mifepristone 7301:Darolutamide 7297: 7286:Toripristone 7281:RTI 3021–022 7251:Lilopristone 7246:Aglepristone 7242: 7198: 7177:Telapristone 7098: 7063: 7013: 6972:Drospirenone 6958: 6745:Quingestanol 6720:Norgestimate 6715:Norgesterone 6710:Noretynodrel 6626:Etonogestrel 6552:Progestins: 6549: 6543:Trimegestone 6528:Promegestone 6429: 6418:Proligestone 6358:Melengestrol 6323:Medrogestone 6258:Flumedroxone 6213:Cymegesolate 6203:Clomegestone 6079: 6034: 6028:Quingestrone 6018:Progesterone 5949: 5873:Proligestone 5868:Progesterone 5843:Mifepristone 5817:Medrogestone 5796:Drospirenone 5792: 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