1563:
1197:
223:
been associated with a high variability in the amount of drug absorbed. Upper airway infections may increase the variability as may the extent of sensory irritation of the nasal mucosa, differences in the amount of liquid spray that is swallowed and not kept in the nasal cavity and differences in the spray actuation process. However, the variability in the amount absorbed after nasal administration should be comparable to that after oral administration.
31:
244:). Intranasal Calcitonin, calcitonin-salmon is used to treat Hypercalcaemia arising out of malignancy, Paget's disease of bone, post menopausal and steroid induced osteoporosis, Phantom limb pain and other metabolic bone abnormalities, available as Rockbone, Fortical and Miacalcin Nasal Spray. GnRH analogues like nafarelin and busurelin are used for the treatment of anovulatory infertility, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, delayed puberty and
1670:
1910:
1191:
163:
1732:
107:
327:, commonly being used for the treatment of breakthrough pain in patients with chronic pain is now becoming an area of significant research interest for the treatment of bipolar disease and major depressive disorder with early results suggesting a strong and prolonged antidepressant effect following a single subdissociative dose (50 mg) of ketamine.
1436:
302:
273:(brand name Syntocinon) nasal spray is used to increase duration and strength of contractions during labour. Intranasal oxytocin is also being actively investigated for many psychiatric conditions including alcohol withdrawal, anorexia nervosa, PTSD, autism, anxiety disorders, pain sensation and schizophrenia.
195:. Nasal administration can therefore be used as an alternative to oral administration, by crushing or grinding tablets or capsules and snorting or sniffing the resulting powder, providing a rapid onset of effects. If a fast effect is desired or if the drug is extensively degraded in the gut or liver.
406:
is situated in the upper posterior part and covers approximately 10 cm of the human nasal cavity. The nerve cells of the olfactory epithelium project into the olfactory bulb of the brain, which provides a direct connection between the brain and the external environment. The transfer of drugs to
190:
The nasal cavity is covered by a thin mucosa which is well vascularised. Therefore, a drug molecule can be transferred quickly across the single epithelial cell layer directly to the systemic blood circulation without first-pass hepatic and intestinal metabolism. The effect is often reached within 5
222:
Nasal administration is primarily suitable for potent drugs since only a limited volume can be sprayed into the nasal cavity. Drugs for continuous and frequent administration may be less suitable because of the risk of harmful long-term effects on the nasal epithelium. Nasal administration has also
181:
Sharing snorting equipment (straws, banknotes, bullets, etc) has been linked to the transmission of hepatitis C. (Bonkovsky and Mehta) In one study, the
University of Tennessee Medical Center researches warned that other blood-borne diseases such as HIV, the AIDS-causing virus, could be transmitted
252:
that all benefit from a fast onset of effect. Intranasal midazolam is found to be highly effective in acute episodes of seizures in children. Recently, the upper part of the nasal cavity, as high as the cribriform plate, has been proposed for drug delivery to the brain. This "transcribrial route"
422:
of drugs into the brain is thought to occur by either slow transport inside the olfactory nerve cells to the olfactory bulb or by faster transfer along the perineural space surrounding the olfactory nerve cells into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the olfactory bulbs and the brain (8, 9)
231:
The area of intranasal medication delivery provides a huge opportunity for research – both for specifically developed pharmaceutical drugs designed for intranasal treatment, as well as for investigating off label uses of commonly available generic medications. Steroids, and a large number of
232:
inhalational anaesthetic agents are being used commonly. The recent developments in intranasal drug delivery systems are prodigious. Peptide drugs (hormone treatments) are also available as nasal sprays, in this case to avoid drug degradation after oral administration. The peptide analogue
742:
Reger, MA; Watson, GS; Frey, WH II; Baker, LD; Cholerton, B; Keeling, ML; Belongia, DA; Fishel, MA; Plymate, SR; Belongia, GD; Cherrier, MM; Craft, S (March 2006). "Effects of intranasal insulin on cognition in memory-impaired older adults: modulation by APOE genotype".
182:
as well. Drinking makes it harder to resist pressure and clouds your ability to make safe choices. Not only might you miss signs of danger, like blood stains on shared equipment, but alcohol weakens your immune system, making it easier to catch and spread viruses.
426:
Olfactory transfer could theoretically be used to deliver drugs that have a required effect in the central nervous system such as those for
Parkinson's or Alzheimer's diseases. Studies have been presented that show that direct transfer of drugs is achievable.
803:
J. Studd, B. Pornel, I. Marton, J. Bringer, C. Varin, Y. Tsouderos, and C. Christiansen. Efficacy and acceptability of intranasal 17 beta-oestradiol for menopausal symptoms: randomised dose-response study. Aerodiol Study Group. Lancet. 353:1574-1578
983:
The Old Snuff House of
Fribourg & Treyer at the Sign of the Rasp & Crown, No.34 James's Haymarket, London, S.W., 1720, 1920. Author: George Evens and Fribourg & Treyer. Publisher: Nabu Press, London, England. Reproduced 5 August 2010,
831:
Baig AM, Khan NA. Novel chemotherapeutic strategies in the management of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis due to
Naegleria fowleri.CNS Neurosci Ther. 2014 Mar;20(3):289-90. doi: 10.1111/cns.12225. Epub 2014 Jan
624:
Thorne, RG; Pronk, GJ; Padmanabhan, V; Frey, WH II (2004). "Delivery of insulin-like growth factor-I to the rat brain and spinal cord along olfactory and trigeminal pathways following intranasal administration".
357:
and a flavored scent to the user (especially if flavoring has been blended with the tobacco). Traditionally, it is sniffed or inhaled lightly after a pinch of snuff is either placed onto the back surface of the
1108:
794:
B.A. Coda, A.C. Rudy, S.M. Archer, and D.P. Wermeling. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of single-dose intranasal hydromorphone hydrochloride in healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg. 97:117-123 (2003).
1010:
Juan P. Ogalde; Bernardo T. Arriaza; Elia C. Soto (2010). "Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el north de Chile: evidencia quĂmica del consumo de ayahuasca durante el periodo medio (500-1000 d.C.)".
402:. The major part of the approximately 150 cm surface in the human nasal cavity is covered by respiratory epithelium, across which systemic drug absorption can be achieved. The
1080:
U.E. Westin, E. Bostrom, J. Grasjo, M. Hammarlund-Udenaes, and E. Bjork. Direct nose-to-brain transfer of morphine after nasal administration to rats. Pharm Res. 23:565-572 (2006).
517:
476:
1101:
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of all but small, lipophilic substances. However, if drug substances can be transferred along the olfactory nerve cells, they can bypass the BBB and enter the brain directly.
198:
Large-molecule drugs can also be delivered directly to the brain by the intranasal route, the only practical means of doing so, following the olfactory and trigeminal nerves
248:. Other potential drug candidates for nasal administration include anaesthetics, antihistamines (Azelastine), antiemetics (particularly metoclopramide and ondansetron) and
1059:
S. Mathison, R. Nagilla, and U.B. Kompella. Nasal route for direct delivery of solutes to the central nervous system: Fact or fiction? J Drug Target. 5:415-441 (1998)
1180:
1094:
822:
H.R. Costantino, L. Illum, G. Brandt, P.H. Johnson, and S.C. Quay. Intranasal delivery: physicochemical and therapeutic aspects. Int J Pharm. 337:1-24 (2007).
2060:
581:
Thorne, RG; Emory, ER; Ala, TA; Frey, William II (September 18, 1995). "Quantitative analysis of the olfactory pathway for drug delivery to the brain".
293:
leads to the longest duration of its effects (60–90 minutes). When insufflating cocaine, absorption through the nasal membranes is approximately 30–60%
385:
beans is a more recent method of use. Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.
73:
for cold and allergy treatment, whose systemic effects are usually minimal. Examples of systemically active drugs available as nasal sprays are
69:, as the drugs thus locally delivered can go on to have either purely local or systemic effects. Nasal sprays are locally acting drugs such as
2507:
912:
719:
565:
532:
D.F. Proctor and I. Andersen. The nose. Upper airway physiology and the atmospheric environment , Elsevier
Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, 1982.
146:. (Bonkovsky and Mehta) In one study, the University of Tennessee Medical Center researches warned that other blood-borne diseases such as
1465:
918:
785:
H. Kublik and M.T. Vidgren. Nasal delivery systems and their effect on deposition and absorption. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 29:157-177 (1998).
2480:
989:
241:
2561:
682:
90:
2053:
1546:
206:
with little exposure to the blood. This delivery method to the brain was functionally demonstrated in humans in 2006, using
1562:
2472:
1643:
1486:
142:
Sharing snorting equipment (nasal spray bottles, straws, banknotes, bullets, etc) has been linked to the transmission of
2484:
2364:
2017:
1979:
1322:
1138:
2551:
2524:
2046:
1931:
281:
List of substances that have higher bioavailability when administered intranasally compared to oral administration.
2488:
2476:
2282:
1959:
1528:
2468:
2007:
1936:
1523:
1470:
1304:
236:
is, for example, available for both nasal and oral administration, for the treatment of diabetes insipidus. The
2492:
1926:
1300:
342:
124:
118:
110:
932:
Marland S, Ellerton J, Andolfatto G, Strapazzon G, Thomassen O, Brandner B, Weatherall A, Paal P (June 2013).
408:
1954:
2512:
2343:
1997:
1964:
1763:
1595:
1327:
1248:
1175:
1117:
378:
374:
350:
309:
66:
54:
46:
2425:
2317:
1992:
1946:
1888:
1794:
1661:
1268:
1142:
541:
Y.W. Chien, K.S.E. Su, and S.-F. Chang. Nasal systemic drug delivery, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1989.
203:
62:
2556:
2002:
1883:
1296:
167:
813:
FerringPharmaceuticals. SPC: Minirin nasal spray, Minirin Freeze-dried tablet and
Minirin tablet, 2005.
2238:
2214:
2082:
1847:
1692:
1610:
1475:
1460:
1263:
82:
2459:
2389:
2313:
2130:
2038:
1900:
1637:
1518:
1513:
1233:
1129:
270:
1196:
1071:
L. Illum. Is nose-to-brain transport of drugs in man a reality? J Pharm
Pharmacol. 56:3-17 (2004).
2323:
1974:
1768:
1723:
1420:
1165:
1027:
768:
650:
606:
709:
672:
555:
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985:
963:
908:
859:
760:
715:
678:
642:
598:
561:
453:
412:
362:, held pinched between thumb and index finger, or held by a specially made "snuffing" device.
353:
or "sniffed" (alternatively sometimes written as "snuffed") into the nasal cavity, delivering
339:
30:
902:
240:
of the commercial tablet is 0.1% while that of the nasal spray is 3-5% according to the SPC (
1758:
1019:
953:
945:
851:
752:
634:
590:
2464:
2441:
2160:
2135:
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78:
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2338:
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2287:
2219:
2155:
2150:
1918:
1852:
1774:
1743:
1508:
1337:
1031:
594:
86:
1909:
772:
674:
Models for the
Transfer of Drugs from the Nasal Cavity to the Central Nervous System
654:
610:
2328:
2243:
2229:
2120:
2073:
2069:
1893:
1829:
1814:
1789:
1627:
1347:
1190:
399:
233:
128:
70:
877:
377:
were found in the central
Peruvian coast dating back to 1200 BC, suggesting that
2307:
2297:
2258:
2170:
2165:
2145:
2125:
2115:
2100:
1987:
1875:
1748:
1704:
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175:
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1023:
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1871:
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1402:
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1238:
855:
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370:
162:
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2110:
1481:
1371:
1223:
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403:
132:
1731:
967:
863:
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457:
602:
106:
17:
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2023:
2012:
1804:
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1697:
1590:
1580:
1575:
1332:
1278:
1243:
1228:
1170:
904:
Ketamine for
Treatment-Resistant Depression: The First Decade of Progress
354:
324:
317:
312:". a common technique for self-administration of some recreational drugs.
305:
249:
136:
74:
2399:
1809:
1738:
1677:
1622:
1617:
1585:
1425:
1381:
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346:
290:
211:
207:
949:
1799:
1719:
1632:
1452:
1363:
1253:
1218:
1205:
171:
1435:
1687:
1412:
1314:
1273:
1152:
301:
300:
161:
29:
407:
the brain from the blood circulation is normally hindered by the
711:
Olfactory Transfer of Analgesic Drugs After Nasal Administration
359:
320:, the intranasal route has the highest bioavailability (45–50%)
151:
58:
50:
2042:
1090:
1551:
1496:
253:
published first in 2014 was suggested by the author (Baig AM.
147:
557:
Studies on a Novel Powder Formulation for Nasal Drug Delivery
1730:
1668:
1561:
77:, rescue medications for overdose and seizure emergencies,
257:,) for drugs to be given for Primary Meningoencephalitis
214:
hormone that acts as a nerve growth factor in the brain.
842:
Zimmerman JL (October 2012). "Cocaine intoxication".
202:, for widespread central distribution throughout the
2438:
2418:
2352:
2273:
2239:
mast cell stabilizer (some are also antihistamines)
2194:
2090:
2081:
1973:
1945:
1917:
1870:
1837:
1718:
1656:
1609:
1545:
1495:
1451:
1411:
1397:
1362:
1313:
1291:
1204:
1151:
1137:
1128:
494:"'Shared banknote' health warning to cocaine users"
519:Sharing Drug “Snorting Straws” Spreads Hepatitis C
478:Sharing Drug "Snorting Straws" Spreads Hepatitis C
1049:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 752.
398:There is about 20 mL capacity in the adult human
1045:Troy, David; Beringer, Paul, eds. (2006). "39".
878:"The Dangers Of Snorting Cocaine (Insufflation)"
1047:Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy
452:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
549:
547:
154:-causing virus, could be transmitted as well.
2054:
1102:
373:and tubes similar to those commonly used for
8:
901:Mathew SJ, Zarate Jr CA (25 November 2016).
2087:
2061:
2047:
2039:
1867:
1408:
1310:
1148:
1134:
1109:
1095:
1087:
444:Downs, Brian W.; Sauder, Haley M. (2023),
158:Risk factors for shared drug paraphernalia
34:A medical professional applies nose drops.
957:
703:
701:
411:(BBB), which is virtually impermeable to
979:
977:
714:(PhD dissertation). Uppsala University.
677:(PhD dissertation). Uppsala University.
666:
664:
560:(PhD dissertation). Uppsala University.
166:Lines of cocaine prepared for snorting.
105:
27:Administration of drugs through the nose
1067:
1065:
436:
199:
921:from the original on 8 September 2017.
345:made from finely ground or pulverized
7:
757:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.03.016
127:is a medical condition in which the
1466:Heated humidified high-flow therapy
316:Among the less invasive routes for
170:such as banknotes might serve as a
907:. Springer. pp. 8–10, 14–22.
639:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.05.029
492:Laureen Veevers (1 October 2006).
242:Summary of Product Characteristics
25:
91:live attenuated influenza vaccine
1908:
1434:
1195:
1189:
708:Espefält Westin, Ulrika (2007).
2072:and other nasal preparations (
139:, develops a hole or fissure.
1:
1234:Effervescent powder or tablet
934:"Ketamine: use in anesthesia"
277:Recreational drugs/entheogens
61:. It can be a form of either
2365:Calcium hexamine thiocyanate
2018:Patient-controlled analgesia
1323:Orally disintegrating tablet
595:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00637-6
2578:
2283:Beclometasone dipropionate
1529:Relative analgesia machine
1024:10.7183/1045-6635.21.4.441
308:prepared in a spiral for "
116:
113:caused from cocaine abuse.
2502:
2200:excluding corticosteroids
1906:
1432:
1187:
856:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003
2562:Routes of administration
2353:Other nasal preparations
1118:Routes of administration
1012:Latin American Antiquity
1000:Cortella, M. Ruiz. 1995
125:nasal septum perforation
119:Nasal septum perforation
111:Nasal septum perforation
102:Nasal septum perforation
2344:Triamcinolone acetonide
1644:Extra-amniotic infusion
1249:Molecular encapsulation
1181:Osmotic delivery system
1176:Time release technology
671:Jansson, Björn (2004).
554:Fransén, Nelly (2008).
67:systemic administration
47:route of administration
2426:Olopatadine/mometasone
2318:Fluticasone propionate
1947:Central nervous system
1735:
1673:
1601:Mucoadhesive microdisc
1566:
313:
204:central nervous system
193:smaller drug molecules
178:
114:
63:topical administration
35:
2215:histamine antagonists
1790:Transfersome vesicles
1734:
1672:
1649:Intravesical infusion
1565:
844:Critical Care Clinics
304:
168:Contaminated currency
165:
109:
41:, popularly known as
33:
2419:Combination products
1476:Metered-dose inhaler
1461:Anesthetic vaporizer
446:"Septal Perforation"
404:olfactory epithelium
83:nicotine nasal spray
39:Nasal administration
2481:+dexbrompheniramine
2460:Phenylpropanolamine
2390:Ipratropium bromide
2314:Fluticasone furoate
1901:Transdermal implant
1861:(into tissue/blood)
1638:Intrauterine device
1519:Anaesthetic machine
1514:Oxygen concentrator
409:blood–brain barrier
200:(see section below)
2552:Medical treatments
2529:Never to phase III
2324:Mometasone furoate
2013:Nanocell injection
1736:
1674:
1567:
1421:Dry-powder inhaler
420:olfactory transfer
394:Olfactory transfer
314:
179:
135:wall dividing the
133:bony/cartilaginous
115:
79:hormone treatments
36:
2539:
2538:
2434:
2433:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
1863:
1825:Transdermal spray
1820:Transdermal patch
1810:Medicated shampoo
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1524:Medical inhalants
1471:Medical inhalants
1399:Respiratory tract
1393:
1392:
1287:
1286:
950:10.1111/cns.12072
938:CNS Neurosci Ther
914:978-3-319-42925-0
721:978-91-554-6871-2
567:978-91-554-7288-7
413:passive diffusion
340:smokeless tobacco
174:of diseases like
16:(Redirected from
2569:
2442:Sympathomimetics
2244:Cromoglicic acid
2131:Levmetamfetamine
2092:Sympathomimetics
2088:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2040:
1912:
1868:
1859:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1409:
1338:Sublingual drops
1311:
1199:
1193:
1149:
1135:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1007:
1001:
998:
992:
981:
972:
971:
961:
929:
923:
922:
898:
892:
891:
889:
888:
874:
868:
867:
839:
833:
829:
823:
820:
814:
811:
805:
801:
795:
792:
786:
783:
777:
776:
739:
733:
732:
730:
728:
705:
696:
695:
693:
691:
668:
659:
658:
621:
615:
614:
589:(1–2): 278–282.
578:
572:
571:
551:
542:
539:
533:
530:
524:
523:
514:
508:
507:
505:
504:
489:
483:
482:
473:
467:
466:
465:
464:
441:
289:Insufflation of
21:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2519:Clinical trials
2498:
2465:Pseudoephedrine
2440:
2430:
2414:
2348:
2275:Corticosteroids
2269:
2199:
2190:
2161:Propylhexedrine
2136:Methylephedrine
2077:
2067:
2037:
2028:
2008:Intraperitoneal
1980:musculoskeletal
1978:
1969:
1941:
1937:Intra-articular
1913:
1904:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1833:
1714:
1652:
1605:
1550:
1533:
1491:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1430:
1389:
1358:
1283:
1200:
1194:
1185:
1139:Digestive tract
1124:
1115:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1009:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
982:
975:
931:
930:
926:
915:
900:
899:
895:
886:
884:
876:
875:
871:
841:
840:
836:
830:
826:
821:
817:
812:
808:
802:
798:
793:
789:
784:
780:
745:Neurobiol Aging
741:
740:
736:
726:
724:
722:
707:
706:
699:
689:
687:
685:
670:
669:
662:
623:
622:
618:
580:
579:
575:
568:
553:
552:
545:
540:
536:
531:
527:
516:
515:
511:
502:
500:
491:
490:
486:
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474:
470:
462:
460:
443:
442:
438:
433:
396:
391:
368:
333:
299:
287:
279:
268:
263:
238:bioavailability
229:
220:
188:
160:
121:
104:
99:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2473:+carbinoxamine
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2370:Eucalyptus oil
2367:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2222:
2210:
2209:
2207:Spaglumic acid
2203:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2186:Xylometazoline
2183:
2178:
2176:Tuaminoheptane
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2106:Cyclopentamine
2103:
2097:
2095:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1927:Intracavernous
1923:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1729:
1727:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1710:Nutrient enema
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1680:
1667:
1665:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1560:
1558:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1073:
1061:
1052:
1037:
1018:(4): 441–450.
1002:
993:
990:978-1176904705
973:
924:
913:
893:
882:Vertava Health
869:
834:
824:
815:
806:
796:
787:
778:
751:(3): 451–458.
734:
720:
697:
683:
660:
616:
583:Brain Research
573:
566:
543:
534:
525:
509:
484:
468:
435:
434:
432:
429:
395:
392:
390:
387:
367:
364:
349:leaves. It is
332:
329:
298:
295:
286:
283:
278:
275:
267:
264:
262:
259:
246:cryptorchidism
228:
225:
219:
216:
187:
184:
159:
156:
137:nasal cavities
117:Main article:
103:
100:
98:
95:
87:nasal vaccines
75:migraine drugs
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2574:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2485:+fexofenadine
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:Phenylephrine
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:Systemic use:
2437:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
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2383:
2381:
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2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:Triamcinolone
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:Fluticasone (
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2303:Dexamethasone
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:Betamethasone
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
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2247:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:Levocabastine
2217:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:Phenylephrine
2154:
2152:
2151:Oxymetazoline
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
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2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2070:Decongestants
2064:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:Intramuscular
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:Intracerebral
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1869:
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1862:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
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1836:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:Iontophoresis
1773:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1744:Topical cream
1742:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1706:
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1634:
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1626:
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1569:
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1564:
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1548:
1544:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1509:Nasal cannula
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1472:
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1378:
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1355:
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1346:
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1341:
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1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
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1156:
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1140:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1127:
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1119:
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1107:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1077:
1074:
1068:
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1062:
1056:
1053:
1048:
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1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
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1017:
1013:
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1003:
997:
994:
991:
987:
980:
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974:
969:
965:
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947:
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920:
916:
910:
906:
905:
897:
894:
883:
879:
873:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
850:(4): 517–26.
849:
845:
838:
835:
828:
825:
819:
816:
810:
807:
800:
797:
791:
788:
782:
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754:
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746:
738:
735:
723:
717:
713:
712:
704:
702:
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686:
684:91-554-5834-3
680:
676:
675:
667:
665:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
633:(2): 481–96.
632:
628:
620:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
577:
574:
569:
563:
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550:
548:
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538:
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495:
488:
485:
480:
479:
472:
469:
459:
455:
451:
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440:
437:
430:
428:
424:
421:
416:
414:
410:
405:
401:
393:
388:
386:
384:
383:Anadenanthera
380:
376:
372:
365:
363:
361:
356:
352:
348:
344:
341:
338:is a type of
337:
330:
328:
326:
321:
319:
311:
307:
303:
296:
294:
292:
284:
282:
276:
274:
272:
265:
260:
258:
256:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
226:
224:
217:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
185:
183:
177:
173:
169:
164:
157:
155:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
120:
112:
108:
101:
96:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:decongestants
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
2557:Dosage forms
2410:Saline water
2329:Prednisolone
2237:
2230:Thonzylamine
2213:
2196:Antiallergic
2121:Fenoxazoline
2003:Intraosseous
1993:Intracardiac
1932:Intravitreal
1894:Injector pen
1889:Subcutaneous
1860:
1830:Jet injector
1815:Dermal patch
1628:Vaginal ring
1596:Insufflation
1555:
1348:Effervescent
1122:dosage forms
1076:
1055:
1046:
1040:
1015:
1011:
1005:
996:
944:(6): 381–9.
941:
937:
927:
903:
896:
885:. Retrieved
881:
872:
847:
843:
837:
827:
818:
809:
799:
790:
781:
748:
744:
737:
725:. Retrieved
710:
688:. Retrieved
673:
630:
627:Neuroscience
626:
619:
586:
582:
576:
556:
537:
528:
518:
512:
501:. Retrieved
498:The Observer
497:
487:
477:
471:
461:, retrieved
449:
439:
425:
419:
417:
400:nasal cavity
397:
382:
379:insufflation
369:
334:
322:
315:
288:
280:
269:
254:
234:desmopressin
230:
221:
197:
189:
180:
141:
129:nasal septum
122:
57:through the
42:
38:
37:
2515:from market
2489:+loratadine
2477:+cetirizine
2308:Flunisolide
2298:Ciclesonide
2259:Olopatadine
2171:Tramazoline
2166:Tetryzoline
2146:Naphazoline
2126:Iproheptine
2116:Epinephrine
2101:Amidephrine
1988:Intravenous
1975:Circulatory
1960:Intrathecal
1884:Intradermal
1876:transdermal
1843:Parenterals
1749:Topical gel
1705:Murphy drip
1683:Suppository
1571:Nasal spray
1505:Oxygen mask
1354:Chewing gum
1293:Oral mucosa
371:Snuff trays
227:Nasal drugs
218:Limitations
176:hepatitis C
144:hepatitis C
55:insufflated
2546:Categories
2469:+azatadine
2405:Ritiometan
2385:Hyaluronan
2380:Hexamidine
2375:Framycetin
2334:Tixocortol
2293:Budesonide
2264:Lodoxamide
2254:Azelastine
2249:Nedocromil
2225:Antazoline
2181:Tymazoline
2141:Metizoline
1848:Injections
1611:Urogenital
1547:Ophthalmic
1403:inhalation
1377:Toothpaste
1305:sublingual
1269:Suspension
1239:Herbal tea
887:2022-02-25
503:2008-07-26
463:2023-10-17
450:StatPearls
431:References
210:, a large
186:Advantages
18:Intranasal
2525:Phase III
2513:Withdrawn
2493:+naproxen
2450:Ephedrine
2395:Mupirocin
2360:Cafaminol
2111:Ephedrine
1853:infusions
1785:Liposomes
1581:Eye drops
1576:Ear drops
1487:Vaporizer
1482:Nebulizer
1372:Mouthwash
1301:sublabial
1224:Electuary
1214:Decoction
1032:163915994
261:Medicines
250:sedatives
49:in which
2024:PIC line
1965:Epidural
1805:Lip balm
1780:Hydrogel
1771:solution
1754:Liniment
1739:Ointment
1698:Hydrogel
1693:Solution
1678:Ointment
1618:Ointment
1591:Hydrogel
1586:Ointment
1382:Ointment
1343:Lozenges
1333:Lollipop
1279:Tincture
1264:Solution
1244:Hydrogel
1229:Emulsion
1171:Pastille
968:23521979
919:Archived
864:22998988
773:21158378
765:15964100
727:18 March
690:18 March
655:40872017
647:15262337
611:11522233
458:30725893
389:Research
355:nicotine
325:ketamine
318:ketamine
310:snorting
306:Ketamine
297:Ketamine
271:Oxytocin
266:Oxytocin
191:min for
89:such as
43:snorting
2400:Retinol
2198:agents,
2094:, plain
2083:Topical
1724:topical
1662:enteral
1623:Pessary
1453:Liquids
1426:Smoking
1364:Liquids
1259:Softgel
1206:Liquids
1166:Capsule
1143:enteral
959:6493613
804:(1999).
603:8548316
351:snorted
347:tobacco
343:product
291:cocaine
285:Cocaine
212:peptide
208:insulin
45:, is a
2508:WHO-EM
1919:Organs
1800:Lotion
1720:Dermal
1658:Rectal
1633:Douche
1413:Solids
1350:tablet
1315:Solids
1297:buccal
1254:Powder
1219:Elixir
1161:Tablet
1153:Solids
1030:
988:
966:
956:
911:
862:
771:
763:
718:
681:
653:
645:
609:
601:
564:
522:, 2016
481:, 2016
456:
172:fomite
150:, the
131:, the
85:, and
1795:Cream
1759:Paste
1688:Enema
1640:(IUD)
1556:nasal
1478:(MDI)
1386:Spray
1274:Syrup
1028:S2CID
769:S2CID
651:S2CID
607:S2CID
336:Snuff
331:Snuff
255:et al
97:Risks
51:drugs
2020:pump
1872:Skin
1769:DMSO
1764:Film
1552:otic
1507:and
1328:Film
1130:Oral
986:ISBN
964:PMID
909:ISBN
860:PMID
761:PMID
729:2023
716:ISBN
692:2023
679:ISBN
643:PMID
599:PMID
562:ISBN
454:PMID
418:The
375:yopo
366:Yopo
360:hand
152:AIDS
59:nose
53:are
2074:R01
1497:Gas
1020:doi
954:PMC
946:doi
852:doi
753:doi
635:doi
631:127
591:doi
587:692
381:of
323:In
148:HIV
65:or
2548::
2521::
2491:,
2487:,
2483:,
2479:,
2475:,
2471:,
2316:,
1554:,
1303:,
1299:,
1120:,
1064:^
1026:.
1016:21
1014:.
976:^
962:.
952:.
942:19
940:.
936:.
917:.
880:.
858:.
848:28
846:.
832:24
767:.
759:.
749:27
747:.
700:^
663:^
649:.
641:.
629:.
605:.
597:.
585:.
546:^
496:.
448:,
123:A
93:.
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2467:(
2320:)
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2242:(
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2218:(
2076:)
2062:e
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2048:v
1977:,
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1874:(
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1722:(
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1660:(
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1401:(
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755::
731:.
694:.
657:.
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