Iraq Petroleum Company - Knowledge (XXG)

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IPC Group". They would obtain from the sovereign power an exploration licence covering simple exploration over a defined geographical area, or a concession permitting exploration and the production of oil. By 1948, the company had created 12 companies with concessions or exploration licences: Petroleum Development (Cyprus Ltd), Lebanon Petroleum Company Ltd, Petroleum Development (Palestine) Ltd, Syrian Petroleum Company Ltd, Trans-Jordan Petroleum Company Ltd, Mosul Petroleum Company Ltd, Basrah Petroleum Company Ltd, Petroleum Development (Qatar) Ltd, Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd, Petroleum Development (Oman and Dhofar) Ltd, Petroleum Concessions Ltd (for the Aden Protectorates), Petroleum Development (Western Arabia) Ltd.

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Ltd.(BOD), and SOCAL. When BOD became interested in concessions in northern Iraq, IPC eventually bought them out. So successful were its efforts that by the end of 1944 IPC was operating in over 467,055 square miles (1,209,670 km) of territory, an area larger in size than the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana combined. In addition, IPC attempted, though without success, to extend further its area of operations by seeking concessions or exploration permits in Turkey and in the neutral zones of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.

610:, when restricted shipping in the Mediterranean forced down the production sharply. Although the Iraq Government tried to open up the country to competition, the company taking up the new concession was bought out by IPC and, under the name of the Mosul Petroleum Company, was duly gathered into the IPC 'family' of associated companies (see below). The company also got the concession rights to southern Iraq in 1938, and founded the Basrah Petroleum Company (BPC) as their wholly owned subsidiary to develop the southern region of Iraq. 936:, were returned to Iraqi state control. One major difference between these negotiations and those of 1952, was the stance of the Iraqi government. Whereas it had been more willing to accommodate the IPC in 1952, the government's positions under Qasim were largely non-negotiable. However this should not be surprising because it was expected that Qasim would take advantage of growing Arab nationalism and a sense amongst many ordinary Iraqis that they were being exploited by the west. 924:

he had the necessary capabilities). Further, Iraqis lacked the technical and managerial capabilities to run the IPC. Qasim needed the oil revenues to run his government and to keep the military satisfied. Therefore, Qasim resorted to many other tactics including increasing transit rates at Basra by 1,200%. In response, the IPC stopped producing oil that used Basra as a shipping point. The ensuing confrontation was the lowest point in relations between the two up to this point.

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oil as they had limited crude oil supplies. These competing interests delayed the development of the Iraqi fields, and IPC's concession eventually expired because the companies failed to meet certain performance requirements, such as the construction of pipelines and shipping terminals. The concession was renegotiated in 1931, however, giving the company a 70-year concession on an enlarged 83,200 square kilometres (32,100 sq mi) area east of the

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of wrongful cartelization or as an enlightened example of international co‑operation and fair-sharing, was to hold the field for twenty years and in large measure determined the pattern and tempo of oil development over a large part of the Middle East". The Agreement lasted until 1948 when two of the American partners broke free. During the period, IPC monopolized oil exploration inside the Red Line; excluding Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, where

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extended to include the new area. After lengthy negotiations the groups arrived at a compromise settlement in November 1934, which stipulated that D'Arcy Exploration (Anglo-Iranian) would be entitled to a 7.5-percent royalty on such oil as was produced from the 32,000 square miles (83,000 km) covered by the revised Iraq concession, the oil to be delivered free of cost at the field, with IPC paying the royalty due the Iraq Government.

564: 4219: 3581: 729:, by stating that the Sultanate "should not interfere in their internal affairs". IPC offered financial support to the Sultan in order to raise a military force that would occupy the Imamate's region so that IPC would gain access to the possible oil reserves. The Sultanate, backed by the British government and the financial support received from IPC, attacked the interior of Oman on 25 October 1954 triggering 3591: 1005: 865: 328: 1181: 2461: 1167: 3601: 622: 536: 4229: 3611: 492:), and the NEDC; the remaining 5% went to Calouste Gulbenkian. TPC was to be organized as a nonprofit company, registered in Britain, that produced crude oil for a fee for its parent companies, based on their shares. The company itself was only allowed to refine and sell to Iraq's internal market, in order to prevent any competition with the parent companies. 1195: 433: 1063:. Post-1991 fighting between Kurdish and Iraqi forces in northern Iraq resulted in temporary sabotage of the Kirkuk field's facilities. In 1996, production capacity in northern and central Iraq was estimated at between 0.7 and 1 million barrels (110,000 to 160,000 m³) per day, down from around 1.2 million barrels (190,000 m³) per day before the Gulf War. 701: 950: 810: 777:. The Hashemites' main disputes centered on increasing the amount of crude oil extracted, getting more Iraqis involved in the process of producing the oil and getting more royalties. In 1952, terms that were more generous to the Iraqi government were negotiated. These terms were largely based on the far more lucrative terms of the 920:

for the benefit of Iraq citizens as one of his main points of contention with the Iraqi government. Once in power, he was critical of several aspects of the IPC. First, he was critical of the monetary arrangement between the IPC and the government. He also did not appreciate the monopoly that the IPC had been granted.

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IPC had a huge impact on the amount of revenue that the government generated and thus had a certain amount of influence over the government. The second major factor was inability of the Iraqi government at that time to source the technical knowledge and skill necessary to take over oil operations in the country.

1893:"The International Petroleum Cartel", Staff Report to the Federal Trade Commission, released through Subcommittee on Monopoly of Select Committee on Small Business, U.S. Senate, 83d Cong., 2nd sess (Washington, DC, 1952), Chapter 4, "Joint Control Through Common Ownership--The Iraq Petroleum Co., Ltd.," pp. 47– 923:

However the economic situation at the time did not permit Qasim to nationalize the IPC – western nations had boycotted Iranian oil when Mossadeq nationalized its oil company and could be expected to do the same in this case. (It is likely that nationalization would have been Qasim's favored route had

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This atmosphere did not continue to the negotiations held between the IPC and revolutionary governments that followed the overthrow of the Hashemite monarchy in 1958. Relations between the two can be examined on two major factors. First, oil was a vital part of the Iraqi economy. Because of this, the

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As the Red Line Agreement defined the company's sphere of operations well beyond the boundaries of Iraq, IPC's shareholders were keen to look for oil elsewhere in the Middle East. They created associated companies, one for each territory to be explored. These companies were collectively known as "The

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The owners of IPC had conflicting interests: the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Royal Dutch/Shell and Standard Oil had access to major sources of crude oil outside Iraq, and therefore wanted to hold the Iraqi concessions in reserve, whilst CFP and the other companies pushed for rapid development of Iraqi

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after a red line was drawn around the former boundaries of the Ottoman Empire (with the exception of Kuwait), effectively bound the partners to act together within the red line. The writer Stephen Hemsley Longrigg, a former IPC employee, noted, "he Red Line Agreement, variously assessed as a sad case

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Deutsche Bank brought a concession granted to the Anatolian Railway Company to explore for minerals and oil along a 40 km (25 mi)-wide strip on either side of its proposed railway in Mesopotamia. On 28 June 1914, the Turkish grand vizier confirmed the promise of a concession to TPC, but the

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The failure of IPC to secure concessions in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia should not obscure the fact that elsewhere in the Middle East the company was successful in closing the "open door" of commercial opportunity to outsiders. The principal competitors for concessions were British Oil Development Co.

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to develop the oil resources of Saudi Arabia. Their partners in IPC refused to release them from the Red Line Agreement. After the Americans claimed that World War II had ended the Agreement, protracted legal proceedings with Gulbenkian followed. Eventually the case was settled out of court and the

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In 1925, the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC) obtained a concession to explore for oil in Iraq. The agreement stipulated that the Iraqi government would receive royalties for each ton of oil extracted, based on the oil companies' profits and not payable for the first 20 years. The concession allowed

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However this was not enough for the Iraqi government and they issued a new set of demands in November 1970 which essentially involved more Iraqi control of operations and more Iraqi profit-taking. Dissatisfied with the IPC's unwillingness to negotiate on Iraq's terms, the Iraqi government gave the

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Throughout the 1960s, the Iraqi government criticized the IPC and used the IPC as a central piece of their anti-western propaganda. The Soviet-Iraqi agreement of 1969 emboldened the Iraqi government and in 1970 they made a list of demands including ownership of 20% of the company's assets and more

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was a nationalist Iraqi Army general who seized power in a 1958 coup d'état in which the Iraqi monarch was murdered. He ruled the country as Prime Minister of Iraq until his downfall and death in 1963. Before the coup, he used the fact that the IPC was producing oil for western nations rather than

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Revision of the Anglo-Iranian royalty: when the Iraq concession of 1925 was revised in March 1931, and IPC was granted a blanket concession over 32,000 square miles (83,000 km) of territory east of the Tigris River, the question arose as to whether Anglo-Persian's 10 percent royalty should be

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Tax matters: since IPC was a British-chartered company, the British groups would not have been subject to double taxation. The non-British groups, however, did not relish the idea of having the earnings of IPC taxed once by the British Government and again by their own governments. Eventually the

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groups agreed to transfer all pipeline operations to IPC, and price crude to the groups on the basis of management's estimate of British income tax cost plus 1 shilling profit per ton. Under this plan IPC's profits were nominal and its tax liability to the British Government was relatively small.

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The International Petroleum Cartel, Staff Report to the Federal Trade Commission, released through Subcommittee on Monopoly of Select Committee on Small Business, U.S. Senate, 83d Cong., 2nd sess (Washington, DC, 1952), Chapter 4, "Joint Control Through Common Ownership--The Iraq Petroleum Co.,

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During the 1925/6 season, an international geological team, including representatives from the shareholding companies and an American contingent, conducted a comprehensive survey of Iraq. They identified drilling locations at Pulkanah (two wells), Khashm al Ahmar, Injanah, Qaiyarah, and Kirkuk.

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American partners joined ARAMCO. The French Government and Gulbenkian had withdrawn their objections in exchange for a greater share of IPC's output, and the Red Line agreement boundaries were redrawn to exclude Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Bahrain, Egypt, Palestine, and the western-half of Jordan.

1059:. The Jambur, Bai Hassan, and Khabbaz fields are the only other currently producing oil fields in northern Iraq. While Iraq's northern oil industry remained relatively unscathed during the Iran-Iraq War, an estimated 60% of the facilities in southern and central Iraq were damaged in the 548:, the world was awash with oil and greater output from Iraq would simply have driven the price down to even lower levels. Delaying tactics were employed not only in actual drilling and development, but also in conducting negotiations on such matters as pipeline rights-of-way. 1048:

control. The IPC by this time was taking the Iraqi government very seriously and made some huge concessions. They agreed to increase oil production substantially and also increase the price of its crude oil in certain areas. They also offered an advance payment on royalties.

756:- although this latter venture was never developed. The company created air transport companies, the Iraq Petroleum Transport Company and Transports du Proche Orient, to operate aircraft and vessels to ferry people and equipment to the remoter parts of its concession areas. 515:

The San Remo conference had stipulated that Iraqis should be allowed 20% of the company if they wanted to invest in it, but the existing shareholders successfully resisted Iraqi efforts to participate, despite pressure by the British government to accept Iraqi shareholders.

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Geologist J.M. Muir located the well at Baba Gurgur, just north of Kirkuk. Drilling commenced, and on October 14, 1927, oil was struck. The initial uncontrolled gushing spilled many tons of oil, but the oil field was soon brought under control and proved to be extensive.

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that would cover the entire region of the Sultanate. IPC, however, failed to discover oil in the Sultanate's region, which was limited to the coastal area of Oman, and informed the Sultan that oil is more likely to exist in the interior region of Oman. The

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On 12 December 1961, the Iraqi government enacted Law No. 80, which expropriated 99.5 per cent of the IPC group's concession areas without compensation and put an immediate stop on oil exploration. Law 80 did not impact the IPC's ongoing production at

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IPC an ultimatum with similar demands in May 1972. The IPC tried to offer a compromise solution but the Ba'athist government rejected the offer and, on 1 June 1972, nationalized IPC operations, which were taken over by the Iraq National Oil Company.

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Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company Limited was dissolved on 4 October 2018, while Iraq Petroleum Company Limited still exists, now using company number 09646587 instead of 00113948. "New" Iraq Petroleum Company Limited was incorporated on 18 June 2015 as

412:-majority areas of the former Ottoman Empire were mostly decided. A rising demand for petroleum during the war had demonstrated to the big powers the importance of having their own sources of oil. Since one of the original partners of TPC had been 591:. The issue was settled by a compromise which provided for the construction of two pipelines, each with a throughput capacity of 2,000,000 tons a year. The length of the Northern line would be 532 miles (856 km), that of the Southern line ( 688:

through its subsidiary, California-Arabian Standard Oil Company (Casoc) in 1938. Thereafter, IPC concentrated its efforts in Arabia in developing its Qatar oil concession (oil discovered 1939), Abu Dhabi (oil discovered in 1959), Oman (see

1079:(ADPC), formerly Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Limited – continued with the original shareholding intact until January 2014. ADPC still holds 40% of the onshore concession in Abu Dhabi, with the majority 60% held by the 543:

The original concession of 14 March 1925 covered all of Iraq, but IPC was reluctant to develop it quickly and production was restricted to fields constituting only one-half of 1 percent of the country's total area. During the

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were extremely pro-west. In fact, they had been installed by the British, and therefore tensions were minimized. They were dependent on the British militarily and had essentially pledged allegiance to them through the

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The discovery hastened the negotiations over the composition of TPC, and on 31 July 1928 the shareholders signed a formal partnership agreement to include the Near East Development Corporation (NEDC), an American

4273: 2843: 4303: 1143:, from August 1951 until April/May 1957. An insert in the January 1957 edition read "In the light of present circumstances it has been found necessary to restrict the production of 358:. In 1911, in an attempt to bring together the competing British and German interests in the region, a British company known as African and Eastern Concession Ltd, was formed. 2872: 2367:

Dietrich, Christopher RW. "'Arab Oil Belongs to the Arabs': Raw Material Sovereignty, Cold War Boundaries, and the Nationalisation of the Iraq Petroleum Company, 1967–1973."

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In 1929 the TPC was renamed the Iraq Petroleum Company. By 1934, the NEDC comprised only two shareholders, Standard Oil of New Jersey and Socony, which had merged with the

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The forerunner of the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) was the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC), which was established in the early 20th century in the belief that

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Beginning in the early 1950s, as the strength of nationalism in Iraq grew, the focus came to bear on foreign control over the oil production of the country.

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In 1912, this company became the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC), formed with the purpose of acquiring concessions from the Ottoman Empire to explore for

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Fitzgerald, Edward Peter, "Business diplomacy: Walter Teagle, Jersey Standard, and the Anglo-French pipeline conflict in the Middle East, 1930–1931",

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The Kirkuk field still forms the basis for northern Iraqi oil production. Kirkuk has over 10 billion barrels (1.6 km) of remaining proven

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When the Ottoman Empire was broken up in the aftermath of the war, the question of shareholding in TPC became a major issue at the 1920

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was brought online the same year. Only in 1938, nine years after the discovery, did IPC begin to export oil in significant quantities.

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Fitzgerald, Edward Peter. "The Iraq Petroleum Company, Standard Oil of California, and the Contest for Eastern Arabia, 1930–1933."

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Handbook of the Territories which Form the Theatre of Operations of the Iraq Petroleum Company Limited and its Associated Companies

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Different routes and terminal locations on the Mediterranean coast were sought by the French, who favored a northern route through

4042: 3269: 3254: 1521: 1107:; reflecting the historical make-up of the Iraq Petroleum Company. The Abu Dhabi onshore oil concession expired in January 2014. 463: 385:. The driving force behind its creation was Gulbenkian, and the largest single shareholder was the British government-controlled 2865: 389:, which by 1914 held 50% of the shares. TPC received a promise of a concession from the Ottoman government, but the outbreak of 4253: 3127: 3113: 2515: 2238: 2731: 2205: 2333: 2299: 1903:

Saul, Samir (2007). "Masterly Inactivity as Brinkmanship: The Iraq Petroleum Company's Route to Nationalization, 1958–1972".

1080: 4008: 2426: 1341: 299:. The company "Iraq Petroleum Company" still remains extant, although only in paper form. One associated company – the 310:

was an association of companies that played a major role in the discovery and development of oil resources in areas of the

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Newco 1 Limited" and succeeded operations of "old" Iraq Petroleum Company, Limited, which dissolved on 30 December 2015.

4153: 3685: 3647: 303:(ADPC, formerly Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd) – also continues with its original shareholding intact. 2855: 4092: 3995: 3987: 3946: 3426: 3191: 3154: 3086: 2384:

Saul, Samir. "Masterly inactivity as brinkmanship: the Iraq petroleum company's route to nationalization, 1958–1972."

1076: 1027: 887: 300: 2771: 1364: 781:. One could argue that a determinant in these negotiations was the friendly atmosphere in which they were conducted. 4170: 3279: 3259: 3101: 3091: 3081: 2781: 2550: 690: 669: 505: 459: 1883:

British National Archive: Muscat Rising, from April 1917 to January 1918 & resumed from April 1920 to Oct 1920

4057: 3870: 3820: 3791: 3231: 3076: 2646: 2441: 765: 509: 386: 296: 153: 110: 684:) desired. SOCAL gained the concession and, joined by the Texas Oil Company in 1936, went on to discover oil at 4052: 3875: 3831: 3318: 3289: 2933: 1083:(ADNOC) on behalf of the Abu Dhabi Government. Operations are carried out by the local operating company – the 673: 592: 2278: 2260: 2182: 1567: 697:). IPC personnel carried out a series of ground-breaking explorations in southern Arabia during these years. 284:

between 1925 and 1961. It is jointly owned by some of the world's largest oil companies and headquartered in

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by 1935—something CFP had demanded for a long time, in order to get its share of the oil quickly to France.

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Demise of the Red Line Agreement: two of the American oil companies in IPC were offered a partnership with

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was an historical film made for IPC by British Pathé. The company published a monthly magazine, entitled

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Abd al-Karim Qasim: 1st Prime Minister of the Republic of Iraq, in office 14 July 1958 – 8 February 1963.

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provided autonomous rule to the Omanis who resided in the interior region of Oman, which was called the

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authored by Stephen Hemsley Longrigg. The IPC Film Unit produced a number of short films, most notably

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The corporate organisation of the Iraq Petroleum Company and its associated companies, 1 January 1950.

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Page 117 | World Investment Report: Transnational corporations, extractive industries and development

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on the Lebanese coast, and the British and the Iraqis who preferred a southern route, terminating at

4104: 3982: 3837: 3390: 3348: 3274: 3149: 3071: 2600: 2570: 2555: 1556:(In the Heart of the Desert ed.). Aylesford, Kent, United Kingdom: Green Mountain Press (UK). 1312: 705: 588: 401: 382: 132: 37: 3590: 1673: 3825: 3521: 3516: 3501: 3463: 3438: 3375: 3236: 3171: 2806: 2615: 2530: 2106: 1964: 1920: 1228: 1213: 916: 520: 496: 2796: 2082: 1882: 4143: 4098: 3885: 3848: 3809: 3541: 3506: 3343: 3284: 3186: 3096: 3066: 3061: 2928: 2923: 2907: 2736: 2656: 2651: 2560: 2049: 2022: 1987: 1838: 1723: 1645: 1612: 1557: 1474: 1370: 1276: 1092: 933: 788: 753: 557: 370: 204: 115: 3614: 4132: 3815: 3640: 3433: 3368: 3358: 3032: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2943: 2918: 2098: 1956: 1912: 1200: 730: 652: 545: 2259:

Morton, Michael Quentin, "The Abu Dhabi Oil Discoveries", GEO Expro article, issue 3, 2011.

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and... publication will be bi-monthly until further notice." An in-house company magazine,

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IPC has ceased operations, but the company "Iraq Petroleum Company Limited" still remains

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the company to select 24 rectangular plots of 8 square miles (21 km²) each for drilling.

1804: 3680: 3511: 3486: 2766: 2696: 2203: 1131:, a film produced in 1952 about operations around the Iraq-Mediterranean pipeline, and 784: 722: 563: 347: 343: 277: 73: 17: 4247: 4117: 3977: 3951: 3768: 3729: 3584: 3536: 3526: 3491: 3443: 3420: 3395: 3363: 3159: 2988: 2983: 2860: 2661: 2510: 2110: 2016: 1968: 1924: 1761: 1468: 1186: 1100: 665: 366: 351: 214: 2405: 4182: 4122: 3956: 3941: 3410: 3176: 2973: 2681: 2676: 2666: 2500: 1072: 1056: 778: 774: 607: 600: 553: 295:

government in Iraq nationalized the IPC, and its operations were taken over by the

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The Legal Dimensions of Oil and Gas in Iraq | Current Reality and Future Prospects

595:) 620 miles (1,000 km). In 1934, the pipelines were completed from Kirkuk to 327: 2222: 4222: 4204: 4137: 3916: 3785: 3698: 3633: 3594: 3556: 3405: 3241: 3166: 2963: 2525: 2420:"The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958-1972" 1947:

Brown, Michael E. (1979). "The Nationalization of the Iraqi Petroleum Company".

1208: 1172: 390: 336: 311: 768:, there were no serious issues between the IPC and the Iraqi government as the 4087: 3926: 2671: 1960: 1162: 1096: 483: 455: 209: 1255: 1155:, a quarterly magazine for IPC pensioners, was issued between 1974 and 2014. 618:

Three issues caused protracted negotiations among the partner groups of IPC:

346:, early negotiations for an oil concession centered in the empire's capital, 3675: 3481: 3453: 3400: 2938: 2630: 2590: 2094: 1506: 1180: 769: 539:

IPC assistants welding pipes together on the Esdraelon stretch in the 1930s.

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Kirkuk district: an oil gusher spouting with a stream of oil in foreground.

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Silverfarb, David. “The Revision of Iraq’s Oil Concessions, 1949–1952,”

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Brown, Michael E. "The Nationalization of the Iraqi Petroleum Company."

2048:(First ed.). United Arab Emirates: National Archives. p. 331. 621: 432: 4082: 4062: 3724: 3714: 3690: 3458: 3415: 2595: 2540: 1280: 745: 700: 596: 576: 413: 2083:"Oil Sovereignty, American Foreign Policy, and the 1968 Coups in Iraq" 420:

demanded this share as the spoils of war. This was agreed upon by the

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in Mesopotamia. The owners were a group of large European companies –

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as a name on paper, and one of its surviving associated companies –

339:(Iraq and parts of Syria) contained substantial reservoirs of oil. 4047: 3890: 3757: 3551: 2535: 906: 783: 736:

IPC was also interested in other ventures apart from oil, such as

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Shares were held in the following proportions: 23.75% each to the

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The Kirkuk production averaged 4 million tons per year until

2279:"Companies House information on Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company" 2045:

The Third River: Aspects of Oil in the Middle East 1887-1979

1087:(ADCO) – jointly owned by ADNOC, and the ADPC shareholders: 3656: 2300:"Companies House search results for Iraq Petroleum Company" 1834:

Oman's Insurgencies: The Sultanate's Struggle for Supremacy

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Société Industrielle des Asphaltes et Pétroles de Lattique

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In 1933, IPC joined negotiations for an oil concession in

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In 1937, IPC signed an oil concession agreement with the

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rather than the gold that King Abdul-Aziz (also known as

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Once Upon a Red Line: The Iraq Petroleum Story 1887–1979

2320: 1522:"Once Upon a Red Line: The Iraq Petroleum Company Story" 1309:"The shareholders of ADPC info from ExxonMobil history" 1023: 883: 504:(formed in 1944 by renaming of the Saudi subsidiary of 1644:(The prize ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. 1135:, produced in 1957, about the history of Mesopotamia. 676:, the company's bid failed when it offered payment in 354:

banks and companies, already involved in building the

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Non-renewable resource companies established in 1912

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of the Iraq Petroleum Transport Company in the 1930s

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Defunct oil and gas companies of the United Kingdom

4163: 4035: 3970: 3904: 3858: 3777: 3745: 3707: 3663: 3474: 3329: 2722: 2639: 2491: 2239:"BP not ruled out of Abu Dhabi concessions-sources" 1438:"MILESTONES: 1921-1936, The 1928 Red Line Agreemen" 1392:

Iraq Petroleum Handbook, published 1948, pp. 142–3.

192: 173: 159: 149: 141: 103: 88: 80: 64: 56: 44: 1766:The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power 2227:. United Nations Publications. 2007. p. 294. 1863: 1861: 1332: 1330: 1303: 1301: 932:and Kirkuk, but all other territories, including 599:, and from there, to both Tripoli and Haifa; the 1432: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1424: 512:(BAPCO) respectively held controlling position. 779:Saudi-Aramco "50/50" agreement of December 1950 672:(SOCAL, later renamed Chevron). Represented by 369:, the Anglo Saxon Oil Company (a subsidiary of 1872:, MARINE CORPS COMMAND AND STAFF COLLEGE 1985. 1794:, The Middle East Institute, 1964, pp. 73–134. 3641: 2442: 458:of five large US oil companies that included 8: 2406:Iraq Petroleum Company at Al-Mashriq website 2362:International Journal of Middle East Studies 1949:International Journal of Middle East Studies 1725:The History of the British Petroleum Company 1666:"Business & Finance: Socony-Vacuum Corp" 1338:"Bloomberg Businessweek company info - ADPC" 1085:Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations 472:Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Company 30: 2179:"GEO ExPro - The Abu Dhabi Oil Discoveries" 1369:. Cambridge University Press. p. 360. 397:outbreak of World War I ended TPC's plans. 3648: 3634: 3626: 3326: 3313: 3205: 3027: 2902: 2488: 2475: 2449: 2435: 2427: 1151:, continued in print until the 1970s. The 449:Red Line Agreement and the creation of IPC 36: 29: 4279:1912 establishments in the Ottoman Empire 2757:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 2155:"Upstream Opportunities for New Entrants" 987:Learn how and when to remove this message 847:Learn how and when to remove this message 748:in Syria (for which it set up a company, 693:) and the Aden Protectorates (in today's 236:Although nominally still extant on paper. 2581:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire 668:province, Saudi Arabia, bidding against 2418:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (March 2011). 1239: 393:in 1914 stopped all exploration plans. 1714:, Summer 1993 vol. 67 no. 2 p. 207(39) 1984:Middle East oil and the energy crisis 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1706: 1704: 1611:. New York: Oxford University Press. 1602: 1600: 1598: 1545: 1543: 1492: 1490: 1403:"IPC - History and early development" 1388: 1386: 7: 4269:Energy companies established in 1912 4228: 3610: 3552:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) 1550:Morton, Michael Quentin (May 2006). 1249: 1247: 1245: 1243: 4177:BP America Production Co. v. Burton 3765:(Northern CA, OR, and WA locations) 3600: 1870:The Jebel Akhdar War Oman 1954-1959 1986:. New York: Monthly Review Press. 1831:Peterson, J. E. (2 January 2013). 1363:J. Zedalis, Rex (September 2009). 959:tone or style may not reflect the 819:tone or style may not reflect the 350:. The first interest was shown by 25: 4189:Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate 2202:"Our Shareholders", ADCO website 2081:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2017). 1607:Stephen Hemsley Longrigg (1961). 1588:"Discovery of the Kirkuk Field", 648:IPC Group operations outside Iraq 128:Near East Development Corporation 4299:Defunct energy companies of Iraq 4227: 4218: 4217: 4043:Alyeska Pipeline Service Company 3609: 3599: 3589: 3580: 3579: 2885:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis 2459: 2042:Morton, Michael Quentin (2014). 1905:The International History Review 1672:. 10 August 1931. Archived from 1520:Morton, Michael Quentin (2013). 1501:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1193: 1179: 1165: 1003: 969:guide to writing better articles 948: 863: 829:guide to writing better articles 808: 485:Compagnie Française des Pétroles 464:Standard Oil Company of New York 122:Compagnie Française des Pétroles 3364:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 2787:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 2777:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 2516:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 1281:"The Turkish Petroleum Company" 230:Footnotes / references 2647:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 2319:Complete Index to World Films 1467:Edwin Black (4 October 2004). 1081:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company 404:, where the future of all non- 1: 4294:Iraq–United Kingdom relations 4259:Oil and gas companies of Iraq 4019:Texas City refinery explosion 2103:10.1080/09592296.2017.1309882 1917:10.1080/07075332.2007.9641140 1473:. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 791:who was assassinated in 1958. 4154:Trans-Alaska Pipeline System 3143:in ISIL-controlled territory 2386:International History Review 2379:International History Review 2127:Middle East Reservoir review 2015:Marr, Phebe. (August 2003). 1768:, New York, 1991, pp. 413–19 1566:. 095522120X. Archived from 1256:"Iraq Petroleum Company Ltd" 1026:or discuss the issue on the 886:or discuss the issue on the 766:Hashemite Monarchy (1932–58) 4284:1912 establishments in Asia 4093:Commonwealth Oil Refineries 3896:BP Ultimate Acropolis Rally 3876:BP Natural World Book Prize 3054:Council of Representatives 2792:Weapons of mass destruction 1698:(New York, 1977), pp. 80–90 1497:Nubar S Gulbenkian (1965). 1123:In 1948, IPC published its 1077:Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company 579:terminating at the city of 301:Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company 4320: 4171:Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case 2782:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 2410:Morton, Michael Quentin, " 2369:Diplomacy & Statecraft 2087:Diplomacy & Statecraft 2018:The Modern History of Iraq 1553:In the Heart of the Desert 1018:towards certain viewpoints 878:towards certain viewpoints 691:Petroleum Development Oman 670:Standard Oil of California 506:Standard Oil of California 460:Standard Oil of New Jersey 377:(a British concern) – and 4264:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 4213: 4058:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 3871:BP National Championships 3792:Castrol Technology Centre 3575: 3325: 3312: 3217: 3204: 3039: 3026: 2914: 2901: 2487: 2474: 2395:23(1996), pp. 69–95. 1961:10.1017/S0020743800053356 1854:– via Google Books. 1777:"Oil: Share the Wealth”, 1592:, Issue 96, October 1997. 752:) and salt mining in the 510:Bahrain Petroleum Company 482:, Royal Dutch/Shell, the 480:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 387:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 342:Since Mesopotamia was an 323:Turkish Petroleum Company 297:Iraq National Oil Company 258:Turkish Petroleum Company 256:), formerly known as the 228: 154:Iraq National Oil Company 111:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 84:Turkish Petroleum Company 35: 27:England-based oil company 4053:Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields 3866:BP Ford World Rally Team 3133:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq 3044:Administrative divisions 1807:. University of Virginia 760:IPC-Government relations 674:Stephen Hemsley Longrigg 593:Mosul-Haifa oil pipeline 531:Delayed production start 495:The agreement, known as 239:Via associate companies. 2692:Mandate for Mesopotamia 2566:First Babylonian Empire 2393:Middle Eastern Studies, 2125:""Ancient and Modern", 1712:Business History Review 963:used on Knowledge (XXG) 823:used on Knowledge (XXG) 567:IPC oil tanks at Haifa. 375:National Bank of Turkey 18:Iraqi Petroleum Company 4254:Iraq Petroleum Company 4128:Llandarcy Oil Refinery 2851:Insurgency (2011–2013) 2772:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 2576:Middle Assyrian Empire 2371:22.3 (2011): 450–479. 1792:Arabian Oil Adventures 1638:Daniel Yergin (1991). 1609:Oil in the Middle East 1442:US Department of State 1119:Publications and films 967:See Knowledge (XXG)'s 912: 827:See Knowledge (XXG)'s 792: 789:King Faisal II of Iraq 709: 657: 626: 568: 540: 476:Atlantic Richfield Co. 437: 422:San Remo Oil Agreement 356:Berlin-Baghdad railway 332: 250:Iraq Petroleum Company 52:Türkiye Petrol Şirketi 31:Iraq Petroleum Company 4073:BP Biofuels Highlands 4014:Prudhoe Bay oil spill 3138:in post-invasion Iraq 2844:U.S. troop withdrawal 2606:Neo-Babylonian Empire 2388:29.4 (2007): 746–792. 2381:13.3 (1991): 441–465. 2364:10.1 (1979): 107–124. 2334:"Ageless Iraq Reel 1" 2321:http://www.citwf.com/ 1285:Iraq: A Country Study 910: 787: 703: 655: 624: 566: 538: 435: 330: 4289:20th century in Iraq 3962:Carl-Henric Svanberg 3881:BP Pedestrian Bridge 3087:Council of Ministers 2969:Mesopotamian Marshes 2135:on 24 September 2015 1676:on November 22, 2008 1224:Oil reserves in Iraq 940:1972 nationalization 614:IPC partner disputes 308:Iraq Petroleum Group 145:Nationalised in 1972 3349:Mesopotamian Arabic 3155:Freedom of religion 2601:Neo-Assyrian Empire 2571:Old Assyrian Period 2556:Neo-Sumerian Empire 1982:Stork, Joe (1975). 1670:Time Magazine, 1931 1409:on 1 September 2014 1024:improve the article 884:improve the article 706:de Havilland Dragon 587:, in what then was 402:San Remo conference 383:Calouste Gulbenkian 331:Calouste Gulbenkian 268:that had a virtual 133:Calouste Gulbenkian 32: 4144:Shell-Mex & BP 4068:Atlantic Richfield 3280:Telecommunications 3255:Foreign Investment 3192:Wars and conflicts 3128:in pre-Saddam Iraq 3092:Presidency Council 2878:2019–2021 protests 2807:Invasion of Kuwait 2631:Sassanid Asorestan 2626:Parthian Babylonia 2621:Seleucid Babylonia 2616:Achaemenid Assyria 2531:Jemdet Nasr period 2265:2012-02-17 at the 2208:2011-11-21 at the 2021:. Westview Press. 1790:H. St. J. Philby, 1781:, 23 December 1946 1749:2011-06-06 at the 1743:Ltd.," pp. 47–112. 1696:The Control of Oil 1470:Banking on Baghdad 1277:Metz, Helen Chapin 1229:Red Line Agreement 1214:Abd al-Karim Qasim 917:Abd al-Karim Qasim 913: 793: 754:Aden Protectorates 710: 658: 627: 569: 541: 521:Vacuum Oil Company 497:Red Line Agreement 438: 344:Ottoman possession 333: 291:In June 1972, the 4241: 4240: 4195:D'Arcy Concession 4099:Deepwater Horizon 3997:Deepwater Horizon 3989:Deepwater Horizon 3886:BP Portrait Award 3686:Prudhoe Bay Trust 3623: 3622: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3557:Mandaean New Year 3308: 3307: 3200: 3199: 3182:Political parties 3077:Foreign relations 3022: 3021: 2929:Lower Mesopotamia 2924:Upper Mesopotamia 2897: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2657:Abbasid Caliphate 2652:Umayyad Caliphate 2561:Isin-Larsa period 2055:978-9948-05-146-6 2028:978-0-8133-3615-2 1868:John B. Meagher: 1563:978-0-9552212-0-0 1480:978-0-471-67186-2 1093:Royal Dutch Shell 1045: 1044: 997: 996: 989: 961:encyclopedic tone 905: 904: 857: 856: 849: 821:encyclopedic tone 428:Oil found in 1927 371:Royal Dutch Shell 246: 245: 205:Royal Dutch Shell 116:Royal Dutch Shell 16:(Redirected from 4311: 4231: 4230: 4221: 4220: 4133:National Benzole 4036:Historical units 4004:Invasion of Iran 3694: 3650: 3643: 3636: 3627: 3613: 3612: 3603: 3602: 3593: 3583: 3582: 3327: 3314: 3245: 3206: 3057: 3028: 3014:Sinjar Mountains 3004:Zagros Mountains 2944:Hamrin Mountains 2903: 2866:Mosul liberation 2839:Iraqi insurgency 2761:National Command 2750: 2586:Simurrum culture 2489: 2476: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2451: 2444: 2437: 2428: 2423: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2345: 2336:. Archived from 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2275: 2269: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2219: 2213: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2190: 2181:. 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2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2511:Halaf culture 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2462: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2421: 2416: 2413: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2340:on 2011-10-28 2339: 2335: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2301: 2295: 2292: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2256: 2253: 2241:. 9 July 2012 2240: 2234: 2231: 2226: 2225: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2199: 2196: 2185:on 2012-02-17 2184: 2180: 2174: 2171: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2134: 2130: 2128: 2120: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2077: 2074: 2062:on 2019-11-05 2061: 2057: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2038: 2035: 2031:. 0813336155. 2030: 2024: 2020: 2019: 2011: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1993:0-85345-335-7 1989: 1985: 1978: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1846: 1844:9780863567025 1840: 1836: 1835: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1806: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762:Daniel Yergin 1758: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1728:, pp. 164–165 1727: 1726: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1691: 1688: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1654:. 0671502484. 1653: 1651:0-671-50248-4 1647: 1643: 1642: 1634: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1585: 1582: 1569: 1565: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1527: 1523: 1516: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483:. 047167186X. 1482: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1463: 1460: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1376:9780521766616 1372: 1368: 1367: 1359: 1356: 1343: 1339: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1314: 1310: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1269: 1257: 1250: 1248: 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river 2974:Persian Gulf 2682:Ottoman Iraq 2667:Qara Qoyunlu 2501:Ubaid period 2392: 2385: 2378: 2368: 2361: 2342:. 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Saqi. 1747:Archived 1625:5830191M 1526:GeoExpro 1159:See also 1061:Gulf War 682:Ibn Saud 523:to form 468:Gulf Oil 379:Armenian 270:monopoly 104:Founders 65:Industry 4233:Commons 4083:Britoil 3843:Sunbury 3810:Mad Dog 3725:Castrol 3615:Commons 3532:Smoking 3497:Culture 3492:Cuisine 3475:General 3459:Yazidis 3416:Solluba 3369:Persian 3359:Kurdish 3354:Aramaic 3319:Society 3300:Tourism 3211:Economy 2959:Islands 2934:Borders 2759: ( 2749:present 2684:(incl. 2596:Assyria 2541:Subartu 2481:History 1574:27 June 1290:28 June 1022:Please 1014:may be 882:Please 874:may be 746:asphalt 666:Al-Hasa 581:Tripoli 577:Lebanon 406:Turkish 373:), the 318:History 272:on all 94: ( 89:Founded 4088:Burmah 3905:People 3803:Iolair 3746:Brands 3737:Jio-bp 3671:Air BP 3595:Portal 3537:Sports 3512:Health 3487:Cinema 3339:Iraqis 3242:Dinar 3177:Police 2979:Places 2469:topics 2373:Online 2139:9 July 2109: 2052: 2025: 2000: 1990: 1967: 1923: 1841: 1648: 1623: 1617:237163 1615: 1560: 1505: 1477: 1373: 1105:Partex 1073:extant 738:potash 686:Dammam 678:rupees 640:ARAMCO 502:ARAMCO 474:, and 470:, the 418:French 416:, the 414:German 286:London 220:Partex 193:Owners 164:London 4164:Other 4156:(49%) 4149:Sohio 4140:(24%) 4105:FPSO 4048:Amoco 3758:Amoco 3527:Music 3517:Media 3444:Islam 3396:Kurds 3222:Banks 3160:Women 2954:Lakes 2747:2011– 2707:Kings 2536:Sumer 2158:(PDF) 2107:S2CID 2093:(2). 1965:S2CID 1921:S2CID 695:Yemen 585:Haifa 573:Syria 4205:Opal 4113:Iraq 4063:Aral 3763:ARCO 3753:Ampm 3715:Aral 3427:Jews 3150:LGBT 3114:List 3102:List 2467:Iraq 2307:2021 2286:2021 2247:2012 2165:2012 2141:2011 2068:2015 2050:ISBN 2023:ISBN 1988:ISBN 1852:2018 1839:ISBN 1813:2012 1779:Time 1682:2012 1646:ISBN 1613:OCLC 1576:2011 1558:ISBN 1534:2014 1475:ISBN 1454:2012 1415:2012 1371:ISBN 1350:2012 1321:2012 1292:2008 1263:2012 1103:and 575:and 410:Arab 408:and 282:Iraq 276:and 248:The 182:Iraq 142:Fate 96:1929 92:1929 72:and 3482:Art 3167:Law 2099:doi 1957:doi 1913:doi 490:CFP 363:oil 280:in 262:TPC 254:IPC 4250:: 3657:BP 2105:. 2091:28 2089:. 2085:. 1998:OL 1996:. 1963:. 1953:10 1951:. 1933:^ 1919:. 1909:29 1907:. 1860:^ 1821:^ 1764:, 1733:^ 1703:^ 1668:. 1621:OL 1619:. 1597:^ 1542:^ 1524:. 1503:OL 1489:^ 1440:. 1423:^ 1385:^ 1329:^ 1300:^ 1283:. 1242:^ 1113:BP 1099:, 1095:, 1091:, 1089:BP 744:, 733:. 704:A 462:, 200:BP 166:, 3649:e 3642:t 3635:v 2763:) 2688:) 2450:e 2443:t 2436:v 2422:. 2414:" 2347:. 2309:. 2288:. 2249:. 2212:. 2192:. 2167:. 2143:. 2129:" 2113:. 2101:: 2070:. 2004:. 1971:. 1959:: 1927:. 1915:: 1815:. 1684:. 1627:. 1578:. 1536:. 1509:. 1456:. 1417:. 1379:. 1352:. 1323:. 1294:. 1265:. 1111:" 1038:) 1034:( 1030:. 1020:. 990:) 984:( 979:) 975:( 965:. 898:) 894:( 890:. 880:. 850:) 844:( 839:) 835:( 825:. 488:( 260:( 252:( 98:) 20:)

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