126:
31:
302:
In
January 2004, Kuwait decided to install a new 135-mile (217 km) iron barrier along the border. The barrier was estimated to have cost $ 28 million and the entire length of the border; asphalted roads were also constructed to facilitate border security movement.
66:, and then follows this wadi as it flows north-eastwards. The border then turns east, following a straight line for 32 km (20 mi), before another straight line veers to the south-east for 26 km (16 mi), terminating at the coast by the junction of the
299:, is braced by a 15-foot-wide (4.6 m) and 15-foot-deep (4.6 m) trench, complete with a 10-foot-high (3.0 m) dirt berm and guarded by hundreds of soldiers, several patrol boats, and helicopters. Construction of the barrier began in 1991.
223:, which accurately mapped the boundary and then demarcated it on the ground, following the 1932 line with some small adjustments. The border initially was accepted by Kuwait but not Iraq. Iraq accepted the border in November 1994. The
631:
200:
in 1963, a treaty of friendship was signed the same year by which Iraq recognised the 1932 border. Despite this, the treaty was never ratified thus remaind unbinding, and was later rejected by the
764:"FINAL REPORT ON THE DEMARCATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF IRAQ AND THE STATE OF KUWAIT BY THE UNITED NATIONS IRAQ-KUWAIT BOUNDARY DEMARCATION COMMISSION"
118:). The convention was never ratified therefore remained not binding. Finally, the Ottomans and British emerged as enemies within months of the convention, as the outbreak of
224:
639:
285:
995:
851:
919:
114:, by which the Ottomans recognised British claims on Kuwait, divided from Ottoman Mesopotamia along the Wadi al-Batin (the so-called 'green line',
724:
556:
875:
197:
201:
185:
islands were
Kuwaiti territoriality, though the precise positioning of the northern straight line segments near Safwan remained imprecise.
386:
125:
794:
204:. Over the ensuing decade Iraq often raised the issue of sea access and the traditional claim to Kuwait, most notably in 1973 with the
141:, supported by Britain, succeeded in removing the Ottomans from most of the Middle East. As a result of the secret 1916 Anglo-French
683:
530:
505:
188:
Kuwait gained independence in 1961, though Iraq refused to recognise the country claiming it as part of Iraq, which resulted in a
235:
111:
103:
1039:
988:
600:
282:
99:
1018:
770:
1044:
583:
912:
177:, Britain confirmed that the border between Iraq and Kuwait would run along the Wadi al-Batin, as well as confirming that
952:
1049:
804:
635:
205:
981:
830:
660:
Helene von
Bismarck, "The Kuwait Crisis of 1961 and its Consequences for Great Britain's Persian Gulf Policy", in
344:
238:
said Iraq and Kuwait would hold talks aimed at resolving the maritime border dispute between the two countries.
905:
219:
by which Kuwait's sovereignty was restored. In July 1992 the matter of border demarcation was referred to the
962:
942:
227:
monitored the border during the period 1991–2003. Relations between the two states have improved since the
957:
736:
166:
142:
937:
433:
728:
102:. Britain and the Ottoman Empire theoretically divided their realms of influence via the so-called "
879:
835:
799:
212:
129:
Map with red circle and green circle boundaries according to the Anglo-Ottoman
Convention of 1913
107:
466:"The Iraq-Kuwait boundary dispute: historical background and the UN decisions of 1992 and 1993"
395:
679:
579:
526:
501:
189:
808:
78:
Historically there was no clearly defined boundary in this part of the Middle East; Kuwait
749:
296:
251:
174:
150:
134:
67:
364:
292:
262:
220:
178:
162:
91:
30:
769:. Legal Office of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. 1993.
699:
465:
1033:
182:
154:
146:
83:
63:
608:
763:
317:
278:
274:
170:
158:
51:
47:
17:
193:
138:
119:
87:
632:"Gauging the Iraqi Threat to Kuwait in the 1960s - UK Indications and Warning"
523:
Reclaiming Iraq: The 1920 Revolution and the
Founding of the Modern State
322:
228:
216:
95:
43:
79:
270:
973:
852:"Kuwait foreign minister sees progress on maritime border with Iraq"
388:
International
Boundary Study No. 103 – Kuwait-Saudi Arabia Boundary
897:
288:, its stated purpose was to stop a re-invasion of Kuwait by Iraq.
124:
29:
266:
977:
901:
422:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), 308, and 319.
557:"Proto-political conceptions of Iraq in late Ottoman times"
62:
The border starts in the west at the Saudi tripoint on the
165:
in 1921, following a previous policy of centralization by
273:, and across the full length of their mutual border from
599:
James Paul & Martin Spirit; Robinson, Peter (2008).
876:"Kuwait installs iron barrier on its borders with Iraq"
161:
that demanded independence, the three
Vilayets became
434:"Negotiating the Saudi-Yemeni international boundary"
545:
The new
Cambridge modern history. Volume xii. p.293.
42:
is 254 km (158 mi) in length and runs from the
561:
International
Journal of Contemporary Iraqi Studies
234:In February 2023, Kuwait's foreign minister Sheikh
145:Britain gained control of the Ottoman Vilayets of
725:"Tenth anniversary of the Gulf War: A look back"
878:. Arabic News. 14 January 2004. Archived from
225:United Nations Iraq–Kuwait Observation Mission
989:
913:
576:The Ottoman Administration of Iraq, 1890-1908
525:. University of Texas Press. pp. 10–11.
8:
605:Riots, Rebellions, Gunboats and Peacekeepers
70:and Khor as Subiyah opposite Hajjam Island.
678:. Oxford University Press. pp. 71–72.
664:, vol. II, no. 1 (September 2009) pp. 75-96
122:diminished any hope left for ratification.
996:
982:
974:
920:
906:
898:
86:administration from 1875 until the end of
829:Crossette, Barbara (November 11, 1994).
94:controlled what is now Iraq and Britain
500:. Oxford University Press. p. 16.
459:
457:
455:
453:
451:
420:Britain and the Persian Gulf, 1894-1914
356:
265:extending six miles (9.7 km) into
90:. At the start of the 20th century the
745:
734:
727:. CNN. 17 January 2001. Archived from
281:. Constructed by authorisation of the
215:and annexed Kuwait, precipitating the
468:. IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin
173:. In 1932, the year that Iraq gained
34:Map of Kuwait, with Iraq to the north
7:
831:"Iraqis to accept Kuwait's borders"
432:Richard Schofield (31 March 1999).
394:, 15 September 1970, archived from
255:
196:in support of Kuwait. Following an
295:, made of electrified fencing and
25:
269:, three miles (4.8 km) into
630:Mobley, Richard A. (2007–2008).
236:Salem Abdullah Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
112:Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913
776:from the original on 2022-01-23
601:"Kuwait: The first crisis 1961"
283:United Nations Security Council
261:) is a 120-mile (190 km)
1:
705:. Public Broadcasting Service
464:Harry Brown (October 1994).
805:Central Intelligence Agency
636:Central Intelligence Agency
578:. Routledge. pp. 4–5.
307:Settlements near the border
206:1973 Samita border skirmish
1066:
850:Irish, John (2023-02-18).
486:Wilkinson, 61, 66, and 96.
1009:
933:
574:Gökhan Çetinsaya (2006).
366:CIA World Factbook – Iraq
676:War in the Gulf, 1990-91
674:Khadduri, Majid (2001).
498:War in the Gulf, 1990-91
496:Khadduri, Majid (2001).
259:Hudud al-'Irāq-al-Kuwayt
159:revolt broke out in Iraq
555:Visser, Reidar (2009).
98:controlled Kuwait as a
807:. 2000. Archived from
744:Cite journal requires
700:"Frontline Chronology"
521:Kadhim, Abbas (2012).
229:fall of Saddam Hussein
130:
35:
1045:International borders
418:Briton Cooper Busch,
345:Iraq–Kuwait relations
202:revolutionary command
143:Sykes-Picot Agreement
128:
33:
811:on December 11, 2000
731:on 11 December 2008.
27:International border
1050:Geography of Kuwait
248:Iraq–Kuwait barrier
192:by Britain and the
54:coast in the east.
50:in the west to the
18:Iraq-Kuwait barrier
1040:Iraq–Kuwait border
836:The New York Times
800:The World Factbook
256:حدود العراق-الكويت
131:
40:Iraq–Kuwait border
36:
1027:
1026:
1004:Borders of Kuwait
971:
970:
401:on 11 August 2019
16:(Redirected from
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998:
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704:
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690:
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671:
665:
658:
652:
651:
649:
647:
642:on June 13, 2007
638:. Archived from
627:
621:
620:
618:
616:
607:. Archived from
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928:Borders of Iraq
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662:British Scholar
659:
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629:
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614:
612:
611:on 2 April 2015
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297:concertina wire
244:
135:First World War
76:
68:Khawr Abd Allah
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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5:
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286:resolution 689
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221:United Nations
163:mandatory Iraq
92:Ottoman Empire
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26:
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882:on 2012-07-16
881:
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843:
839:. p. A1.
838:
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685:9780199923861
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116:see map right
113:
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97:
93:
89:
85:
84:Basra Vilayet
81:
73:
71:
69:
65:
64:Wadi al-Batin
57:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
1019:Saudi Arabia
1013:
953:Saudi Arabia
947:
884:. Retrieved
880:the original
870:
859:. Retrieved
855:
845:
834:
824:
813:. Retrieved
809:the original
798:
789:
778:. Retrieved
758:
737:cite journal
729:the original
719:
707:. Retrieved
694:
675:
669:
661:
656:
644:. Retrieved
640:the original
625:
613:. Retrieved
609:the original
604:
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569:
560:
550:
541:
522:
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497:
491:
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470:. Retrieved
438:. Retrieved
427:
419:
414:
403:, retrieved
396:the original
387:
381:
370:, retrieved
365:
359:
301:
290:
279:Persian Gulf
275:Saudi Arabia
263:border fence
258:
247:
245:
233:
210:
187:
175:independence
132:
115:
108:Violet lines
100:protectorate
77:
61:
52:Persian Gulf
48:Saudi Arabia
39:
37:
194:Arab League
139:Arab Revolt
133:During the
120:World War I
88:World War I
82:fell under
58:Description
1034:Categories
861:2023-02-21
815:2021-09-01
780:2022-09-18
585:1134294956
351:References
198:Iraqi coup
157:. After a
231:in 2003.
110:" in the
771:Archived
709:20 March
440:30 March
436:. Al-Bab
339:See also
323:Umm Qasr
217:Gulf War
171:Ottomans
96:de facto
44:tripoint
886:6 April
856:Reuters
472:1 April
405:1 April
372:1 April
277:to the
242:Barrier
213:invaded
179:Bubiyan
167:Mamluks
151:Baghdad
106:" and "
80:de jure
74:History
963:Turkey
948:Kuwait
943:Jordan
795:"Iraq"
682:
646:17 Jan
615:17 Jan
582:
529:
504:
334:Abdali
329:Kuwait
318:Safwan
271:Kuwait
252:Arabic
183:Warbah
958:Syria
774:(PDF)
767:(PDF)
703:(PDF)
399:(PDF)
392:(PDF)
155:Basra
147:Mosul
46:with
1014:Iraq
938:Iran
888:2020
750:help
711:2007
680:ISBN
648:2010
617:2010
580:ISBN
527:ISBN
502:ISBN
474:2020
442:2020
407:2020
374:2020
312:Iraq
291:The
267:Iraq
246:The
181:and
169:and
153:and
104:Blue
38:The
137:an
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