250:
transportation. Forney and Capt. Reuben
Campbell (US Army) related that Lee sold the children to Mormon families in Cedar City, Harmony, and Painter Creek. Sarah Francis Baker, who was three years old at the time of the massacre, later said, "They sold us from one family to another." As early as May 1859, Forney reported that none of the children had ever lived with the Native Americans, but had been transported by white men from the scene of the massacre to the house of Jacob Hamblin. In July 1859 he wrote of his refusal to pay claims by families who alleged they purchased the children from the Native Americans, stating he knew it was not true. Forney had seen to the gathering up the surviving children from local families after which they were united with extended family members in Arkansas and other states. Families received compensation for the children's care, including Jacob Hamblin; some protested that the amounts were insufficient—although Carleton's report criticized the conditions under which some of the children lived.
246:
encountered and their statements to suggest that their accounts were false in several respects. Carleton tricked Albert
Hamblin into revealing the identities of some of the Mormons present, by telling him that Jacob Hamblin had already informed Carleton that John D. Lee and other Mormons had been present. Albert then admitted that, apart from Lee, also present were the Mormons Prime Coleman, Amos Thornton, Richard Robinson, and "Brother" Dickinson from Pinto Creek. Speaking to Paiute Indian chiefs, Carleton was told by Chief "Jackson", head of the Santa Clara band, that a letter from Brigham Young had ordered the emigrants to be killed, and that 60 Mormons, painted and disguised as Indians, led by Bishop John D. Lee and Isaac C. Haight, had fulfilled this order. Another Paiute chief, Touche, then living on the Virgin River, told Carleton that a letter from Brigham Young to the same effect was brought down to his band by a young man named Huntington, an Indian interpreter living in Salt Lake City at the time of Carleton's report.
100:
and Philip Smith went to Salt Lake City to ask
Brigham Young what should be done with the property. They offered Young the money they had taken from their victims, but he would have nothing to do with it. Brigham gave Lee instructions to divide the cattle and cows among the poor, and left it to him to distribute it as he chose. John D. Lee ended up owning a fancy carriage that had been part of the column; the wagons, rifles and other valuables ended up with the Mormons, which the Paiute pointed out was proof that they had not perpetrated the massacre. Other emigrant property was auctioned in Cedar City, in the tithing office of the church, where the Mormons termed it, facetiously, in Carleton's view, "property taken at
132:
Tribal oral history accounts taken in 1980s and 1990s relate stories of
Paiutes witnessing the attack from a distance rather than participating. There are some stories, which relate some Paiute were present, but did not initiate or participate in the killings. A corroborating oral history of Sybil Mariah Frink tells of witnessing the planning of the massacre at her home in Harmony. She contends she followed fourteen Mormons who had disguised themselves as Native Americans to the scene of the massacre. She makes no mention of any Native Americans participating in the attack. Authors Tom and Holt summarize the state of proof regarding the massacre:
146:
are all fouled up. You've either got to rely on the testimony of the murderers or of the surviving children. And so what we know about the actual massacre is—could be challenged on almost any point. _ " However, as
Carleton mentions in his 1857 report, even Hamblin, the Indian agent who blamed the Paiutes for the massacre, admitted to him that in 1856 the Paiute tribe had only three guns, suggesting that it was incredible for them to have acquired sufficient guns to inflict the number of gunshot wounds evident among the victims, most of whom were killed by gunfire, not, as Mormon witnesses claimed, largely by being hit in the head with stones.
158:, many non-Mormons began to suspect Mormon involvement and called for a federal investigation. Territorial U.S. Indian Agent Garland Hurt, in the days following the massacre, sent a translator to investigate, who returned on September 23 with the report that Paiutes attacked the emigrants and after being repulsed three time the Mormons tricked the wagon train members into surrender and killed them all. On the September 27, Hurt, the last federal Agent in Utah Territory, escaped more than seventy five Mormons dragoons for the safety of the American Army with the help of members of the Ute tribe of Native Americans.
466:
how George A. Smith felt towards the emigrants, and his telling me that he had a long talk with Haight on the subject, made me certain that it was the wish of the 'Church authorities', that
Fancher and his train should be 'wiped out', and knowing all this, I did not doubt then, and I do not doubt it now, either, that Haight was acting by full authority from the Church leaders, and that the orders he gave to me were just the orders that he had been directed to give, when he ordered me to raise the Indians and have them attack the emigrants.
2064:
441:
327:
306:
242:. In Carleton's investigation, at Mountain Meadows he found women's hair tangled in sage brush and the bones of children still in their mothers' arms. Carleton later said it was "a sight which can never be forgotten." After gathering up the skulls and bones of those who had died, Carleton's troops buried them and erected a rock cairn.
46:. It is unclear whether Young held this view because he believed this specific group posed an actual threat to colonists or were directly responsible for past crimes against Mormons. According to historian MacKinnon, "After the war, Buchanan implied that face-to-face communications with Brigham Young might have averted the
169:
Young first heard about the massacre from second-hand reports, After Lee reached Salt Lake City, Lee met with Young on
September 29, 1857, according to Lee, he told Young about Mormon involvement. Young, however, later testified that he cut Lee off when he started to describe the massacre, because he
107:
On
September 30, 1857, Mormon Indian Agent George W. Armstrong sent a letter to Young from Provo with information of the massacre. In his account, the emigrants gave the Native Americans poisoned beef. After many Native Americans died, they "appeased their savage vengeance" by killing fifty-seven men
74:
Yet, by the time the express rider delivered Young's letter to Haight, ordering that the emigrants not be harmed, the murders at
Mountain Meadows had already taken place. According to trial testimony given later by express rider Haslam, when Haight read Young's words, he sobbed like a child and could
245:
Carleton's report of May 1859 included verbatim statements from Jacob
Hamblin and a young Snake man, aged 17 or 18, who lived with the Hamblins and went by the name of Albert Hamblin. Both attempted to blame the local Paiute Indians, but Carleton analyzed the contradictions between the evidence he
99:
In fact, seventeen children had survived. The names and ages are recorded in the Carleton report, available online. The Mormons sold the children among each other, as they did the material goods they stole from the emigrants. Carleton reported that immediately after the massacre John D. Lee, Haight,
465:
I have always believed, since that day, that General George A. Smith was then visiting Southern Utah to prepare the people for the work of exterminating Captain Fancher's train of emigrants, and I now believe that he was sent for that purpose by the direct command of Brigham Young. The knowledge of
116:
what he said Lee had related to Hamblin on his journey to Salt Lake. Brigham Young was mistaken when he later testified, under oath, that the meeting took place "some two of three months after the massacre". When Lee attempted to relate the details of the massacre, however, Young later testified he
421:
was not called as a witness, but provided deposition testimony denying any involvement in the massacre, as did Brigham Young, who said he could not travel because he was an invalid. The defense called Silas S. Smith, Jesse N. Smith, Elisha Hoops, and Philo T. Farnsworth, who were part of George A.
145:
Eyewitness accounts from Mormons that implicate the Paiutes (at first entirely so and then only in part) are set against Paiute accounts that absolve them from participation in the actual massacre. Historian Bagley believes "the problem with trying to tell the story of Mountain Meadows—the sources
141:
While Native American Paiutes were present, certainly during the initial attack and siege, historical reports of their numbers and the details of their participation are contradictory. However, Mormon witnesses of the event are unreliable, as Carleton demonstrates, and were attempting to shift the
131:
Paiute leaders maintain that Mormon accounts of Paiute initiation of the siege are untrue. Stoffle and Evans assert that Paiutes had no history of attacking wagon trains and no Native Americans were charged, prosecuted, or punished by federal officials as a result of the Mountain Meadows massacre.
124:
Confirmation of the massacre was received from the Mormon J. Ward Christian. Christian claimed that the emigrants had cheated the Native Americans who sold them wheat at Corn Creek, put strychnine in water holes and poisoned a dead ox. According to Christian, the party consisted of 130 to 135. All
91:
briefed Brigham Young on the massacre. According to Lee, more than one hundred and fifty "mob members" of Missouri and Illinois, with many cattle and horses, damned the Saints leaders, and poisoned not only a beef given to the Native Americans, but also a spring which killed both Saints and Native
120:
Rumors of the massacre began to reach California in early October. John Aiken, a "gentile" who traveled with the mail carrier John Hurt through the killing field, reported to the Los Angeles Star that the unburied putrefied corpses of the women and children were more generally eaten than the men.
70:
President Young's message of reply to Haight, dated September 10, read: "In regard to emigration trains passing through our settlements, we must not interfere with them until they are first notified to keep away. You must not meddle with them. The Indians we expect will do as they please but you
62:
of the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps arrived in Salt Lake City. Van Vliet's mission was to inform Young that the United States troops then approaching Utah did not intend to attack the Mormons, but intended to establish an army base near Salt Lake, and to request Young's cooperation in procuring
136:
The fact that so much evidence, including relevant pages from the journals of many settlers, has been lost or destroyed, testifies to many Native Americans and their sympathizers that much of the official history cannot be considered to be complete or truthful. However, there is certainly some
249:
By August 1859, Jacob Forney, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Utah had retrieved the children from the Mormon families housing them and gathered them in preparation of transporting them to their relatives in Arkansas. He placed the children in the care of families in Santa Clara prior to
400:
During the 1870s, Lee, Dame, Philip Klingensmith and two others (Ellott Willden and George Adair, Jr.) were indicted and arrested while warrants were obtained to pursue the arrests of four others (Haight, Higbee, William C. Stewart and Samuel Jukes) who had successfully gone into hiding.
66:
On September 10, 1857, James Holt Haslam arrived in Salt Lake City, after experiencing long delays during his nearly 300 mile journey, to deliver a message from the acting commander of the Iron Brigade, Isaac C. Haight to the Mormon leader Brigham Young. The letter has yet to be found.
41:
Evidence as to whether or not Brigham Young ordered the attack on the migrant column is conflicted. Historians still debate the autonomy and precise roles of local Cedar City LDS church officials in ordering the massacre and Young's concealing of evidence in its aftermath. Young's use of
92:
Americans. The Native Americans became enraged and after a long siege killed everyone and stripped the corpses of clothing. The Mormons spared eight to ten children. A second group, with a large cattle herd, would have suffered the same fate had not the Saints intervened and saved them.
1230:, p. 105 "The poisoned meat story was unlikely, while the poisoned springs was quite clearly fabrication; to poison a running stream of any size would take a great amount of poison, and if several Saints had died, their names and homes and other details would have been given."
213:
165:
going the opposite direction, and according to Hamblin, Lee admitted killing emigrants, including adolescent children, and stated that he acted under orders from officials in Cedar City. Lee later denied making these admissions or breaking his oath of secrecy.
448:
At his sentencing, as required by Utah Territory statute, he was given the option of being hung, shot, or beheaded, and he chose to be shot. In 1877, before being executed by firing squad at Mountain Meadows (a fate Young believed just, but not a sufficient
111:
Decades later, Young's son, 13 years old in 1857, said he was in the office during that meeting and that he remembered Lee blaming the massacre on the Native Americans. Some time after Lee's meeting with Young, Jacob Hamblin said he reported to Young and
1844:
Message of the President of the United States: communicating, in compliance with a resolution of the Senate, information in relation to the massacre at Mountain Meadows, and other massacres in Utah Territory, 36th Congress, 1st Session, Exec. Doc. No.
905:, p. 104); Affidavit of John W. Young (1884) (saying the meeting took place "in the latter part of September, 1857"). Brigham Young was mistaken when he later testified that the meeting took place "some two of three months after the massacre"
199:
313:
1021:
After the massacre, the decision was made to take the children to the nearby Hamblin home; however, Hamblin was gone at the time of the killings. Hamblin's testimony in this regard is as following (Q=attorney in Lee's trial; A=Hamblin):
405:
participants including Haight and Lee from the LDS church in 1870. The U.S. posted bounties of $ 500 each for the capture of Haight, Higbee and Stewart while prosecutors chose not to pursue their cases against Dame, Willden and Adair.
344:
Maj. John H. Higbee, was said to have shouted the command to begin the killings. He claimed that he reluctantly participated in the massacre and originally came to bury the dead who he thought were victims of an "Indian attack."
1326:
233:
interrupted further federal investigation and the LDS Church conducted no investigation of its own. Then in 1859, two years after the massacre, investigations were made by Hurt's superior, Jacob Forney, and also by U.S. Army
437:. Lee also stipulated, against advice of counsel, that the prosecution be allowed to re-use the depositions of Young and Smith from the previous trial. Lee called no witnesses in his defense. This time, Lee was convicted.
42:
inflammatory and violent language in response to the Federal expedition added to the tense atmosphere at the time of the attack. After the massacre, Young stated in public forums that God had taken vengeance on the
808:, pp. 67, 170, 172 Klingonsmith claimed that he saw one hundred of them present. Nephi Johnson reports one-hundred and fifty Native Americans present. Hibgee estimates "anywhere from three to six hundred.
78:
Historians debate the letter's contents. Brooks believes it shows Young "did not order the massacre, and would have prevented it if he could." Bagley argues that the letter covertly gave other instructions.
417:
before a jury of eight Mormons and four non-Mormons. The prosecution called five eye-witnesses: Philip Klingensmith, Joel White, Samuel Pollock, William Young, and James Pierce. Due to an illness,
556:
Supplement to the lecture on the Mountain Meadows massacre. Important additional testimony recently received; by Penrose, Charles W. (Charles William), 1832-1925; Juvenile Instructor Office, 1885
586:
James H. Haslam, interview by S. A. Kenner, reported by Josiah Rogerson, 4 December 1884, typescript, 11, in Josiah Rogerson, Transcripts and Notes of John D. Lee Trials, LDS Church Archives.
566:
Deposition of Brigham Young Regarding the Mountain Meadows Massacre, July 30, 1875; text from "Appendix XII" in Juanita Brooks, The Mountain Meadows Massacre, Stanford University Press, 1950.
2000:
861:
433:
Lee's second trial began September 13, 1876, before an all-Mormon jury. The prosecution called Daniel Wells, Laban Morrill, Joel White, Samuel Knight, Samuel McMurdy, Nephi Johnson, and
2095:
1350:
1502:
2110:
2090:
426:. Each of them testified that they either saw, or suspected, that the Baker-Fancher party poisoned a spring and a dead ox, later eaten by Native Americans. The trial ended in a
2085:
181:
With regard to the new policy to unbridle Natives to steal cattle, roughly at the same time of the massacre Indian agent Hurt received word that militia leadership at
2136:
2115:
1144:
63:
supplies for the army. Young informed Van Vliet that he was skeptical that the army's intentions were peaceful, and that the Mormons intended to resist occupation.
36:
1993:
959:
675:
2105:
2080:
1026:
A: Two to my house, and several in Cedar City. I was acting subagent for Forney. I gathered the children up for him; seventeen in number, all I could learn of.
125:
were killed by Native Americans with the exception of fifteen infant children, that have since been purchased with much difficulty by the Mormon interpreters.
71:
should try and preserve good feelings with them. There are no other trains going south that I know of f those who are there will leave let them go in peace."
1956:
1614:
1755:
253:
Forney concluded that the Paiutes did not act alone and the massacre would not have occurred without the white settlers, while Carleton's report to the
1986:
178:
soon after the massacre. Hamblin said he was told to keep quiet, but that "as soon as we can get a court of justice, we will ferret this thing out".
137:
evidence that Native Americans with base camps on the Muddy and Santa Clara Rivers were at least involved in the initial siege of the wagon train."
858:
1689:
155:
128:
And when Brigham Young sent his report to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1858, he said the massacre was the work of Native Americans.
1389:
2203:
2160:
1576:
1412:
101:
1530:
385:
in 1861, again proceeded in 1871 when prosecutors obtained the affidavit of militia member Phillip Klingensmith. Klingensmith had been a
360:, Lee led the initial assault, and falsely offered emigrants safe passage prior to the massacre. He was the only convicted participant.
2245:
1624:
320:
1670:
1562:
1516:
1425:
1339:
577:
Brigham Young to Isaac C. Haight, 10 September 1857, Letterpress Copybook 3:827–28, Brigham Young Office Files, LDS Church Archives.
1628:
1899:
1681:
607:
222:, later-prominent Indian fighter of American Southwest, who investigated the massacre site in 1859 and erected an early marker
1773:
616:
1572:
170:
could not bear to hear the details. Lee, however, said he told Young of involvement by Mormons. Nevertheless, according to
1477:
638:
337:
was a Southern Utah Church Leader, and militia commander. Spent much of the remainder of his life in hiding, died 1886 in
1141:
2184:
1417:
1331:
956:
679:
1864:
1508:
1967:
References/MASSACRE PERPETRATORS.pdf "Massacre Perpetrators at Mountain Meadows Massacre: September 7–11, 1857"
1507:, Salt Lake City: Utah State Division of Indian Affairs : Utah State Division of History : Distributed by
174:, Hamblin heard a detailed description of the massacre and Mormon involvement from Lee and reported it to Young and
1445:
386:
364:
50:, and Young argued that a north-south telegraph line in Utah could have prevented the Mountain Meadows Massacre."
2009:
1869:
1618:
19:
1787:
1759:
1765:
2131:
43:
2023:
2063:
257:
called the mass killings a "heinous crime", blaming both local and senior church leaders for the massacre.
2048:
2033:
254:
2168:
1972:
185:
had arranged for the Snake tribe to run off over 400 cattle that were being driven toward California.
1435:
239:
565:
1584:
440:
372:
1966:
2152:
1938:
1714:
1706:
1381:
1373:
382:
24:
2176:
1826:
1779:
1769:
1666:
1644:
1558:
1522:
1512:
1454:
1421:
1335:
758:
632:
454:
235:
219:
59:
2211:
1961:
1698:
1473:
1365:
1198:
261:
93:
2043:
2028:
1802:
1569:
1554:
1292:
1148:
1024:"Q: What became of the children of those emigrants? How many children were brought there?
963:
865:
450:
418:
402:
357:
334:
175:
113:
1842:
1351:"The Mountain Meadows Massacre: An Analytical Narrative Based on Participant Confessions"
1295:. Young replied, "I do, and I believe that Lee has not half atoned for his great crime".)
553:
296:
William H. Dame • William C. Stewart • Ellott Willden • Samuel Jukes • George Adair, Jr.)
53:
2221:
1838:
1407:
368:
1973:
United States Office of Indian Affairs Papers Relating to Charges Against Jacob Forney
1662:
Mormonism Unveiled; or the Life and Confessions of the Late Mormon Bishop, John D. Lee
212:
2239:
2053:
1934:
1908:, vol. 26, no. 16 (published May 23, 1877), pp. 242–43, archived from
1895:
1876:
1854:
1718:
1547:
1385:
434:
284:
171:
162:
957:
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/mountainmeadows/carletonreport.html
1904:
1885:
1811:
1722:
1603:
1463:
423:
410:
353:
326:
1975:. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
676:"Brevet Major J. H. Carleton's Report on the Mountain Meadows Massacre (May 1859)"
1943:, Faith Promoting Series, vol. 5, Salt Lake City: Juvenile Instructor Office
1909:
1880:
1815:, vol. 24, no. 27, Salt Lake City (published August 4, 1875), p. 8
1806:
1660:
1439:
23:, which atrocity occurred September 11, 1857, had to await the conclusion of the
1656:
1321:
422:
Smith's party on August 25, 1857 when he camped near the Baker-Fancher party in
349:
265:
182:
88:
54:
Young's belated message to Isaac C. Haight, acting commander of the Iron Brigade
1598:
1458:
1031:
1142:
Tragedy at Mountain Meadows Massacre: Toward a Consensus Account and Time Line
1858:
1978:
1783:
1741:
1526:
458:
427:
390:
312:
1830:
1485:
319:
305:
198:
2038:
1327:
Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows
918:
See Message of the President. December 4, 1859. Hurt to Forney. Also see
230:
47:
1710:
1377:
1291:, p. 242) (Young was asked after Lee's execution if he believed in
401:
Klingensmith escaped prosecution by agreeing to testify. Brigham Young
338:
1682:"Loose in the stacks, a half-century with the Utah War and its legacy"
1702:
1369:
394:
260:
A federal judge brought into the territory after the Utah War, Judge
161:
On Lee's journey to Salt Lake City to report the massacre, he passed
439:
371:
in the militia. He participated in the killings, and later turned
289:"Iron Brigade" who were indicted in 1874 for murder or conspiracy
1599:"Visit of the Superintendent of Indian Affairs to Southern Utah"
414:
272:
concerning the massacre, but the jury declined any indictments.
269:
1982:
1620:
Mountain Meadows Massacre Trials (John D. Lee Trials) 1875–1876
444:
John D. Lee just prior to his execution (seated next to coffin)
1607:, vol. 9, no. 10 (published May 11, 1859), p. 1
1128:
Lee was arrested on November 7, 1874. "John D. Lee Arrested",
389:
and blacksmith from Cedar City; by the 1870s, however, he had
356:. Having conspired in advance with his immediate commander,
857:
Letters From Nevada Indian Agents - 1857. Available online
812:, p. 226 Lee states at least two hundred were present.
2214:
Burying the Past: Legacy of the Mountain Meadows Massacre
117:
cut Lee off, stopping him from reciting further details.
1030:
A: Forney, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Utah."
453:, given the enormity of the crime, to get him into the
1889:, vol. 24, no. 27, Salt Lake City, p. 8
1645:"Horrible Massacre of Arkansas and Missouri Emigrants"
759:
Uncle Dale's Old Mormon Articles: California 1857-1859
709:
707:
705:
554:
https://archive.org/details/supplementtolect00penrrich
1940:
Jacob Hamblin: A Narrative of His Personal Experience
1484:, vol. 1, no. 22, p. 3, archived from
651:
649:
1969:– Mountain Meadows Monument Foundation website
1825:, Fredonia, Ariz.: Kaibab Paiute Tribe, p. 57,
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
2196:
2145:
2124:
2071:
2016:
154:Although militia members put responsibility on the
108:and nine women. There was no mention of survivors.
87:A few days after the massacre, September 29, 1857,
1549:American Massacre: The Tragedy at Mountain Meadows
1546:
2137:Brigham Young and the Mountain Meadows Massacre
1665:, St. Louis, Missouri: Bryan, Brand & Co.,
1441:Special Report on the Mountain Meadows Massacre
1275:"Territorial Dispatches: the Sentence of Lee",
670:
668:
666:
664:
463:
375:against his fellows, after leaving the church.
37:Brigham Young and the Mountain Meadows massacre
1848:, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior
1627:School of Law (published 2006), archived from
595:Brooks, "The Mountain Meadows Massacre" p. 219
1994:
1821:Stoffle, Richard W; Evans, Michael J (1978),
1750:; also included in Brooks (1991) Appendix XI.
821:
409:Lee's first trial began on July 23, 1875, in
96:recorded Lee's account as a "tale of blood."
75:manage only the words, "Too late, too late."
8:
1823:Kaibab Paiute history : the early years
781:
1088:
2001:
1987:
1979:
1957:The Massacre Trials - UMKC's School of Law
1092:
620:. Archived from the original on 2008-05-13
1643:Hamilton, Henry, ed. (October 10, 1857),
517:
493:
381:Further investigations, cut short by the
264:, in March 1859 convened a grand jury in
1748:, vol. 2, no. 16, pp. 2–3
1476:(March 29, 1859), Anderson, Kirk (ed.),
1197:Not the same Philo T. Farnsworth as the
1077:
1053:
1009:
985:
845:
833:
541:
279:
713:
475:
457:). Lee himself professed that he was a
1585:"A Sight Which Can Never Be Forgotten"
1227:
1215:
1116:
1104:
1065:
1041:
997:
974:
955:See Carleton report available online:
943:
931:
919:
902:
805:
769:
746:
655:
630:
537:
533:
529:
505:
482:
1690:Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
1591:, Archaeological Institute of America
1288:
1185:
906:
734:
7:
1740:Rogers, Wm. H. (February 29, 1860),
1467:, vol. 9, no. 5, p. 2
793:
1304:
1263:
1251:
1239:
889:
877:
809:
18:pursuit of the perpetrators of the
1659:(1877), Bishop, William W. (ed.),
1625:University of Missouri-Kansas City
1504:History of Utah's American Indians
988:Capt. Campbell p.15, J.Forney p.79
14:
1613:Hamblin, Jacob (September 1876),
1028:Q: Whom did you deliver them to?
568:from pbs.com accessed 12/23/2017.
276:1870s prosecutions of John D. Lee
142:blame onto the Native Americans.
2062:
1937:(1881), Little, James A. (ed.),
325:
318:
311:
304:
211:
197:
2101:Investigations and prosecutions
1758:, in Powell, Allan Kent (ed.),
1742:"The Mountain Meadows Massacre"
643:, where the subject is debated.
1900:"Interview with Brigham Young"
1680:MacKinnon, William P. (2007),
699:John W. Young affidavit (1884)
617:Association for Mormon Letters
189:Federal investigations in 1859
1:
2205:The Mountain Meadows Massacre
2162:The Mountain Meadows Massacre
1962:Jacob Forney and the Massacre
1583:Fisher, Alyssa (2003-09-16),
1478:"Discharge of the Grand Jury"
1413:The Mountain Meadows Massacre
2186:Massacre at Mountain Meadows
1617:, in Linder, Douglas (ed.),
1615:"Testimony of Jacob Hamblin"
1418:University of Oklahoma Press
1332:University of Oklahoma Press
58:On September 8, 1857, Capt.
1881:"Deposition, People v. Lee"
1807:"Deposition, People v. Lee"
1756:"Mountain Meadows Massacre"
1509:Utah State University Press
1132:, November 18, 1874, p. 16.
901:Diary of Wilford Woodruff (
285:Utah Territorial militiamen
31:Brigham Young's involvement
30:
2262:
1754:Shirts, Morris A. (1994),
1597:Forney, J. (May 5, 1859),
1579:in response to the review.
1459:"The Court & the Army"
1446:Government Printing Office
1349:Briggs, Robert H. (2006),
34:
2246:Mountain Meadows Massacre
2074:Mountain Meadows massacre
2060:
2010:Mountain Meadows Massacre
1761:Utah History Encyclopedia
1501:Cuch, Forrest S. (2000),
1358:Utah Historical Quarterly
1279:, October 18, 1876, p. 4.
822:Whitney & Barnes 2007
637:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
282:
20:Mountain Meadows massacre
1766:University of Utah Press
1764:, Salt Lake City, Utah:
1176:, August 25, 1875, p. 1.
782:Stoffle & Evans 1978
352:, constable, judge, and
150:Orchestration by militia
1857:; Barnes, Jane (2007),
1457:, ed. (April 6, 1859),
363:Philip Klingensmith, a
102:the siege of Sebastapol
2125:Other related articles
2096:Killings and aftermath
2034:Southern Paiute people
1545:Denton, Sally (2003),
1210:Case of the Defense",
1163:, July 28, 1875, p. 5.
468:
445:
139:
83:Part played by Paiutes
2170:Blood of the Prophets
1436:Carleton, James Henry
610:Blood of the Prophets
461:for others involved.
443:
287:of the Tenth Regiment
134:
27:to begin in earnest.
2111:LDS public relations
2091:Conspiracy and siege
2024:Hawn's Mill massacre
1912:on September 2, 2012
1863:, Washington, D.C.:
1577:Letter to the editor
1511:, pp. 131–139,
1488:on September 2, 2012
1416:, Norman, Oklahoma:
1330:, Norman, Oklahoma:
540:, pp. 164–165;
536:, pp. 138–139;
532:, pp. 134–139;
520:, p. endnote 50
367:in the church and a
240:James Henry Carleton
2132:Baker–Fancher party
2081:Theological factors
2072:Articles about the
1307:, pp. 225–226.
430:on August 5, 1875.
44:Baker–Fancher party
2154:Mormonism Unveiled
1898:(April 30, 1877),
1879:(August 4, 1875),
1455:Carrington, Albert
1254:, pp. 302–03.
1242:, pp. 317–78.
1147:2011-07-26 at the
962:2008-06-04 at the
864:2006-08-27 at the
796:, pp. 137–138
446:
383:American Civil War
25:American Civil War
2233:
2232:
2178:American Massacre
1805:(July 30, 1875),
1474:Cradlebaugh, John
1214:, 3 August 1875;
1212:Salt Lake Tribune
1172:"The Lee Trial",
1159:"The Lee Trial",
848:, pp. 96–97.
455:celestial kingdom
379:
378:
299:
283:Four of the nine
220:James H. Carleton
60:Stewart Van Vliet
2253:
2217:
2116:Media depictions
2066:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1944:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1890:
1867:
1849:
1833:
1816:
1803:Smith, George A.
1797:
1796:
1795:
1786:, archived from
1749:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1721:, archived from
1703:10.2307/45227155
1686:
1675:
1651:
1649:Los Angeles Star
1638:
1637:
1636:
1608:
1592:
1567:
1552:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1529:, archived from
1496:
1495:
1493:
1468:
1449:
1448:(published 1902)
1430:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1388:, archived from
1370:10.2307/45062984
1355:
1344:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1286:
1280:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1208:
1202:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1170:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1089:Cradlebaugh 1859
1086:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1044:, pp. 78–79
1039:
1033:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
972:
966:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
916:
910:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
761:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
717:
711:
700:
697:
691:
690:
688:
687:
678:. Archived from
672:
659:
653:
644:
642:
636:
628:
626:
625:
602:
596:
593:
587:
584:
578:
575:
569:
563:
557:
551:
545:
527:
521:
515:
509:
503:
497:
491:
485:
480:
373:state's evidence
329:
322:
315:
308:
291:
280:
262:John Cradlebaugh
215:
201:
94:Wilford Woodruff
2261:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2212:
2192:
2141:
2120:
2073:
2067:
2058:
2049:Plural marriage
2044:Blood atonement
2029:Mormon pioneers
2012:
2007:
1953:
1948:
1933:
1929:
1927:Further reading
1924:
1915:
1913:
1894:
1875:
1853:
1839:Thompson, Jacob
1837:
1820:
1801:
1793:
1791:
1776:
1753:
1739:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1655:
1642:
1634:
1632:
1612:
1596:
1582:
1570:Washington Post
1565:
1555:Alfred A. Knopf
1544:
1536:
1534:
1519:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1472:
1453:
1434:
1428:
1408:Brooks, Juanita
1406:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1293:blood atonement
1287:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1149:Wayback Machine
1140:
1136:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1093:Carrington 1859
1087:
1083:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
1000:, p. p.237
996:
992:
984:
980:
973:
969:
964:Wayback Machine
954:
950:
942:
938:
930:
926:
917:
913:
900:
896:
888:
884:
876:
872:
866:Wayback Machine
856:
852:
844:
840:
832:
828:
820:
816:
804:
800:
792:
788:
780:
776:
768:
764:
757:
753:
745:
741:
733:
720:
712:
703:
698:
694:
685:
683:
674:
673:
662:
654:
647:
629:
623:
621:
605:
603:
599:
594:
590:
585:
581:
576:
572:
564:
560:
552:
548:
528:
524:
516:
512:
504:
500:
492:
488:
481:
477:
473:
451:blood atonement
419:George A. Smith
391:left the church
358:Isaac C. Haight
335:Isaac C. Haight
290:
288:
278:
227:
226:
225:
224:
223:
216:
208:
207:
205:
202:
191:
176:George A. Smith
152:
114:George A. Smith
85:
56:
39:
33:
12:
11:
5:
2259:
2257:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2223:September Dawn
2219:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1951:External links
1949:
1947:
1946:
1935:Hamblin, Jacob
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1896:Young, Brigham
1892:
1877:Young, Brigham
1873:
1872:(Documentary).
1855:Whitney, Helen
1851:
1835:
1818:
1799:
1774:
1751:
1737:
1677:
1671:
1653:
1640:
1610:
1594:
1580:
1563:
1542:
1517:
1498:
1470:
1451:
1444:, Washington:
1432:
1426:
1404:
1364:(4): 313–333,
1346:
1340:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1297:
1281:
1268:
1266:, p. 378.
1256:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1218:, p. 320.
1203:
1190:
1178:
1165:
1152:
1134:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1081:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1014:
1010:Thompson 1860p
1002:
990:
978:
967:
948:
936:
924:
922:, p. 113.
911:
894:
892:, p. 214.
882:
880:, p. 259.
870:
850:
838:
826:
814:
798:
786:
774:
762:
751:
739:
718:
701:
692:
660:
645:
606:Needle, Jeff.
597:
588:
579:
570:
558:
546:
522:
518:MacKinnon 2007
510:
508:, p. 247.
498:
494:MacKinnon 2007
486:
474:
472:
469:
377:
376:
361:
346:
342:
331:
330:
323:
316:
309:
301:
300:
277:
274:
217:
210:
209:
203:
196:
195:
194:
193:
192:
190:
187:
151:
148:
84:
81:
55:
52:
35:Main article:
32:
29:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2258:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2065:
2055:
2054:Theodemocracy
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1790:on 2013-08-09
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1728:on 2009-03-26
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1672:9780608380445
1668:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1631:on 2006-02-07
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1564:0-375-41208-5
1560:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1533:on 2007-10-18
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1518:0-913738-48-4
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1427:0-8061-2318-4
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1395:on 2007-10-26
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1341:0-8061-3426-7
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1119:, p. 315
1118:
1113:
1110:
1107:, p. 133
1106:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:, p. 3;
1090:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:Carleton 1859
1074:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1054:Carleton 1859
1050:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1003:
999:
994:
991:
987:
986:Thompson 1860
982:
979:
976:
971:
968:
965:
961:
958:
952:
949:
945:
940:
937:
933:
928:
925:
921:
915:
912:
908:
904:
898:
895:
891:
886:
883:
879:
874:
871:
867:
863:
860:
854:
851:
847:
846:Thompson 1860
842:
839:
835:
834:Hamilton 1857
830:
827:
823:
818:
815:
811:
807:
802:
799:
795:
790:
787:
783:
778:
775:
772:, p. 118
771:
766:
763:
760:
755:
752:
749:, p. 157
748:
743:
740:
736:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
706:
702:
696:
693:
682:on 2008-06-04
681:
677:
671:
669:
667:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
640:
634:
619:
618:
613:
611:
601:
598:
592:
589:
583:
580:
574:
571:
567:
562:
559:
555:
550:
547:
543:
542:Thompson 1860
539:
535:
531:
526:
523:
519:
514:
511:
507:
502:
499:
495:
490:
487:
484:
479:
476:
470:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
442:
438:
436:
435:Jacob Hamblin
431:
429:
425:
420:
416:
412:
407:
404:
398:
396:
393:and moved to
392:
388:
384:
374:
370:
366:
362:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:
336:
333:
332:
328:
324:
321:
317:
314:
310:
307:
303:
302:
298:
295:
286:
281:
275:
273:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
255:U.S. Congress
251:
247:
243:
241:
237:
232:
221:
214:
200:
188:
186:
184:
179:
177:
173:
172:Jacob Hamblin
167:
164:
163:Jacob Hamblin
159:
157:
149:
147:
143:
138:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
115:
109:
105:
103:
97:
95:
90:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
51:
49:
45:
38:
28:
26:
22:
21:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2106:Remembrances
2100:
2086:War hysteria
1939:
1914:, retrieved
1910:the original
1905:Deseret News
1903:
1886:Deseret News
1884:
1859:
1843:
1822:
1812:Deseret News
1810:
1792:, retrieved
1788:the original
1760:
1745:
1730:, retrieved
1723:the original
1697:(1): 43–81,
1694:
1688:
1661:
1657:Lee, John D.
1648:
1633:, retrieved
1629:the original
1619:
1604:Deseret News
1602:
1588:
1553:, New York:
1548:
1535:, retrieved
1531:the original
1503:
1490:, retrieved
1486:the original
1481:
1464:Deseret News
1462:
1440:
1411:
1397:, retrieved
1390:the original
1361:
1357:
1325:
1322:Bagley, Will
1300:
1284:
1277:Deseret News
1276:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1206:
1201:born in 1906
1193:
1181:
1174:Deseret News
1173:
1168:
1161:Deseret News
1160:
1155:
1137:
1130:Deseret News
1129:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1095:, p. 2.
1084:
1073:
1068:, p. 1;
1061:
1056:, p. 14
1049:
1037:
1017:
1005:
993:
981:
970:
951:
939:
934:, p. 1.
927:
914:
897:
885:
873:
853:
841:
829:
817:
801:
789:
784:, p. 57
777:
765:
754:
742:
714:Hamblin 1876
695:
684:. Retrieved
680:the original
622:. Retrieved
615:
609:
600:
591:
582:
573:
561:
549:
544:, p. 15
525:
513:
501:
496:, p. 57
489:
478:
464:
447:
432:
408:
403:removed some
399:
380:
354:Indian Agent
297:
293:
259:
252:
248:
244:
228:
204:Jacob Forney
180:
168:
160:
153:
144:
140:
135:
130:
127:
123:
119:
110:
106:
98:
86:
77:
73:
69:
65:
57:
40:
17:
15:
1916:January 25,
1870:The Mormons
1860:The Mormons
1589:Archaeology
1492:January 25,
1228:Brooks 1950
1216:Briggs 2006
1117:Briggs 2006
1105:Brooks 1950
1066:Forney 1859
1042:Brooks 1950
998:Bagley 2002
975:Rogers 1860
944:Fisher 2003
932:Forney 1859
920:Bagley 2002
903:Brooks 1950
806:Brooks 1950
770:Brooks 1950
747:Bagley 2002
656:Brooks 1950
538:Denton 2003
534:Brooks 1950
530:Bagley 2002
506:Bagley 2002
483:Shirts 1994
350:John D. Lee
206:(1829–1865)
89:John D. Lee
2017:Precursors
1794:2013-10-30
1775:0874804256
1746:Valley Tan
1732:2007-11-04
1635:2007-11-04
1537:2007-07-08
1482:Valley Tan
1399:2007-11-04
1314:References
1289:Young 1877
1186:Smith 1875
907:Young 1875
735:Young 1875
686:2009-01-26
624:2009-03-31
424:Corn Creek
294:Not shown:
1719:254387152
1386:254444678
794:Cuch 2000
608:"Review:
459:scapegoat
428:hung jury
2240:Category
2039:Utah War
1841:(1860),
1784:30473917
1711:45227155
1527:45321868
1438:(1859),
1410:(1950),
1378:45062984
1324:(2002),
1305:Lee 1877
1264:Lee 1877
1252:Lee 1877
1240:Lee 1877
1199:inventor
1145:Archived
1012:. 57, 71
960:Archived
890:Lee 1877
878:Lee 1877
862:Archived
810:Lee 1877
633:cite web
231:Utah War
48:Utah War
1868:; also
1831:9320141
369:private
339:Arizona
156:Natives
2225:(2007)
2216:(2004)
2207:(2001)
2188:(2008)
2180:(2003)
2172:(2002)
2164:(1950)
2156:(1877)
1829:
1782:
1772:
1717:
1709:
1669:
1573:review
1561:
1525:
1515:
1424:
1384:
1376:
1338:
411:Beaver
395:Nevada
387:bishop
365:Bishop
238:Major
236:Brevet
2197:Films
2146:Books
1726:(PDF)
1715:S2CID
1707:JSTOR
1685:(PDF)
1393:(PDF)
1382:S2CID
1374:JSTOR
1354:(PDF)
471:Notes
348:Maj.
266:Provo
218:Maj.
183:Ogden
1918:2020
1827:OCLC
1780:OCLC
1770:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1575:and
1559:ISBN
1523:OCLC
1513:ISBN
1494:2020
1422:ISBN
1336:ISBN
859:here
639:link
604:See
415:Utah
270:Utah
229:The
16:The
1865:PBS
1699:doi
1366:doi
104:."
2242::
1902:,
1883:,
1845:42
1809:,
1778:,
1768:,
1744:,
1713:,
1705:,
1695:40
1693:,
1687:,
1647:,
1623:,
1601:,
1587:,
1568:.
1557:,
1521:,
1480:,
1461:,
1420:,
1380:,
1372:,
1362:74
1360:,
1356:,
1334:,
721:^
704:^
663:^
648:^
635:}}
631:{{
614:.
413:,
397:.
341:.
268:,
2002:e
1995:t
1988:v
1945:.
1921:.
1891:.
1850:.
1834:.
1817:.
1798:.
1736:.
1701::
1676:.
1652:.
1639:.
1609:.
1593:.
1541:.
1497:.
1469:.
1450:.
1431:.
1403:.
1368::
1345:.
1188:.
946:.
909:.
868:.
836:.
824:.
737:.
716:.
689:.
658:.
641:)
627:.
612:"
292:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
