346:
378:
the Iraqi
Communist Party–Central Committee. Al-Hajj was arrested in February 1969. Two of the Politburo members would die under torture. The three other broke down under the pressure of torture, and al-Hajj confessed to his captors. In April 1969 al-Hajj made a televised speech in which he called upon fellow party members to cooperate with the Baath. Scores of Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command members were jailed or killed following al-Hajj's confessions.
197:. Tensions brewed inside the Iraqi Communist Party regarding the docile opposition to the Arif government and its ambiguous stance concerning Kurdish rights. Another oppositional grouping, nicknamed the 'Cadre Faction', emerged from a meeting held on June 30, 1967. The leading figure of the Cadre Faction was Khaled Ahmed Zaki (party-name 'Zafer'), who argued that the party had deviated from the
322:. Following the coup, the Baathists reached out to both communist factions and offered them ministerial cabinet posts in the new government. The Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command had rejected the offer. For months after the coup a large number of communist cadres were killed, their bodies dumped in rivers or alleyways.
377:
The Iraqi
Communist Party–Central Command guerrilla campaign against the Baath government culminated with the arrest of al-Hajj, all other Politburo members and many rank-and-file party members. The Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command had become a primary target of Baathist repression, more so than
291:
inspirations. The Iraqi
Communist Party–Central Command rejected the established Iraqi Communist Party–Central Committee tactic of supporting military coups, arguing that the army was "an instrument of the capitalist-feudalist state" and that the senior leadership of army was intimately linked to the
254:
The new party had a five-member
Politburo consisting of Aziz al-Hajj, Kadhim Rida as-Saffar, Ahmad Khadr as-Safi, Ahmad Mahmoud al-Hallaq and Matti Hindi Hindu. Al-Hajj served as general secretary of the party. The party took a militant stance against the government and the bourgeois class. The party
246:
On
September 17, 1967, the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command was formally established as a separate organization. The moniker 'Central Command' was used to distinguish it from the pro-Soviet main Iraqi Communist Party, which in turn became nicknamed "Iraqi Communist Party–Central Committee". The
273:
The party called for 'arming of the masses' and 'popular armed struggle in the towns and countryside'. In the autumn of 1967 the Iraqi
Communist Party–Central Command was engaged in a series of clashes with security forces in southern regions of Middle Euphrates and the marshes. The Iraqi Communist
398:
Following the crack-down the influence of the Iraqi
Communist Party–Central Command was marginalized. After the killings and arrests of the main party leaders, Ibrahim al-Alawi (party name 'Najm Mahmoud') became the de facto party leader of the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command. He convened a
237:
In the midst of growing tensions inside the party, Al-Hajj tried to take prevent a party split by arresting the
Central Committee but this plot failed. Following al-Hajj's failure to take control over the party, al-Hajj and the Cadre Faction joined forces and broke with the Iraqi Communist Party.
233:
and the Middle
Euphrates region. Initially the Baghdad Regional Committee sought support from the Central Committee to confront the Cadre Faction, but this move failed. Al-Hajj then approached the Cadre Faction, to join forces against the Central Committee but the Cadre Faction turned down the
213:
The Cadre
Faction was a relatively small group, but after the June 30, 1967 meeting the group began preparing for armed struggle. It set up armed unites in the southern marshes, the Middle Euphrates region and Kurdistan. The Cadre Faction had a certain degree of influence in Thawrah City and
277:
The Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command among few groups, opposed to Moscow and the Arab national bourgeoise, that were labelled was 'pro-Chinese'. But there was no public evidence of any links between the party and its Chinese counterparts, and the party rejected the label 'pro-Chinese'.
255:
called for a 'revolutionary popular democratic regime under the leadership of the workings class'. The party supported the Kurdish right to self-determination. Compared to the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Committee, the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command was more hostile towards the
389:
made a thinly veiled attack on Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command, stating that 'angerous tendencies surfaced in our party, too, as represented by a divisive "ultra-left" group of adventurers. That these tendencies appeared was due to the adventurist policy and nationalist and
402:
In 1972 the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command condemned the move of the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Committee to allow two communists to take ministerial cabinet posts in the Baath-led government as treason. When the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Committee joined the
209:
in 1959. Furthermore Zaki argued that the rightist turn had been cemented with the new party line adopted in June–August 1964. Zaki called on the Iraqi Communist Party to purge the party leadership of the supporters of the August 1964 line and hold a party congress.
186:. In Prague, al-Hajj organized an oppositional faction of younger Iraqi communists. He returned to Iraq in January 1967 and emerged as the unofficial leader of the Baghdad Regional Committee of the Communist Party. In February 1967, he was inducted into the
274:
Party–Central Command guerrilla campaign in south Middle Euphrates region and southern marshes provoked fears among both Shia and Sunni religious leaders. The Baathists seized moment by participating in anti-communist rallies Baghdad and elsewhere.
163:
governments. In 1969 the party leadership and many ordinary party members were arrested, many of them being killed in captivity. While the Iraqi Communist Party – Central Command continued, it never regained a prominent role in national politics.
455:
group held a party conference, comparable to a party congress. At the conference, most of the more important members of the pre-split Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command participated, as well as some independent Iraqi Marxists.
390:
anti-internationalist line of the ruling group in China. However, our party has coped with this petty-bourgeois trend, fought it ideologically until it was destroyed, crushed by its own barren sectarian ventures.'
349:
The leadership of Iraqi Communist Party (Central Command), photographed after arrest by authorities in 1969. Back row (standing), from left to right: Saleh Rida al-Askari (Central Committee member, in-charge of
422:
286:
The Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command held a party conference on January 2, 1968. The party-adopted tactical line document, based on Zaki's ideas, called for popular armed struggle, a position with
448:
140:, with oppositional factions considering the party line being too docile towards the incumbent government. The Iraqi Communist Party – Central Command attempted to build a guerrilla movement in the
382:
329:', with a campaign of raids on police posts and banks. The party conducted 'expropiations', 'revolutionary hold-ups' and car bombings. At one point the party attacked the residence of
443:
group responded by claiming they were the legitimate leadership of the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command and declared al-Alawi expelled from the party. Effectively the
354:), Peter Yusuf (Central Committee member), Malik Mansur (Central Committee member), Kazem Rida al-Saffar (Poliburo member, second-in-command in the party after al-Hajj).
499:
The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq's Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of its Communists, Ba'thists and Free Officers
982:
345:
146:
935:
875:
848:
821:
794:
730:
682:
650:
609:
571:
507:
381:
In June 1969, in the wake of the crack-down, the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Committee First Secretary Aziz Mohammed in his address to the
760:
977:
404:
96:
247:
new party attracted a significant following coming from the erstwhile Middle Euphrates Branch of the Iraqi Communist Party, the
373:
magazine, interviewing al-Hajj), Khudayr Abbas az-Zubaydi (Central Committee member), Ahmad Khadr as-Safi (Politburo member).
451:. A sizeable section of Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command cadres sided with the breakaway group. In September 1976 the
362:
76:
894:
301:
182:
in 1959. Al-Hajj would become disatisfied with shifts in the party line and its position towards the government of
295:
On June 3, 1968, Zaki and two other party cadres (Mohsen Hawas and Kazem Manather) were killed in battle at
337:('Strike Force'), led by party Central Committee member Saleh Rida al-Askari, in charge of party security.
202:
133:
81:
141:
136:
in 1967. Disagreements had simmered in the Iraqi Communist Party following the military defeat in the
296:
178:
152:
439:
group of breaching party discipline, and Mahdi and his associates were expelled from the party. The
780:
228:
357:
319:
206:
198:
223:
931:
925:
871:
844:
838:
817:
790:
784:
726:
720:
678:
672:
646:
605:
599:
567:
561:
503:
315:
156:
101:
865:
811:
428:
183:
91:
193:
Divisions in the Iraqi Communist Party Politburo emerged after the military defeat in the
125:
117:
407:
in July 1973, the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command condemned the move as treachery.
326:
410:
In 1974 the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command organized a 'Third Party Conference'.
330:
318:
government, and continued militant struggle against the new Baath government after the
971:
215:
957:
746:
640:
625:
497:
325:
In late 1968 the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command proclaimed the launch of '
256:
194:
160:
137:
248:
187:
218:(two Baghdad districts), and among officers, intellectuals and peasants in
251:
Party Organization and the workers cells with the Baghdad Workers Bureau.
292:"anti-communist, anti-working class and anti-Kurdish nationalism camp".
907:
369:
961:. Cambridge / New York City: Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. 236
386:
288:
219:
173:
314:
The Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command had violently opposed the
761:مع الأعوام. صفحات من تاريخ الحركة الشيوعية في العراق بين 1958-1969
344:
333:. The Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command had an organization,
172:
Aziz al-Hajj was an Iraqi Communist Party cadre who was sent to
129:
867:
City of Widows: An Iraqi Woman's Account of War and Resistance
722:
Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition
427:
In the mid-1970s a faction emerged within the party, led by
399:
meeting in August 1969, which elected new party leadership.
423:
Iraqi Communist Party – Central Command (Wihdat al-Qa'idah)
927:
Governance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Handbook
270:('Path of the People') began publisheing in October 1967.
725:. University of California Press. pp. 229–230, 315.
671:
Beth K. Dougherty; Edmund A. Ghareeb (7 November 2013).
356:
Middle row (seated), from left to right: Aziz al-Hajj,
666:
664:
662:
601:
Bitter Legacy: Ideology and Politics in the Arab World
383:
International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties
310:
Baathist coup and launch of People's Revolutionary War
840:
The Middle East in China's Foreign Policy, 1949-1977
629:. Foreign Broadcast Information Service, 1984. p. 37
566:. Hurst Publishers. pp. 74, 178–180, 182, 198.
75:
65:
50:
33:
21:
176:to represent the party at the editorial office of
895:في الذكرى الـ ٥٤ لاستشهاد .. خالد أحمد زكي «ظافر»
789:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 188, 196.
775:
773:
771:
769:
563:Red Star Over Iraq: Iraqi Communism Before Saddam
958:The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Iraq
747:Gazelle Review of Literature on the Middle East
604:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 168–169.
431:. This faction began publishing the periodical
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
266:('Party Militant') 1967-1968- The party organ
714:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
491:
489:
262:The party published the irregular periodical
8:
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700:
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696:
694:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
471:
469:
435:("Unity of the Base"). Al-Alawi accused the
843:. Cambridge University Press. p. 128.
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
449:now constituted a separate party of its own
914:, vol. 62, no. 365, 1972, pp. 31–50. JSTOR
18:
205:after the party becoming subordinated to
626:Near East/South Asia Report, Issue 84160
122:الحزب الشيوعي العراقي – القيادة المركزية
27:الحزب الشيوعي العراقي – القيادة المركزية
465:
168:Factional divide in the Communist Party
114:Iraqi Communist Party – Central Command
24:Iraqi Communist Party – Central Command
951:
949:
947:
813:The Iraq War: Origins and Consequences
983:Political parties established in 1967
750:, Issue 10. Ithaca Press, 1982. p. 72
645:. Brookings Institution. p. 77.
642:Iraq: Eastern Flank of the Arab World
7:
282:Party conference of January 2, 1968
121:
837:Yitzhak Shichor (23 August 1979).
677:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 241–.
14:
309:
864:Haifa Zangana (4 January 2011).
496:Hanna Batatu (1 November 2012).
155:. It violently opposed both the
598:Salem, Paul (1 October 1994).
1:
810:James DeFronzo (4 May 2018).
719:Kanan Makiya (15 June 1998).
674:Historical Dictionary of Iraq
639:Christine Moss Helms (1984).
54:September 17, 1967
43:Ibrahim al-Alawi (from 1969)
908:“Iraq under Baathist Rule.”
306:, in the southern marshes.
242:Central Command established
16:Political party in Iraq
999:
930:. Routledge. p. 101.
420:
405:National Progressive Front
341:Crack-down and confessions
327:people's revolutionary war
978:Communist parties in Iraq
924:Kadhim, Abbas K. (2013).
201:line and shifted towards
132:that broke away from the
87:
190:of the Communist Party.
153:southern marshes of Iraq
40:Aziz al-Hajj (1967–1969)
26:
870:. Seven Stories Press.
413:
560:Johan Franzén (2011).
374:
421:Further information:
348:
320:coup of July 17, 1968
134:Iraqi Communist Party
179:World Marxist Review
375:
955:Ismael, Tareq Y.
937:978-1-85743-584-9
877:978-1-60980-071-0
850:978-0-521-22214-3
823:978-0-429-97603-2
796:978-0-521-52900-6
786:A History of Iraq
732:978-0-520-21439-2
684:978-0-8108-7942-3
652:978-0-8157-3556-4
611:978-0-8156-2628-2
573:978-1-84904-101-0
509:978-0-86356-771-1
453:Wihdat al-Qa'idah
445:Wihdat al-Qa'idah
441:Wihdat al-Qa'idah
437:Wihdat al-Qa'idah
433:Wihdat al-Qa'idah
316:Abdul Rahman Arif
207:Abdul Karim Qasim
110:
109:
97:Political parties
34:General Secretary
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429:Adil Abdul-Mahdi
415:Wihdat al-Qa'dah
366:
352:Jihaz as-Siddami
335:Jihaz as-Siddami
305:
264:Munadhil al-Hizb
232:
184:Abdul Salam Arif
150:
142:Middle Euphrates
123:
92:Politics of Iraq
82:Marxism–Leninism
61:
59:
19:
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912:Current History
905:Thoman, Roy E.
904:
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783:(27 May 2002).
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297:Hawr al-Ghamuka
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268:Tariq ash-Shaab
249:at-Thawrah City
244:
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151:region and the
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126:communist party
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70:Tariq ash-Shaab
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29:
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763:. 1981. p. 306
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816:. Routledge.
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781:Charles Tripp
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361: [
300: [
257:Baath Party
227: [
203:revisionism
195:Six-Day War
145: [
138:Six-Day War
972:Categories
460:References
224:al-Gharraf
220:al-'Amarah
216:al-Shu'ala
58:1967-09-17
370:as-Sayyad
188:Politburo
102:Elections
66:Newspaper
502:. Saqi.
161:Baathist
124:) was a
77:Ideology
56: (
51:Founded
934:
874:
847:
820:
793:
729:
681:
649:
608:
570:
506:
447:group
387:Moscow
289:Maoist
174:Prague
118:Arabic
417:split
365:]
304:]
231:]
149:]
932:ISBN
872:ISBN
845:ISBN
818:ISBN
791:ISBN
727:ISBN
679:ISBN
647:ISBN
606:ISBN
568:ISBN
504:ISBN
199:Fahd
159:and
157:Arif
130:Iraq
112:The
385:in
128:in
974::
946:^
893:.
768:^
693:^
661:^
582:^
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363:ar
302:ar
259:.
229:ar
222:,
147:ar
120::
940:.
880:.
853:.
826:.
799:.
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655:.
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116:(
60:)
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