61:
1102:
prolific problem in conflict, and in many Mid-East countries, including Iraq, such phenomena as honor crimes (the killing of rape victims by male family members to restore honor to the family name) inhibited gender justice. The judges of the Iraqi High
Tribunal have taken a pioneering interest in gender justice, requesting a training in fall of 2006 on international law tenets that protect women's human rights. Attorney Janet Benshoof of the
46:
3059:
3069:
1939:
396:
3079:
3089:
958:. Critics pointed to Salem's lack of experience and close ties to Iraqi dissidents, questioning US motives in his appointment. However, as his uncle Ahmed Chalabi fell from US favour in August 2004, warrants were issued for their arrest while they were both out of Iraq. Some saw this as an attempt to remove them from Iraqi politics. On 19 September 2004,
973:, who became the new Administrator of the Special Tribunal – but was ousted in turn. The nine Appellate Judges have selected an eminent Iraqi jurist as president, who is the tribunal's leader. Tribunal procedures are governed by the Rules of Procedure and Evidence and the Iraqi Criminal Procedural Code of 1971.
1067:
interim prime minister, Iyad Allawi, gave assurances that he would not interfere with the trial and would accept any court decisions, although some of his comments are open to misinterpretation: "As for the execution, that is for the court to decide – so long as a decision is reached impartially and fairly."
983:
Human Rights Watch's observed the Dujail trial and saw a number of serious shortcomings in how the Iraqi High
Tribunal functioned. These include: 1) An almost complete lack of familiarity with international criminal law on the part of all Iraqi lawyers and judges involved in the trial; 2) Chaotic and
664:
The tribunal must impose sentences in line with existing Iraqi law, which includes the death penalty. For crimes such as crimes against humanity which have no counterpart in Iraqi law, the statute says the trial chamber should take into consideration the gravity of the offense and sentences issued by
1066:
International legal experts argued for Saddam to be tried outside the country as it was believed that he would not receive a fair trial under inexperienced judges who had been long standing enemies of him and his regime. Following the re-introduction of capital punishment in August 2004, the Iraqi
787:
On 5 November 2006, Saddam
Hussein was found guilty of all charges relating to the Dujail massacre and was sentenced to death by hanging. He received an automatic appeal. However, the appeal was rejected and the guilty sentence was upheld. It was ordered that he be executed within 30 days and he
528:
which is standard in Iraq and uses investigative judges. Trials are heard before a panel of the five trial judges, who conduct hearings, pronounce judgements and impose the sentences, without using a jury. There is also a separate
Appeals Chamber, with nine judges, a prosecutions department and an
1101:
One emerging, critical issue to the mission of the Iraqi High
Tribunal is that of women's human rights. Women occupy a uniquely vulnerable position in conflict, and the Iraqi High Tribunal is charged with prosecuting gender-based crimes within the Hussein regime. Historically, rape has proven a
1106:
was among the legal authorities stressing the importance of upholding women's rights in future Iraqi High
Tribunal decisions. The judges proved very interested in protecting women's human rights in their future decisions, and have requested an amicus (friend of the court) brief from concerned
1054:. Numerous international lawyers have criticized the United States for playing too great a role in the foundation, financing, and operation of the tribunal. Richard Dicker, the director of International Justice Programme of Human Rights Watch, stated regarding the proceedings of Anfal trial:
984:
inadequate administration which has given rise to major problems in performing basic administrative tasks necessary for a trial of this magnitude to run fairly; and 3) Such extensive use of anonymous witnesses that the defendants were deprived the right to contest the evidence against them.
529:
administrative department. The statute of the court allows for international judges to be appointed on the request of the court and approval of the
Council of Ministers, but none have yet been appointed. Judges were initially appointed to a five-year term by the
1058:"The court undercut the accused’s right to present a vigorous defense by allowing the prosecution to rely on vague charges and refusing requests to accommodate defense witnesses.. This includes refusing to hear testimony from defense witnesses abroad via
968:
as saying that he had received Salem's resignation. Speculation immediately started on who would replace Salem; names mentioned include Taleb al-Zubaidi and Naim al-Oukaili. On 4 October 2004, the Iraqi
National Council approved the nomination of Judge
933:
against the Kurds. Two other former regime officials, Saber Abd Al-Aziz Aldori and Farhan Mutlaq Saleh were sentenced to life in prison. All charges against former governor of Mosul Taher Tawfiq Al-ani were dropped because of insufficient evidence.
1010:
considered the Dujail and Anfal trials to be unfair and stated that many of the charges were "vague", concluding that the defendants were unable to bring their witnesses due to safety issues within Iraq. Video interactions from witnesses of the
1197:
Article 37, The
Statute of the Iraqi Special Tribunal for Crimes Against Humanity, Law No. 1 of 2003, and the Rules of Procedure issued under Article 16 thereof shall be abolished with effect from the date of the coming into force of this
937:
Al-Majid would receive three more death sentences for other crimes: one for the 1991 suppression of a Shi'a uprising along with Abdul-Ghani Abdul Ghafur on 2 December 2008; one for the 1999 crackdown in the assassination of
998:
The Iraqi High
Tribunal was widely criticized for its methodical defects and its political dependency on the Iraqi government. One of its controversial acts included the sacking of its presiding judge in September 2006 by
494:
2321:
157:
1829:
2350:
497:(TAL) promulgated by the Iraq Governing Council before the restoration of Iraqi sovereignty preserved and continued the Iraq Special Tribunal Statute in force and effect.
2620:
2234:
1015:
were also denied by the court, thus hampering the defendants' ability to challenge the claims of the prosecutors. The trails were marked by absence of fundamental
1082:. Fisk said that Juhi, a Shia Muslim then 33, had served as a judge under Saddam for a decade, then worked as a translator, and was appointed to the tribunal by
1738:
1623:
1690:
1587:
1529:
433:
3128:
2238:
1555:
2610:
1225:
688:
From October 2005 to 5 November 2006, the tribunal tried eight people who were accused of crimes against humanity in a massacre of 148 Shiites in
942:
on 2 March 2009; and lastly on 17 January 2010 for the gassing of the Kurds in 1988. Afterwards, he was hanged over a week later on 25 January.
1645:
1375:
1926:
248:
2362:
1899:
1820:
1174:
2269:
929:
On 24 June 2007, Ali Hassan al-Majid, Sultan Hashim Ahmed al-Tay, and Hussein Rashid Mohammed were sentenced to hang for their role in the
364:
306:
2264:
652:
The rights of the accused are set out in the tribunal's statute and include the presumption of innocence, equality before the tribunal, a
1851:
742:
724:
346:
342:
2254:
2219:
2615:
2531:
1760:
326:
152:
2659:
540:
For security reasons, the names of the judges were not initially released, but five judges' identities were subsequently disclosed:
271:
266:
261:
2328:
2316:
1792:
1303:
822:
1496:
3138:
2747:
2732:
296:
291:
286:
194:
2343:
800:
in 1988 and during the 1991 uprising. The judges issued arrest warrants against these persons for crimes against Kurds in 1988:
2605:
2591:
1993:
1667:
1601:
1043:
939:
486:
114:
2209:
547:, a Kurdish judge, was presiding judge of the Trial Chamber until 23 January 2006 when he quit citing government interference
493:. In 2005 it was renamed after the constitution established that "Special or exceptional courts may not be established." The
426:
1904:
656:
without undue delay, appointing counsel of the defendant's own choosing, calling witnesses, and the right to remain silent.
216:
3082:
2355:
1079:
1039:
576:
406:
2333:
3118:
2904:
2669:
2632:
2564:
1031:
382:
2249:
1094:
The Iraqi Special Tribunal also contains an official English translation of the Iraqi Criminal and Civil Code, which
120:
3133:
3113:
2757:
2737:
2579:
2569:
2559:
2259:
2028:
1459:
97:
88:
1894:
2709:
2554:
2124:
1919:
858:
849:
809:
757:
706:
550:
419:
319:
243:
1746:
1631:
2796:
2767:
2411:
1765:
490:
1698:
573:(also transliterated as Raid Juhi, Ra'id Juhi or Raid Juhi Alsaedi), the tribunal's Chief Investigative Judge.
3024:
2772:
2436:
2169:
1565:
683:
597:
534:
530:
467:
1712:
1098:
decreed would be the operating legal code of Iraq until it is changed or modified by the Iraqi government.
2727:
2586:
2456:
2431:
2301:
2053:
1027:
1000:
110:
2831:
2699:
2311:
2184:
2163:
2083:
2043:
1858:
1116:
1103:
636:
354:
181:
132:
1229:
560:
3123:
2926:
2808:
2742:
2704:
2600:
2526:
2521:
2446:
2294:
1912:
1016:
902:
718:
629:
544:
525:
221:
201:
74:
1653:
2868:
2826:
2752:
2627:
2549:
2078:
2048:
2033:
1426:
1401:
1379:
891:
886:
804:
712:
666:
588:
The tribunal has jurisdiction over any Iraqi national or resident accused of the following crimes:
505:
501:
377:
369:
161:
3068:
1359:
1226:"MercuryNews.com | 07/02/2004 | for fledgling Iraqi tribunal, stakes high trying Saddam"
1019:, such as the murder of three defense lawyers and ample utilization of anonymous witnesses by the
570:
556:
2999:
2994:
2979:
2941:
2916:
2853:
2714:
2649:
2284:
2093:
2008:
1560:
1181:
1007:
990:
960:
780:
736:
103:
2274:
462:, is a body established under Iraqi national law to try Iraqi nationals or residents accused of
3019:
2984:
2821:
2762:
2664:
2574:
2544:
2539:
2406:
2401:
2385:
2214:
2134:
2129:
2038:
1581:
1210:
1156:
930:
876:
828:
In June 2005 the judges investigated crimes carried out in 1990, ethnic crimes in the city of
797:
700:
236:
206:
93:
3092:
1862:
2911:
2846:
2836:
2510:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2421:
2396:
1148:
211:
36:
1770:
1277:
1251:
833:
3009:
2974:
2863:
2858:
2777:
2688:
2426:
2279:
2191:
2179:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2023:
1998:
1983:
1970:
1958:
1071:
1003:
127:
1107:
attorneys and women's civil society organizations regarding future gender jurisprudence.
513:
479:
1313:
1038:
organizations. The tribunal itself was widely seen as a body that was influenced by the
2989:
2964:
2244:
2174:
1051:
970:
875:
The judges also questioned these persons concerning the use of chemical weapons in the
836:
696:
640:
475:
359:
17:
3107:
3062:
3014:
3004:
2969:
2921:
2898:
2873:
2841:
2637:
2466:
2461:
2338:
2139:
1988:
955:
951:
730:
1675:
1609:
45:
2888:
2654:
2451:
2159:
2154:
2144:
1978:
1889:
1335:
1035:
653:
474:
or other serious crimes committed between 1968 and 2003. It organized the trial of
332:
1136:
815:
The judges also issued arrest warrants against these persons for crimes in 1991:
3072:
3034:
2883:
2719:
2644:
2441:
2003:
1095:
1083:
1075:
1047:
965:
913:
906:
564:
400:
65:
60:
2149:
1020:
869:
602:
509:
471:
1160:
2959:
2931:
2878:
2416:
2108:
2068:
1336:"CPA-IRAQ.org: Homepage of The New Iraq – Information about the Iraqi Dinar"
1059:
1012:
608:
1180:. Official Gazette of the Republic of Iraq. 18 October 2005. Archived from
1512:
1480:
1451:
1152:
559:, the deputy presiding judge, who was removed from the Tribunal after the
2476:
2306:
2289:
2063:
2058:
592:
463:
2936:
2893:
2073:
2018:
1137:"The Iraqi High Tribunal A Viable Experiment in International Justice?"
919:
Mahmood Faizi Al-Hazaa about the Jomaa crime in Al-Emara city in 1999;
912:
Abd Al-Ghany Abd Al- Ghafoor about religious oppression and crimes in
2816:
2471:
829:
709:, Hussein's half-brother and former chief of intelligence (1951–2007)
689:
3029:
2013:
1713:"Iraq – Saddam's Road to Hell – A journey into the killing fields"
2224:
2201:
1944:
1938:
764:
749:
At Saddam Hussein's initial arraignment he was also accused of:
617:
553:, the presiding judge of the Trial Chamber from 23 January 2006.
2794:
2686:
2508:
2383:
1956:
1908:
1212:
A history of political trials: from Charles I to Saddam Hussein
1023:, whose claims could not be cross analyzed by the defendants.
1308:
843:
Aead Futaih Khaleefa for the 1990 events and crimes in Kirkuk;
579:, an investigative judge who was fatally shot on 2 March 2006
485:
The court was set up by a specific statute issued under the
1900:
Statute of the Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal October 2005
1793:"'Bush freed us from Saddam, but he didn't finish the job'"
993:
report on the flaws of Iraqi Special Tribunal, 22 June 2007
855:
Mohammed Zemam Abd Al-Razaq for ethnic cleansing in Kirkuk;
500:
The court was responsible for the trial of Saddam Hussein,
1304:"CNN.com – Judge on Saddam tribunal killed – Mar 2, 2005"
1006:, who perceived the judge as biased towards defendants.
898:
The judges questioned these persons on various events:
504:(also known as "Chemical Ali"), former vice president
776:
suppressing Kurdish and Shiite uprisings in 1991; and
864:
Lateef Nusaif Jassim for ethnic cleansing in Kirkuk.
796:
The Special Tribunal investigated the crimes of the
2952:
2807:
2200:
2117:
1969:
1890:
Statute of the Iraqi Special Tribunal December 2004
1074:for murder in April 2004, which British journalist
1034:and deemed as illegitimate by numerous lawyers and
1819:
1530:"Saddam Hussein's Henchman Chemical Ali Executed"
1519:, 17 January 2010. Retrieved on 17 January 2010.
1487:, 2 December 2008. Retrieved on 2 December 2008.
512:and other former senior officials in the deposed
489:and was reaffirmed under the jurisdiction of the
1691:"Iraq Under Saddam Hussein and His Flawed Trial"
1026:Both within and outside Iraq, the trials by the
1739:"Iraq: Dujail Judgment Marred by Serious Flaws"
1624:"Iraq: Dujail Judgment Marred by Serious Flaws"
981:
1503:, 2 March 2009. Retrieved on 17 January 2010.
1481:Second death sentence for Iraq's 'Chemical Ali
1920:
1497:Iraq's 'Chemical Ali' gets 3rd death sentence
1364:International Center for Transitional Justice
788:was executed by hanging on 30 December 2006.
427:
8:
1360:"Law of the Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal"
1175:"Law of the Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal"
1070:One of the judges, Ra’id Juhi, had indicted
1761:"U.S. Airstrike on Fallujah House Kills 10"
1030:were dubbed as a "show parade" designed to
2804:
2791:
2683:
2505:
2380:
1966:
1953:
1927:
1913:
1905:
1821:"Confused? Shadow of his old self? Hardly"
1452:"Iraq's 'Chemical Ali' sentenced to death"
567:, which made him ineligible to be a judge.
434:
420:
31:
2235:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
1141:Journal of International Criminal Justice
905:about religious oppression and crimes in
868:In late June the judges had investigated
846:Muhsen Khedher Abass for the 1990 events;
753:the killing of religious figures in 1974;
563:found that he was a former member of the
2059:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
1513:'Chemical Ali' gets a new death sentence
1127:
1050:, who himself directly reported to the
624:These crimes must have been committed:
73:
34:
1586:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1579:
635:Before 1 May 2003 which was after the
861:for exiling and killing Ufaili Kurds;
852:for exiling and killing Ufaili Kurds.
770:killing members of political parties;
7:
3088:
3030:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
1376:"Iraqi Special Tribunal : Home"
964:quoted Iraqi interim Prime Minister
3078:
743:Mizher Abdullah Roweed Al-Musheikhi
725:Abdullah Kadhem Roweed Al-Musheikhi
715:, former vice-president (1938–2007)
639:that brought an end to the rule of
1278:"New Saddam judge 'should resign'"
950:The tribunal was initially led by
773:displacing Kurds in the mid-1980s;
721:, a former chief judge (1945–2007)
616:The use of armed force against an
577:Barwize Mohammed Mahmoud al-Merani
25:
1462:from the original on 26 June 2007
1252:"'New chairman' for Saddam trial"
1135:Scharf, Michael P. (1 May 2007).
458:and sometimes referred to as the
3087:
3077:
3067:
3058:
3057:
2363:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
1937:
1832:from the original on 25 May 2022
1646:"Convictions in the Anfal Trial"
940:Grand Ayatollah Mohammad al-Sadr
667:international criminal tribunals
394:
59:
44:
2842:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
2265:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
2255:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
1994:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
1427:"Iraqispecialtribunal Business"
1402:"Iraqispecialtribunal Business"
1044:Coalition Provisional Authority
954:a former exile and relative of
872:concerning the events of 1991.
508:, former deputy prime minister
495:Transitional Administrative Law
487:Coalition Provisional Authority
460:Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal
66:Member State of the Arab League
2125:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
1861:. 5 March 2007. Archived from
1745:. 21 June 2007. Archived from
1689:Ashok, Abhinav (5 July 2020).
1674:. 22 June 2007. Archived from
1652:. 24 June 2007. Archived from
1630:. 21 June 2007. Archived from
1608:. 22 June 2007. Archived from
613:Squandering national resources
307:2005 constitutional referendum
1:
839:, questioning these accused:
217:Kurdistan Regional Government
3129:Iraq–United States relations
2621:in ISIL-controlled territory
1818:Fisk, Robert (1 July 2004).
1668:"Q & A: The Anfal Trial"
1602:"Q & A: The Anfal Trial"
1080:Iraq spring fighting of 2004
561:De-Baathification Commission
2532:Council of Representatives
2270:Weapons of mass destruction
692:. The defendants included:
533:, in consultation with the
383:Iraq and the United Nations
327:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3155:
2260:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
1078:said had precipitated the
681:
153:Council of Representatives
3053:
2803:
2790:
2695:
2682:
2517:
2504:
2392:
2379:
1965:
1952:
1536:. London. 25 January 2010
859:Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti
850:Watban Ibrahim al-Tikriti
758:Halabja poison gas attack
707:Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti
551:Rauf Rashid Abd al-Rahman
524:The tribunal follows the
478:and other members of his
2611:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
2522:Administrative divisions
1431:Iraqispecialtribunal.org
1406:Iraqispecialtribunal.org
1042:since it was set by the
922:Hashim Hassan Al-Majeed;
883:Saber Abd Al-Aziz Aldori
810:Hussein Rasheed Mohammed
491:Iraqi Interim Government
202:Governorates (provinces)
195:Administrative divisions
121:Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani
3139:Trial of Saddam Hussein
2170:Mandate for Mesopotamia
2044:First Babylonian Empire
925:Hassan Azeba Al-Ubaidi.
823:Muzahim Sa`ab Al-Hassan
684:Trial of Saddam Hussein
598:Crimes against humanity
531:Iraqi Governing Council
468:crimes against humanity
2329:Insurgency (2011–2013)
2250:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
2054:Middle Assyrian Empire
1895:Grotian Moment Webblog
1064:
986:
535:Iraqi Judicial Council
456:Iraqi Special Tribunal
343:Diplomatic missions of
18:Iraqi Special Tribunal
2616:in post-invasion Iraq
2322:U.S. troop withdrawal
2084:Neo-Babylonian Empire
1859:Global Justice Center
1117:2003 invasion of Iraq
1104:Global Justice Center
1056:
832:, and crimes against
648:Rights of the accused
2565:Council of Ministers
2447:Mesopotamian Marshes
1868:on 26 September 2007
1017:judicial proceedings
1001:Iraqi Prime Minister
903:Awad Hamed al-Bandar
819:Barzan Abdul Ghafoor
719:Awad Hamed al-Bandar
630:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
545:Rizgar Mohammed Amin
526:inquisitorial system
249:Electoral Commission
222:Kurdistan Parliament
2827:Mesopotamian Arabic
2633:Freedom of religion
2079:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2049:Old Assyrian Period
2034:Neo-Sumerian Empire
1534:The Daily Telegraph
1153:10.1093/jicj/mqm011
1040:Bush administration
892:Ali Hassan al-Majid
887:Sultan Hashim Ahmed
805:Taher Tawfiq al-Ani
713:Taha Yassin Ramadan
506:Taha Yassin Ramadan
502:Ali Hassan al-Majid
448:Iraqi High Tribunal
378:Foreign aid to Iraq
162:Mohamed al-Halbousi
3119:Government of Iraq
2758:Telecommunications
2733:Foreign Investment
2670:Wars and conflicts
2606:in pre-Saddam Iraq
2570:Presidency Council
2356:2019–2021 protests
2285:Invasion of Kuwait
2109:Sassanid Asorestan
2104:Parthian Babylonia
2099:Seleucid Babylonia
2094:Achaemenid Assyria
2009:Jemdet Nasr period
1743:Human Rights Watch
1678:on 1 October 2022.
1672:Human Rights Watch
1656:on 14 August 2022.
1628:Human Rights Watch
1612:on 1 October 2022.
1606:Human Rights Watch
1561:The New York Times
1232:on 12 October 2004
1090:Other legal issues
1008:Human Rights Watch
991:Human Rights Watch
961:The New York Times
781:invasion of Kuwait
737:Mohammed Azawi Ali
628:After the coup by
104:Abdul Latif Rashid
89:Federal government
3134:War crimes trials
3114:Judiciary of Iraq
3101:
3100:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3035:Mandaean New Year
2786:
2785:
2678:
2677:
2660:Political parties
2555:Foreign relations
2500:
2499:
2407:Lower Mesopotamia
2402:Upper Mesopotamia
2375:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2135:Abbasid Caliphate
2130:Umayyad Caliphate
2039:Isin-Larsa period
1773:on 20 August 2004
1749:on 23 March 2023.
1634:on 23 March 2023.
1284:. 18 January 2006
1258:. 16 January 2006
931:al-Anfal campaign
877:al-Anfal campaign
798:al-Anfal campaign
792:Al-Anfal campaign
701:president of Iraq
607:Manipulating the
444:
443:
365:Visa requirements
320:Foreign relations
253:Recent elections
244:Political parties
16:(Redirected from
3146:
3091:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3071:
3061:
3060:
2805:
2792:
2723:
2684:
2535:
2506:
2492:Sinjar Mountains
2482:Zagros Mountains
2422:Hamrin Mountains
2381:
2344:Mosul liberation
2317:Iraqi insurgency
2239:National Command
2228:
2064:Simurrum culture
1967:
1954:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1906:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1856:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1823:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1769:. Archived from
1757:
1751:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1701:on 11 June 2023.
1697:. Archived from
1686:
1680:
1679:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1564:. Archived from
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1526:
1520:
1510:
1504:
1501:Associated Press
1494:
1488:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1458:. 24 June 2007.
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1378:. Archived from
1372:
1366:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1312:. Archived from
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1228:. Archived from
1222:
1216:
1209:Laughland, John
1207:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1187:on 25 March 2009
1186:
1179:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1132:
1028:Special Tribunal
994:
946:General Director
637:invasion of Iraq
454:), formerly the
436:
429:
422:
399:
398:
397:
212:Kurdistan Region
64:
63:
48:
37:Politics of Iraq
32:
21:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3041:
3025:Public holidays
2948:
2799:
2782:
2721:
2691:
2674:
2533:
2513:
2496:
2427:Iraqi Kurdistan
2417:Euphrates river
2388:
2367:
2334:War (2014–2017)
2280:Operation Opera
2226:
2196:
2192:Arab Federation
2180:Kingdom of Iraq
2113:
2089:Fall of Babylon
2024:Akkadian Empire
1999:Samarra culture
1984:Hassuna culture
1961:
1948:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1886:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1826:The Independent
1817:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1799:. 21 March 2013
1797:The Irish Times
1791:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1737:
1736:
1732:
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1688:
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1643:
1639:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1556:"Archived copy"
1554:
1553:
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1539:
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1528:
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1523:
1511:
1507:
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1479:
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1190:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1113:
1092:
1072:Moqtada al-Sadr
1004:Nouri al-Maliki
996:
988:
979:
948:
794:
763:the killing of
686:
680:
675:
662:
650:
632:on 17 July 1968
586:
522:
440:
411:
407:Other countries
401:Iraq portal
395:
393:
388:
387:
374:
355:Nationality law
351:
339:
322:
312:
311:
301:
285:Gubernatorial:
279:
278:
260:Parliamentary:
239:
229:
228:
197:
187:
186:
177:
169:
168:
148:
140:
139:
133:Current cabinet
84:
69:
58:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3152:
3150:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
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3075:
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3047:
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3017:
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2987:
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2977:
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2944:
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2934:
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2924:
2914:
2909:
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2896:
2891:
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2871:
2866:
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2849:
2844:
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2829:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2763:Transportation
2760:
2755:
2753:Stock Exchange
2750:
2748:Reconstruction
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2728:Infrastructure
2725:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2680:
2679:
2676:
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2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2613:
2608:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2587:Prime Minister
2584:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2567:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2515:
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2501:
2498:
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2495:
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2489:
2484:
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2459:
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2341:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2295:1991 uprisings
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2245:Saddam Hussein
2242:
2231:
2230:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2177:
2175:Mandatory Iraq
2172:
2167:
2164:Mamluk dynasty
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
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2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2029:Gutian dynasty
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1884:External links
1882:
1880:
1879:
1843:
1810:
1784:
1752:
1730:
1704:
1681:
1659:
1637:
1615:
1593:
1568:on 28 May 2015
1547:
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1367:
1352:
1327:
1316:on 13 May 2006
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1166:
1147:(2): 258–263.
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1032:execute Saddam
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971:Ammar al-Bakri
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682:Main article:
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673:Investigations
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81:
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71:
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54:
53:
50:
49:
41:
40:
35:
27:Iraqi tribunal
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3151:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
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3112:
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2925:
2923:
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2913:
2910:
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2903:
2900:
2899:Iraqi Turkmen
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
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2561:
2558:
2556:
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2548:
2546:
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2538:
2536:
2534:(legislative)
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
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2468:
2467:Syrian Desert
2465:
2463:
2462:Shatt al-Arab
2460:
2458:
2455:
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2397:Faw peninsula
2395:
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2382:
2378:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
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2339:Fall of Mosul
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:U.S. invasion
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Iran–Iraq War
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2223:
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2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2186:
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2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2140:Buyid dynasty
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2105:
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2100:
2097:
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2042:
2040:
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2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:Halaf culture
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1852:"Iraq Report"
1847:
1844:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1814:
1811:
1798:
1794:
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1456:Msnbc.msn.com
1453:
1447:
1444:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1382:on 2 May 2006
1381:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1341:
1340:Cpa-iraqa.org
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1033:
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1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1002:
995:
992:
985:
977:Controversies
976:
974:
972:
967:
963:
962:
957:
956:Ahmed Chalabi
953:
952:Salem Chalabi
945:
943:
941:
935:
932:
924:
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918:
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908:
904:
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772:
769:
766:
762:
759:
755:
752:
751:
750:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
731:Ali Daeem Ali
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
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702:
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695:
694:
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691:
685:
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619:
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2705:Central Bank
2601:Human rights
2527:Constitution
2472:Tigris river
2452:Persian Gulf
2160:Ottoman Iraq
2145:Qara Qoyunlu
1979:Ubaid period
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3124:Law of Iraq
3083:WikiProject
2884:Marsh Arabs
2869:Circassians
2550:Foreign aid
2442:Mesopotamia
2004:Uruk period
1719:. Frontline
1695:Legal Bites
1572:20 February
1096:Paul Bremer
1084:Paul Bremer
1076:Robert Fisk
1048:Paul Bremer
1021:prosecution
966:Iyad Allawi
914:Balad, Iraq
907:Balad, Iraq
894:(1941–2010)
739:(1943–2011)
733:(1940–2015)
727:(1925–2011)
703:(1937–2006)
565:Baath Party
370:Visa policy
147:Legislature
3108:Categories
3000:Television
2980:Literature
2942:Irreligion
2917:Secularism
2854:Minorities
2722:(currency)
2715:Corruption
2560:Government
2351:Insurgency
2150:Aq Qoyunlu
1971:Chronology
1836:11 January
1803:14 January
1540:25 January
1386:23 October
1123:References
1013:defendants
870:Tariq Aziz
603:War crimes
510:Tariq Aziz
472:war crimes
331:Minister:
83:Government
3020:Squatting
2985:Education
2932:Mandaeism
2901:/Turkoman
2879:Mandaeans
2864:Assyrians
2859:Armenians
2822:Languages
2710:Companies
2665:Judiciary
2575:President
2545:Elections
2540:Democracy
2386:Geography
2302:Sanctions
2220:2003–2011
2215:1968–2003
2210:1958–1968
2069:Babylonia
1517:MSNBC.com
1485:MSNBC.com
1191:13 August
1161:1478-1387
1060:videolink
699:, former
660:Penalties
609:judiciary
514:Ba'athist
237:Elections
207:Districts
176:Judiciary
94:President
3063:Category
2912:Religion
2889:Persians
2773:Railways
2768:Airlines
2650:Military
2511:Politics
2487:Wildlife
2477:Umm Qasr
2307:Iraq War
2290:Gulf War
2202:Republic
2155:Safavids
2118:638–1958
1830:Archived
1766:ABC News
1723:19 April
1582:cite web
1466:19 April
1460:Archived
1436:19 April
1411:19 April
1345:19 April
1282:BBC News
1256:BBC News
1111:See also
767:in 1983;
593:Genocide
516:regime.
482:regime.
464:genocide
360:Passport
3093:Commons
3010:Smoking
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2970:Cuisine
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2847:Persian
2837:Kurdish
2832:Aramaic
2797:Society
2778:Tourism
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2437:Islands
2412:Borders
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2227:present
2162:(incl.
2074:Assyria
2019:Subartu
1959:History
1777:27 June
1215:, p.242
1046:led by
620:country
347:in Iraq
158:Speaker
128:Cabinet
3073:Portal
3015:Sports
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2965:Cinema
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1947:topics
1872:21 May
1320:23 May
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745:(1952)
690:Dujail
520:Judges
3005:Music
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2185:Kings
2014:Sumer
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765:Kurds
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2580:List
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1779:2013
1725:2017
1588:link
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