Iranian Embassy siege - Knowledge (XXG)

752:'s news desk. During the call, Oan took the receiver and spoke directly to the BBC journalist. He identified the group to which the gunmen belonged and stated that the non-Iranian hostages would not be harmed, but refused to allow the journalist to speak to any other hostages. At some point during the day, the police disabled the embassy's telephone lines, leaving the hostage-takers just the field telephone for outside communication. As the hostages woke up, Chris Cramer, a sound organiser for the BBC, appeared to become seriously ill. He and three other non-Arab hostages had decided one of them must get out, and to do this, he had convincingly exaggerated the symptoms of an existing illness. His colleague, Sim Harris, was taken to the field telephone to negotiate for a doctor. The police negotiator refused the request, instead telling Harris to persuade Oan to release Cramer. The ensuing negotiations between Harris, Oan, and the police took up most of the morning, and Cramer was eventually released at 11:15. He was rushed to hospital in an ambulance, accompanied by police officers sent to gather information from him. 803:

by the Foreign Office. Recognising the delaying tactic, Oan told the negotiator that the British hostages would be the last to be released because of the British authorities' deceit. He added that a hostage would be killed unless Tony Crabb was brought back to the embassy. Crabb did not arrive at the embassy until 15:30, nearly ten hours after Oan demanded his presence, to the frustration of both Oan and Sim Harris. Oan then relayed another statement to Crabb via Mustapha Karkouti, a journalist also being held hostage in the embassy. The police guaranteed that the statement would be broadcast on the BBC's next news bulletin, in exchange for the release of two hostages. The hostages decided amongst themselves that the two to be released would be Hiyech Kanji and Ali-Guil Ghanzafar; the former as she was pregnant and the latter for no other reason than his loud snoring, which kept the other hostages awake at night and irritated the terrorists.

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by the removal of bricks to allow an assault team to break through the wall and to implant listening devices, resulting in a weakening of the wall. Although Lock assured him that he did not believe the police were about to storm the building, Oan remained convinced that they were "up to something" and moved the male hostages from the room in which they had spent the last four days to another down the hall. Tensions rose throughout the morning and, at 13:00, Oan told the police that he would kill a hostage unless he was able to speak to an Arab ambassador within 45 minutes. At 13:40, Lock informed the negotiator that the gunmen had taken Abbas Lavasani, the embassy's chief press officer, downstairs and were preparing to execute him. Lavasani, a strong supporter of the 1979

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senior Iranian official present, briefly escaped by jumping out of a first-floor window, but was injured in the process and quickly captured. Afrouz and the 25 other hostages were all taken to a room on the second floor. The majority of the hostages were embassy staff, predominantly Iranian nationals, but several British employees were also captured. The other hostages were all visitors, with the exception of Lock, the British police officer guarding the embassy. Afrouz had been appointed to the position less than a year before, his predecessor having been dismissed after the revolution. Abbas Fallahi, who had been a butler before the revolution, was appointed the doorman by Afrouz. One of the British members of staff was Ron Morris, from

819:, ended in stalemate. The diplomats insisted they must be able to offer safe passage out of the UK for the gunmen, believing this to be the only way to guarantee a peaceful outcome, but the British government was adamant that safe passage would not be considered under any circumstances. Karkouti, through whom Oan had issued his revised demands the previous day, became increasingly ill throughout the day and by the evening was feverish, which led to suggestions that the police had spiked the food that had been sent into the embassy. John Dellow, the commander of the police operation, had apparently considered the idea and even consulted a doctor about its viability, but eventually dismissed it as "impracticable". 625:.38-calibre revolver, but was unable to draw it before he was overpowered, although he did manage to press the "panic button" on his radio. Lock was later frisked, but the gunman conducting the search did not find the constable's weapon. He remained in possession of the revolver, and to keep it concealed he refused to remove his coat, which he told the gunmen was to "preserve his image" as a police officer. The officer also refused offers of food throughout the siege for fear that the weapon would be seen if he had to use the toilet and a gunman decided to escort him. 904:

the raid, the gunmen holding the male hostages opened fire on their captives, killing Ali Akbar Samadzadeh and wounding two others. The SAS began evacuating hostages, taking them down the stairs towards the back door of the embassy. Two of the terrorists were hiding amongst the hostages; one of them produced a hand grenade when he was identified. An SAS soldier, who was unable to shoot for concern of hitting a hostage or another soldier, pushed the grenade-wielding terrorist to the bottom of the stairs, where two other soldiers shot him dead.

850:, roughly 20 miles (30 km) away, arriving 19 minutes after the shots had been reported. He was briefed on the SAS plan by de la Billière, who told him to expect that up to 40 percent of the hostages would be killed in an assault. After deliberations, Whitelaw instructed the SAS to prepare to assault the building at short notice, an order that was received by Lieutenant-Colonel Rose at 15:50. By 17:00, the SAS were in a position to assault the embassy at ten minutes' notice. The police negotiators recruited the imam from 412:, took 26 people hostage, including embassy staff, several visitors, and a police officer who had been guarding the embassy. They demanded the release of prisoners in Khuzestan and their own safe passage out of the United Kingdom. The British government quickly decided that safe passage would not be granted and a siege ensued. Subsequently, police negotiators secured the release of five hostages in exchange for minor concessions, such as the broadcasting of the hostage-takers' demands on British television. 1548:

application process. The SAS also experienced an increased demand for their expertise in training the forces of friendly countries and those whose collapse was considered not to be in Britain's interest. The government developed a protocol for lending the SAS to foreign governments to assist with hijackings or sieges, and it became fashionable for politicians to be seen associating with the regiment. Despite its new fame, the SAS did not have a high profile during the 1982

645:, both employees of the BBC, were at the embassy attempting to obtain visas to visit Iran, hoping to cover the aftermath of the 1979 revolution, after several unsuccessful attempts. They found themselves sitting next to Moutaba Mehrnavard, who was there to consult Ahmad Dadgar, the embassy's medical adviser, and Ali Asghar Tabatabai, who was collecting a map for use in a presentation he had been asked to give at the end of a course he had been attending. 1328: 737: 1674: 190: 178: 142: 785:

knew Sim Harris. The police, relieved to have a demand to which they could easily agree, produced Tony Crabb, managing director of BBC Television News and Harris's boss. Oan shouted his demands—for safe passage out of the UK, to be negotiated by three ambassadors from Arab countries—to Crabb from the first-floor window, and instructed that they should be broadcast along with a statement of the hostage-takers' aims by the BBC. The

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few minutes later, Lavasani's body was dumped out of the front door. Upon a preliminary examination, conducted at the scene, a forensic pathologist estimated that Lavasani had been dead for at least an hour, meaning he could not have been killed by the three most recent shots, and leading the police to believe that two hostages had been killed. In fact, only Lavasani had been shot.

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SAS, which had been at risk of disbandment and whose use of resources had been considered wasteful. The regiment was quickly overwhelmed by new applicants. Membership of 22 SAS is open only to those currently serving in the Armed Forces (allowing applications from any individual in any service), but the unit also has two regiments from the volunteer

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taken part in counter-insurgency operations abroad since 1945, and had trained the bodyguards of influential people whose deaths would be contrary to British interests. Thus, it was believed to be better prepared for the role than any unit in the police or elsewhere in the armed forces. The CRW Wing's first operational experience was the storming of

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the other soldiers accidentally smashed a window with his foot. The noise of the breaking window alerted Oan, who was on the first floor communicating with the police negotiators, and he went to investigate. The soldiers were unable to use explosives in case they injured their stranded comrade, but managed to smash their way in using sledgehammers.

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detonated explosives on a first-floor window, forcing Sim Harris—who had just run into the room—to take cover. Much of the operation at the front of the embassy took place in full view of the assembled journalists and was broadcast on live television, and Harris's escape across the parapet of a first-floor balcony was famously captured on video.

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by the police at the regiment's base in Hereford. There was controversy over the deaths of two terrorists in the telex room, where the male hostages were held. Hostages later said in interviews that they had persuaded their captors to surrender and television footage appeared to show them throwing weapons out of the window and holding a

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deadline to pass, to no immediate response from the gunmen. During the afternoon, Oan altered his demands, requesting that the British media broadcast a statement of the group's grievances and for ambassadors of three Arab countries to negotiate the group's safe passage out of the UK once the statement had been broadcast.

866:. Whitelaw relayed the request to Thatcher, and the prime minister agreed immediately. Thus John Dellow, the ranking police officer at the embassy, signed over control of the operation to Lieutenant-Colonel Rose at 19:07, authorising Rose to order an assault at his discretion. The signed note is now on display at 436:'s government. The SAS was quickly overwhelmed by the number of applications it received from people inspired by the operation and experienced greater demand for its expertise from foreign governments. The embassy building, damaged by a fire which started during the assault, was not reopened until 1993. 1559:

The British government's response to the crisis, and the successful use of force to end it, strengthened the Conservative government of the day and boosted Thatcher's personal credibility. McNee believed that the conclusion of the siege exemplified the British government's policy of refusing to give

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and a sub-machine gun would be handed to them over the counter, so that they could go off and conduct embassy-style sieges of their own". Meanwhile, the SAS became a sought-after assignment for career army officers. All three units were forced to introduce additional fitness tests at the start of the

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Meanwhile, the police located the embassy caretaker and took him to their forward headquarters to brief the SAS and senior police officers. He informed them that the embassy's front door was reinforced by a steel security door, and that the windows on the ground floor and first floor were fitted with

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released a statement, saying "We do not give refugee status to convicted terrorists. Our aim is to deport people as quickly as possible but the law requires us to first obtain assurances that the person being returned will not face certain death". After 27 years in prison, Nejad was deemed no longer

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Fowzi Nejad was the only gunman to survive the SAS assault. After being identified, he was dragged away by an SAS trooper, who allegedly intended to take him back into the building and shoot him. The soldier reportedly changed his mind when it was pointed out to him that the raid was being broadcast

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After the assault concluded, the police conducted an investigation into the siege and the deaths of the two hostages and five terrorists, including the actions of the SAS. The soldiers' weapons were taken away for examination and, the following day, the soldiers themselves were interviewed at length

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Oan woke Lock at dawn, convinced that an intruder was in the embassy. Lock was sent to investigate, but no intruder was found. Later in the morning, Oan called Lock to examine a bulge in the wall separating the Iranian embassy from the Ethiopian embassy next door. The bulge had, in fact, been caused

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The raid lasted seventeen minutes and involved 30 to 35 soldiers. The terrorists killed one hostage and seriously wounded two others during the raid while the SAS killed all but one of the terrorists. The rescued hostages and the remaining terrorist, who was still concealed amongst them, were taken

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As the soldiers emerged onto the first-floor landing, Lock tackled Oan to prevent him attacking the SAS operatives. Oan, still armed, was subsequently shot dead by one of the soldiers. Meanwhile, further teams entered the embassy through the back door and cleared the ground floor and cellar. During

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at 18:20, fearing that a "crisis point" had been reached, and asked him to talk to the gunmen. Three further shots were fired during the course of the imam's conversation with Oan. Oan announced that a hostage had been killed, and the rest would die in 30 minutes unless his demands were met. A

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Oan, angered by the BBC's incorrect reporting of his demands the previous evening, contacted the police negotiators shortly after 06:00 and accused the authorities of deceiving him. He demanded to speak with an Arab ambassador, but the negotiator on duty claimed that talks were still being arranged

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of the US Embassy in Tehran. Given the lack of co-operation from Iran, Thatcher, kept apprised of the situation by Whitelaw, determined that British law would be applied to the embassy. At 16:30, the gunmen released their first hostage, Frieda Mozaffarian. She had been unwell since the siege began,

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Police arrived at the embassy almost immediately after the first reports of gunfire, and, within ten minutes, seven DPG officers were on the scene. The officers moved to surround the embassy, but retreated when a gunman appeared at a window and threatened to open fire. Deputy Assistant Commissioner

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through the skylight. The detonation of the stun grenade was supposed to coincide with the abseiling teams detonating explosives to gain entry to the building through the second-floor windows. During the descent, one of the abseilers became entangled in his rope. While trying to assist him, one of

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system, which the police had disabled along with the telephone lines, and threatened to kill Abdul Fazi Ezzati, the cultural attaché. The police refused and Oan pushed Ezzati, who he had been holding at gunpoint at the window, across the room, before demanding to speak to somebody from the BBC who

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As the deadline of noon approached, set the previous day for the release of the Arab prisoners, the police became convinced that the gunmen did not have the capability to carry out their threat of blowing up the embassy, and persuaded Oan to agree to a new deadline of 14:00. The police allowed the

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Large numbers of journalists were on the scene quickly and were moved into a holding area to the west of the front of the embassy, while dozens of Iranian protesters also arrived near the embassy and remained there throughout the siege. A separate police command post was established to contain the

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was a journalist covering the crisis at the US Embassy in Tehran and was at the embassy for an interview with Abdul Fazi Ezzati, the cultural attaché. Muhammad Hashir Faruqi was another journalist, at the embassy to interview Afrouz for an article on the Iranian Revolution. Simeon "Sim" Harris and

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Operation Nimrod brought the SAS, a regiment that had fallen into obscurity after its fame during the Second World War (partly owing to the covert nature of its operations), back into the public eye. The regiment was not pleased with its new high profile. Nonetheless, the operation vindicated the

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members without military involvement. Nonetheless, the siege led to calls for increasing the firepower of the police to enable them to prevent and deal with similar incidents in the future, and an official report recommended that specialist police firearms units, such as the Metropolitan Police's

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At approximately 20:00, Oan became agitated by noises coming from the Ethiopian Embassy next door. The noise came from technicians who were drilling holes in the wall to implant listening devices, but PC Trevor Lock, when asked to identify the sound, attributed it to mice. COBRA decided to create

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Although the majority of the people in the embassy were captured, three managed to escape—two by climbing out of a ground-floor window and the third by climbing across a first-floor parapet to the Ethiopian Embassy next door. A fourth person, Gholam-Ali Afrouz, the chargé d'affaires and thus most

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Following these examples, the British government, worried that the country was unprepared for a similar crisis in the United Kingdom, ordered the formation of the Counter Revolutionary Warfare (CRW) Wing of the SAS. This became the UK's primary anti-terrorist and anti-hijacking unit. The SAS had

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Later in the evening, at approximately 23:00, an SAS team reconnoitred the roof of the embassy. They discovered a skylight, and succeeded in unlocking it for potential use as an access point, should they later be required to storm the building. They also attached ropes to the chimneys to allow

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informally approached the embassies of Algeria, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Syria and Qatar to ask if their ambassadors would be willing to talk to the hostage-takers. The Jordanian ambassador immediately refused and the other five said they would consult their governments. The BBC broadcast the

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After the first soldiers entered, a fire started and travelled up the curtains and out of the second-floor window, severely burning the stranded soldier. A second wave of abseilers cut him free, and he fell to the balcony below before entering the embassy. Slightly behind Red Team, Blue Team

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passed through one of the embassy windows, and were assisted by a negotiator and a psychiatrist. At 15:15 Oan issued the DRFLA's first demand, the release of 91 Arabs held in prisons in Khūzestān, and threatened to blow up the embassy and the hostages if this were not done by noon on 1 May.

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armoured glass, the result of recommendations made after the SAS had been asked to review security arrangements for the embassy several years earlier. Plans for entering the embassy by battering the front door and ground-floor windows were quickly scrapped and work began on other ideas.

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The Iranian government welcomed the end of the siege, and declared that the two hostages killed were martyrs for the Iranian Revolution. They also thanked the British government for "the persevering action of your police force during the unjust hostage-taking event at the Embassy".

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from the roof and forcing entry through the windows. During the 17-minute raid they rescued all but one of the remaining hostages and killed five of the six hostage-takers. An inquest cleared the SAS of any wrongdoing. The sole remaining gunman served 27 years in prison in Britain.

843:, had repeatedly provoked his captors during the siege. According to Lock, Lavasani stated that "if they were going to kill a hostage, wanted it to be him." At exactly 13:45, 45 minutes after Oan's demand to speak to an ambassador, three shots were heard from inside the embassy. 878:

The two SAS teams on-scene, Red Team and Blue Team, were ordered to begin their simultaneous assaults, under the codename Operation Nimrod, at 19:23. One group of four men from Red Team abseiled from the roof down the rear of the building, while another four-man team lowered a

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to be a threat to society, but Trevor Lock wrote to the Home Office to oppose his release. Because it is accepted by the British government that he would be executed or tortured, he cannot be deported to Iran; he now lives in south London, having assumed another identity.

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The SAS raid, televised live on a bank holiday evening, became a defining moment in British history and proved a career boost for several journalists; it became the subject of multiple documentaries and works of fiction, including several films and television series.

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The embassy building was severely damaged by fire. It was more than a decade before the British and Iranian governments came to an agreement whereby the United Kingdom would repair the damage to the embassy in London and Iran would pay for repairs to the

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and Oan had asked for a doctor to be sent into the embassy to treat her, but the police refused. The other hostages deceived Oan into believing that Mozaffarian was pregnant, and Oan eventually released Mozaffarian after her condition deteriorated.

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at the 1972 Olympic Games, during which a police operation to end a hostage crisis ended in chaos. In the resulting firefight, a police officer, most of the hostage-takers, and all of the hostages were killed. In response, West Germany created

1361:, suggested that Lock's restraint in the use of his revolver was "a defining example of the power of the Dixon image", and academic Maurice Punch noted the contrast between Lock's actions and the highly aggressive tactics of the SAS. 870:. Meanwhile, the police negotiators began stalling Oan. They offered concessions in order to distract him and prevent him killing further hostages, buying time for the SAS to make its final preparations for the now-inevitable assault. 1347:, the United Kingdom's second-highest civil honour, for his conduct during the siege and for tackling Oan during the SAS raid, the only time during the siege that he drew his concealed side arm. In addition, he was honoured with the 1417:

technicians, who had posed as guests of a local resident in order to get past the police cordon, which had been in place since the beginning of the siege. Nejad was arrested, and was eventually tried, convicted, and sentenced to

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for his part in the assault, in which he shot dead a terrorist who was apparently about to throw a grenade amongst the hostages. After the operation concluded, the staff sergeant who was caught in his abseil rope was treated at

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following the Iranian Revolution. The Iranian government declared that the siege of the embassy was planned by the British and American governments, and that the hostages who had been killed were martyrs for the Revolution.

1620:– a 2015 tactical shooter video game focusing on counter-terrorism – uses the Iranian Embassy Siege as inspiration, with a playable character having canonically participated in the siege. The SAS also feature in the book 1591:

As well as factual television documentaries, the dramatic conclusion of the siege inspired a wave of fictional works about the SAS in the form of novels, television programmes, and films. Among them were the 1982 film

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to prohibit deportation in cases where the person concerned would be likely to be tortured or executed in his home country. Nejad was eventually paroled in 2008 and granted leave to remain in the UK, but was not given

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By the sixth day of the siege the gunmen were increasingly frustrated at the lack of progress in meeting their demands. That evening, they killed a hostage and threw his body out of the embassy. The British

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on live television. It later emerged that the footage from the back of the embassy was coming from a wireless camera placed in the window of a flat overlooking the embassy. The camera had been installed by

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During the day, the Foreign Office held further talks with diplomats from Arabian countries in the hope of persuading them to go to the embassy and talk to the hostage-takers. The talks, hosted by

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started five months after the end of the siege and continued for eight years. The campaign for autonomy of Khūzestān was largely forgotten in the wake of the hostilities, as was the DRFLA.

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which is home to an Arabic-speaking minority. The oil-rich area had become the source of much of Iran's wealth, having been developed by multi-national companies during the reign of the

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According to Oan Ali Mohammed, suppression of the Arab sovereignty movement was the spark that led to his desire to attack the Iranian Embassy in London. The plan was inspired by the

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protests, which descended into violent confrontations with the police on several occasions. Shortly after the beginning of the crisis, the British government's emergency committee

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into the terrorists' deaths that they believed the men had been reaching for weapons before they were shot. The inquest jury reached the verdict that the soldiers' actions were

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for a week and then returning to Iraq, stated that they would no longer require the flat, and arranged for their belongings to be sent to Iraq. They left the building at 09:30 (

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was assembled. COBRA is made up of ministers, civil servants and expert advisers, including representatives from the police and the armed forces. The meeting was chaired by

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further down Princes Gate and then to 24 Princes Gate, a nursery school. From his various command posts, Dellow coordinated the police response, including the deployment of

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Prior to 1980, London had been the scene of several terrorist incidents related to Middle East politics, including the assassination of the former prime minister of the

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Most team members were issued with standard model MP5s, but there were not enough available at such short notice, so several members were issued with the shorter

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into the embassy's back garden and restrained on the ground while they were identified. The last terrorist was identified by Sim Harris and led away by the SAS.

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believed the resolution of the siege "effectively marked the end of London's three years as a world theatre for the resolution of Middle Eastern troubles".

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for their coverage. The success of the operation, combined with the high profile it was given by the media, invoked a sense of national pride compared to

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arrived nearly 30 minutes later and took command of the operation. Dellow established a temporary headquarters in his car before moving it to the

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Whitelaw, who had been chairing the COBRA crisis meeting during the siege, was rushed back to Whitehall from a function he had been attending in

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to commence drilling in an adjacent road, supposedly to repair a gas main. The drilling was aborted after it agitated the gunmen, and instead

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The committee is named after the room in which it meets, the Cabinet Office Briefing Room, but is almost invariably abbreviated to "COBRA".

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in 1977, when a small detachment of soldiers were sent to assist GSG 9, the elite West German police unit set up after the events of 1972.

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At approximately 11:30 on Wednesday 30 April the six heavily armed members of DRFLA stormed the Iranian Embassy building on Princes Gate,

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Connelly, Mark; Willcox, David R. (2005). "Are You Tough Enough? The Image of the Special Forces in British Popular Culture, 1939–2004".

830:, Rose, and Major Hector Gullan (commander of the team that would undertake any raid) spent the day refining their plans for an assault. 532:), ammunition and hand grenades. The weapons, predominantly Soviet-made, are believed to have been smuggled into the United Kingdom in a 726: 723: 528:) on 30 April. Their initial destination is unknown, but en route to the Iranian Embassy they collected firearms (including pistols and 194: 3539: 1697: 463:(DRFLA), Iranian Arabs protesting for the establishment of an autonomous Arab state in the southern region of the Iranian province of 3675: 2162: 2140: 2121: 2102: 2083: 2064: 2045: 1989: 1967: 1945: 1889: 1866: 1818: 1796: 1540: 1531: 1369: 1352: 702:

The COBRA meetings continued through the night and into Thursday. Meanwhile, two teams were dispatched from the headquarters of the

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Monday evening and was viewed by millions of people, mostly in the UK, making it a defining moment in British history. Both the

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Another academic, Steven Moysey, commented on the difference in outcomes between the Iranian Embassy siege and the 1975

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Using Iraqi passports, Oan and three other members of the DRFLA arrived in London on 31 March 1980 and rented a flat in

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Two hostages killed (one prior to assault, one during); two hostages wounded during the assault; one SAS soldier wounded

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This article is about the siege of the Iranian embassy in London. For the siege of the American embassy in Tehran, see

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as the leader of a fictional SAS unit. As well as fictional representations in media, the siege inspired a version of

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in to terrorist demands, "nowhere was the effectiveness of this response to terrorism more effectively demonstrated".

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The Iranian government accused the British and American governments of sponsoring the attack as revenge for the

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Grob-Fitzgibbon, Benjamin (2015). "Those Who Dared: A Reappraisal of Britain's Special Air Service, 1950–80".

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statement that evening, but in a form unsatisfactory to Oan, who considered it to be truncated and incorrect.

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During the course of the siege, police and journalists established the identities of several other hostages.

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final, to show the end of the siege, which proved to be a major career boost for several journalists.

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figure, clad in black and equipped with a gas mask, mimicking the soldiers who stormed the embassy.

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Sim Harris making his escape across the first-floor balcony, as ordered by the masked SAS trooper (

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The operation brought the SAS to the public eye for the first time and bolstered the reputation of

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At 09:30 on 2 May, Oan appeared at the first-floor window of the embassy to demand access to the

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after it emerged that Iraq had sponsored the training and equipping of the hostage-takers. The

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As a foreign national, he would normally have been immediately deported to his home country but

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belonging to Iraq. Shortly before 11:30, and almost two hours after vacating the nearby flat in

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in which supporters of the revolution held the staff of the American Embassy in Tehran hostage.

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After the end of the siege, PC Trevor Lock was widely considered a hero. He was awarded the

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and his team, responsible for the hidden camera at the back of the embassy, were awarded a

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soldiers to abseil down the building and gain access through the windows if necessary.

748:

Early in the morning of 1 May, the gunmen ordered one of the hostages to telephone the

683: 568: 537: 533: 529: 147: 3614: 2028: 1928: 1849: 1552:, partly due to a lack of operations, and next came to the fore during the 1990–1991 1549: 892: 772:, was told to instruct approaching aircraft to fly over the embassy at low altitude. 510: 17: 1455: 3544: 3258: 3183: 2036:

Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "A context of 'bitterness and anger'".

1630:

was based. The embassy siege was referenced multiple times in the television drama

1506:

interrupted their scheduled programming, the BBC interrupting the broadcast of the

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took place from 30 April to 5 May 1980, after a group of six armed men stormed the

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The SAS raid, codenamed "Operation Nimrod", was broadcast live at peak time on a

1977: 1665: 1443: 859: 650: 2881:"Devices from London attacks in Met's museum of terrorism used to train police" 2827:"The private trauma of Constable Lock, quiet hero of the Iranian embassy siege" 1572:. Iranian diplomats began working from 16 Princes Gate again in December 1993. 1841: 1761: 1655: 1645: 1398: 1332: 493: 255: 2020: 1999:

Moysey, Stephen P. (2004). "The Balcombe Street and Iranian Embassy Sieges".

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The Iranian Embassy, severely damaged by fire following the end of the siege

1316:

Detained by SAS and sentenced to life imprisonment. Granted parole in 2008

760:

ambient noise to cover the sound created by the technicians and instructed

2012: 1355:. Police historian Michael J. Waldren, referring to the television series 3568:"How Rainbow Six: Siege takes inspiration from real life hostage rescues" 3498: 3494: 3351: 3230: 2977: 2942: 2671: 2485: 2249: 2216: 1553: 1515: 707: 3540:"6 Days review – Jamie Bell storms it in Iranian embassy siege thriller" 1641: 1605: 887: 521: 56: 3283:"Iranian Embassy terrorist pictured in London days after jail release" 2481: 1386: 847: 520:

On 30 April the men informed their landlord that they were going to

3040:"Iranian embassy siege terrorist Fowzi Badavi Nejad is to be freed" 1389:. He suffered serious burns to his legs, but made a full recovery. 1757: 1480: 1454: 1422:

for his role in the siege. He became eligible for parole in 2005.

1326: 886: 781: 735: 633:, who had worked for the embassy in various positions since 1947. 577: 506: 492: 3316:"Iranian embassy siege terrorist 'living on benefits in Peckham'" 1753: 822:

The SAS officers involved in the operation, including Brigadier

581: 505:, where he became politically active. He had been imprisoned by 468: 2095:

Shoot to Kill: Police Accountability, Firearms, and Fatal Force

686:, as Margaret Thatcher, the Prime Minister, was unavailable. 259: 3393: 1499: 1414: 749: 461:

Democratic Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Arabistan

160:

Democratic Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Arabistan

1401:. The two SAS soldiers who killed the men both stated at the 2507: 2505: 2503: 3661:

20th century in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea

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Who Dares Wins: The SAS and the Iranian Embassy Siege 1980

408:

The gunmen, Iranian Arabs campaigning for sovereignty of

3254:"Dilemma for Clarke over Iranian embassy siege survivor" 1376:

Warrant Officer Class 1 Tommy Goodyear was awarded the

1368:, in which the police negotiated the surrender of four 27:

1980 hostage situation in the Iranian Embassy in London

2155:

London in the Twentieth Century: A City and its People

1960:

Siege! Princes Gate, London – The Great Embassy Rescue

3607:: Interactive walk-through of the raid from BBC News. 2114:

Shooting to Kill?: Police Firearms and Armed Response

501:

Oan was 27 and from Khūzestān; he had studied at the

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Attacks on diplomatic missions in the United Kingdom

3495:"SAS 'for hire' after Iranian embassy siege in 1980" 1427:

Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights

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Armed Police: The Police Use of Firearms Since 1945

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The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History

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The siege features in the 2006 video game 547:According to a 2014 academic study into the 3681:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1980 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 2933: 2931: 580:, which was quickly followed by the French 544:, the six men arrived outside the embassy. 3746:Terrorist incidents in London in the 1980s 3075:(Supplement). 13 April 1981. p. 5531. 2627: 2625: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2076:European Counter-Terrorist Units 1972–2017 1479:containing staff from the Israeli airline 1459:Members of B Squadron S.A.S pictured with 915: 858:After Lavasani's body had been recovered, 278: 264: 256: 38: 2040:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1568:, which had been damaged during the 1979 3656:20th-century history of the British Army 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 2112:Squires, Peter; Kennison, Peter (2010). 1811:Looking for Trouble: SAS to Gulf Command 1237: 497:The front of the Iranian embassy in 2008 3671:April 1980 events in the United Kingdom 3371: 3369: 3342: 3340: 3338: 2314: 2312: 2246:"In Depth: Iran and the hostage-takers" 2179: 1714: 1429:, incorporated into British law by the 1373:D11, be better resourced and equipped. 1194:killed during assault by hostage taker 459:The hostage-takers were members of the 3696:Battles and military actions in London 3691:Attacks on diplomatic missions of Iran 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3006: 3004: 2799: 2797: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 731:Royal College of General Practitioners 125:Embassy recaptured after six-day siege 3726:May 1980 events in the United Kingdom 2187: 2185: 2183: 2001:Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations 1857:Firmin, Rusty; Pearson, Will (2011). 1791:. London: Headline Publishing Group. 1688:List of terrorist incidents in London 1339:, which was awarded to PC Trevor Lock 621:(DPG). Lock was carrying a concealed 7: 3711:Hostage taking in the United Kingdom 3621:1980 disasters in the United Kingdom 3296:from the original on 12 January 2022 3252:Addison, Adrian (20 February 2005). 1756:variant and two were armed with the 424:" to rescue the remaining hostages, 3566:Campbell, Colin (24 October 2014). 1409:(later known as "lawful killing"). 710:, and arrived at a holding area in 3646:1980 murders in the United Kingdom 3457:Connelly & Willcox, pp. 11–12. 1984:. Glasgow: William Collins, Sons. 1698:History of the Special Air Service 1467:during a training exercise in 1983 1263:"Faisal" – Shakir Abdullah Radhil 25: 3701:Diplomatic crises of the Cold War 3631:1980s fires in the United Kingdom 3227:"Embassy gunman could get asylum" 2583:Gould & Waldren, pp. 179–180. 2482:"Q&A: Armed police in the UK" 1940:. London: Arms and Armour Press. 1532:relations between the UK and Iran 1370:Provisional Irish Republican Army 1285:"Abbas" – Themir Mohammed Husein 609:. The gunmen quickly overpowered 567:and part of the United Kingdom's 3651:1980s in the City of Westminster 3538:Clarke, Cath (3 November 2017). 3038:Ford, Richard (9 October 2008). 2825:Halfpenny, Martin (2 May 2010). 2471:Firmin & Pearson, pp. 31–32. 1962:. London: Times Newspapers Ltd. 1901:The International History Review 1876:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2009). 1672: 1658: 868:New Scotland Yard's Crime Museum 203: 188: 176: 153: 140: 55: 3636:1980 in international relations 3280:Khan, Urmee (3 November 2008). 3133:Squires & Kennison, p. 196. 2116:. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. 1732:do not routinely carry firearms 1111:Metropolitan Police Constable, 864:Military Aid to the Civil Power 787:Foreign and Commonwealth Office 3756:Metropolitan Police operations 3741:Special Air Service operations 3591:Grob-Fitzgibbon, pp. 540, 558. 3475:Squires & Kennison, p. 73. 3177:Taylor, Peter (24 July 2002). 1617:Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege 1435:European Court of Human Rights 1296:"Hassan" – Shakir Sultan Said 1191:Temporary employee at embassy 1158:Embassy manager and chauffeur 1133:Aboutaleb Jishverdi-Moghaddam 665:, made contact with Oan via a 1: 3716:Iran–United Kingdom relations 3414:Firmin & Pearson, p. 199. 3179:"Six days that shook Britain" 3019:Firmin & Pearson, p. 211. 2135:. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. 2097:. Bristol: The Policy Press. 2078:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2059:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 1884:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 1349:Freedom of the City of London 3736:Sieges in the United Kingdom 2916:Gould & Waldren, p. 180. 2610:Firmin & Pearson, p. 21. 2601:Firmin & Pearson, p. 22. 2405:Firmin & Pearson, p. 76. 2306:Firm & Pearson, p. VIII. 2131:Waldren, Michael J. (2007). 1913:10.1080/07075332.2014.918558 1001:British-Pakistani editor of 49:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 2462:Firmin & Pearson p. 27. 2384:Firmin & Pearson, p. 3. 1956:Sunday Times "Insight" Team 1252:"Salim" – Oan Ali Mohammed 1113:Diplomatic Protection Group 619:Diplomatic Protection Group 563:(SAS) is a regiment of the 230:soldiers, large numbers of 3777: 2963:Fremont-Banres, pp. 40–42. 2925:Fremont-Barnes, pp. 37–40. 2907:Fremont-Barnes, pp. 32–33. 2852:Fremont-Barnes, pp. 29–30. 2758:Fremont-Barnes, pp. 26–27. 2740:Fremont-Barnes, pp. 25–26. 2619:Fremont-Barnes, pp. 22–23. 2565:Fremont-Barnes, pp. 19–20. 2511:Fremont-Barnes, pp. 21–22. 2339:Murray & Woods, p. 46. 1508:World Snooker Championship 1172:released prior to assault 1081:released prior to assault 1062:released prior to assault 1018:released prior to assault 960:released prior to assault 933:Embassy Chargé d'affaires 766:British Airports Authority 655:Royal School of Needlework 452: 382:Uprising of Dignity (2018) 29: 3519:Neville (2016), pp. 9–10. 2357:Fremont-Barnes, pp. 8–10. 2157:. London: Penguin Books. 1842:10.1080/01439680500064918 1813:. London: HarperCollins. 1807:de la Billière, Sir Peter 1789:The Kindness of Strangers 1636:(2002–2008), which stars 1566:British embassy in Tehran 1485:murder of Yvonne Fletcher 1220: 1209: 1198: 1187: 1176: 1165: 1154: 1143: 1132: 1121: 1107: 1096: 1085: 1066: 1055: 1044: 1033: 1022: 1011: 997: 986: 979:Iranian cultural attaché 975: 964: 951: 940: 929: 924: 921: 918: 455:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 297: 250:Five killed, one captured 241: 220: 166: 133: 65: 54: 46: 3676:Arab nationalism in Iran 2375:Neville (2016), pp. 7–9. 2366:Neville (2017), pp. 4–6. 2348:Fremont-Barnes, pp. 6–7. 1730:British police officers 1604:, which was released on 1210:Kaujouri Muhammad Taghi 1103:killed prior to assault 3484:de la Billière, p. 337. 2939:"Iranian Embassy Siege" 2886:London Evening Standard 2631:de la Billière, p. 325. 2093:Punch, Maurice (2011). 2074:Neville, Leigh (2017). 2055:Neville, Leigh (2016). 1461:Diana Princess of Wales 1433:, has been held by the 1378:Queen's Gallantry Medal 1351:and in a motion in the 1274:"Makki" – Makki Hanoun 998:Muhammad Hashir Faruqi 971:wounded during assault 936:wounded during assault 770:London Heathrow Airport 3441:Fremont-Barnes, p. 50. 3432:Fremont-Barnes, p. 59. 3158:Fremont-Barnes, p. 54. 3149:Fremont-Barnes, p. 57. 3010:Fremont-Barnes, p. 48. 2998:Fremont-Barnes, p. 43. 2861:Fremont-Barnes, p. 31. 2803:Fremont-Barnes, p. 28. 2779:Fremont-Barnes, p. 27. 2749:Fremont-Barnes, p. 26. 2657:Fremont-Barnes, p. 25. 2330:Fremont-Barnes, p. 18. 2191:Fremont-Barnes, p. 15. 1693:List of hostage crises 1468: 1340: 896: 745: 720:Heckler & Koch MP5 712:Regent's Park Barracks 498: 372:2005–06 Ahvaz bombings 209:Oan Ali Mohammed 167:Commanders and leaders 106:51.501528°N 0.172361°W 3605:SAS Storm the Embassy 3348:"The cult of the SAS" 2541:"Max Vernon obituary" 2013:10.1300/J173v04n01_06 1938:London's Armed Police 1680:United Kingdom portal 1528:Victory in Europe Day 1458: 1431:Human Rights Act 1998 1383:St Stephen's Hospital 1366:Balcombe Street siege 1330: 1199:Ali Asghar Tabatabai 1188:Ali Akbar Samadzadeh 890: 739: 496: 395:Iranian Embassy siege 242:Casualties and losses 73:30 April – 5 May 1980 42:Iranian Embassy siege 18:Iranian Embassy Siege 1477:an attack on a coach 1407:justifiable homicide 1100:Chief Press Officer 1048:Secretary to Afrouz 1034:Nooshin Hashemenian 1026:BBC sound recordist 1003:Impact International 957:BBC sound organiser 941:Shirazeh Bouroumand 852:Regent's Park Mosque 824:Peter de la Billière 590:Lufthansa Flight 181 503:University of Tehran 401:on Prince's Gate in 354:Embassy siege (1980) 344:Insurgency (1956–70) 306:Sheikh Khazal (1924) 183:Peter de la Billière 111:51.501528; -0.172361 3761:20th-century sieges 3289:The Daily Telegraph 2974:"Lucky to be alive" 2668:"Lucky to be alive" 2592:Waldren, pp. 77–78. 1358:Dixon of Dock Green 1147:Embassy accountant 1122:Moutaba Mehrnavard 1056:Hiyech Sanei Kanji 1012:Ali Guil Ghanzafar 704:Special Air Service 615:Metropolitan Police 613:Trevor Lock of the 561:Special Air Service 555:Special Air Service 476:Iran hostage crisis 418:Special Air Service 232:Metropolitan Police 102: / 32:Iran hostage crisis 3721:Khuzestan conflict 3501:. 30 December 2010 3466:Punch, pp. 155–56. 3233:. 21 February 2005 3124:Moysey, pp. 94–95. 3072:The London Gazette 2547:. 19 February 2021 2213:"Six days of fear" 1598:and the 2017 film 1570:Iranian Revolution 1469: 1341: 1309:Fowzi Badavi Nejad 1221:Zahra Zomorrodian 1166:Frieda Mozafarian 1078:Syrian journalist 1059:Embassy secretary 1037:Embassy secretary 1015:Pakistani tourist 976:Abdul Fazi Ezzati 944:Embassy secretary 930:Gholam-Ali Afrouz 897: 841:Iranian Revolution 746: 724:Lieutenant-Colonel 623:Smith & Wesson 515:Fowzi Badavi Nejad 499: 410:Khuzestan Province 377:Day of Rage (2011) 82:16 Prince's Gate, 2889:. 4 December 2013 2057:The SAS 1983–2014 1626:, upon which the 1473:Republic of Yemen 1420:life imprisonment 1320: 1319: 1231: 1230: 1071:Mustapha Karkouti 722:submachine guns. 716:Browning Hi-Power 638:Mustapha Karkouti 601:Day one: 30 April 482:Arrival in London 434:Margaret Thatcher 420:(SAS) initiated " 390: 389: 349:Insurgency (1979) 254: 253: 129: 128: 86:, London, England 16:(Redirected from 3768: 3592: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3396:. 3 January 2003 3382: 3376: 3373: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3344: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3320:Evening Standard 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3285: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3174: 3159: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3134: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3086: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3035: 3020: 3017: 3011: 3008: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2935: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2853: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2620: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2512: 2509: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2307: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2242: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2209: 2192: 2189: 2168: 2146: 2127: 2108: 2089: 2070: 2051: 2032: 1995: 1978:McNee, Sir David 1973: 1951: 1932: 1895: 1883: 1872: 1853: 1824: 1802: 1765: 1760:, with built-in 1750: 1744: 1741: 1735: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1668: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1577:Iraqi government 1545:balaclava helmet 1541:Territorial Army 1451:Long-term impact 1440:political asylum 1353:House of Commons 1238: 1180:First Secretary 1177:Issa Naghizadeh 1136:Iranian attaché 1089:Iranian student 1075: 1074: 1073: 990:Embassy doorman 968:Medical adviser 916: 893:John T. McAleese 776:Day three: 2 May 742:14 Prince's Gate 680:William Whitelaw 611:Police Constable 607:South Kensington 542:South Kensington 422:Operation Nimrod 403:South Kensington 292: 280: 273: 266: 257: 215: 208: 207: 206: 193: 192: 191: 181: 180: 179: 158: 157: 156: 146: 144: 143: 117: 116: 114: 113: 112: 107: 103: 100: 99: 98: 95: 84:South Kensington 67: 66: 59: 39: 21: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3706:Fires in London 3611: 3610: 3601: 3596: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3576: 3574: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3397: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3354:. 26 April 2000 3346: 3345: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3236: 3234: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3216:Waldren, p. 85. 3215: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3176: 3175: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3137: 3132: 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