33:
492:
481:
638:. In the introduction of Volume 3 of his final report, Linden explained how public inquiries are "established by government, and their objective is to fulfill the mandate set out in an order-in-council, yet they are independent of government." He wrote that a "public inquiry can be called to uncover the truth about a specific matter... and to propose policy reform" as was the case with the Ipperwash inquiry.
1509:
Inquiry's final report recommended adopting a "democratic policing" model, which is significantly different from the "police independence" model. This aspect of the report has, however, received little or no public attention. Instead, the
Ontario government continues to support "police independence," while simultaneously claiming to implement the recommendations of the Ipperwash Inquiry."
712:, the land was not returned to the First Nation, Camp Ipperwash was used for training cadets until 1995. The First Nations claimed that Sandy Point was a sacred burial site. By 1993, members of the First Nation began to occupy Camp Ipperwash while the military was using the land for training army cadets. In 1995 the military withdrew. A group of 30 First Nations protesters marched into
2557:
728:
compensation – to the Kettle and Stoney Point First Nation." In Volume 1 of the report it was noted that, Premier Harris's "comments" and "generally the speed at which he wished to end the occupation of
Ipperwash Park, created an atmosphere that unduly narrowed the scope of the government's response to the Aboriginal occupation."
649:." The inquiry culminated in a four volume 1,533-page Ipperwash Inquiry Report released on May 30, 2007. The public inquiry was funded by the Government of Ontario but conducted by a neutral third party, Linden, was a neutral third party "pursuant to his powers as commissioner established under the Ontario Public Inquiries Act".
602:
In 2003 Amnesty
International renewed its call for an inquiry. Alex Neve, secretary-general of Amnesty International Canada said that "[e}Eight years is simply too long to wait for answer" and that governments at the federal and provincial level had "ignored their responsibilities" and defied a 1999
796:
By 2012, Ontario
Regional Chief Angus Toulouse said that, "the most meaningful recommendations remain unaddressed and combined with the fact that the province ha cut funding to support joint implementation work by half compared to 2007 levels" First Nations questioned whether the Ontario government
622:
The hearings for the inquiry were conducted between July 2004 and August 2006 at
Kimball Hall Forest Memorial Arena and Community Centre in Forest, Ontario. This location was chosen as it is less than 20 km from where the events leading to the inquiry occurred and because this location made it more
598:
fought "for justice" calling for an inquiry into Dudley's death. In 2008, a year after the report was released, Sam George was inducted into the Order of
Ontario. The man who nominated George, Wayne Samuelson, said that, "Sam George did not seek revenge – he sought justice. Sam is a man of peace, a
681:
In Volume 1, in the section "History of Stoney Point and Kettle Point", Joan Holmes reported that in 1937 the Chief and
Council of the Kettle and Stony Point Band had requested that the provincial government preserve an old Indian burial ground at Ipperwash Beach by fencing it to protect it. This
805:
By
January 2015, the disputed land still had not been returned to the Kettle and Stoney Point First Nation. In 2010 the Ontario government had confirmed that the land had been transferred to the "federal government, which alone has the power to designate reserve territory." On September 18, 2015
610:, for many years the family of Dudley George, especially his brother Sam George had called for an investigation, questions had continued to be raised in the Ontario Legislature, and journalists had continued their investigations. On November 12, 2003, the Liberal government that had just won the
1508:
Abstract: "Recently, there has been much controversy and confusion about the concept of "police independence" in the United
Kingdom and Canada. The concept loomed large during the Ipperwash Inquiry, in which the alleged political direction of the Ontario Provincial Police was a major issue. The
727:
The inquiry "found that the OPP, the provincial government led by
Premier Mike Harris, and the federal government all bore responsibility for the events that led to George's death. Linden also called on the federal government to issue a public apology and return Camp Ipperwash – along with
682:
section of the report described in detail the discovery and authentication of burial sites, the appropriation of land containing the burial sites, and the unrelenting efforts on the part of the Kettle and Stony Point Band to have this site protected. It also described the establishment of
576:. According to the report, George was the "first aboriginal person to be killed in a land-rights dispute in Canada since the 19th century." The report found that "the appropriation of the Stony Point reserve by the Government of Canada in 1942 was unprecedented in Canadian history."
787:
said that Linden's democratic policing model received "virtually no public attention". She decried the vacuum of policy accountability. Blatchford said that a "more intelligent and sympathetic view of aboriginal and Canadian history would be hard to find"
603:
request from the United Nations. He added that this was "hurting Canada's efforts to pressure other countries on human rights and cited this country's dispute with Iran over the death of Iranian-Canadian photojournalist Zahra Kazemi as an example."
661:
The inquiry culminated in the four volume 1,533-page Ipperwash Inquiry Report released on May 30, 2007. According to the report, George was the "first aboriginal person to be killed in a land-rights dispute in Canada since the 19th century."
2041:
652:
The inquiry had a twofold mandate, set out by the order in council, "to look into and report on events surrounding the death of Dudley George and to make recommendations focused on the avoidance of violence in similar circumstances."
2571:
779:'s political science professor, Andrew Sancton wrote in his 2012 article, that the case for Caledonia residents would have been weaker if the Crown had implemented Linden's "democratic policing" model. In her 2010 book entitled
810:
voted to approve a deal with the federal government which included a "$ 90-million dollar financial settlement", the "return of land appropriated by the federal government in 1942 and the cleanup of Stoney Point lands."
668:
According to the section "OPP Prepare for Park Occupation" in Volume 2, on August 29, 1995, OPP Incident Commander John Carson contacted RCMP Inspector Dave Guy in British Columbia about possible similarities with the
961:
2698:
2177:
2034:
665:
The full report consisted of 4 volumes. Volume 1 covered "Investigation and Findings", Volume 2 was on Policy Analysis, Volume 3 was on Inquiry Process, and Volume 4 included the Executive Summary.
2027:
2541:
2250:
520:
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1240:
417:
84:
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141:
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467:
2820:
442:
346:
807:
697:
2524:
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316:
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and relocated 16 First Nation families and their homes. The land was supposed to be used as a base only during the war and with a promise of compensation. After
2841:
2529:
2376:
2116:
564:
on October 23, 2003. On November 12, 2003 the Liberals called for an inquiry with a twofold purpose, to investigate events surrounding the death of 38-year-old
113:
2121:
2393:
230:
79:
513:
2607:
2534:
2111:
693:
485:
210:
101:
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into the Dudley George shooting, Linden spent two years listening to 139 witnesses, 229 days of testimony and was presented with 23,000 documents."
2856:
2672:
2103:
599:
shining example for us all. Debewin is the Ojibway word for truth. It means the truth is supposed to heal us all. That's what Sam set out to do."
220:
96:
1641:
On August 29, 1995 OPP Incident Commander John Carson contacted RCMP Inspector Dave Guy in British Columbia about possible similarities with the
724:
The report found that "the appropriation of the Stony Point reserve by the Government of Canada in 1942 was unprecedented in Canadian history."
2846:
2351:
2336:
2007:
831:
improved McGuinty's chances of replacing the Conservative government that had been in power under Mike Harris from 1995 through 2002 and under
326:
235:
200:
164:
1995:
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2292:
1725:
1466:
506:
447:
341:
258:
225:
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2469:
205:
1291:
2861:
2282:
2137:
1720:
1017:
1986:
1980:
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2331:
2257:
2132:
2001:
1680:"September 6, 1995 — The Unintended Consequences of Precipitous Action: Confrontation Between the OPP and the First Nations Occupiers"
2366:
2321:
686:
in 1936 and the ongoing efforts of the First Nations to protect the burial sites. Stony Point of According to a September 20, 2015
263:
74:
462:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
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1859:
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1959:
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136:
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in September 1995, and to make recommendations to prevent the escalation of violence like that which took place during the
2346:
2316:
2066:
776:
611:
561:
389:
384:
336:
146:
91:
962:"First Nations in Ontario question provincial government commitment on the fifth anniversary of Ipperwash Inquiry Report"
2051:
1972:
1843:
1747:
1585:
1204:
1186:
1168:
1150:
379:
331:
22:
775:. The Caledonia occupation resulted in a successful $ 20 million lawsuit by Caledonia residents against the Crown. The
747:, the Law Society of Upper Canada described it as "a landmark report on Aboriginal, police and government relations."
887:
755:
The Ipperwash inquiry proceedings were taking place at the same time as the Caledonia land dispute also known as the
632:
2881:
2356:
2019:
987:
273:
1564:
1521:
Blatchford, Christie (January 11, 2013). "Police operate in vacuum of accountability with aboriginal protesters".
939:
646:
2506:
2427:
768:
713:
683:
569:
321:
1716:"The Weeks and Months Following the Death of Dudley George — The Development of a Status Quo, but No Resolution"
2876:
2718:
2652:
2501:
2422:
2388:
2075:
756:
607:
299:
32:
2871:
2725:
2677:
2400:
2275:
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2235:
1642:
1423:
849:
760:
670:
131:
43:
1072:
2790:
2361:
2341:
2326:
2154:
1603:
with expert testimony by Joan Holmes who was retained by the Commission to write a report for the inquiry,
772:
2682:
797:
was "committed to making the changes necessary to achieve reconciliation with First Nations in Ontario."
2464:
2262:
2192:
1382:
1296:
740:
595:
553:(1990), which culminated in a four volume 1,533-page Ipperwash Inquiry Report released on May 30, 2007.
542:
1057:
Mallan, Caroline (September 27, 2003). "Liberal majority: poll; McGuinty leads Eves as best premier".
2439:
1698:"September 6, 1995 — Cecil Bernard George Is Transported by St. John Ambulance to Strathroy Hospital"
2647:
2474:
1454:
784:
364:
304:
2657:
1692:"September 6, 1995 — Nicholas Cottrelle Is Transported by Forest Ambulance to Strathroy Hospital"
1490:
Sancton, Andrew (September 2012). "'Democratic Policing': Lessons from Ipperwash and Caledonia".
1405:
828:
764:
57:
2815:
2783:
2662:
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2159:
2081:
1523:
1472:
1462:
195:
2639:
2405:
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1499:
1428:
1352:
1269:
1218:
1200:
1182:
1164:
1146:
1125:
935:
705:
642:
585:
573:
546:
538:
1301:
1241:"Part 6: As city transforms, First Nations elders see improvement but also much work ahead"
2739:
2479:
2432:
2197:
2147:
557:
394:
369:
106:
1326:
2125:
1377:
701:
457:
422:
291:
631:
The public judicial inquiry was funded by the Government of Ontario under the Ontario
2835:
2769:
2753:
2632:
2491:
2484:
2142:
1503:
1459:
Helpless: Caledonia's Nightmare of Fear and Anarchy, and How the Law Failed All of Us
781:
Helpless: Caledonia's Nightmare of Fear and Anarchy, and How the Law Failed All of Us
591:
565:
496:
399:
215:
180:
2711:
2187:
709:
268:
151:
2776:
2230:
1327:"20 years after Ipperwash crisis, First Nation accepts $ 95M federal settlement"
374:
1096:
2667:
2087:
1626:"May 1993–July 1995 — Occupation of the Military Ranges and Subsequent Events"
1279:. Ipperwash Inquiry Report (Report). Vol. 1. Attorney General of Ontario.
832:
157:
1668:"September 6, 1995 — Government Meetings to Address the Ipperwash Occupation"
1476:
2622:
1608:"Life at Stoney Point Prior to the Appropriation by the Canadian Government"
253:
170:
1135:(Report). Ipperwash Inquiry Report. Attorney General of Ontario. p. 6.
2746:
688:
1704:"September 6, 1995 — Unsuccessful Attempts to Resuscitate Dudley George"
2459:
1540:"Twenty years after Dudley George's death, land still in federal hands"
2565:
614:
on October 23, 2003, under Premier McGuinty, called for an inquiry.
2572:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act
50:
623:
convenient for the many local witnesses who testified to attend.
2093:
1650:"September 4, 1995: The Occupation of Ipperwash Provincial Park"
1362:(Report). Vol. 1. Attorney General of Ontario. p. 773.
645:, "pursuant to his powers as commissioner established under the
2023:
696:
dated back to 1942, when the federal government appropriated
1981:"Investigation & Findings, Volume 1 — Executive Summary"
1674:"September 6, 1995 — Miscommunication and Poor Intelligence"
1120:
1118:
930:
928:
926:
924:
739:
The Ipperwash inquiry has been called a landmark inquiry by
2542:
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
1710:"September 7, 1995 — The Hours Following the Confrontation"
1449:
1447:
1996:"Recommendations: Volume 1 — Investigation & Findings"
1228:(Report). Index. Vol. 3. Attorney General of Ontario.
1207:(Report). Index. Vol. 4. Attorney General of Ontario.
1189:(Report). Index. Vol. 3. Attorney General of Ontario.
1171:(Report). Index. Vol. 3. Attorney General of Ontario.
1153:(Report). Index. Vol. 1. Attorney General of Ontario.
1686:"September 6, 1995 — Pursuit and Arrest of Marcia Simon"
1264:
1262:
1260:
1042:
D'Angelo, Carmen (September 24, 2003). "The red wave".
1011:
1009:
827:
The Ipperwash crisis and the tainted water crisis in
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
692:
report twenty years after the Ipperwash Crisis, the
2762:
Richard Cardinal: Cry from a Diary of a Métis Child
2691:
2631:
2594:
2585:
2550:
2515:
2452:
2375:
2291:
2219:
2210:
2168:
2102:
2065:
2058:
1574:
Volume 1: Investigation and Findings (Full version)
956:
954:
952:
950:
2821:Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians
1097:"Public Inquiries Act, 1990, R.S.O. 1990, c. P41"
968:(Press release). Chiefs of Ontario. May 31, 2012
808:Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point First Nation
698:Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point First Nation
1987:"Policy Analysis, Volume 2 — Executive Summary"
1860:The Decision to Establish the Ipperwash Inquiry
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
568:, who was shot and killed by an OPP officer at
560:shortly after he took office after winning the
1909:Preparing for the Evidentiary Hearings: Part I
1372:
1370:
673:where the RCMP had been "subject to gunfire".
2035:
2002:"Recommendations: Volume 2 — Policy Analysis"
763:took control of a disputed parcel of land in
716:and took up occupation on September 4, 1995.
514:
8:
1587:Volume 1: Investigation and Findings (Index)
556:The inquiry was established by then-Premier
2699:Portrayals of the residential school system
792:Five year anniversary of the Inquiry (2012)
2591:
2512:
2216:
2062:
2042:
2028:
2020:
1961:Volume 4: Executive Summary (Full version)
1601:"History of Stoney Point and Kettle Point"
751:Aboriginal occupation of land in Caledonia
743:. According to a June 1, 2007 article in
521:
507:
18:
2389:Violence against Wetʼsuwetʼen protesters
1832:Volume 3: Inquiry Process (Full version)
1736:Volume 2: Policy Analysis (Full version)
1018:"Rights group demands Ipperwash inquiry"
801:Twenty years after Dudley's death (2015)
1130:Volume 3: Inquiry Process: Introduction
864:
820:
21:
1787:"Aboriginal Burial and Heritage Sites"
1567:(Report). Attorney General of Ontario.
988:"Sam George receives Order of Ontario"
942:(Report). Attorney General of Ontario.
165:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
16:Inquiry regarding the Ipperwash Crisis
1410:Government of Ontario webpage summary
731:The report made 100 recommendations.
641:It was led by a neutral third party,
191:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
7:
2842:Commissions and inquiries in Ontario
2470:Justice for our Stolen Children Camp
2050:Violence and discrimination against
1799:"Provincial Leadership and Capacity"
1793:"Education about Aboriginal Peoples"
1538:Bryant, Michael (January 22, 2015).
2530:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2138:First Nations nutrition experiments
1974:Volume 4: Executive Summary (Index)
1073:"The Ipperwash Inquiry - Home Page"
889:Ontario Court of Justice: a History
606:According to a 2015 history of the
2798:The Unnatural and Accidental Women
1763:"Primer on Aboriginal Occupations"
1662:"September 6, 1995: Before 7:00PM"
14:
2559:An Act to amend the Criminal Code
1845:Volume 3: Inquiry Process (Index)
1805:"Policing Aboriginal Occupations"
1749:Volume 2: Policy Analysis (Index)
1639:"OPP Prepare for Park Occupation"
1632:"Occupation of the Army Barracks"
1077:www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca
913:"Long-awaited probe gearing up".
850:"as "head of the judicial inquiry
618:Date and location of the hearings
2418:Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet
1867:Principles Governing the Inquiry
1504:10.1111/j.1754-7121.2012.00228.x
1016:Gray, Jeff (September 5, 2003).
490:
479:
31:
2613:British Columbia Treaty Process
1951:Inquiry Process Recommendations
1881:Rules of Procedure and Practice
895:, History Project, Jul 26, 2015
137:British Columbia Treaty Process
2857:Indigenous conflicts in Canada
1620:"Effects of the Appropriation"
1492:Canadian Public Administration
1461:. Anchor Canada. p. 288.
761:Six Nations of the Grand River
1:
2847:Indigenous peoples in Ontario
1888:Administrative Infrastructure
1823:"Police/Government Relations"
1769:"Treaty Relations in Ontario"
777:University of Western Ontario
704:, a military base, under the
2852:Political scandals in Canada
2052:Indigenous peoples in Canada
2008:"Volume 3 — Inquiry Process"
1383:Amnesty International Canada
800:
741:Amnesty International Canada
647:Ontario Public Inquiries Act
551:Ontario Public Inquiries Act
549:, and established under the
142:Crown and Indigenous peoples
2673:Old-growth logging protests
380:Indigenous English Dialects
2898:
2862:Ontario political scandals
2440:Judge David William Ramsay
1290:Brown, Dan (4 July 2014).
759:. In 2006, members of the
583:
2811:
2561:for trafficking of minors
2428:Saskatoon freezing deaths
2112:Residential school system
1930:Research and Consultation
714:Ipperwash Provincial Park
684:Ipperwash Provincial Park
570:Ipperwash Provincial Park
486:Indigenous North Americas
2502:Walking With Our Sisters
2423:Killing of Chantel Moore
2317:Winnipeg serial killings
2076:Gradual Civilization Act
1944:Wrapping Up/Winding Down
1614:"The 1942 Appropriation"
1565:Ipperwash Inquiry Report
1406:Ipperwash Inquiry Report
1357:Ipperwash Inquiry Report
1223:Ipperwash Inquiry Report
1205:Ipperwash Inquiry Report
1187:Ipperwash Inquiry Report
1169:Ipperwash Inquiry Report
1151:Ipperwash Inquiry Report
940:Ipperwash Inquiry Report
757:Grand River land dispute
657:Ipperwash Inquiry Report
612:Ontario general election
608:Ontario Court of Justice
562:Ontario general election
264:Indigenous personalities
2678:Trans Mountain pipeline
2401:Gustafsen Lake standoff
1916:Conduct of the Hearings
1811:"First Nation Policing"
1643:Gustafsen Lake standoff
1424:"Who is Sidney Linden?"
835:from 2002 through 2003.
735:Responses and aftermath
671:Gustafsen Lake standoff
627:Public judicial inquiry
2867:Protest-related deaths
2653:Caledonia land dispute
2507:Women's Memorial March
2267:Healthcare inequality
2155:High Arctic relocation
1775:"Settling Land Claims"
1059:The Hamilton Spectator
537:was a two-year public
2352:Jean Virginia Sampare
2337:Tammy Lamondin-Gagnon
1634:, "the Built-Up Area"
1297:The London Free Press
1101:Government of Ontario
543:Government of Ontario
2733:Missing and Murdered
2293:Missing and Murdered
2133:Forced sterilization
1923:Policy Phase: Part 2
1902:Standing and Funding
1817:"Bias-Free Policing"
1455:Blatchford, Christie
1333:. September 20, 2015
634:Public Inquiries Act
390:Aboriginal syllabics
365:Indigenous languages
2648:Burnt Church Crisis
2475:Moose Hide campaign
2347:Helen Betty Osborne
2246:Criminal sentencing
2220:Structural violence
2067:Settler colonialism
1781:"Natural Resources"
1656:"September 5, 1995"
1378:"Ipperwash Inquiry"
785:Christie Blatchford
677:Original land claim
418:Traditional beliefs
259:Indigenous cultures
102:Residential schools
92:Settler colonialism
2658:Clayoquot protests
2251:Mass incarceration
2224:and discrimination
1992:"Recommendations"
1304:on 26 August 2014.
1022:The Globe and Mail
917:. January 4, 2004.
765:Caledonia, Ontario
23:Indigenous peoples
2882:Conflicts in 1995
2829:
2828:
2816:Indigenous rights
2807:
2806:
2663:Keystone Pipeline
2618:Yukon Land Claims
2581:
2580:
2497:Sisters in Spirit
2448:
2447:
2332:Pamela Holopainen
2206:
2205:
2160:RCMP dog killings
2082:Numbered Treaties
1726:"Recommendations"
1524:The National Post
1468:978-0-385-67040-1
1245:Vancouver Courier
848:, Sidney Linden,
700:'s land to build
535:Ipperwash Inquiry
531:
530:
497:Canada portal
443:Index of articles
196:Numbered Treaties
2889:
2764:
2726:Highway of Tears
2683:Unistʼotʼen Camp
2640:Water protection
2638:
2599:
2592:
2513:
2406:Ipperwash Crisis
2380:
2377:Police brutality
2367:Lisa Marie Young
2357:Loretta Saunders
2322:Immaculate Basil
2305:Highway of Tears
2297:Indigenous Women
2296:
2223:
2217:
2198:Indian hospitals
2094:Role of the RCMP
2063:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2021:
1977:
1968:
1966:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1752:
1743:
1741:
1590:
1581:
1579:
1568:
1563:(May 30, 2007).
1561:Sidney B. Linden
1548:
1547:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1429:The Toronto Star
1420:
1414:
1413:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1355:(May 30, 2007).
1353:Sidney B. Linden
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1323:
1306:
1305:
1300:. Archived from
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1272:(May 30, 2007).
1270:Sidney B. Linden
1266:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1221:(May 30, 2007).
1219:Sidney B. Linden
1215:
1209:
1208:
1203:(May 30, 2007).
1201:Sidney B. Linden
1197:
1191:
1190:
1185:(May 30, 2007).
1183:Sidney B. Linden
1179:
1173:
1172:
1167:(May 30, 2007).
1165:Sidney B. Linden
1161:
1155:
1154:
1149:(May 30, 2007).
1147:Sidney B. Linden
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1128:(May 30, 2007).
1126:Sidney B. Linden
1122:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1044:Dundas Star News
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1013:
1004:
1003:
1001:
999:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
958:
945:
943:
938:(May 30, 2007).
936:Sidney B. Linden
932:
919:
918:
910:
904:
903:
902:
900:
894:
884:
853:
842:
836:
825:
769:Haldimand County
745:The Toronto Star
706:War Measures Act
643:Sidney B. Linden
586:Ipperwash Crisis
574:Ipperwash Crisis
547:Sidney B. Linden
539:judicial inquiry
523:
516:
509:
495:
494:
493:
484:
483:
482:
201:Royal Commission
107:Indian hospitals
80:Pre-colonization
35:
19:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2877:2007 in Ontario
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2803:
2760:
2740:The Pass System
2687:
2636:
2633:Land protection
2627:
2608:Specific claims
2597:
2587:
2577:
2546:
2517:
2511:
2480:REDress Project
2444:
2433:Neil Stonechild
2378:
2371:
2310:list of victims
2294:
2287:
2258:Food insecurity
2221:
2212:
2202:
2164:
2148:Kimelman Report
2098:
2054:
2048:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1874:Early Decisions
1842:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1469:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1386:. March 7, 2017
1376:
1375:
1368:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1309:
1292:"Paradise lost"
1289:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1103:. June 21, 2006
1095:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1015:
1014:
1007:
997:
995:
994:. November 2008
986:
985:
981:
971:
969:
960:
959:
948:
934:
933:
922:
912:
911:
907:
898:
896:
892:
886:
885:
866:
862:
857:
856:
843:
839:
826:
822:
817:
806:members of the
803:
794:
773:Haldimand Tract
753:
737:
722:
679:
659:
629:
620:
588:
582:
558:Dalton McGuinty
527:
491:
489:
488:
480:
478:
473:
472:
438:
430:
429:
413:
405:
404:
370:Inuit languages
360:
352:
351:
292:Indian reserves
287:
279:
278:
249:
241:
240:
211:Specific claims
206:Self-government
167:
127:
119:
118:
70:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2895:
2893:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2872:2007 in Canada
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2566:Project E-Pana
2563:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2385:
2383:
2381:and misconduct
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2301:
2299:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2283:Long-term DWAs
2280:
2279:
2278:
2276:Joyce Echaquan
2273:
2271:Brian Sinclair
2265:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2241:Climate change
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2126:Chanie Wenjack
2119:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2079:
2071:
2069:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1990:
1984:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1895:Communications
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1853:"Introduction"
1827:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1757:"Introduction"
1731:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1597:
1595:"Introduction"
1555:
1554:External links
1552:
1550:
1549:
1530:
1513:
1498:(2): 365–383.
1482:
1467:
1443:
1432:. June 1, 2007
1415:
1397:
1366:
1344:
1307:
1282:
1256:
1239:Howell, Mike.
1231:
1210:
1192:
1174:
1156:
1138:
1114:
1088:
1064:
1049:
1034:
1005:
979:
946:
920:
905:
863:
861:
858:
855:
854:
837:
819:
818:
816:
813:
802:
799:
793:
790:
752:
749:
736:
733:
721:
718:
702:Camp Ipperwash
678:
675:
658:
655:
628:
625:
619:
616:
590:For ten years
581:
578:
541:funded by the
529:
528:
526:
525:
518:
511:
503:
500:
499:
475:
474:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
426:
425:
423:Inuit religion
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
308:
307:
302:
294:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
161:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
132:Indigenous law
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:
114:Reconciliation
111:
110:
109:
104:
99:
89:
88:
87:
77:
71:
68:
67:
64:
63:
62:
61:
54:
47:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2894:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2770:Rustic Oracle
2767:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2754:Quiet Killing
2751:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:and inquiries
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:Red handprint
2490:
2486:
2485:Red Dress Day
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:Amber Tuccaro
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2327:Tina Fontaine
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:Child poverty
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Indian agents
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2143:Sixties Scoop
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1967:, p. 115
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1838:, p. 394
1834:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1742:, p. 279
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1580:, p. 773
1576:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1010:
1006:
993:
989:
983:
980:
967:
963:
957:
955:
953:
951:
947:
941:
937:
931:
929:
927:
925:
921:
916:
909:
906:
891:
890:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
865:
859:
851:
847:
844:According to
841:
838:
834:
830:
824:
821:
814:
812:
809:
798:
791:
789:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:known as the
770:
766:
762:
758:
750:
748:
746:
742:
734:
732:
729:
725:
719:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:
685:
676:
674:
672:
666:
663:
656:
654:
650:
648:
644:
639:
637:
635:
626:
624:
617:
615:
613:
609:
604:
600:
597:
593:
592:Dudley George
587:
579:
577:
575:
571:
567:
566:Dudley George
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
524:
519:
517:
512:
510:
505:
504:
502:
501:
498:
487:
477:
476:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
453:First Nations
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
434:
433:
424:
421:
420:
419:
416:
415:
409:
408:
401:
400:Inuit grammar
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
356:
355:
348:
347:Pacific Coast
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
295:
293:
290:
289:
283:
282:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
245:
244:
237:
234:
232:
231:Organizations
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
216:Treaty rights
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
181:Land defender
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
166:
162:
160:
159:
155:
153:
150:
148:
147:Health Policy
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
123:
122:
115:
112:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
76:
73:
72:
66:
65:
60:
59:
55:
53:
52:
48:
46:
45:
44:First Nations
41:
40:
39:
38:
34:
30:
29:
26:
20:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2719:Foster Child
2717:
2712:Finding Dawn
2710:
2570:
2558:
2465:History wars
2410:
2342:Serena McKay
2231:Birth alerts
2188:Potlatch ban
2124: /
2086:
2074:
1973:
1960:
1844:
1831:
1748:
1735:
1721:"Conclusion"
1586:
1573:
1544:Toronto Star
1543:
1533:
1522:
1516:
1507:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1458:
1434:. Retrieved
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1381:
1347:
1335:. Retrieved
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992:Ontario News
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915:Toronto Star
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888:
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710:World War II
694:land dispute
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286:Demographics
269:Country food
156:
152:Idle No More
56:
49:
42:
2777:Secret Path
2600:land claims
2516:Commissions
2263:Foster care
2183:Pass system
2178:Stereotypes
1949:Chapter 15
1942:Chapter 14
1935:Chapter 13
1928:Chapter 12
1921:Chapter 11
1914:Chapter 10
1821:Chapter 12
1815:Chapter 11
1809:Chapter 10
1714:Chapter 20
1708:Chapter 19
1702:Chapter 18
1696:Chapter 17
1690:Chapter 16
1684:Chapter 15
1678:Chapter 14
1672:Chapter 13
1666:Chapter 12
1660:Chapter 11
1654:Chapter 10
1593:Chapter 1,
966:PR Newswire
944:Full report
783:, reporter
720:Conclusions
594:'s brother
395:Chinuk pipa
375:Chinuk Wawa
359:Linguistics
342:Territories
312:Atlantic CA
176:Land claims
2836:Categories
2784:This River
2668:Oka Crisis
2596:Indigenous
2117:gravesites
2088:Indian Act
2059:Background
1907:Chapter 9
1900:Chapter 8
1893:Chapter 7
1886:Chapter 6
1879:Chapter 5
1872:Chapter 4
1865:Chapter 3
1858:Chapter 2
1851:Chapter 1
1803:Chapter 9
1797:Chapter 8
1791:Chapter 7
1785:Chapter 6
1779:Chapter 5
1773:Chapter 4
1767:Chapter 3
1761:Chapter 2
1755:Chapter 1
1648:Chapter 9
1637:Chapter 8
1630:Chapter 7
1624:Chapter 6
1618:Chapter 5
1612:Chapter 4
1606:Chapter 3
1599:Chapter 2
1250:2019-03-17
1082:2021-11-20
860:References
833:Ernie Eves
596:Sam George
584:See also:
580:Background
448:Indigenous
186:Land title
158:Indian Act
2623:Land Back
2453:Responses
1477:656133164
1436:March 16,
1412:(Report).
1390:March 16,
1337:March 17,
1027:March 18,
998:March 17,
972:March 16,
899:March 16,
829:Walkerton
545:, led by
412:Religions
171:Land Back
25:in Canada
2747:Pig Girl
2211:Specific
2104:Genocide
2004:14 pages
1989:16 pages
1983:78 pages
1457:(2010).
1364:Volume 1
1331:CBC News
846:The Star
689:CBC News
236:Politics
226:Case law
221:Genocide
126:Politics
97:Genocide
85:Genetics
75:Timeline
2586:Related
2535:Holiday
2460:AmINext
2411:Inquiry
2010:2 pages
1998:4 pages
1953:2 pages
1946:2 pages
1939:2 pages
1932:4 pages
1925:2 pages
1918:8 pages
1911:8 pages
1904:4 pages
1897:4 pages
1890:6 pages
1883:2 pages
1876:6 pages
1869:2 pages
1862:6 pages
1855:6 pages
248:Culture
69:History
2588:topics
2213:issues
2170:Racism
1937:Report
1475:
1465:
636:(1990)
2791:Taken
2692:Media
2637:
2598:
2551:Legal
2525:IRSSA
2379:
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2222:
1965:(PDF)
1836:(PDF)
1740:(PDF)
1578:(PDF)
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1133:(PDF)
893:(PDF)
815:Notes
767:, in
468:Stubs
463:Métis
458:Inuit
437:Index
305:Métis
274:Music
58:Métis
51:Inuit
2704:list
2394:2020
2122:list
1473:OCLC
1463:ISBN
1438:2019
1392:2019
1339:2019
1109:2020
1029:2019
1000:2019
974:2019
901:2019
533:The
385:NAPA
2635:and
1500:doi
1274:"2"
296:AB
254:Art
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322:MB
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