Persian Constitutional Revolution

1199: 1810:

teaching of modern sciences, and added that the state should not intervene the centers of religious learning (Hawza). He wasn't against formation of organizations and societies that do not create chaos, and in this regard there was no difference between religious and non-religious organizations. In law-making, unlike Nouri, he separated the religious (Sharia) and public law (Urfiya). His opinion was that the personal and family matters should be settled in religious courts by jurists, and the governmental affaris and matters of state should be taken care of by modern judiciary. Parliament added article 71 and 72 into the constitution based on his opinions. Ayatullah Yazdi said that as long as modern constitution did not force people to do what was forbidden by Sharia and refrain from religious duties, there was no reason to oppose democratic rule and the government had the right to prosecute wrongdoers.

1751:سلطنت مشروعه آن است کہ متصدی امور عامه ی ناس و رتق و فتق کارهای قاطبه ی مسلمین و فیصل کافه ی مهام به دست ‏شخص معصوم و موید و منصوب و منصوص و مأمور مِن الله باشد مانند انبیاء و اولیاء و مثل خلافت ‏امیرالمومنین و ایام ظهور و رجعت حضرت حجت، و اگر حاکم مطلق معصوم نباشد، آن سلطنت غیرمشروعه است، ‏چنان‌ کہ در زمان غیبت است و سلطنت غیرمشروعه دو قسم است، عادله، نظیر مشروطه کہ مباشر امور عامه، عقلا و متدینین ‏باشند و ظالمه و جابره است، مثل آنکه حاکم مطلق یک نفر مطلق‌ العنان خودسر باشد. البته به صریح حکم عقل و به فصیح ‏منصوصات شرع «غیر مشروعه ی عادله» مقدم است بر «غیرمشروعه ی جابره». و به تجربه و تدقیقات صحیحه و غور ‏رسی‌ های شافیه مبرهن شده که نُه عشر تعدیات دوره ی استبداد در دوره ی مشروطیت کمتر می‌شود و دفع افسد و اقبح به ‏فاسد و به قبیح واجب است. 1759:. If the absolute guardianship is not with the infallible then it will be a non-islamic government. Since this is a time of occultation, there can be two types of non-islamic regimes: the first is a just democracy in which the affairs of the people are in the hands of faithful and educated men, and the second is a government of tyranny in which a dictator has absolute powers. Therefore, both in the eyes of the Sharia and reason what is just prevails over the unjust. From human experience and careful reflection it has become clear that democracy reduces the tyranny of state and it is obligatory to give precedence to the lesser evil." —Muhammad Kazim Khurasani 1925: 358: 3035:, 3rd printing (T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1913), pp. 48, 119, 179. According to Shuster (p. 48), "Five days later the Persian Minister of Finance, Saniu'd-Dawleh was shot and killed in the streets of Teheran by two Georgians, who also succeeded in wounding four of the Persian police before they were captured. The Russian consular authorities promptly refused to allow these men to be tried by the Persian Government, and took them out of the country under Russian protection, claiming that they would be suitably punished." 1881:, (who was a child at the time of the Constitutional Revolution) and theorized that until the return of the Hidden Imam, Islamic jurists should rule Iran, asserted that decades after the collapse of the revolution, that the constitution of 1906 was the work of (Iranian) agents of imperialist Britain, conspiring against Islam who "were instructed by their masters to take advantage of the idea of constitutionalism in order to deceive the people and conceal the true nature of their political crimes". 512: 321: 51: 1945: 1156: 1198: 959:, for a 50-year monopoly over the distribution and exportation of tobacco in exchange for £25,000 to the Shah personally and £15,000 a year to the state. Iranians cultivated a variety of tobacco "much prized in foreign markets" that was not grown elsewhere, and the arrangement threatened the job security of a significant portion of the Iranian population – hundreds of thousands of workers in agriculture and the bazaars. 1465:

foreign influence were also put in question by a number of actions – his close connection to the Russians, his refusal to support the early bazaari protests against the Europeans in collecting customs dues, his endorsement of the sale of a cemetery to Russians for the construction of a (Russian) bank, leading to the unplanned exhuming of bodies, and the financing of an anti-constitutionalist rally with funds from that Russian bank.

1087: 1007: 167: 5377: 4909: 1067: 533: 522: 1962: 1110:. The two protesting groups sought sanctuary in a Tehran mosque, but the government entered the mosque and dispersed them. The dispersal triggered a larger movement that sought refuge at a shrine outside Tehran. The shah yielded to the demonstrators on January 12, 1906, agreeing to dismiss his prime minister and transfer power to a "house of justice" (forerunner of the Iranian parliament). The 1983: 420: 1668: 5082: 4412: 5092: 1755:"According to Shia doctrine, only the infallible Imam has the right to govern, to run the affairs of the people, to solve the problems of the Muslim society and to make important decisions. As it was in the time of the prophets or in the time of the caliphate of the commander of the faithful, and as it will be in the time of the reappearance and return of the 815:, and a small group of radical reformers – argued that Iran's oil industry was being sold to the British, while tax breaks on imports, exports and manufactured textiles were destroying Iran's economy (which had been supported by the bazaar merchants), and that the shah was selling assets to pay interest on the fortune in foreign debt he had accumulated. 1387:. Other opponents included Mullah Qurban Ali Zanjani. Nouri maintained that sharia was a complete code of life, not just for religious ritual, and any other codes were both unnecessary and against Islam. Although he ranked below Marja' religious leaders, he told Shi'i Muslims to ignore the Marja' they followed if that marja' supported democracy. 1292:

themselves as heroes. Inspired by this victory, constitutionalists across Iran set up special committees in Tehran, Rasht, Qazvin, Isfahan and other cities, and the powerful Bakhtiyari tribal leaders threw their support to the Tabriz rebels. Constitutionalist forces marched to Tehran, forced Mohammad Ali Shah's abdication in favor of his young son

1841: 924:. But the alliance was based on common enemies rather than common goals. The ulama sought "to extend their own power and to have Shi'i Islam more strictly enforced"; the liberals and radicals desired "greater political and social democracy and economic development"; and the bazaaris "to restrict favored foreign economic status and competition". 877:

Major roads between cities that might have appeared to be investments in improving transportation, provided opportunities not for greater trade and prosperity, but for tax collectors to fleece towns along the road, and thus "encouraged the local peasants to settle in more distant regions". A survey for the British Foreign Office reported:

907:

particularly strong in those countries, like Iran, that had experienced Russian penetration and oppression. Many considered it significant that the only Asian power with a constitution had defeated the only Western power without one, and constitutions came to be looked upon as the "secret of strength" of Western governments.

986:(tobacco monopoly). Bazaars shut down, and Iranians stopped smoking tobacco, Despite the popularity of tobacco – which Iranians were said to be less likely to forego than bread – the religious ban was so successful that it was said that women in the shah's harem quit smoking. 1441:"Because we are aware of the intended reasons for this institution, it is therefore incumbent on every Muslim to support its foundation, and those who try to defeat it, and their action against it, are considered contrary to shari'a." —Mirza Husayn Tehrani, Muhammad Kazim Khurasani, Abdallah Mazandaran. 1773: 1475:

The anti-democracy clerics incited violence and one such cleric said that getting in the proximity of the parliament was a bigger sin than adultery, robbery and murder. In Zanjan, Mulla Qurban Ali Zanjani mobilized a force of six hundred thugs who looted shops of pro-democracy merchants, took hold of

932:

became convinced that "law and order, security of property, and immunity from arbitrary power could all be achieved by importing parliamentary democracy" from Europe. The ulama (i.e. Islamic scholars) had less to gain and a less direct incentive to support a constitution, but were convinced (at least

885:

Perhaps worst of all the indignities Iran suffered from the superior militaries of European powers were "a series of commercial capitulations." While the sales by the shah of titles, patents, privileges, concessions, monopolies, lands, ... high offices" paid for some improvements, such as a telegraph

1885:

At the beginning of the constitutional movement, when people wanted to write laws and draw up a constitution, a copy of the Belgian legal code was borrowed from the Belgian embassy and a handful of individuals (whose names I do not wish to mention here) used it as the basis for the constitution they

1607:

If a thousand jurists write that this parliament is founded on the command to do good and prohibit evil ... then you are witness that this is not the case and they have erred ... (exactly as if they were to say) this animal is a sheep, and you know it is a dog, you have to say, 'You are mistaken, it

1375:

argued that while complete justice was impossible until the return of the Hidden Imam, "human experience and careful reflection" shows "that democracy reduces the tyranny of state" making it a "lesser evil" in governance and something Shi'i must support until the return of the Imam; also supporting

1308:

The revolution ended in December 1911 when deputies of the Second Majlis, suffering from "internal dissension, apathy of the masses, antagonisms from the upper class, and open enmity from Britain and Russia", were "roughly" expelled from the Majlis and threatened with death if they returned by "the

906:

The Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 and the Russian revolution of 1905 gave impetus to an Iranian opposition movement that had been growing since 1901. After a century of successive defeats, an Asian power had defeated a European power, an event that bolstered pride throughout Asia. This feeling was

898:

In 1872, Nasir al-Din Shah negotiated a concession granting a British citizen control over Persian roads, telegraphs, mills, factories, extraction of resources, and other public works in exchange for a fixed sum and 60% of net revenue. This concession was rolled back after bitter local opposition.

881:'There are large tracts of fertile land which remain waste owing to their proximity to the main roads, as no village having cultivators on such spots can possibly prosper or enjoy the least immunity from the pestering visits of Government officials, and thefts and robberies committed by the tribes.' 1598:

Shari'a covers all regulations of government, and specifies all obligations and duties, so the needs of the people of Iran in matters of law are limited to the business of government, which, by reason of universal accidents, has become separated from Shari'a. ... Now the people have thrown out the

927:

The intellectuals were a "small but growing" group, many of whom learned of Western ways while travelling abroad and "were generally struck by Western economic development, comparative justice, and lack of arbitrary rule". In their writings these intellectuals criticized Iran's "autocratic rulers,

1809:

This did not mean he supported Fazlullah Nouri and Mohammad Ali Shah. When parliament asked him to review the final draft of constitution, he suggested some changes and signed the document. He said that modern industries were permissible unless explicitly prohibited by Sharia. He also agreed with

1291:

was appointed the commander in chief of High Council, i.e. commander of the constitutionalist forces. By April 1909, the Tabriz rebels had lost large numbers of fighters, but succeeded in driving out royalist forces from the city, and Sattar Khan and his lieutenant Bagher Khan had distinguished

894:

at least, 10% of "the guilds in this city were weavers; not even 1/5 of those survived" competition with imported textiles. Widows and orphans were hurt, and farmers suffered: by 1894 the price they were paid for wheat harvest dropped to 1/6 what it had been in 1871; irrigation systems had fallen

876:

To compensate for his lack of an army, the Qajar Shah would use "loyal tribes", putting down a rebellion by declaring a rebellious city or region "open booty" for the tribe, who would then appear to rape and pillage – a far more destructive means of discipline than arresting and punishing rebels.

1464:

As a rich and high-ranking Qajar court official responsible for conducting marriages and contracts, handling the wills of wealthy men and collected religious funds, Nouri had a powerful vested interest in maintaining the status quo of Iran's political structure. His professions of opposition to

1408:

After the parliament was formed, its members stayed in touch with Akhund Khurasani. Whenever legislative bills were discussed, he was telegraphed with the details for a juristic opinion. In a letter dated June 3, 1907, the parliament told Akhund about a group of anti-constitutionalists who were

1299:

A further split in the revolutionary movement occurred in 1910 when "a group of guerrilla fighters headed by Sattar Khan, refused to obey a government order to disarm." After a "brief but violent confrontation" in which Sattar Khan was wounded, Yeprem Khan, the recently appointed police chief of

1057:

to foreign powers on trade items ranging from weapons to tobacco. The aristocracy, religious authorities, and educated elite began demanding a curb on royal authority and the establishment of the rule of law as their concern about foreign (especially Russian) influence grew. The Qajars had taken

1586:

claiming girls' schools were brothels. Nouri also opposed freedom of the press, modern ways of governance, allocation of funds for modern industry and equal rights for all citizens irrespective of their religion. He bought a printing press and launched a newspaper of his own, "Ruznamih-i-Shaikh

1456:

made speeches and distributed tracts in support of the sources of emulation (Shi'i marja' religious leadership) in Najaf and their position on constitutionalism. They all agreed that the people must counter autocracy and injustice with a constitution that limited the powers of the state and a

818:

It ended in December 1911 when deputies of the Second Majlis, suffering from "internal dissension, apathy of the masses, antagonisms from the upper class, and open enmity from Britain and Russia", were "roughly" expelled from the Majlis and threatened with death if they returned by "the shah's

1222:

The electoral law of September 9, 1906 defined the regulations for the Elections to the Majlis. (No women, foreigners, men under 25, "persons notorious for mischievous opinions," those with a criminal record, active military personnel, etc. were allowed to vote. Members of the parliament were

1910:

argues that a major lesson of the Revolution is that what separates the "countless uprisings and popular protests" throughout the last hundred odd year of Iranian history from those in 1906, in 1953 and in 1979 that "ultimately resulted in radical change" is the ability to bring together a

1218:

The constitution itself was created by the royal proclamation on August 5, 1906 by Mozzafar al-Din Shah on "for the peace and tranquility of all the people of Persia." The Quran was the foundation of this constitution while the Belgian constitution served as a partial model for the document.

947:

The tobacco protest of 1891–1892 was "the first mass nationwide popular movement in Iran", and described as a "dress rehearsal for the...Constitutional Revolution", formed from an anti-imperialist and antimonarchist coalition of "clerics, mercantile interests, and dissident intellectuals".

1826:

The Shiʿite state is confined to Persia, and their prestige and prosperity depended upon it. Why have you permitted the ruin of Persia and the utter humiliation of the Shiʿite state? ... You may reply that the mullahs did not allow . This is not credible. ... I can foresee that my country

1821:

was "a well-known figure" and one of "the two most widely recognized clerical leaders of the Revolution" (the other being Sayyed ʿAbd-Allāh Behbahānī). Both were from "old and powerful clerical families" whose authority over the religious community was "beginning to be threatened by rival

1805:

did not offer the liberty to support constitutional politics. In his view, politics was beyond his expertise and therefore he avoided taking part in it. Therefore during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, he stayed neutral most of the times and seldom issued any political statement.

742:

The revolution was "the first of its kind in the Islamic world, earlier than the revolution of the Young Turks in 1908". It opened the way for the modern era in Persia, and debate in a burgeoning press. Many groups fought to shape the course of the revolution. The old order, which Shah

2843: 989:

The protest demonstrated to the Iranians "for the first time that it was possible to win out against the Shah and foreign interests… there is a direct line from the coalition which participated in the tobacco movement… culminating in the Constitutional Revolution" and arguably the

1768:

Nouri interpreted Sharia as equivalent to and in competition with written constitutions of modern society, unlike Akhund Khurasani who (in addition to being a higher ranking cleric), viewed the adherence to religion in a society as beyond one person or one interpretation.

1226:

The fundamental laws of December 30, 1906 defined the role of the Majlis as a bicameral legislature: the National Consultative Assembly was to be based "on justice." and there was to be "another Assembly, entitled the Senate." The Constitutional Amendment of 1907 declared

1822:

mojtaheds". Ṭabāṭabāʾī had "demonstrated liberal proclivities since the late period of Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah". In a "famous letter" to the prime minister at the time, ʿAyn-al-Dawla in 1323/1905, he attacked "opposition to creation of a national assembly (majles-e mellatī)":

873:(formerly part of Iran) and signed a commercial treaty with Britain. The lack of a standing Iranian army was part of the problem because the forces that were raised to fight the Russians (for example) were "faction-ridden tribal contingents" and lacked modern artillery. 1175:) began, with the goal of limiting the power of the shah. Mozaffar ad-Din Shah agreed on a parliament in August 1906, and the first elections were held that fall. One hundred fifty-six members were elected, the overwhelming majority from Tehran and the merchant class. 1886:

then wrote, supplementing its deficiencies with borrowings from the French and British legal codes. True, they added some of the ordinances of Islam in order to deceive the people, but the basis of the laws that were now thrust upon the people was alien and borrowed.

1587:

Fazlullah", and published leaflets. He believed that the ruler was accountable to no institution other than God and people had no right to limit the powers or question the conduct of the shah; those who supported democratic form of government were corrupt and

1435:اساس این مجلس محترم مقدس بر امور مذکور مبتنی است. بر هر مسلمی سعی و اهتمام در استحکام و تشیید این اساس قویم لازم، و اقدام در موجبات اختلال آن محاده و معانده با صاحب شریعت مطهره علی الصادع بها و آله الطاهرین افضل الصلاه و السلام، و خیانت به دولت قوی شوکت است. 1911:

coalition of "the educated middle class", the mid-level clerics and the seminary students who "maintain an enormous amount of control and power over the pious masses", and "most crucially, the business class – the merchant class – the bazaari merchants".

1480:

and attacked merchants and looted stores. Nouri's ties to the court of the shah and landlords reinforced his fanaticism. He even contacted the Russian embassy for support and his men delivered sermons against democracy in mosques, resulting in chaos.

804:

The Constitutional Revolution began in 1905 with protest against a foreign director of customs (a Belgian) enforcing "with bureaucratic rigidity" the tariff collections to pay for a loan to another foreign source (Russians) that financed the shah's

792:), Iran's parliament amended the constitution on December 12, 1925, replacing the 1797–1925 Qajar dynasty with the Pahlavi dynasty as the legitimate sovereigns of Iran. The 1906–1907 constitution, though not adhered to, remained until after the 1058:

large loans from Russia and Britain to pay for the Shah's extravagant lifestyle and the cost of the government; the shah financed a royal tour of Europe in 1900 by borrowing ₽22 million from Russia, using Iranian customs receipts as collateral.

1242:, the sixth Qajar shah, came to power in January 1907. He opposed the constitution. The British switched their support to the shah, abandoning the constitutionalists. In August of that year, taking advantage of Iran's weakness, the 1831:), my stature and prestige, my service to Islam are about to fall into the hands of enemies and all my stature gone. As long as I breathe, therefore, I will strive for the preservation of this country, be it at the cost of my life" 91:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG). 889:

Under the Qajar dynasty (1789–1925), foreign (Western) mass-manufactured products, "especially textiles, undermined the traditional handicrafts, and consequently presented for many bazaars a mutual enemy – the foreigner." In

4240: 582: 1705:) of all Shiites, have issued clear fatwas that uphold the necessity of the Constitution. Aside from their words, they have also shown this by their actions. They see in Constitution the support for splendour of Islam. 1898:

named after him. This was despite the fact that Nouri was defending the monarchy against the constitution, and the Islamic Revolution (before Khomeini consolidated power) had been all about the overthrow of the shah.

1223:

required to be fully literate in Persian, "Iranian subjects of Iranian extraction," "locally known," "not be in government employment," between the ages of 30 and 70, and "have some insight into affairs of State."

1476:

the city for several days, and killed the representative Sa'd al-Saltanih. Nouri himself recruited mercenaries from criminal gangs to harass supporters of democracy. On December 22, 1907, Nouri led a mob towards

4891: 1648:', (essential the worst condemnation possible in Shi'i Islam). In so doing they established a model of religious secularity in government in the absence of Imam, that still prevails in (some) Shi'i seminaries. 1789:, another prominent Marja of Najaf. Both Mohammad Kazem and Khorasani led a great Shia school in Najaf although they had different views in politics at the same time. While Akhund Khorasani was an eminent 1852:, who, with the assistance of Russian troops staged a coup against the Majlis (parliament) in 1907. In 1909, however, constitutionalists marched onto Tehran, ending the Minor Tyranny. Nouri was arrested. 5048: 1594:

Like Islamists later in the 20th century, Nouri preached the idea of sharia as a complete code of social life, not just religious ritual, and any other codes were both unnecessary and against Islam.

1090:

The first Majlis (October 7, 1906 – June 23, 1908); chairman Mortezā Qoli Khan Sani od-Dauleh, who had been finance minister for seven months when he was assassinated on 6 February 1911 by two

1855:

The Revolutionary Tribunal declared Nouri guilty of inciting mobs against the constitutionalists and issuing fatwas declaring parliamentary leaders "apostates", "atheists," "secret Freemasons" and

1461:

made clear his desire to roll back democracy and reestablish his authority by military and foreign support (in 1908), Shaikh Fazlullah reversed his position and sided with the shah and his court.

4943: 676: 4445: 575: 1663:

He who wins his own soul, protects his religion, is against following his desires and is obedient to the command of his Master; that is the person whom the people should take as their model.

1396: 777:

The revolution ended in December 1911 when the Shah's ministers oversaw the expulsion of the deputies of the Second Majlis from the parliament "with the support of 12,000 Russian troops".

1332:

clergy among the Iranian people that went beyond issues directly involved with religion. (Usuli Shi'i consider it obligatory for a Muslim not trained in the religious sciences to obey a

1287:

After shelling the Majles (parliament) of Iran in the capital Tehran, 40,000 of Mohammad Ali Shah's soldiers were ordered to attack Tabriz, where Constitutional rebels were holding out.

5415: 1636: – defended the parliament when it came under attack from the cleric of the shah's court, Nouri. They acted as a legitimising force, invoking the Quranic command of ' 5555: 568: 3412: 1862:(warlike pagans) whose blood ought to be shed by the faithful. He was found guilty of "sowing corruption and sedition on earth," and in July 1909, Nouri was hanged as a traitor. 1231:

to be the state religion, and called for a council of five high ranking Twelver Shia clerics to ensure that the laws passed by the parliament were not against the laws of Islam.

766:

with Russian and British support. This led to a second effort with constitutionalist forces marching to Tehran, forced Mohammad Ali Shah's abdication in favor of his young son

5070: 1578:

He argued Islam contained a complete code of life, whereas democracy would allow for "teaching of chemistry, physics and foreign languages", which would cause the spread of

865:, Iran lost "Georgia, Armenia, and their Caspian navy" to Russia, "gave up its claims to Afghanistan, and paid an indemnity of three million pounds to the tsar". In the 4936: 2331: 1659:, the Thiqa tul-islam from Tabriz, opposed Nuri saying that only the opinion of the sources of emulation is worthy of consideration in the matters of faith. He wrote: 1041:'s accession Persia faced a financial crisis, with annual governmental expenditures far in excess of revenues as a result of the policies of his father. The monarch, 854:

In the late 19th century, like most of the Muslim world, Iran suffered from foreign intrusion and exploitation, military weakness, lack of cohesion, and corruption.

4438: 899:

Other concessions to the British included giving the new Imperial Bank of Persia exclusive rights to issue banknotes, and opening up the Karun River to navigation.

1532:"Because Nouri is causing trouble and sedition, his interfering in any affair is forbidden." —Mirza Husayn Tehrani, Muhammad Kazim Khurasani, Abdallah Mazandaran. 1182:

first met in October 1906. The shah was old and frail, and attending the inauguration of parliament was one of his last official acts. Mozaffar ad-Din Shah's son,

4782: 5351: 5336: 4378: 4291: 5346: 5560: 5420: 4929: 2581: 2396: 1612:

Unlike Islamists, he saw the king as the "executive of the Islamic government", and a debilitation of the power of the king as "a derogation of religion".

5570: 5565: 5440: 4912: 4431: 39: 5435: 5400: 3794: 384: 5358: 94:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

5063: 102: 5269: 1508:

Notified about Nouri's activities, Akhund Khurasani consulted the other Marja' and in a letter dated December 30, 1907, they issued a statement:

1490: 1395: 158: 124: 63: 5117: 4220: 4136: 4096: 3965: 3925: 3900: 3769: 3595: 2722: 2565: 1344:, understood that he could not use royal prestige and tradition to fight constitutional government. Instead, he would find religious allies. 1140: 1106:

for price-gouging. The city's merchants rebelled, closing its bazaar. The clergy followed suit as a result of the alliance formed during the

1014: 1538:

However, Nouri continued his activities and a few weeks later Akhund Khurasani and his fellow Marja's argued for his expulsion from Tehran:

5450: 5122: 4572: 4536: 4612: 2165: 4304:

Foran, John. "The Strengths and Weaknesses of Iran's Populist Alliance: A Class Analysis of the Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911",

1637: 886:

network and in Tehran a regular police force, a municipal civil service, etc., they were also spent on consumption by the shah's court.

5380: 5056: 3039: 1030: 5173: 4511: 4115: 2416: 1895: 1053:(1896–1907), who often relied on his chancellor to manage his decentralized state. His dire financial straits caused him to sign many 303: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 4397: 1325:

that effectively shut down tobacco use in Iran and reversed the monopoly agreement on tobacco, showed the enormous influence of the

826:(parliaments), a deposed shah and a 1907 division of the country by Britain and Russia capitalizing on Iran's weak government. A new 5455: 5148: 4353: 4326: 4299: 4282: 4165: 4075: 4051: 3838: 2591: 2110:

while disarming the revolutionaries in Tehran as commander of Tehran's police force during the interim constitutionalist government.

1246:

was signed, dividing Iran into a Russian zone in the north and a British zone in the south; the center of the country was neutral.

1709:

He firmly opposed the idea of a supervisory committee of Tehran's clerics censoring the conduct of the parliament, and said that:

1765:

As "sanctioned by sacred law and religion", Akhund believes, a theocratic government can only be formed by the infallible Imam.

1409:

trying to undermine legitimacy of democracy in the name of religious law. Akhund Khurasani and the other two members of the trio (

1347:

There were clergy on both sides of the dispute. On the side of constitutional government were three of the highest level clerics (

5425: 5226: 4321:(تاریخ مشروطهٔ ایران) (History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution), in Persian, 951 p. (Negāh Publications, Tehran, 2003), 2144: 267: 257: 5274: 5251: 1468:

In his fight against the institution of parliament, he led a large group of followers and began a round-the-clock sit-in in the

611: 5550: 4647: 4506: 2366: 2282: 2013: 1818: 1562:"Restore peace and expel Nouri as quickly as possible." – Mirza Husayn Tehrani, Muhammad Kazim Khurasani, Abdallah Mazandaran. 446: 1437:الاحقر نجل المرحوم الحاج میرزا خلیل قدس سره محمد حسین، حررّہ الاحقر الجانی محمد کاظم الخراسانی، من الاحقر عبدالله المازندرانی 830:

created a parliament, giving it final approval of all loans and the budget. The majles was endorsed by the leading clerics of

5430: 5279: 5236: 4988: 4850: 4557: 4366: 3861: 2381: 2341: 1179: 1168: 763: 606: 218: 4998: 4993: 4881: 2603:

Tilmann J. Röder, "The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives" in Rainer Grote and Tilmann J. Röder,

1380:, who argued that only the sources of emulation (highest level clerics) should be heeded when it comes to matters of faith. 781: 1894:, Nouri, as the leader of the Constitutional Revolution's opponents, was celebrated enough in the Islamic Republic to have 1689:

Let us consider the idea that the constitution is against Sharia law: all oppositions of this kind are in vain because the

115:

Content in this edit is translated from the existing Persian Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.

5410: 5246: 5024: 4790: 4577: 2288: 2181: 1933: 498: 5445: 5284: 4855: 4835: 2270: 2033: 1281: 1213: 1046: 827: 755: 648: 208: 1924: 1633: 1414: 1360: 843: 2607:(Oxford University Press 2012), pp. 321–372. The article includes an English translation of the following documents: 307: 1280:

as Persia's treasurer-general. In response, Russia issued an ultimatum to expel Shuster and suspend the parliament,

5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5405: 4637: 4602: 4567: 4531: 4475: 3830: 2239: 2206: 2176: 1050: 1042: 1038: 806: 751: 516: 369: 172: 5086: 2147:– Aristocrat and landowner who was accused of a bomb attack on Mohammad Ali Shah and freed by British troops 2018: 928:

petty officials, venal clerics, and arbitrary courts, and of the low status of women." The "mercantile class" or

5112: 4757: 4727: 3957: 2371: 2276: 2248: 1164: 493: 451: 5465: 5460: 5158: 4886: 4348:, Volume I, translated into English by Evan Siegel, 347 p. (Mazda Publications, Costa Mesa, California, 2006). 3911: 2346: 2264: 2171: 1731: 1625: 1368: 1352: 1243: 835: 110: 131: 1603:

And if the Marja' religious leader that a Shi'i Muslim followed supported democracy, that Muslim should not:

916:

The political base of the constitutionalist movement to control the power of the shah was an alliance of the

631: 374: 5107: 4795: 4772: 4712: 4697: 4642: 4587: 4480: 3917: 2243: 2233: 2125: 1937: 1497: 1458: 1341: 1255: 1239: 1202: 1187: 1183: 1022: 952: 744: 704: 527: 488: 406: 337: 272: 214: 5510: 5505: 5320: 4840: 4762: 4662: 4521: 2697: 2306: 2300: 2223: 2007: 1493: 1469: 1372: 1277: 1269:

defected from the constitutionalists, helping the shah kill some revolutionaries and bomb the parliament.

1190:) by December 31, 1906, making his power contingent on the will of the people, and died three days later. 1034: 866: 616: 548: 456: 621: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5305: 5241: 5153: 4896: 4805: 4747: 4717: 4592: 3711: 2652: 2361: 2320: 1656: 1377: 1054: 862: 643: 626: 461: 299: 30:

This article is about the 1905–1911 Iranian revolution. For the revolution that took place in 1979, see

1114:

protesters returned from the shrine in triumph, riding royal carriages and hailed by a jubilant crowd.

4632: 4146: 1772: 5315: 5219: 5178: 4692: 4526: 4516: 2421: 2356: 2351: 2294: 1991: 1786: 1629: 1410: 1356: 839: 663: 653: 3879: 5143: 4800: 4722: 4707: 4687: 4582: 3984: 2189: 2150: 1997: 1641: 1322: 1102:

loan for Mozaffar ad-Din Shah's royal tour. In December of that year, two merchants in Tehran were

262: 2714:

The Political Thought of Ayatollah Murtaza Mutahhari: An Iranian Theoretician of the Islamic State

5341: 5194: 5138: 4972: 4845: 4767: 4752: 4672: 4607: 4374: 4370: 4197: 4020: 4012: 2896: 2406: 2386: 2194: 2057: 1891: 1878: 1026: 991: 956: 858: 793: 362: 31: 17: 4384: 3467: 2609:

The Fundamental Law (Qanun-e Asasi-e Mashruteh) of the Iranian Empire of 14th Dhu-‘l-Qa’dah 1324

2062: 1228: 5163: 5019: 4860: 4677: 4657: 4617: 4501: 4349: 4322: 4295: 4278: 4257: 4249: 4216: 4161: 4132: 4111: 4092: 4071: 4047: 4004: 3971: 3961: 3931: 3921: 3896: 3857: 3834: 3820: 3591: 3585: 3487: 2718: 2712: 2587: 2561: 2401: 2376: 2218: 2200: 2092: 2083: 1929: 1874: 1849: 1206: 979: 771: 759: 658: 538: 470: 224: 106: 3040:"The retreat by the Parliament in overseeing the financial matters is a retreat of democracy" 1797:, many imitators (followers) prayed behind Kazem Yazdi too, as his lessons on legal rulings ( 1340:, when seeking to determine Islamically correct behavior.) After this debacle, the new Shah, 5363: 5310: 5037: 4622: 4541: 4485: 4245: 4189: 3996: 3479: 3047: 3043: 2888: 2252: 2229: 2160: 2038: 1944: 1740: 1672: 1583: 1544: 1514: 1423: 1329: 1293: 785: 767: 695: 543: 532: 521: 35: 1186:, was unsympathetic to constitutionalism; the shah signed the constitution (modeled on the 796:

a new constitution was approved on 2 and 3 December 1979 establishing an Islamic Republic.

5003: 4830: 4682: 4652: 4058:

This book is also available in two volumes, published by Amir Kabir Publications in 1984.

2391: 2325: 2155: 2113: 1968: 1453: 1384: 1318: 1266: 1107: 1010: 942: 638: 379: 1558:الداعی محمد حسین نجل المرحوم میرزا خلیل، الداعی محمد کاظم الخراسانی، عبدالله المازندرانی 1399:

The trio: (left to right) Akhund Khurasani, Mirza Husayn Tehrani and Abdullah Mazandarani

1254:

In 1908, the shah moved to "exploit the divisions within the ranks of the reformers" and

1049:

shortly before his death. Weakness and extravagance continued during the brief reign of

3824: 3028: 2185: 2087: 1844:

Shaykh Ibrahim Zanjani was head of the tribunal who sentenced Fazlullah Nouri to death.

1667: 1489: 1099: 732: 424: 419: 4070:. Vol. I. Translated by Evan Siegel. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publications. 1066: 166: 5394: 4921: 4876: 4627: 4562: 4314: 4032: 4024: 3850: 3793:

Mohammad, Linah; Kenin, Justine; Kelly, Mary Louise; Aslan, Reza (October 14, 2022).

2411: 2336: 2139: 2131: 2052: 2047: 1262: 1103: 975: 728: 325: 252: 4423: 1167:

in what has been called a "vast open-air school of political science". Demand for a

1155: 560: 4810: 4702: 2119: 1961: 995: 4277:

Browne, Edward G., "The Persian Revolution of 1905–1909", Mage Publishers (1995).

4269: 1006: 978:, issued a fatwa declaring the use of tobacco to be tantamount to war against the 933:

for a time) that their "hierocracy vis-a-vis the monarchy" would not be weakened.

739:, and has been called an "epoch-making episode in the modern history of Persia". 4210: 4126: 4086: 4000: 3890: 1500:

in 1908. He was hanged by the constitutional revolutionaries on 31 July 1909 (in

1371:, (aka Akhund Khurasani) was the most involved in the issue, he and his student 809:) extravagant tour of Europe. The revolutionaries – mainly bazaar merchants, the 5300: 4742: 4732: 4597: 4417: 4287: 2107: 2103: 2077: 2071: 2027: 1982: 1972: 1955: 1288: 1079: 1075: 747:

had struggled for so long to sustain, was finally replaced by new institutions.

483: 466: 3913:

Iran's first revolution: Shi'ism and the constitutional revolution of 1905–1909

2698:"Pahlavi Dynasty – Dictionary definition of Pahlavi Dynasty – Encyclopedia.com" 2613:

The Amendment of the Fundamental Law of the Iranian Empire of 29th Sha’ban 1325

1098:

In 1905, protests erupted about the imposition of Persian tariffs to repay the

1086: 4737: 4667: 4407: 4193: 3935: 3878:

Amanat, Abbas (1992). "Constitutional Revolution i. Intellectual background".

3413:"The Notional Basis of Social Order in Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri's Understanding" 2236:

during the rule of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar who shelled and besieged Parliament

2197:– American teacher who fought with the constitutionalists and was killed 1948: 1907: 1840: 1501: 1477: 736: 478: 193: 4261: 4110:(1st University of Texas Press ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. 4008: 3975: 3491: 3483: 1717:, … we don't have the right to entrust government to a group of four or five 1644:, and linked opposition to the constitutional movement to 'a war against the 1272:

Persia tried to remain free of Russian influence through resistance (via the

1776:

Kazim Yazdi: the apolitical Marja of Najaf at times of democratic revolution

1261:, staging a coup d'état and creating a period in Iranian history called the 1091: 411: 332: 4346:

History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution: Tārikh-e Mashrute-ye Iran

4068:

History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution: Tarikh-e Mashrute-ye Iran

3795:"How protests in Iran are similar to the Constitutional Revolution of 1906" 1790: 1621: 1363:– who telegraphed fatwa in favor of the constitution from their schools in 1348: 1337: 971: 3953:

Iranian Constitutional Revolution and the Clerical Leadership of Khurasani

3951: 1333: 1163:

During the summer of 1906, about 12,000 men camped in the gardens of the

1128: 1124: 4016: 4201: 4177: 2900: 2876: 2097: 2042: 1976: 1579: 963: 929: 891: 113:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

4309: 2184:– Leader of revolutionary forces from the northern provinces of 1131:

killed 22 protesters and injured 100. The bazaar again closed and the

962:

This led to unprecedented nationwide protest erupting first among the

5091: 2066: 1588: 1119: 1071: 970:. In December 1891, the most important religious authority in Iran, 921: 2892: 2128:– Satirist, writer and pioneer of the Iranian women's movement 2122:– Bakhtiari tribal leader whose forces captured Tehran in 1909 2086:– Founder of a revolutionary movement based in the forests of 1135:

went on strike, a large number taking sanctuary in the holy city of

5168: 4892:

Russian Empire involvement in the Persian Constitutional Revolution

2022: 1981: 1960: 1943: 1923: 1857: 1839: 1802: 1794: 1771: 1756: 1666: 1645: 1488: 1394: 1364: 1326: 1197: 1154: 1085: 1065: 1005: 967: 917: 870: 831: 811: 286: 1528:محمد حسین (نجل) میرزا خلیل، محمد کاظم خراسانی، عبدالله مازندرانی 5081: 4953: 4088:

Religion and Rebellion in Iran: The Tobacco Protest of 1891-1892

3468:"Religious secularity: A vision for revisionist political Islam" 3329:محسن کدیور، "سیاست نامه خراسانی"، ص١٨٠، طبع دوم، تہران سنه ۲۰۰۸ء 3305:محسن کدیور، "سیاست نامه خراسانی"، ص۱۷۷، طبع دوم، تہران سنه ۲۰۰۸ء 3192:محسن کدیور، "سیاست نامه خراسانی"، ص۱۶۹، طبع دوم، تہران سنه ۲۰۰۸ء 2558:

Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911

1798: 1457:

legislature that represented the country. However, when monarch

88: 5052: 4925: 4427: 4178:"The Anti-Constitutionalist Arguments of Shaikh Fazlallah Nuri" 1276:) to the shah's policies. Parliament appointed American lawyer 564: 175:

which established the constitutional monarchy on August 5, 1906

3856:. California: University of California Press. pp. 92–97. 1136: 44: 4402: 4369:, Professor of History and International and Area Studies at 3078:

Tribes & empire on the margins of nineteenth-century Iran

2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 3916:. Studies in Middle Eastern history. Oxford & New York: 3535: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2623: 2621: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2793: 2791: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 1383:

The leader of those opposing constitutional government was

3985:"Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement" 3750: 3748: 3664: 3662: 3313: 3311: 3104: 3102: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2510: 2508: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2462: 2460: 2458: 4333:

This book is also available in two volumes, published by

3506: 3504: 3502: 3134: 3132: 3119: 3117: 1599:

law of the Prophet and have set up their own law instead.

1117:

During a fight in early 1906, government forces killed a

3892:

The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran

3164: 3162: 3149: 3147: 2951:

The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran

2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 1472:

on June 21, 1907 which lasted till September 16, 1907.

1452:

At the beginning of the constitutional movement, Sheikh

2106:– Armenian Iranian revolutionary leader. Wounded 1526:چون نوری مخل آسائش و مفسد است، تصرفش در امور حرام است. 27:

1909 Iranian uprising against monarch Mohammad Ali Shah

3042:(in Persian). Mardom-Salari, No. 1734, 20 Bahman 1386 982:, using the strongest possible language to oppose the 895:

into ruin, "turning fields and villages into desert".

4128:

The Iranians: Persia, Islam, and the Soul of a Nation

2203:– Liberal nationalist and future prime minister 1496:(d. 1909), a cleric who supported the coup d'état of 709: 4387:

Photographs of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran

4158:

The History of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran

2953:. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1851686162, p. 215 84: 5329: 5293: 5262: 5187: 5131: 5100: 5012: 4981: 4960: 4869: 4823: 4781: 4550: 4494: 4468: 4461: 435: 233: 200: 188: 180: 151: 4239: 3849: 3768:Khomeini, Sayyid Ruhullah Musawi. "Introduction". 3758:, University of California Press, 1999 p. 24 2226:– Cleric who was hanged after the revolution 1801:) were famous. Yazdi was apolitical, holding that 1309:shah's cabinet, backed by 12,000 Russian troops". 34:. For the series of reforms launched in 1963, see 4292:The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906–1911" 1556:رفع اغتشاشات حادثه و تبعید نوری را عاجلاً اعلام. 4046:] (in Persian). Tehran: Negāh Publications. 4044:History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution 3080:, University of Washington Press, 2009. (p. 172) 2877:"Iranian Revolutions in Comparative Perspective" 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2332:History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution 1870:The legacy of the revolution in Iran is mixed. 1713:this delicate subject shall be submitted to the 1250:The Minor Tyranny and the civil war of 1908–1909 5416:People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution 4308:, Vol. 20, No. 6 (Dec 1991), pp. 795–823. 4172:In 7 volumes, published in 3 volumes (1697 pp.) 3584:Hann, G.; Dabrowska, K.; Greaves, T.T. (2015). 1883: 1824: 1711: 1687: 1661: 1605: 1596: 1448:Fazlollah Nouri and the anti-constitutionalists 1296:, and re-established the constitution in 1909. 904: 879: 731:. The revolution led to the establishment of a 727:, took place between 1905 and 1911 during the 3742:by Amir Adler and Adler (1985), pp. 45–46 2010:– Nationalist writer and literary critic 758:shortly before his death. He was succeeded by 109:accompanying your translation by providing an 75:Click for important translation instructions. 62:expand this article with text translated from 5556:History of civil rights and liberties in Iran 5064: 4937: 4439: 2232:– Russian colonel and commander of the 2030:– Participated in the defense of Tabriz 955:granted a concession to an Englishman, Baron 920:, liberal and radical intellectuals, and the 715: 576: 8: 5347:Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war 3771:Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist 1994:– First elected Prime Minister of Iran 3587:Iraq: The ancient sites and Iraqi Kurdistan 2397:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 819:cabinet, backed by 12,000 Russian troops". 5071: 5057: 5049: 4944: 4930: 4922: 4465: 4446: 4432: 4424: 3852:Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic 3617: 3411:Naderi, H.; Mohaddesi., H. (Spring 2017). 3024: 3022: 2964:Social Movements in Twentieth-Century Iran 2937: 2797: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2746: 2543: 2531: 2514: 2499: 2478: 2466: 2449: 2080:– Sālār-e Melli (national chieftain) 1677: 1033:, when he was visiting and praying in the 583: 569: 561: 165: 148: 5337:Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict 4375:in Persian, Radio Zamaneh, August 7, 2008 4341:1961 edition is in one volume, 934 pages. 2583:The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions 2168:– Intellectual and social reformer. 1835: 471: 5359:Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine 3692: 3680: 3668: 3653: 3641: 3629: 3571: 3559: 3522: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3317: 3281: 3269: 3257: 3229: 3217: 3201: 3180: 3108: 2979:. University of California, 1969, p. 208 2925: 1848:Nouri allied himself with the new Shah, 1736: 1640:' to justify democracy in the period of 1620:The three of the highest level clerics ( 1540: 1510: 1419: 4062:1961 edition is in one 934-page volume. 3881:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 2 3726: 3713:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 2 3547: 3510: 3466:Ghobadzadeh, Naser (October 17, 2013). 3453: 3338: 3138: 3123: 2988: 2821: 2654:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 2 2433: 1730:Responding to Nouri's arguments Akhund 1681:; January 19, 1861 – December 31, 1911) 1300:Tehran "succeeded in disarming them". 38:. For similarly named revolutions, see 3538:"، ص ۲۱۴-۲۱۵، طبع دوم، تہران سنه ۲۰۰۸ء 3168: 3153: 3013: 2825: 2809: 2684: 2627: 2605:Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries 159:constitutionalization attempts in Iran 4151:Tārikh-e Enqelāb-e Mashrutyyat-e Iran 3441: 3293: 3205: 2213:Monarchists (Anti-Constitutionalists) 2116:– Armenian revolutionary leader 2100:– Armenian revolutionary leader 1127:). In a skirmish shortly afterwards, 762:, who abolished the constitution and 7: 5123:Consulate General of Russia, Isfahan 4160:]. Tehran: Sokhan Publications. 3590:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 292. 2977:Religion and State in Iran 1785–1906 2560:. Westview Press. pp. 116–117. 1986:Second anniversary of the revolution 822:In between there were two different 4394:Slide Show, narrated by Bāqer Āqeli 4294:, Columbia University Press. 1996. 4271:The Persian Constitutional Movement 4241:"Constitutional Revolution in Iran" 3895:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1928:Poster commemorating the July 1909 1676: 1638:enjoining good and forbidding wrong 789: 716: 699: 246:Revolution: June 1905 – August 1906 5421:People executed by Iran by hanging 5174:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 4512:Malek Mansur Mirza Shoa O-Saltaneh 3472:Philosophy & Social Criticism' 3002:Smoke: A Global History of Smoking 2417:Women in Constitutional Revolution 2000:– Founder and editor of the 1750: 1554: 1524: 1433: 1025:was assassinated on 1 May 1896 by 902:Nikki R. Keddie points out that 351:Civil war: August 1906 – July 1909 25: 5571:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 5566:Wars involving the Russian Empire 5441:Persian Constitutional Revolution 5232:Persian Constitutional Revolution 5149:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723) 4613:Mirza Abdul'Rahim Talibov Tabrizi 4455:Persian Constitutional Revolution 4403:Constitutional Revolution of Iran 4365:Reza Jamāli in conversation with 3950:Farzaneh, Mateo Mohammad (2015). 3046:(9 February 2008). Archived from 2249:Alexander Khan Setkhanian – 2166:Mirza Abdul'Rahim Talibov Tabrizi 1836:Nouri's execution and celebration 725:Constitutional Revolution of Iran 692:Persian Constitutional Revolution 594:Persian Constitutional Revolution 152:Persian Constitutional Revolution 18:Iranian constitutional revolution 5436:20th-century Iranian politicians 5401:19th-century Iranian politicians 5376: 5375: 5352:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 5227:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 5090: 5080: 4908: 4907: 4410: 4389:, in Persian, Jadid Online, 2007 4248:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 3704:Šarīf Kāšānī, I, pp. 61–63; cf. 2242:– Deputy Commander of the 1785:Nouri tried to get support from 1678:ثقة الاسلام میرزا علی آقا تبریزی 1205:treats an injured man after the 994:as well, according to Historian 764:bombarded the parliament in 1908 531: 520: 510: 418: 356: 319: 49: 4648:Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai 2367:Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai 2283:Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai 2014:Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai 1892:1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution 1879:1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution 1819:Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai 1147:on the grounds of the embassy. 772:re-established the constitution 462:Haydar Khan Amo-oghli Tariverdi 121:{{Translated|fa|انقلاب مشروطه}} 5561:Iran–Russia military relations 5381:Category:Iran–Russia relations 5280:1908 bombardment of the Majlis 5270:1903 Isfahan anti-Baháʼí riots 4952:Changes in political power in 4558:Kamran Mirza Nayeb es-Saltaneh 4256:(3rd ed.). Brill Online. 3983:Hermann, Denis (May 1, 2013). 3004:. Reaktion Books, 2004, p. 60. 3000:Gilman, Sander, and Zhou Xun. 2881:The American Historical Review 2875:Keddie, Nikki R. (June 1983). 2382:Islamic fundamentalism in Iran 2342:Intellectual movements in Iran 1180:National Consultative Assembly 1143:, which agreed to shelter the 119:You may also add the template 1: 5247:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 5118:Ambassadors of Russia to Iran 4791:Zahra Khanom Tadj es-Saltaneh 4578:Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni 3710:"Constitutional Revolution". 2651:"Constitutional Revolution". 2182:Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni 2145:Amanollah Khan Zia' os-Soltan 1934:Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni 1139:. Many merchants went to the 869:, it agreed to withdraw from 499:Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni 5285:Russian occupation of Tabriz 4856:Russian occupation of Tabriz 4836:Persian Constitution of 1906 4507:Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan 4176:Martin, V. A. (April 1986). 4108:Qājār Persia: eleven studies 4001:10.1080/00263206.2013.783828 3889:Arjomand, Said Amir (1989). 3826:Iran Between Two Revolutions 3417:Iranian Journal of Sociology 3241: 3089: 3060: 2271:Sayyed Jamal ad-Din Esfahani 2074:– Revolutionary leader 2019:Mohamad Vakil Altodjâr Yazdi 1697:, who are today the models ( 1582:. He propagandized against 1265:. It was at this point that 1214:Persian Constitution of 1906 1151:Creation of the constitution 1094:in Tehran, is in the center. 392:Society of College graduates 209:Persian Constitution of 1906 5451:Iranian democracy movements 5275:Siege of Tabriz (1908–1909) 5252:Iranian famine of 1942–1943 4723:Jahangir-Khan Sur-e-Esrafil 4106:Lambton, Ann K. S. (1988). 3848:Abrahamian, Ervand (1993). 3708:I, pp. 390–391; quoted in: 2949:Mottahedeh, Roy P. (2000). 1932:. The men on horseback are 1634:Shaykh Abdullah Mazandarani 1485:Fatwas for the Constitution 1415:Shaykh Abdullah Mazandarani 1361:Shaykh Abdullah Mazandarani 844:Shaykh Abdullah Mazandarani 710: 304:School of Political Science 132:Knowledge (XXG):Translation 5587: 4638:Haji-Mirza Hassan Roshdieh 4603:Morteza Gholi Khan Hedayat 4568:Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma 4532:Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma 4476:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar 4319:Tārikh-e Mashruteh-ye Iran 4154:تاريخ انقلاب مشروطيت ايران 4037:Tārikh-e Mashruteh-ye Iran 3831:Princeton University Press 2717:. Routledge. p. 138. 2711:Mahmood T. Davari (2004). 2387:Iranian Revolution of 1979 2240:Eskandar Khan Davidkhanian 2207:Morteza Gholi Khan Hedayat 2177:Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma 1814:Sayyed Moḥammad Ṭabāṭabāʾī 1211: 1070:Revolutionary fighters in 1051:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar 1021:The fourth Qajar monarch, 940: 807:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar 752:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar 677:Russian Empire involvement 173:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar 83:Machine translation, like 29: 5372: 5113:Embassy of Russia, Tehran 5033: 4905: 4758:Jamshid Bahman Jamshidian 4215:. Oneworld Publications. 4212:The Mantle of the Prophet 4194:10.1080/00263208608700658 4085:Keddie, Nikki R. (1966). 3958:Syracuse University Press 3716:. 1992. pp. 163–216. 2966:. Lexington, 2005, p. 86. 2657:. 1992. pp. 163–216. 2556:Berberian, Houri (2001). 2372:Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani 2277:Sayyed Abdullah Behbahani 1141:British embassy in Tehran 602: 494:Najaf-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari 452:Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani 440: 295:Committee of Guild Elders 238: 164: 156: 64:the corresponding article 40:Constitutional Revolution 5456:20th-century revolutions 5159:Anglo-Russian Convention 4887:Jungle Movement of Gilan 4882:1921 Persian coup d'état 4274:. British Academy, 1918. 4153: 4039: 3484:10.1177/0191453713507014 3033:The Strangling of Persia 2347:Muhammad Kazim Khurasani 2309:, anti-constitutionalist 2303:, anti-constitutionalist 2265:Mohammad-Kazem Khorasani 2172:Abdolhossein Teymourtash 1732:Muhammad Kazim Khurasani 1726:Muhammad Kazim Khurasani 1671:Thiqa tul-Islam Tabrizi( 1569:Leading clerical figures 1369:Muhammad Kazim Khurasani 1244:Anglo-Russian Convention 782:1921 Persian coup d'état 5426:Executed Iranian people 5108:Embassy of Iran, Moscow 4796:Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi 4773:Edward Granville Browne 4713:Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi 4698:Mahammad Amin Rasulzade 4643:Jamal al-Din al-Afghani 4588:Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari 4481:Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar 4335:Amir Kabir Publications 4209:Mottahedeh, R. (2014). 4125:Mackey, Sandra (1996). 4066:Kasravi, Ahmad (2006). 3918:Oxford University Press 2844:"Tobacco Protest, Iran" 2234:Persian Cossack Brigade 2126:Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi 1498:Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar 1459:Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar 1240:Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar 1184:Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar 1031:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 745:Naser al-Din Shah Qajar 489:Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari 375:Society of Azerbaijanis 268:Revolutionary Committee 258:Social Democratic Party 215:Constitutional monarchy 130:For more guidance, see 5551:Politics of Qajar Iran 5321:Amir Kazim Mirza Qajar 4763:William Morgan Shuster 4663:Mirza Abutaleb Zanjani 4522:Sheikh Fazlollah Noori 4396:, Jadid Online, 2007: 4254:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4182:Middle Eastern Studies 3989:Middle Eastern Studies 3910:Bayat, Mangol (1991). 3038:Mohammad-Reza Nazari. 2307:Mirza Abutaleb Zanjani 2301:Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri 2224:Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri 2008:Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani 1987: 1979: 1958: 1941: 1888: 1845: 1833: 1777: 1723: 1707: 1682: 1665: 1610: 1601: 1574:Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri 1505: 1494:Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri 1470:Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine 1400: 1376:constitutionalism was 1373:Muhammad Hossein Naini 1367:, Iraq; of the three, 1278:William Morgan Shuster 1209: 1203:Amir Khan Amir al-Alam 1160: 1095: 1083: 1035:Shah Abdul-Azim Shrine 1018: 909: 883: 867:Treaty of Paris (1857) 457:Muhammad Hossein Naini 292:Committee of Merchants 280:Semi-organized groups: 204:Revolutionary victory 171:Royal proclamation by 5431:People from Nur, Iran 5306:Mohammad Taqi Pessian 5242:Battle of Robat Karim 5154:Treaty of Turkmenchay 5087:Iran–Russia relations 4897:Iranian Enlightenment 4806:Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari 4748:Haydar Khan Amo-oghli 4718:Mirza Fatali Akhundov 2611:(December 30, 1906); 2362:Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi 2321:Young Turk Revolution 2251:Second in command to 1985: 1964: 1947: 1927: 1843: 1775: 1670: 1657:Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi 1652:Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi 1492: 1404:Early fatwa by marja' 1398: 1378:Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi 1201: 1158: 1089: 1069: 1047:the 1906 constitution 1009: 863:Treaty of Turkmenchay 756:the 1906 constitution 723:), also known as the 308:School of Agriculture 289:and seminary students 103:copyright attribution 5411:Iranian Shia clerics 5316:Ali Qulu Mirza Qajar 5179:Marine Security Belt 4693:Mohammad Ali Tarbiat 4527:Mirza Nasrullah Khan 4238:Ansari, Ali (2016). 4091:. Psychology Press. 4040:تاریخ مشروطهٔ ایران) 3756:Tortured Confessions 3754:Abrahamian, Ervand, 3204:, pp. 173–174; 2422:Bourgeois revolution 2357:Abdallah Mazandarani 2352:Mirza Husayn Tehrani 2295:Mohammed Kazem Yazdi 2065:– Activist in 1992:Mirza Nasrullah Khan 1915:Notable participants 1787:Mohammed Kazem Yazdi 1781:Mohammed Kazem Yazdi 1630:Mirza Husayn Tehrani 1589:apostates from Islam 1411:Mirza Husayn Tehrani 1357:Mirza Husayn Tehrani 1188:Belgian constitution 1043:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah 1039:Mozaffar al-Din Shah 840:Mirza Husayn Tehrani 721:Enghelāb-e Mashrūteh 5446:Revolutions in Iran 5144:Treaty of Kurakchay 4801:Sediqeh Dowlatabadi 4708:Mohammad-Taqi Bahar 4688:Mirza Alakbar Sabir 4583:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek 4268:Browne, Edward G., 3884:. pp. 163–176. 3740:The Spirit of Allah 3183:, pp. 173–174. 2687:, pp. 150–155. 2630:, pp. 163–176. 2580:Jack A. Goldstone. 2291:, constitutionalist 2289:Mirza Hussein Naini 2285:, constitutionalist 2279:, constitutionalist 2273:, constitutionalist 2267:, constitutionalist 2151:Mohammad-Taqi Bahar 1998:Mirza Jahangir Khan 1323:Mirza Hasan Shirazi 976:Mirza Hasan Shirazi 912:Discontented groups 790:کودتای ۳ اسفند ۱۲۹۹ 671:Associated articles 263:Society of Humanity 5342:Axis of Resistance 5195:Russo-Persian Wars 5139:Treaty of Gulistan 4851:Majlis Bombardment 4768:Howard Baskerville 4753:Mirza Reza Kermani 4673:Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda 4608:Mehdi Qoli Hedayat 4551:Constitutionalists 4371:University of Yale 4306:Theory and Society 4244:. In Fleet, Kate; 3821:Abrahamian, Ervand 3536:سیاست نامه خراسانی 3050:on April 27, 2009. 2962:Poulson, Stephen. 2615:(October 7, 1907). 2407:Secularism in Iran 2195:Howard Baskerville 2058:Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda 2041:– Active in 1988: 1980: 1959: 1942: 1920:Constitutionalists 1846: 1778: 1701:) and the refuge ( 1683: 1506: 1401: 1342:Mohammad Ali Qajar 1210: 1161: 1159:Parliament in 1906 1096: 1084: 1082:are in the center. 1027:Mirza Reza Kermani 1019: 992:Iranian Revolution 957:Paul Julius Reuter 859:Treaty of Gulistan 794:Islamic Revolution 607:Majlis Bombardment 447:Mohammad Tabatabai 111:interlanguage link 32:Iranian Revolution 5501:Conflicts in 1911 5496:Conflicts in 1910 5491:Conflicts in 1909 5486:Conflicts in 1908 5481:Conflicts in 1907 5476:Conflicts in 1906 5471:Conflicts in 1905 5406:Iranian Islamists 5388: 5387: 5164:Tehran Conference 5046: 5045: 4919: 4918: 4861:Triumph of Tehran 4819: 4818: 4678:Rais al-Mojahedin 4658:Mohammad Khiabani 4618:Mirza Malkam Khan 4502:Abdol Majid Mirza 4222:978-1-78074-738-5 4147:Malekzādeh, Mehdi 4138:978-0-525-94005-0 4098:978-0-7146-1971-2 3967:978-0-8156-3388-4 3927:978-0-19-506822-1 3902:978-0-19-504258-0 3597:978-1-84162-488-4 3220:, pp. 50–52. 3029:W. Morgan Shuster 2928:, pp. 48–49. 2761:, pp. 46–47. 2724:978-1-134-29488-6 2586:Routledge, 2015 2567:978-0-8133-3817-0 2452:, pp. 76–77. 2402:Triumph of Tehran 2377:Ruhollah Khomeini 2259:Religious leaders 2219:Abdol Majid Mirza 2201:Mohammed Mosaddeq 2093:Mirza Malkom Khan 2084:Mirza Kuchak Khan 1930:Triumph of Tehran 1875:Ruhollah Khomeini 1850:Mohammad Ali Shah 1763: 1762: 1566: 1565: 1536: 1535: 1445: 1444: 1235:Mohammad Ali Shah 1207:Triumph of Tehran 1123:(a descendant of 1023:Naser al-Din Shah 953:Naser al-Din Shah 760:Mohammad Ali Shah 708: 685: 684: 559: 558: 528:Mohammad Ali Shah 431: 430: 389:Society of Guilds 225:Triumph of Tehran 143: 142: 76: 72: 16:(Redirected from 5578: 5379: 5378: 5364:Axis of Upheaval 5311:Shafi Khan Qajar 5237:Persian Campaign 5101:Diplomatic posts 5095: 5094: 5085: 5084: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5050: 5038:Politics of Iran 4946: 4939: 4932: 4923: 4911: 4910: 4846:the First Majlis 4824:Important events 4633:Heydar Latifiyan 4623:Hassan Taqizadeh 4542:Vladimir Liakhov 4486:Ahmad Shah Qajar 4466: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4265: 4243: 4226: 4205: 4171: 4142: 4121: 4102: 4081: 4057: 4028: 3979: 3956:. Syracuse, NY: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3906: 3885: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3855: 3844: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3765: 3759: 3752: 3743: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3497: 3495: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3306: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3157: 3151: 3142: 3136: 3127: 3121: 3112: 3106: 3097: 3087: 3081: 3074: 3068: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3026: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2973: 2967: 2960: 2954: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2872: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2848:Encyclopedia.com 2840: 2829: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2729: 2728: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2659: 2658: 2648: 2631: 2625: 2616: 2601: 2595: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2518: 2512: 2503: 2497: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2453: 2447: 2253:Vladimir Liakhov 2230:Vladimir Liakhov 2161:Hassan Taqizadeh 2136:Heydar Latifiyan 2039:Hossein Ardabili 2034:Seyed Jamal Vaez 1877:, leader of the 1737: 1680: 1679: 1626:Akhund Khurasani 1624:) at the time – 1584:female education 1541: 1511: 1478:Tupkhanih Square 1420: 1391:Important events 1353:Akhund Khurasani 1351:) at the time – 1313:Religious debate 1294:Ahmad Shah Qajar 1282:occupying Tabriz 1194:The constitution 1029:, a follower of 836:Akhund Khurasani 791: 768:Ahmad Shah Qajar 719: 718: 713: 703: 701: 597: 595: 585: 578: 571: 562: 544:Vladimir Liakhov 535: 524: 517:Mozafaredin Shah 515: 514: 513: 473: 423: 422: 361: 360: 359: 324: 323: 322: 240: 239: 169: 149: 122: 116: 89:Google Translate 74: 70: 53: 52: 45: 36:White Revolution 21: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5466:1910s conflicts 5461:1900s conflicts 5391: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5368: 5325: 5289: 5258: 5183: 5127: 5096: 5089: 5079: 5077: 5047: 5042: 5029: 5008: 4977: 4956: 4950: 4920: 4915: 4901: 4865: 4841:Siege of Tabriz 4831:Tobacco Protest 4815: 4777: 4683:Mirzadeh Eshghi 4653:Hassan Modarres 4593:Colonel Pessian 4573:Ali Asghar Khan 4546: 4490: 4457: 4452: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4398:(4 min 30 sec). 4392: 4379:Audio recording 4362: 4344:Ahmad Kasravi, 4250:Rowson, Everett 4237: 4234: 4232:Further reading 4229: 4223: 4208: 4175: 4168: 4155: 4145: 4139: 4124: 4118: 4105: 4099: 4084: 4078: 4065: 4054: 4041: 4031: 3982: 3968: 3949: 3940: 3938: 3928: 3909: 3903: 3888: 3877: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3847: 3841: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3777: 3775: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3753: 3746: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3709: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3618:Mottahedeh 2014 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3500: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3179: 3175: 3167: 3160: 3152: 3145: 3137: 3130: 3122: 3115: 3107: 3100: 3088: 3084: 3076:Arash Khazeni, 3075: 3071: 3059: 3055: 3037: 3036: 3027: 3020: 3012: 3008: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2974: 2970: 2961: 2957: 2948: 2944: 2938:Abrahamian 1982 2936: 2932: 2924: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2893:10.2307/1864588 2874: 2873: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2842: 2841: 2832: 2824:, p. 223; 2820: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2798:Abrahamian 1982 2796: 2789: 2783:Abrahamian 1982 2781: 2777: 2771:Abrahamian 1982 2769: 2765: 2759:Abrahamian 1982 2757: 2753: 2747:Abrahamian 1982 2745: 2732: 2725: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2662: 2650: 2649: 2634: 2626: 2619: 2602: 2598: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2544:Abrahamian 1982 2542: 2538: 2532:Abrahamian 1982 2530: 2521: 2515:Abrahamian 1982 2513: 2506: 2500:Abrahamian 1982 2498: 2485: 2479:Abrahamian 1982 2477: 2473: 2467:Abrahamian 1982 2465: 2456: 2450:Abrahamian 1982 2448: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2392:Tobacco Protest 2326:History of Iran 2316: 2261: 2244:Cossack Brigade 2215: 2156:Sevkaretsi Sako 2114:Arshak Gafavian 2021:– Deputy 1969:Arshak Gafavian 1966:(left to right) 1922: 1917: 1868: 1838: 1752: 1691:hujjaj al-islam 1646:Imam of the Age 1571: 1559: 1529: 1504:) as a traitor. 1454:Fazlullah Nouri 1438: 1393: 1385:Fazlullah Nouri 1315: 1306: 1252: 1237: 1229:Twelver Shi'ism 1216: 1196: 1165:British embassy 1153: 1108:Tobacco Protest 1064: 1015:British Embassy 1004: 1002:Mozaffar ad-Din 966:, and then the 951:In March 1890, 945: 943:Tobacco Protest 939: 937:Tobacco protest 914: 852: 828:fundamental law 802: 688: 687: 686: 681: 668: 598: 593: 591: 589: 555: 554: 553: 511: 509: 504: 503: 427: 417: 416: 407:Cossack Brigade 396: 395: 380:Central Society 357: 355: 343: 342: 338:Cossack Brigade 320: 318: 313: 312: 277: 229: 196: 176: 139: 138: 137: 120: 114: 77: 54: 50: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5584: 5582: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5393: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5344: 5339: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5053: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5040: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4926: 4917: 4916: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4537:Amin al-Soltan 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4517:Sheikh Khaz'al 4514: 4509: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4495:Authoritarians 4492: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4470: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4443: 4436: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4385:Shokā Sahrāi, 4382: 4361: 4360:External links 4358: 4357: 4356: 4342: 4312: 4302: 4285: 4275: 4266: 4246:Krämer, Gudrun 4233: 4230: 4228: 4227: 4221: 4206: 4188:(2): 181–196. 4173: 4166: 4143: 4137: 4122: 4117:978-0292769007 4116: 4103: 4097: 4082: 4076: 4063: 4052: 4033:Kasravi, Ahmad 4029: 3995:(3): 430–453. 3980: 3966: 3947: 3926: 3907: 3901: 3886: 3875: 3862: 3845: 3839: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3785: 3774:. Al-Islam.org 3760: 3744: 3738:Taheri, Amir, 3731: 3729:, p. 440. 3719: 3706:Tārīḵ-e bīdārī 3697: 3695:, p. 218. 3685: 3683:, p. 217. 3673: 3671:, p. 216. 3658: 3656:, p. 215. 3646: 3634: 3632:, p. 214. 3622: 3620:, p. 118. 3610: 3596: 3576: 3574:, p. 200. 3564: 3562:, p. 201. 3552: 3550:, p. 434. 3540: 3527: 3525:, p. 203. 3515: 3513:, p. 439. 3498: 3458: 3456:, p. 435. 3446: 3444:, p. 181. 3434: 3403: 3401:, p. 198. 3391: 3389:, p. 197. 3379: 3367: 3365:, p. 199. 3355: 3353:, p. 196. 3343: 3341:, p. 437. 3331: 3322: 3320:, p. 212. 3307: 3298: 3296:, p. 182. 3286: 3284:, p. 205. 3274: 3272:, p. 160. 3262: 3260:, p. 193. 3250: 3234: 3232:, p. 195. 3222: 3210: 3208:, p. 181. 3194: 3185: 3173: 3171:, p. 191. 3158: 3156:, p. 183. 3143: 3141:, p. 430. 3128: 3126:, p. 438. 3113: 3111:, p. 162. 3098: 3082: 3069: 3053: 3018: 3016:, p. 131. 3006: 2993: 2991:, p. 248. 2981: 2975:Algar, Hamid. 2968: 2955: 2942: 2930: 2913: 2887:(3): 579–598. 2860: 2830: 2814: 2812:, p. 143. 2802: 2787: 2775: 2763: 2751: 2730: 2723: 2703: 2689: 2660: 2632: 2617: 2596: 2573: 2566: 2548: 2536: 2519: 2504: 2483: 2471: 2454: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2328: 2323: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2246: 2237: 2227: 2221: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2142: 2137: 2134: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2101: 2095: 2090: 2088:Gilan Province 2081: 2075: 2069: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2036: 2031: 2025: 2016: 2011: 2005: 1995: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1905: 1904: 1867: 1864: 1837: 1834: 1816: 1815: 1783: 1782: 1761: 1760: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1728: 1727: 1654: 1653: 1618: 1617: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1487: 1486: 1450: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1406: 1405: 1392: 1389: 1314: 1311: 1305: 1302: 1267:Fazlollah Nori 1256:eliminate the 1251: 1248: 1236: 1233: 1212:Main article: 1195: 1192: 1152: 1149: 1063: 1062:First protests 1060: 1003: 1000: 941:Main article: 938: 935: 913: 910: 851: 848: 801: 798: 683: 682: 680: 679: 673: 672: 667: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 635: 634: 629: 624: 619: 609: 603: 600: 599: 590: 588: 587: 580: 573: 565: 557: 556: 552: 551: 546: 541: 536: 525: 506: 505: 502: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 464: 459: 454: 449: 443: 442: 441: 438: 437: 433: 432: 429: 428: 425:Russian Empire 415: 414: 409: 403: 401:Qajar dynasty 399: 397: 394: 393: 390: 387: 382: 377: 372: 370:Tabriz Council 366: 352: 348: 345: 344: 341: 340: 335: 329: 316: 314: 311: 310: 296: 293: 290: 283: 281: 276: 275: 273:Secret Society 270: 265: 260: 255: 249: 247: 243: 236: 235: 231: 230: 228: 227: 222: 212: 205: 202: 198: 197: 192: 190: 186: 185: 182: 178: 177: 170: 162: 161: 154: 153: 147: 146: 141: 140: 136: 135: 128: 117: 95: 92: 81: 78: 59: 58: 57: 55: 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5583: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5511:1910s in Iran 5509: 5507: 5506:1900s in Iran 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5383: 5382: 5371: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5074: 5069: 5067: 5062: 5060: 5055: 5054: 5051: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4935: 4933: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4914: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4877:Qajar dynasty 4875: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4728:Saad ad-Daula 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4628:Ahmad Kasravi 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4563:Hassan Pirnia 4561: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4444: 4442: 4437: 4435: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4419: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4388: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4354:1-56859-197-7 4351: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4327:964-351-138-3 4324: 4320: 4316: 4315:Ahmad Kasravi 4313: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4301: 4300:0-231-10351-4 4297: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4283:0-934211-45-0 4280: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4167:964-372-095-0 4163: 4159: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4083: 4079: 4077:1-56859-197-7 4073: 4069: 4064: 4061: 4055: 4053:964-351-138-3 4049: 4045: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3948: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3876: 3865: 3859: 3854: 3853: 3846: 3842: 3840:0-691-10134-5 3836: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3796: 3789: 3786: 3773: 3772: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3720: 3715: 3714: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3694: 3693:Farzaneh 2015 3689: 3686: 3682: 3681:Farzaneh 2015 3677: 3674: 3670: 3669:Farzaneh 2015 3665: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3654:Farzaneh 2015 3650: 3647: 3644:, p. 52. 3643: 3642:Arjomand 1989 3638: 3635: 3631: 3630:Farzaneh 2015 3626: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3611: 3599: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3572:Farzaneh 2015 3568: 3565: 3561: 3560:Farzaneh 2015 3556: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3541: 3537: 3534:محسن کدیور، " 3531: 3528: 3524: 3523:Farzaneh 2015 3519: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3435: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3399:Farzaneh 2015 3395: 3392: 3388: 3387:Farzaneh 2015 3383: 3380: 3377:, p. 51. 3376: 3375:Arjomand 1989 3371: 3368: 3364: 3363:Farzaneh 2015 3359: 3356: 3352: 3351:Farzaneh 2015 3347: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3318:Farzaneh 2015 3314: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3282:Farzaneh 2015 3278: 3275: 3271: 3270:Farzaneh 2015 3266: 3263: 3259: 3258:Farzaneh 2015 3254: 3251: 3247: 3245: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3230:Farzaneh 2015 3226: 3223: 3219: 3218:Arjomand 1989 3214: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3202:Farzaneh 2015 3198: 3195: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3181:Farzaneh 2015 3177: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3109:Farzaneh 2015 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3093: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3064: 3057: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2940:, p. 73. 2939: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2926:Arjomand 1989 2922: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2803: 2800:, p. 59. 2799: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2785:, p. 57. 2784: 2779: 2776: 2773:, p. 14. 2772: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2749:, p. 51. 2748: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2707: 2704: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2655: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2592:1-135-93758-3 2589: 2585: 2584: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2549: 2546:, p. 91. 2545: 2540: 2537: 2534:, p. 95. 2533: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2517:, p. 97. 2516: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2502:, p. 84. 2501: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2481:, p. 81. 2480: 2475: 2472: 2469:, p. 83. 2468: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2412:Ibn al-Sheikh 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2337:Ahmad Kasravi 2334: 2333: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2140:Ahmad Kasravi 2138: 2135: 2133: 2132:Hassan Pirnia 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2053:Stepan Zorian 2051: 2049: 2048:Aref Ghazvini 2046: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2002:Sur-e Esrafil 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1896:an expressway 1893: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1853: 1851: 1842: 1832: 1830: 1823: 1820: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1710: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1473: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1447: 1446: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330:Twelver Shi'i 1328: 1324: 1320: 1312: 1310: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1263:Minor Tyranny 1260: 1259: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1157: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1093: 1088: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1001: 999: 997: 993: 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 960: 958: 954: 949: 944: 936: 934: 931: 925: 923: 919: 911: 908: 903: 900: 896: 893: 887: 882: 878: 874: 872: 868: 864: 861:and the 1828 860: 855: 849: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 820: 816: 814: 813: 808: 799: 797: 795: 787: 783: 778: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 748: 746: 740: 738: 737:Persia (Iran) 734: 730: 729:Qajar dynasty 726: 722: 717:انقلاب مشروطه 712: 706: 697: 693: 678: 675: 674: 670: 669: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 614: 613: 610: 608: 605: 604: 601: 596: 586: 581: 579: 574: 572: 567: 566: 563: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 539:Eyn-ed-Dowleh 537: 534: 529: 526: 523: 518: 508: 507: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 474: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 439: 434: 426: 421: 413: 410: 408: 405: 404: 402: 398: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 367: 365: 364: 353: 350: 347: 346: 339: 336: 334: 331: 330: 328: 327: 326:Qajar dynasty 315: 309: 305: 301: 297: 294: 291: 288: 285: 284: 282: 279: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 253:Secret Center 251: 250: 248: 245: 242: 241: 237: 232: 226: 223: 220: 216: 213: 210: 207: 206: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 174: 168: 163: 160: 155: 150: 145: 133: 129: 126: 118: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 93: 90: 86: 82: 80: 79: 73: 67: 65: 60:You can help 56: 47: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5546:1911 in Iran 5541:1910 in Iran 5536:1909 in Iran 5531:1908 in Iran 5526:1907 in Iran 5521:1906 in Iran 5516:1905 in Iran 5374: 5231: 5004:1980 attempt 4967: 4811:Zainab Pasha 4703:Aref Qazvini 4454: 4393: 4386: 4367:Abbās Amānat 4345: 4339:Amir Kabir's 4338: 4334: 4330: 4318: 4305: 4288:Afary, Janet 4270: 4253: 4211: 4185: 4181: 4157: 4150: 4127: 4107: 4087: 4067: 4060:Amir Kabir's 4059: 4043: 4036: 3992: 3988: 3952: 3939:. Retrieved 3912: 3891: 3880: 3869:December 30, 3867:. Retrieved 3851: 3825: 3799:. Retrieved 3788: 3776:. Retrieved 3770: 3763: 3755: 3739: 3734: 3727:Hermann 2013 3722: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3688: 3676: 3649: 3637: 3625: 3613: 3601:. Retrieved 3586: 3579: 3567: 3555: 3548:Hermann 2013 3543: 3530: 3518: 3511:Hermann 2013 3478:(10): 1009. 3475: 3471: 3461: 3454:Hermann 2013 3449: 3437: 3425:. Retrieved 3420: 3416: 3406: 3394: 3382: 3370: 3358: 3346: 3339:Hermann 2013 3334: 3325: 3301: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3253: 3243: 3242:Abrahamian, 3237: 3225: 3213: 3197: 3188: 3176: 3139:Hermann 2013 3124:Hermann 2013 3091: 3090:Abrahamian, 3085: 3077: 3072: 3062: 3061:Abrahamian, 3056: 3048:the original 3032: 3009: 3001: 2996: 2989:Lambton 1988 2984: 2976: 2971: 2963: 2958: 2950: 2945: 2933: 2904:. Retrieved 2884: 2880: 2851:. Retrieved 2847: 2828:, p. 5. 2822:Lambton 1988 2817: 2805: 2778: 2766: 2754: 2713: 2706: 2692: 2653: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2582: 2576: 2557: 2551: 2539: 2474: 2330: 2120:Sardar Assad 2001: 1965: 1951: 1906: 1889: 1884: 1872: 1869: 1856: 1854: 1847: 1828: 1825: 1817: 1808: 1784: 1767: 1764: 1729: 1721:from Tehran. 1718: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1662: 1655: 1619: 1616:Three marja' 1611: 1608:is unclean'. 1606: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1577: 1555: 1537: 1525: 1507: 1474: 1467: 1463: 1451: 1434: 1407: 1382: 1346: 1316: 1307: 1298: 1286: 1273: 1271: 1257: 1253: 1238: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1177: 1172: 1162: 1144: 1132: 1118: 1116: 1111: 1097: 1020: 996:Nikki Keddie 988: 983: 961: 950: 946: 926: 915: 905: 901: 897: 888: 884: 880: 875: 857:In the 1813 856: 853: 823: 821: 817: 810: 803: 779: 776: 749: 741: 724: 720: 711:Mashrūtiyyat 691: 689: 632:Shanb Ghazan 592: 436:Lead figures 400: 354: 349: 317: 300:Dar ul-Funun 298:Students of 278: 244: 144: 107:edit summary 98: 71:(March 2021) 69: 61: 5301:Abbas Mirza 5294:Individuals 4982:Coup d'état 4743:Nikol Duman 4733:Sattar Khan 4598:Yeprem Khan 4462:Key figures 4418:Iran portal 3603:February 3, 3169:Martin 1986 3154:Martin 1986 3014:Keddie 1966 2826:Keddie 1966 2810:Mackey 1996 2685:Mackey 1996 2628:Amanat 1992 2108:Sattar Khan 2104:Yeprem Khan 2078:Bagher Khan 2072:Sattar Khan 2028:Nikol Duman 1973:Yeprem Khan 1956:Sattar Khan 1938:Sardar Asad 1642:occultation 1417:) replied: 1289:Sattar Khan 1104:bastinadoed 1080:Bagher Khan 1076:Sattar Khan 1055:concessions 980:Hidden Imam 664:Atabak Park 484:Yeprem Khan 467:Sattar Khan 211:promulgated 201:Resulted in 5395:Categories 5013:Deposition 4961:Revolution 4738:Bāqer Khān 4668:Iraj Mirza 4131:. Dutton. 3936:1051306470 3863:0520081730 3442:Bayat 1991 3294:Bayat 1991 3244:Khomeinism 3206:Bayat 1991 3092:Khomeinism 3063:Khomeinism 2429:References 2190:Mazandaran 2063:Mehdi Cont 1949:Baqir Khan 1908:Reza Aslan 1903:Reza Aslan 1890:After the 1873:Ayatollah 1502:Toopkhaneh 1319:1891 fatwa 1169:parliament 974:-e taqlid 850:Background 780:After the 733:parliament 649:2nd Tabriz 617:Ana Khatun 612:1st Tabriz 549:Rahim Khan 479:Baqir Khan 412:Shahsevans 363:Parliament 221:instituted 219:Parliament 66:in Persian 5263:Incidents 5220:Abbasabad 5215:1826–1828 5210:1804–1813 5205:1722–1723 5200:1651–1653 5188:Conflicts 5132:Diplomacy 4337:in 1984. 4262:1873-9830 4025:143672216 4009:0026-3206 3976:931494838 3941:April 30, 3801:April 30, 3778:April 19, 3492:0191-4537 3427:April 30, 2853:April 19, 2297:, neutral 2004:newspaper 1734:replied: 1336:, i.e. a 1092:Georgians 1011:Sanctuary 774:in 1909. 705:romanized 644:Astarabad 622:Sari Dagh 184:1905–1911 125:talk page 4913:Category 4870:See also 4469:Monarchs 4252:(eds.). 4149:(2004). 4035:(2003). 4017:23471080 3823:(1982). 2314:See also 1860:al-harbi 1745:English 1549:English 1519:English 1428:English 1334:mujtahid 1129:Cossacks 1125:Muhammad 627:Hokmavar 333:Nazmiyeh 189:Location 157:Part of 101:provide 5330:Related 4968:1905–06 4202:4283111 3813:Sources 3248:: p. 95 3096:: p. 93 3067:: p. 92 2906:May 11, 2901:1864588 2098:Khetcho 2043:Mashhad 1977:Khetcho 1803:Usulism 1741:Persian 1719:mullahs 1693:of the 1673:Persian 1580:atheism 1545:Persian 1515:Persian 1424:Persian 1304:The end 1100:Russian 1045:signed 1013:at the 964:bazaari 930:bazaari 892:Isfahan 800:History 786:Persian 754:signed 707:: 700:مشروطیت 696:Persian 654:Isfahan 469: ( 385:Dashnak 234:Parties 123:to the 105:in the 68:. 4352: 4325: 4298: 4281: 4260: 4219: 4200: 4164: 4135: 4114: 4095: 4074: 4050: 4023: 4015: 4007: 3974: 3964: 3934: 3924: 3899: 3860: 3837: 3594: 3490: 3246:, 1993 3094:, 1993 3065:, 1993 2899: 2721: 2594:p. 245 2590: 2564: 2067:Kerman 1975:, and 1952:(left) 1866:Legacy 1858:koffar 1791:Marja' 1715:atabat 1703:malija 1699:marja' 1695:atabat 1622:marja' 1349:marja' 1338:marja' 1274:majlis 1258:majlis 1173:majlis 1120:sayyid 1072:Tabriz 1017:, 1906 972:marja' 922:bazaar 824:majles 770:, and 659:Tehran 530: 519: 194:Persia 4783:Women 4331:Note: 4310:JSTOR 4198:JSTOR 4156:[ 4042:[ 4021:S2CID 4013:JSTOR 3797:. NPR 2897:JSTOR 2186:Gilan 2023:Rasht 1829:waṭan 1795:Najaf 1757:Mahdi 1365:Najaf 1327:Usuli 1145:basti 1133:ulama 1112:basti 1037:. At 984:Régie 968:ulama 918:ulama 871:Herat 832:Najaf 812:ulama 750:Shah 714:, or 639:Rasht 287:Ulama 85:DeepL 5169:P5+1 5025:1941 5020:1909 4999:1953 4994:1921 4989:1908 4973:1979 4954:Iran 4350:ISBN 4323:ISBN 4296:ISBN 4279:ISBN 4258:ISSN 4217:ISBN 4162:ISBN 4133:ISBN 4112:ISBN 4093:ISBN 4072:ISBN 4048:ISBN 4005:ISSN 3972:OCLC 3962:ISBN 3943:2022 3932:OCLC 3922:ISBN 3897:ISBN 3871:2016 3858:ISBN 3835:ISBN 3803:2023 3780:2023 3605:2017 3592:ISBN 3488:ISSN 3429:2023 2908:2023 2855:2023 2719:ISBN 2588:ISBN 2562:ISBN 2188:and 1954:and 1936:and 1799:fiqh 1685:and 1632:and 1413:and 1359:and 1317:The 1178:The 1078:and 842:and 690:The 306:and 217:and 181:Date 99:must 97:You 4290:, " 4190:doi 3997:doi 3480:doi 3423:(1) 2889:doi 2335:by 1793:in 1591:. 1321:by 1137:Qom 846:. 834:– 735:in 472:WIA 87:or 5397:: 4381:). 4373:, 4329:. 4317:, 4196:. 4186:22 4184:. 4180:. 4019:. 4011:. 4003:. 3993:49 3991:. 3987:. 3970:. 3960:. 3930:. 3920:. 3833:. 3829:. 3747:^ 3661:^ 3501:^ 3486:. 3476:39 3474:. 3470:. 3421:18 3419:. 3415:. 3310:^ 3161:^ 3146:^ 3131:^ 3116:^ 3101:^ 3044:AH 3031:, 3021:^ 2916:^ 2895:. 2885:88 2883:. 2879:. 2863:^ 2846:. 2833:^ 2790:^ 2733:^ 2663:^ 2635:^ 2620:^ 2522:^ 2507:^ 2486:^ 2457:^ 2436:^ 1971:, 1675:: 1628:, 1355:, 1284:. 1074:; 998:. 838:, 788:: 702:, 698:: 302:, 5072:e 5065:t 5058:v 4945:e 4938:t 4931:v 4447:e 4440:t 4433:v 4391:. 4377:( 4264:. 4225:. 4204:. 4192:: 4170:. 4141:. 4120:. 4101:. 4080:. 4056:. 4027:. 3999:: 3978:. 3945:. 3905:. 3873:. 3843:. 3805:. 3782:. 3607:. 3496:. 3494:. 3482:: 3431:. 2910:. 2891:: 2857:. 2727:. 2700:. 2570:. 1940:. 1827:( 1171:( 805:( 784:( 694:( 584:e 577:t 570:v 475:) 134:. 127:. 42:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index