644:
508:
223:
95:
3053:
42:
3077:
70:
3065:
679:. The nest depression was 15 cm (5.9 in) in depth, with a lower layer of small wood chips at its base and a lining of dead leaves. The egg shells were brownish-white with dark brown and black markings of different sizes. The two very young chicks were entirely covered in black down, contrasting with a white pollux (the equivalent of the thumbnail on a human hand) and pink
3041:
580:). Calling is most frequent in the early morning or late evening, and a human tapping a sago stem with a machete may elicit a response from the bird. A quieter version of the call is given at the nest. Other sounds attributed to this rail, such as loud screams, may be incorrect, since they are like those produced by the
631:, at the base of the western peninsula of the island, but it was recorded prior to 1950 as far as the southern point of Halmahera. More recent records showed that it is still present in a significantly larger area, including the northeast of the island, and locals claim that it also occurs in the swamps near
715:
Habitat loss has occurred through commercial harvesting of the sago, or conversion to rice cultivation and fishponds. The rail is prized food for local people who catch it with traps made from strings of bark and hunt it with dogs. The only described nest was in an area well-used by local villagers,
321:
is predominantly dark slate-grey, and the bare skin around its eyes, the long, thick bill, and the legs are all bright red. Its call is a low drumming sound which is accompanied by wing-beating. The difficulty of seeing this shy bird in its dense habitat means that information on its behaviour is
518:
The invisible rail is a large, 33 to 40 cm (13–16 in) long, flightless bird. The adult has a mainly dark slate-grey body, dark brown plumage on the lower back, rump and wings, and a black uppertail. Its underparts are slightly paler slate-grey than the back, and the bare skin around
361:
are a large and very widespread family, with nearly 150 species. They are small to medium-sized, terrestrial or wetland birds, and their short bodies are often flattened laterally to help them move through dense vegetation. Island species readily become flightless; of 53 extant or recently extinct
703:
are especially vulnerable to human activities, and eight of the 26 bird species occurring only in the
Northern Maluku Endemic Bird Area are threatened, including the invisible rail. Almost a quarter of all rail species have conservation concerns, and flightless island species are particularly at
651:
The difficult habitat and retiring nature of the invisible rail mean that information on its lifestyle is sparse, and there are few confirmed sightings. Recorded food items include sago shoots and insects. It also feeds at cut sago plants, although it is unclear whether it is eating the decaying
559:
made with the wings. The nature of the vocalisation led to a local legend that the sound is made by the bird beating on a hollow tree or branch with its feet. Gerd
Heinrich noted the local name "soisa", meaning drum, and described the call as being a subdued drumming
667:, but little else is known of its courtship behaviour prior to nesting. A report of four or five striped chicks was long thought to be incorrect, since such a plumage is not normal for rails. In this family, chicks are typically
329:, but little else is known of its courtship behaviour. The only known nest was a shallow bowl in the top of a rotting tree stump that was lined with wood chips and dry leaves. The two young chicks were entirely covered in black
716:
and the rail may be more adaptable to habitat changes than had been thought. There were also several sightings in northeast
Halmahera in 2008 and 2011, extending the area in which this bird has been seen in recent years.
704:
risk, at least 15 species having become extinct since 1600. The estimated population of the invisible rail is 3,500–15,000 birds, and its restricted range and small population mean that the species is classified as
674:
The issue was resolved in
November 2010 when a nest was found in the top of a rotting tree stump, 1 m (39 in) above ground level and 46 m (151 ft) in from the edge of a dry swamp forest in
349:
to rice cultivation, and the rail is eaten by local people. The described nest was in an area frequented by local villagers, so the rail may be more adaptable to habitat changes than had been thought.
1125:
Garcia-R, Juan C.; Gibb, Gillian C.; Trewick, Steve A. (December 2014). "Deep global evolutionary radiation in birds: Diversification and trait evolution in the cosmopolitan bird family
Rallidae".
619:
I am solidly confident no
European has ever seen this rail alive, for that requires such a degree of toughening and such demands on oneself as I cannot so easily attribute to others.
544:, but that species is larger, with a short, thick red bill and a red forehead shield; it also has purple underparts and a white undertail. The invisible rail is different from the
3241:
709:
342:
3280:
854:
Dickinson, Edward C. (2005). "The
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1859–1900: an exploration of breaks between calendar years of publication".
3395:
3370:
3215:
3254:
1447:
938:
1503:
337:
newly hatched rails. The estimated population of 3,500–15,000 birds and the restricted range mean that the invisible rail is classified as
523:
and the strong legs are bright red. It has a small spine at the bend of the wings. The sexes are identical in appearance; the plumage of
3385:
995:
1318:
325:
Recorded dietary items include sago shoots and insects, and it also swallows small stones to help break up its food. It is apparently
930:
1471:
3390:
676:
552:, in that it is larger and lacks the barred plumage of that species; there is no overlap between the ranges of the two species.
496:, New Zealand, the divergence was estimated to have taken place around 10 million years ago, this clade was in turn sister to
3259:
623:
is shielded by the awful thorns of the sago swamps... In this thorn wilderness, I walked barefoot and half-naked for weeks.
924:
488:
that took place around 400,000 years ago in the region. A 2014 genetic study found that it formed a clade with the extinct
3031:
888:
880:
905:
3285:
94:
1036:
900:
413:
671:, downy and black, with any ornamentation confined to the head, bare flesh, or specially modified plume feathers.
3380:
1496:
507:
3131:
1196:
564:
which sometimes ends in a loud shrill scream. The bird also produced a dull hum similar to the voice of the
471:
844:"List of birds collected by Mr. Wallace at the Moluccia Islands, with the descriptions of new species, etc"
3166:
3093:
761:
691:. Rail chicks leave the nest soon after hatching, so the chicks were assumed to be only a day or two old.
643:
628:
479:
3319:
406:
196:
792:
del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo, eds. (2013).
600:
swamps of
Halmahera, particularly where forest adjoins the boggy areas. Claims that the rail occurs in
1086:"Speciation of Flightless Rails on Islands: A DNA-based phylogeny of the typical rails of the Pacific"
770:
222:
3158:
3140:
2842:
2696:
2442:
1249:
1195:
Allen, Desmond; Oliveros, Carl; Española, Carmela; Broad, Genevieve; Gonzalez, Juan Carlos T (2004).
712:(IUCN), although this rail is so poorly known that it may be more common than the estimates suggest.
683:
nail. The bill was black with a white tip, and the legs were black-streaked brown. The eyes had grey
581:
455:
2833:
2422:
2324:
1998:
1845:
2955:
1895:
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1489:
664:
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59:
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2492:
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2412:
1907:
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2897:
2774:
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1958:
1884:
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173:
89:
74:
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2314:
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2032:
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1968:
1605:
1346:
794:
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2539:
2502:
2391:
2381:
2351:
2237:
1941:
1918:
1822:
1636:
1625:
1594:
1463:
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934:
852:
The title page is dated 1860 but the article was not published until the following year. See:
489:
467:
302:
2624:
1979:
1010:
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3081:
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2095:
2062:
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863:
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536:
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1988:
1475:
910:
700:
597:
531:
493:
374:
314:
310:
295:
1240:
Heinrich, Gerd (1956). "Biologische
Aufzeichnungen über Vögel von Halmahera und Batjan".
1253:
743:
3069:
3057:
2634:
2187:
1468:
684:
632:
345:(IUCN). Habitat loss has occurred through the harvesting of sago and conversion of the
41:
604:
grass are thought to have arisen from confusion with the pale-vented bush-hen. German
470:, who pointed out distinct differences in the shape and structure of the bill. A 2012
3364:
3347:
3267:
2797:
2756:
2706:
2651:
2512:
2284:
2153:
2133:
1802:
1442:. Illustrated by Ber Van Perlo. Robertsbridge, East Sussex: Pica / Christopher Helm.
1291:
896:
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608:
421:
79:
1269:
1111:
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2012:
2005:
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50:
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1555:
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1513:
867:
653:
565:
430:
146:
17:
1146:
957:
de Haan, G A L (1950). "Notes on the
Invisible Flightless Rail of Halmahera (
2974:
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2790:
2672:
2607:
2519:
2203:
2196:
2169:
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1948:
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Sightings of the rail from 1950 to 2003 were from a restricted area of
346:
318:
2713:
2210:
1525:
1063:"Birds from the lowlands of southern New Guinea (Merauke and Koembe)"
524:
116:
3207:
3087:
454:, resulting in two species in the genus. This was further lumped in
3233:
474:
analysis based on mitochondrial DNA sequence similarity found that
3202:
1537:
1215:
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642:
506:
382:
363:
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136:
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1009:. Hokkaido Institute of Environmental Sciences. Archived from
738:
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728:
889:
881:
652:
plant or searching for other edible items. It swallows small
396:
390:
1390:"Chic chicks: the evolution of chick ornamentation in rails"
428:, all three Australasian genera probably being derived from
369:
The invisible rail, first classified by English zoologist
366:
restricted to islands, 32 have lost the ability to fly.
409:. Local names include "soisa", "tibiales" and "rèie".
3029:
2963:
2933:
2702:
2692:
2647:
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2620:
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2508:
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2018:
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1756:
1724:
1679:
1664:
1653:
1643:
1632:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1590:
656:, as do all rails, to help break up its food in the
611:, who prepared for his Halmahera trip by rolling in
3100:
2984:
2954:
2896:
2841:
2832:
2773:
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2220:
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2152:
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2061:
1978:
1928:
1871:
1862:
1832:
1792:
1755:
1746:
1723:
1678:
1581:
530:The invisible rail is superficially similar to the
254:Inset shows location of Halmahera within Indonesia
793:
771:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692781A93369321.en
615:, wrote of the sago swamp habitat in the 1930s:
848:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
458:'s 1977 monograph of the Rallidae; he included
710:International Union for Conservation of Nature
343:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1497:
1388:Krebs, Elizabeth A; Putland, David A (2004).
1319:"Pioneer of Asian ornithology: Gerd Heinrich"
1292:"First breeding record of the Invisible Rail
596:The invisible rail inhabits the dense, spiky
555:The call is a low drumming, accompanied by a
8:
926:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
313:, Indonesia, where it inhabits impenetrable
1341:
1339:
3088:
2838:
2729:
2226:
2103:
2090:
1868:
1752:
1578:
1565:
1504:
1490:
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1279:
990:
988:
986:
984:
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980:
978:
976:
221:
68:
40:
31:
27:Large flightless bird endemic to Indonesia
1407:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1101:
769:
450:should be considered a junior synonym of
952:
950:
800:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
3036:
1290:Bashari, Hanom; van Balen, Bas (2011).
724:
527:immature birds has not been described.
834:
832:
466:. This suggestion was not accepted by
1127:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
929:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
572:) and reminiscent of the call of the
562:purre – purre – purre – purre – purre
7:
663:The invisible rail is thought to be
753:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
540:, which has recently been found in
395:, "delicate, pretty, splendid" and
373:in 1860, is the only member of the
1037:"A classification of the Rallidae"
25:
1201:from Calayan island, Philippines"
317:swamps adjacent to forests. Its
3396:Taxa named by George Robert Gray
3371:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
3075:
3063:
3051:
3039:
677:Aketajawe-Lolobata National Park
93:
699:Bird species with a restricted
405:commemorates British zoologist
1469:Six images of adult and chicks
764:: e.T22692781A93369321. 2016.
1:
795:"Rails, Gallinules and Coots"
802:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
412:This rail is related to the
397:
391:
1422:
1375:
1182:
1139:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.008
1084:Kirchman, Jeremy J (2012).
426:Eulabeornis castaneoventris
3412:
3386:Endemic birds of Halmahera
1067:Zoologische Verhandelingen
923:Jobling, James A. (2010).
890:
882:
514:on a 2012 Indonesian stamp
414:New Guinea flightless rail
2229:
2102:
2089:
1577:
1564:
1520:
868:10.1017/S0952836905007077
519:the eye, the long, thick
265:
258:
229:
220:
202:
195:
90:Scientific classification
88:
66:
57:
48:
39:
34:
1357:. BirdLife International
1317:Collar, Nigel J (2009).
1242:Journal für Ornithologie
1035:Olson, Storrs L (1973).
592:Distribution and habitat
550:Gallirallus calayanensis
3391:Birds described in 1860
1478:at Oriental Bird Images
906:A Greek–English Lexicon
482:within the broad genus
462:within the large genus
389:derives from the Greek
243: pre-1950 records
1438:Taylor, Barry (1998).
1103:10.1525/auk.2011.11096
808:10.2173/bow.rallid1.01
762:BirdLife International
648:
629:West Halmahera Regency
625:
515:
480:evolutionary radiation
472:molecular phylogenetic
438:argued that the genus
3320:Paleobiology Database
1464:Drumming at xeno-cato
1409:10.1093/beheco/arh078
1214:: 1–7. Archived from
897:Liddell, Henry George
646:
617:
510:
407:Alfred Russel Wallace
236: Recent records
963:Amsterdam Naturalist
850:(Part 28): 341–366 .
635:, in the northwest.
586:Amaurornis moluccana
582:pale-vented bush-hen
456:Sidney Dillon Ripley
268:Gallirallus wallacii
3348:Habroptila-wallacii
3146:Habroptila_wallacii
3132:Habroptila wallacii
3102:Habroptila wallacii
1474:9 July 2020 at the
1349:Habroptila wallacii
1294:Habroptila wallacii
1254:1956JOrni..97...31H
998:Habroptila wallacii
959:Habroptila wallacii
840:Gray, George Robert
746:Habroptila wallacii
578:Aramidopsis plateni
570:Sus scrofa vittatus
537:Porphyrio porphyrio
512:Habroptila wallacii
401:, "feather, wing";
291:Habroptila wallacii
206:Habroptila wallacii
60:Conservation status
1395:Behavioral Ecology
1262:10.1007/BF01670833
1197:"A new species of
1061:Mees, G F (1982).
856:Journal of Zoology
649:
516:
442:was so similar to
371:George Robert Gray
3358:
3357:
3307:Open Tree of Life
3094:Taxon identifiers
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
2828:
2827:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
1449:978-1-873403-59-4
1355:Species factsheet
1221:on 18 August 2011
1016:on 2 October 2011
940:978-1-4081-2501-4
468:Gerlof Fokko Mees
305:to the island of
274:
273:
177:
83:
16:(Redirected from
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3381:Flightless birds
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1904:
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1753:
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1683:Messelornithidae
1681:
1666:
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1347:"Invisible Rail
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996:"Invisible Rail
992:
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613:stinging nettles
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188:H. wallacii
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2892:
2852:Aenigmatolimnas
2843:Himantornithini
2824:
2769:
2719:
2697:Miohypotaenidia
2555:
2443:Paraortygometra
2216:
2182:
2148:
2125:
2098:
2077:
2049:
1974:
1924:
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1476:Wayback Machine
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1421:
1417:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1289:
1288:
1277:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1162:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1002:
994:
993:
974:
956:
955:
948:
941:
922:
921:
917:
911:Perseus Project
879:
875:
853:
838:
837:
830:
820:
818:
791:
790:
786:
776:
774:
742:
741:
726:
722:
697:
641:
594:
532:purple swamphen
505:
494:Chatham Islands
418:Megacrex inepta
355:
311:Northern Maluku
253:
252:
250: Kao town
247:
246:
245:
240:
239:
238:
233:
232:
216:
210:
204:
191:
171:
92:
84:
73:
69:
62:
35:Invisible rail
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3409:
3407:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3339:
3329:
3316:
3303:
3290:
3277:
3264:
3251:
3238:
3225:
3212:
3199:
3186:
3176:
3163:
3150:
3137:
3122:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3085:
3084:
3072:
3060:
3048:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2960:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2845:
2836:
2834:Porphyrioninae
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2736:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2700:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2645:
2638:
2635:Diaphorapteryx
2628:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2573:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2533:
2523:
2516:
2506:
2496:
2486:
2476:
2466:
2456:
2446:
2436:
2426:
2423:Palaeoaramides
2416:
2406:
2395:
2385:
2375:
2365:
2355:
2345:
2335:
2328:
2325:Fulicaletornis
2318:
2308:
2298:
2288:
2278:
2268:
2258:
2248:
2241:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2190:
2188:Heliornithidae
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2112:
2110:
2108:incertae sedis
2100:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2026:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1992:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1952:
1945:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1900:
1889:
1877:
1875:
1873:incertae sedis
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1846:Archaeopsophia
1838:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1806:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1762:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1686:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1651:
1641:
1630:
1619:
1609:
1599:
1587:
1585:
1583:incertae sedis
1575:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1466:
1459:
1458:External links
1456:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1415:
1402:(6): 946–951.
1380:
1368:
1335:
1309:
1275:
1232:
1187:
1160:
1117:
1076:
1053:
1027:
972:
946:
939:
915:
873:
862:(4): 427–430.
828:
784:
723:
721:
718:
696:
693:
640:
637:
593:
590:
504:
501:
490:Hawkins's rail
354:
351:
282:Wallace's rail
278:invisible rail
272:
271:
263:
262:
256:
255:
231:
230:
227:
226:
218:
217:
211:
200:
199:
193:
192:
185:
183:
179:
178:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
86:
85:
67:
64:
63:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
18:Invisible Rail
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3408:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3037:
3033:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2956:Porphyrionini
2953:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2798:Paragallinula
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2757:Mustelirallus
2754:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2707:Pleistorallus
2701:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2652:Erythromachus
2646:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2513:Rhenanorallus
2507:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2285:Capellirallus
2279:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2154:Sarothruridae
2151:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2134:Aptornithidae
2128:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:Palaeogeranos
1890:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:Megagallinula
1652:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1423:Taylor (1998)
1419:
1416:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:Taylor (1998)
1372:
1369:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:(in German).
1243:
1236:
1233:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1183:Taylor (1998)
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1050:(4): 381–416.
1049:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1012:
1008:
1001:
999:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
973:
968:
964:
960:
953:
951:
947:
942:
936:
932:
928:
927:
919:
916:
912:
908:
907:
902:
901:Scott, Robert
898:
894:
886:
877:
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
849:
845:
841:
835:
833:
829:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
788:
785:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
754:
749:
747:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
725:
719:
717:
713:
711:
707:
702:
694:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
672:
670:
666:
661:
659:
655:
645:
638:
636:
634:
630:
624:
622:
616:
614:
610:
609:Gerd Heinrich
607:
606:ornithologist
603:
599:
591:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
557:tuk, tuk, tuk
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:
533:
528:
526:
522:
513:
509:
502:
500:
499:
495:
491:
487:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
422:chestnut rail
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
399:
393:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
360:
352:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:
294:) is a large
293:
292:
287:
283:
279:
270:
269:
264:
261:
257:
228:
224:
219:
214:
209:
207:
201:
198:
197:Binomial name
194:
190:
189:
184:
181:
180:
175:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
96:
91:
87:
81:
76:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3101:
3000:
2993:
2973:
2966:
2943:
2936:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2743:Amaurolimnas
2741:
2734:Pardirallini
2725:Gallinulinae
2712:
2705:
2695:
2685:
2680:Hypotaenidia
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2640:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2580:Aphanapteryx
2578:
2568:
2548:
2538:
2528:
2518:
2511:
2501:
2493:Quercyrallus
2491:
2481:
2473:Pastushkinia
2471:
2461:
2451:
2441:
2433:Palaeorallus
2431:
2421:
2413:Nesophalaris
2411:
2400:
2390:
2380:
2370:
2360:
2350:
2340:
2330:
2323:
2313:
2303:
2293:
2283:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2245:Aptenorallus
2243:
2236:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2141:
2118:
2107:
2042:
2031:
2021:
2013:Leucogeranus
2011:
2004:
1997:
1987:
1967:
1957:
1947:
1940:
1930:Balearicinae
1917:
1908:Probalearica
1906:
1894:
1883:
1872:
1851:
1844:
1821:
1811:
1801:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:Parvigruidae
1735:
1714:Walbeckornis
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1667:
1656:
1646:
1635:
1624:
1616:Bumbaniralla
1614:
1604:
1593:
1582:
1542:Infraclass:
1439:
1418:
1399:
1393:
1383:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1354:
1348:
1329:
1325:
1312:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1248:(1): 31–40.
1245:
1241:
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1216:the original
1211:
1207:
1198:
1190:
1185:pp. 451–452.
1130:
1126:
1120:
1096:(1): 56–69.
1093:
1089:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1047:
1043:
1030:
1018:. Retrieved
1011:the original
1006:
997:
966:
962:
958:
925:
918:
904:
876:
859:
855:
847:
819:. Retrieved
799:
787:
775:. Retrieved
757:
751:
745:
714:
698:
673:
662:
650:
626:
620:
618:
595:
585:
577:
574:snoring rail
569:
561:
556:
554:
549:
546:Calayan rail
535:
529:
517:
511:
498:Gallirallus.
497:
483:
475:
463:
459:
451:
447:
443:
439:
436:Storrs Olson
429:
425:
417:
411:
402:
386:
378:
368:
356:
324:
290:
289:
286:drummer rail
285:
281:
277:
275:
267:
266:
205:
203:
187:
186:
167:
166:
29:
3229:iNaturalist
3126:Wikispecies
2907:Coturnicops
2898:Laterallini
2887:Poliolimnas
2873:Himantornis
2805:Porphyriops
2775:Gallinulini
2764:Pardirallus
2666:Gallirallus
2659:Eulabeornis
2587:Aramidopsis
2570:Anurolimnas
2463:Parvirallus
2402:Montirallus
2275:Belgirallus
2265:Baselrallus
2120:Nesotrochis
2072:See below ↓
1959:Eobalearica
1885:Eobalearica
1813:Badistornis
1783:Rupelrallus
1700:Messelornis
1693:Itardiornis
1669:Orthocnemus
1432:Cited texts
1326:BirdingASIA
1300:BirdingASIA
1199:Gallirallus
777:19 November
602:alang-alang
503:Description
485:Gallirallus
478:is part of
434:ancestors.
333:typical of
51:Joseph Wolf
3365:Categories
3343:Xeno-canto
2986:Zaporniini
2968:Aphanocrex
2945:Rufirallus
2928:Micropygia
2921:Laterallus
2914:Hapalocrex
2859:Amaurornis
2642:Dryolimnas
2601:Canirallus
2550:Youngornis
2530:Vitirallus
2483:Priscaweka
2453:Pararallus
2372:Litorallus
2332:Habroptila
2315:Euryonotus
2295:Creccoides
2255:Australlus
2177:Sarothrura
2033:Patagogrus
2023:Palaeogrus
1969:Geranopsis
1834:Psophiidae
1728:Songziidae
1606:Bumbanipes
1571:Gruiformes
1556:Gruiformes
1544:Neognathae
1514:Gruiformes
1512:Genera of
1425:pp. 56–61.
1133:: 96–108.
720:References
706:vulnerable
665:monogamous
647:Sago palms
621:Habroptila
566:banded pig
476:Habroptila
460:Habroptila
452:Habroptila
444:Habroptila
431:Amaurornis
420:, and the
387:Habroptila
379:Habroptila
339:vulnerable
327:monogamous
296:flightless
168:Habroptila
147:Gruiformes
75:Vulnerable
3082:Indonesia
2975:Porphyrio
2866:Gallicrex
2791:Gallinula
2673:Gymnocrex
2608:Crecopsis
2540:Wanshuina
2520:Rougetius
2503:Rallicrex
2392:Miorallus
2382:Miofulica
2352:Ibidopsis
2238:Aletornis
2204:Heliornis
2197:Heliopais
2170:Rallicula
2163:Mentocrex
1949:Balearica
1942:Aramornis
1919:Protogrus
1823:Papulavis
1776:Parvigrus
1707:Pellornis
1648:Ludiortyx
1637:Loncornis
1626:Gnotornis
1595:Aminornis
1524:Kingdom:
1147:1055-7903
816:216475559
687:and blue
669:precocial
639:Behaviour
542:Halmahera
403:wallacii
375:monotypic
335:precocial
322:limited.
307:Halmahera
182:Species:
113:Kingdom:
107:Eukaryota
49:Adult by
3376:Rallidae
3273:22692781
3247:10693151
3172:22692781
3167:BirdLife
3117:Q1263163
3111:Wikidata
3002:Zapornia
2880:Megacrex
2819:Tribonyx
2750:Aramides
2561:Rallinae
2362:Latipons
2342:Hovacrex
2222:Rallidae
2143:Aptornis
2044:Pliogrus
1989:Antigone
1794:Aramidae
1769:Alhuenia
1532:Chordata
1530:Phylum:
1526:Animalia
1472:Archived
1332:: 33–40.
1306:: 20–22.
1270:40396589
1208:Forktail
1155:25255711
1112:85940913
1073:: 1–188.
1007:Birdbase
969:: 57–60.
961:Gray)".
842:(1860).
821:13 April
448:Megacrex
440:Megacrex
353:Taxonomy
347:wetlands
301:that is
260:Synonyms
213:Gray, GR
174:Gray, GR
157:Rallidae
153:Family:
127:Chordata
123:Phylum:
117:Animalia
103:Domain:
80:IUCN 3.1
3286:1150656
3221:2474484
3208:invrai1
3182:invrai1
3154:Avibase
3070:Biology
3058:Animals
3032:Portals
2995:Rallina
2812:Porzana
2687:Lewinia
2625:Crexica
2594:Cabalus
1999:Camusia
1980:Gruinae
1864:Gruidae
1853:Psophia
1737:Songzia
1554:Order:
1550:Neoaves
1548:Clade:
1536:Class:
1361:16 June
1250:Bibcode
1225:18 June
1090:The Auk
1020:17 June
933:, 406.
909:at the
708:by the
658:gizzard
525:fledged
492:of the
341:by the
319:plumage
303:endemic
163:Genus:
143:Order:
133:Class:
78: (
53:, 1859
3332:uBio:
3325:403870
3312:174014
3260:176343
2938:Mundia
2784:Fulica
2714:Rallus
2305:Eocrex
2211:Podica
1803:Aramus
1446:
1378:p. 39.
1268:
1153:
1145:
1110:
1044:Wilson
937:
891:πτίλον
814:
695:Status
689:pupils
685:irises
654:stones
464:Rallus
398:ptilon
392:habros
381:. The
377:genus
248:
241:
234:
215:, 1861
176:, 1861
3299:72842
3242:IRMNG
3203:eBird
3195:3J5Y7
3179:BOW:
3046:Birds
2096:Ralli
2063:Ralli
1440:Rails
1322:(PDF)
1266:S2CID
1219:(PDF)
1204:(PDF)
1108:S2CID
1040:(PDF)
1014:(PDF)
1003:(PDF)
883:ἁβρός
812:S2CID
701:range
681:index
446:that
385:name
383:genus
359:rails
284:, or
3335:9265
3281:NCBI
3268:IUCN
3255:ITIS
3216:GBIF
2615:Crex
2006:Grus
1748:Grui
1538:Aves
1444:ISBN
1363:2011
1227:2011
1151:PMID
1143:ISSN
1022:2011
935:ISBN
823:2014
779:2021
758:2016
598:sago
521:bill
364:taxa
357:The
331:down
315:sago
299:rail
276:The
137:Aves
3234:462
3190:CoL
3141:ADW
1404:doi
1258:doi
1135:doi
1098:doi
1094:129
1071:191
931:184
864:doi
860:266
804:doi
766:doi
633:Kao
588:).
309:in
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