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admits that while Homer discusses many different skills in his poetry, he never refers specifically to the rhapsode's craft, which is acting. Socrates presses him about the exact nature of his skill. Ion maintains that his knowledge makes him a capable military general but states that when he recites passages concerning military matters, he cannot tell whether he does it with a general's skill, or with a rhapsode's. Socrates notices that Ion changes his occupation. He was first a rhapsode and then has become a general. He asks Ion why he flip flops from one profession to the other and Ion states that Athens is currently not in need of generals, especially foreign-born ones. Socrates lists off a few foreign-born
Athenian generals of the time and the rhapsode backtracks. Socrates gently berates the rhapsode for being Protean, which after all, is exactly what a rhapsode is: a man who is convincingly capable of being different people on stage.
737:"For not by art do they utter these things, but by divine influence; since, if they had fully learned by art to speak on one kind of theme, they would know how to speak on all. And for this reason God takes away the mind of these men and uses them as his ministers, just as he does soothsayers and godly seers, in order that we who hear them may know that it is not they who utter these words of great price, when they are out of their wits, but that it is God himself who speaks and addresses us through them." (534b–d)
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out of his mind when he acts, because he can weep even though he has lost nothing, and recoil in fear when in front of an admiring audience. Ion says that the explanation for this is very simple: it is the promise of payment that inspires his deliberate disconnection from reality. Ion says that when he looks at the audience and sees them weeping, he knows he will laugh because it has made him richer, and that when they laugh, he will be weeping at losing the money (535e).
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Socrates offers the metaphor of a magnet to explain how the rhapsode transmits the poet's original inspiration from the muse to the audience. He says that the god speaks first to the poet, then gives the rhapsode his skill, and thus, gods communicate to the people. Socrates posits that Ion must be
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Ion tells
Socrates that he cannot be convinced that he is possessed or mad when he performs (536d,e). Socrates then recites passages from Homer which concern various arts such as medicine, divining, fishing, and making war. He asks Ion if these skills are distinct from his art of recitation. Ion
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Schleiermacher as a consequence of his early dating of the
Phaedrus, this objection and many others persisted until the end of the 20th century, however, the most recent studies in the field of dialogue research all tend to acknowledge in unanimous agreement the dialogue as Platonic.
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Through his character
Socrates, Plato argues that "Ion’s talent as an interpreter cannot be an art, a definable body of knowledge or an ordered system of skills," but instead must come from the divine inspiration of the
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so
Socrates' suggestion that Ion should serve as a general to the Athenian soldiers is not the non-sequitur it may at first appear when these circumstances are taken into account.
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would warn him against making mistakes but would never directly order him to do something. Plato develops a more elaborate critique of poetry in other dialogues such as in
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of these poets say. Furthermore, this man is probably not the poet, like Ion, but a specialist like a doctor, who knows better about nutrition.
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Greek with translation by Harold N. Fowler and W. R. M. Lamb. Loeb
Classical Library 164. Harvard Univ. Press (originally published 1925).
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Socrates deduces from this observation that Ion has no real skill, but is like a soothsayer or prophet in being divinely possessed:
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Schleiermacher, F. D. E. (1804). Über die
Philosophie Platons. Geschichte der Philosophie. Vorlesungen über Sokrates und Platon.
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Giuliano, F. M. (2005). Platone e la poesía. Teoria della composizione e prassi della ricezione. San Agustín, Academia Verlag.
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Murray, P. (1996). Plato on Poetry. Ion, Republic 376e-398b, Republic 595-608b. Cambridge/UK, Cambridge
University Press.
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Socrates, the Greek philosopher. In this dialogue, he questions the nature of art and of divine inspiration.
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Capuccino, C. (2010). Filosofia e
Rapsodi, traducción y comentario de Ione platonico. Boloña, CLUEB.
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also holds specific significance to Socrates because during his defense in
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On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates
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Ed. J. M. Cooper and D. S. Hutchinson. Hackett, 1997.
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discusses with the titular character, a professional
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Performance of Literature in Historical Perspectives
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664:. It is one of the shortest of Plato's dialogues.
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933:p. 12. University of California Press, 1981.
684:. Athens was in the process of hiring foreign
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702:Ion has just come from a festival of
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517:Allegorical interpretations of Plato
1435:Serenade after Plato's "Symposium"
1314:Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca
920:London: Penguin Books, 1987, p. 39
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1082:public domain audiobook at
774:(magnet) analogy. Ion, the
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133:Analogy of the divided line
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1229:I know that I know nothing
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718:, subjects such as war or
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1357:Der geduldige Socrates
1066:Jowett translation at
842:Texts and translations
2457:The Academy in Athens
2313:Platonic epistemology
1322:The Death of Socrates
656:who also lectures on
567:Philosophy portal
502:The Academy in Athens
1856:Religious skepticism
1212:Socratic questioning
1060:Lamb translation at
918:Introduction to Ion.
123:Allegory of the cave
88:Political philosophy
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2483:Unwritten doctrines
1403:(1st-century essay)
1136:Cultural depictions
973:Vlastos, G. (1991)
888:Poetics (Aristotle)
682:Sicilian expedition
2588:Dialogues of Plato
2533:Oxyrhynchus Papyri
1443:Barefoot in Athens
898:Divine inspiration
535:Related categories
162:The works of Plato
128:Analogy of the Sun
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937:Antitheatricality
668:Dramatis personae
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2356:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:Platonic love
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2004:Hippias Minor
2001:
1999:
1998:
1997:Hippias Major
1994:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1658:
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1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1591:Hippias Minor
1588:
1586:
1585:
1584:Hippias Major
1581:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1411:(1841 thesis)
1410:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1352:(423 BC play)
1351:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1182:Social gadfly
1180:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1007:
1001:
998:
992:
989:
983:
980:
976:
970:
967:
961:
958:
954:
948:
946:
942:
938:
932:
929:Barrish, J.,
926:
923:
919:
913:
910:
903:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
845:
841:
839:
835:
833:
829:
821:
819:
817:
813:
812:
807:
806:
801:
800:
795:
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
761:
759:
757:
751:
742:
738:
735:
729:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
672:
671:
667:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
641:
635:
614:
613:
608:
596:
591:
589:
584:
582:
577:
576:
574:
573:
568:
558:
557:
556:
555:
549:
545:
539:
538:
533:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
493:
492:
487:
482:
481:
477:
475:
474:
470:
468:
467:
463:
461:
460:
456:
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449:
447:
446:
442:
440:
439:
435:
433:
432:
428:
426:
425:
421:
419:
418:
414:
412:
411:
407:
405:
404:
400:
398:
397:
393:
391:
390:
386:
384:
383:
379:
377:
376:
372:
370:
369:
365:
363:
362:
358:
356:
355:
351:
349:
348:
347:Hippias Minor
344:
342:
341:
340:Hippias Major
337:
335:
334:
330:
328:
327:
323:
321:
320:
316:
314:
313:
309:
307:
306:
302:
300:
299:
295:
293:
292:
288:
286:
285:
281:
279:
278:
274:
272:
271:
267:
265:
264:
260:
258:
257:
253:
251:
250:
246:
244:
243:
239:
237:
236:
232:
230:
229:
225:
223:
222:
218:
216:
215:
211:
209:
208:
204:
202:
201:
197:
195:
194:
190:
188:
187:
183:
181:
180:
176:
174:
173:
169:
168:
167:
166:
163:
159:
154:
151:
149:
148:Ring of Gyges
146:
144:
143:Ship of State
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:
115:
114:
109:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2564:
2521:Neoplatonism
2516:Commentaries
2494:
2388:Hyperuranion
2386:
2374:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2303:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2236:Rival Lovers
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2135:authenticity
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1848:
1807:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1696:Rival Lovers
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1449:
1441:
1433:
1419:(2006 novel)
1414:
1406:
1398:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1360:(1721 opera)
1355:
1347:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1253:Sophroniscus
1131:Bibliography
1078:
1044:
1027:
1009:
1000:
991:
982:
974:
969:
960:
952:
930:
925:
917:
912:
862:
848:
836:
825:
822:Authenticity
809:
803:
797:
791:
779:
765:
752:
748:
739:
736:
733:
723:
701:
611:
610:
604:
512:Neoplatonism
497:Commentaries
478:
471:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
422:
415:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
353:
352:
345:
338:
331:
324:
317:
310:
303:
296:
289:
282:
277:Rival Lovers
275:
268:
261:
254:
247:
240:
233:
226:
219:
212:
205:
198:
191:
184:
177:
170:
113:The Republic
111:
83:Epistemology
29:
2376:Anima mundi
2333:Theia mania
2150:Definitions
2133:Of doubtful
1784:Oeconomicus
1777:Memorabilia
1454:(1971 film)
1446:(1966 film)
1384:(2007 play)
1368:(1759 play)
1056:HUP listing
893:Theia mania
814:817 b–d.
784:The Apology
686:mercenaries
424:Definitions
18:Ion (Plato)
2582:Categories
2439:Myth of Er
2399:Allegories
2305:Sophrosyne
2281:Philosophy
2222:On Justice
2208:Hipparchus
2116:Theaetetus
2081:Protagoras
2053:Parmenides
1969:Euthydemus
1738:Theaetetus
1682:Protagoras
1654:Parmenides
1640:On Justice
1577:Hipparchus
1549:Euthydemus
1392:Literature
1349:The Clouds
1271:Lamprocles
1259:Phaenarete
935:See also:
762:Commentary
720:divination
431:On Justice
319:Protagoras
312:Euthydemus
270:Hipparchus
228:Parmenides
207:Theaetetus
153:Myth of Er
2326:Peritrope
2229:On Virtue
2157:Demodocus
2109:Symposium
2102:Statesman
2039:Menexenus
1976:Euthyphro
1941:Clitophon
1934:Charmides
1850:Peritrope
1791:Symposium
1731:Symposium
1724:Statesman
1647:On Virtue
1619:Menexenus
1556:Euthyphro
1528:Demodocus
1500:Clitophon
1493:Charmides
1463:Dialogues
1277:Menexenus
1265:Xanthippe
799:Symposium
788:daimonion
772:lodestone
708:Epidaurus
704:Asclepius
445:Demodocus
438:On Virtue
368:Clitophon
361:Menexenus
291:Charmides
242:Symposium
221:Statesman
172:Euthyphro
45:Platonism
2495:Republic
2419:The Cave
2409:Atlantis
2382:Demiurge
2319:Amanesis
2250:Sisyphus
2178:Epistles
2171:Epinomis
2164:Epigrams
2143:Axiochus
2088:Republic
2074:Philebus
2067:Phaedrus
1948:Cratylus
1872:Category
1762:Xenophon
1710:Sisyphus
1689:Republic
1675:Philebus
1668:Phaedrus
1535:Epinomis
1507:Cratylus
1486:Axiochus
1451:Socrates
1365:Socrates
1330:Socrates
1299:Socrates
1261:(mother)
1255:(father)
1175:Concepts
1120:Socrates
1084:LibriVox
877:See also
805:Republic
793:Phaedrus
776:rhapsode
654:rhapsode
650:Socrates
480:Epigrams
473:Axiochus
452:Sisyphus
417:Epistles
410:Epinomis
375:Republic
249:Phaedrus
235:Philebus
200:Cratylus
103:Atlantis
98:Demiurge
37:a series
35:Part of
2429:The Sun
2257:Theages
2201:Halcyon
2194:Eryxias
2123:Timaeus
2095:Sophist
1990:Gorgias
1955:Critias
1927:Apology
1832:Related
1809:Halcyon
1770:Apology
1752:Timaeus
1745:Theages
1717:Sophist
1570:Gorgias
1542:Eryxias
1514:Critias
1479:Apology
1373:Socrate
1297:include
1221:Phrases
1062:Perseus
1040:Perseus
883:Poetics
861:Plato.
847:Plato.
678:Ephesus
676:Ion of
466:Eryxias
459:Halcyon
389:Critias
382:Timaeus
326:Gorgias
284:Theages
214:Sophist
179:Apology
2476:Legacy
2060:Phaedo
2018:Laches
1661:Phaedo
1605:Laches
1285:(wife)
1267:(wife)
1246:Family
1051:
869:
855:
828:Goethe
808:398a,
802:209a,
796:245a,
716:Hesiod
298:Laches
193:Phaedo
2215:Minos
2032:Lysis
1962:Crito
1919:Works
1912:Plato
1801:Other
1633:Minos
1612:Lysis
1521:Crito
1471:Plato
1427:Other
1341:Stage
1293:Works
1283:Myrto
1279:(son)
1273:(son)
904:Notes
849:Opera
756:Muses
712:Homer
658:Homer
640:Greek
607:Plato
548:Plato
396:Minos
305:Lysis
186:Crito
2449:Life
2046:Meno
2025:Laws
1626:Meno
1295:that
1145:Life
1049:ISBN
867:ISBN
853:ISBN
830:and
811:Laws
724:both
403:Laws
333:Meno
63:Life
2553:229
2548:228
2011:Ion
1598:Ion
1306:Art
1079:Ion
1032:at
1028:Ion
645:Ἴων
612:Ion
609:'s
605:In
354:Ion
2584::
2543:24
2538:23
944:^
758:.
648:)
642::
638:;
625:aɪ
39:on
1904:e
1897:t
1890:v
1238:"
1234:"
1231:"
1227:"
1112:e
1105:t
1098:v
634:/
631:n
628:ɒ
622:ˈ
619:/
615:(
594:e
587:t
580:v
20:)
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