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three sections of nine pitches: each for the bass, middle, and higher octave called behind the left bridges comprising 27 tones altogether. The top "F" note is repeated twice, creating a total of 25 separate tones on the santur. The
Persian santur is primarily tuned to a variety of different diatonic scales utilizing 1/4 tones which are designated into 12 modes (
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The Iraqi santur has, since its inception, been fully chromatic, allowing for full maqam modulations. It uses 12 bridges of steel strings on both sides. Three of these bridges are movable: B half flat qaraar, E half flat, and B half flat jawaab. The non-standard version of the Iraqi santur includes
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The right-hand strings are made of brass or copper, while the left-hand strings are made of steel. A total of 18 bridges divide the santur into three positions. Over each bridge cross four strings tuned in unison, spanning horizontally across the right and left side of the instrument. There are
325:. Musicians modified the original design over the centuries, yielding a wide array of musical scales and tunings. The original santur was likely made with wood and stone and strung with goat intestines. According to Habib Hasan Touma, the Babylonian santur was the ancestor of the
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321:. "The earliest sign of it comes from Assyrian and Babylonian stone carvings (669 B.C.); it shows the instrument being played while hanging from the player's neck" (35). This instrument was traded and traveled to different parts of the
1406:
473:) is a hammered dulcimer of Mesopotamian origin. It is a trapezoid box zither with a walnut body and 92 steel (or bronze) strings. The strings, tuned to the same pitch in groups of four, are struck with two wooden mallets called "
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is wider, more rectangular and has more strings. Its corresponding mallets are also held differently and played with a different technique. The eastern
European version of the santur called the
391:(mallets) are feather-weight and are held between the thumb, index, and middle fingers. A typical Persian santur has two sets of nine bridges, providing a range of approximately three diatonic
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tradition. The instrument was brought to Europe by the Arabs through North Africa and Spain during the Middle Ages and also to China where it was referred to as the "foreign
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489:("chessmen" in Iraqi Arabic) because they look like pawns. It is native to Iraq, Syria, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Iran, Greece (the Aegean coasts) and Azerbaijan.
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Versions of the santur or hammered dulcimer are used throughout the world. In
Eastern Europe, a larger descendant of the hammered dulcimer called the
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extra bridges so that there's no need to move those three bridges. However, playing it is a bit harder than playing the standard 12-bridge santur.
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Similar musical instruments have been present since medieval times all over the world, including
Armenia, China, Greece, India, etc. The Indian
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433:, which is much larger and chromatic, is used to accompany Hungarian folk music, Eastern European Jewish music, and Slavic music, as well as
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The archetype of the instrument carried horizontally and struck with two sticks, found in iconographical documents in ancient
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2359:. Berkeley: Bit Enki Publications, 1976. Includes LP record, Bit Enki Records BTNK 101, reissued as CD.
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Kilmer, Anne
Draffkorn (1974). "The Cult Song with Music from Ancient Ugarit: Another Interpretation".
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1985:"Amir ElSaffar | Jazz Trumpeter | Composer | Iraqi Maqam Singer | Santoor Player"
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2155:"CHINAR SHADE : USTAAD MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH TIBETBAQAL ( 1914-1982) SUFIANA MUSICIAN FROM KASHMIR"
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395:. The mezrabs are made out of wood with tips that may or may not be wrapped with cotton or felt.
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2140:"Our wishes to India's single female Santoor player Dr. Varsha Agrawal (born 29 Jan 1967)"
1957:
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Proceedings of Sixth
International Conference on Music Information Retrieval, London, UK
2267:, Sources from the Ancient Near East, vol. 2, fasc. 2. Malibu, CA: Undena Publications.
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West, M. L. (1994). "The
Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts".
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Vitale, Raoul (1982). "La
Musique suméro-accadienne: gamme et notation musicale".
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Duchesne-Guillemin, Marcelle (1980). "Sur la restitution de la musique hourrite".
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409:. These 12 Dastgahs are the repertory of Persian classical music known as the
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This article is about the
Persian instrument. For the Indian instrument, see
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Kilmer, Anne
Draffkorn, Richard L. Crocker, and Robert R. Brown (1976).
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A Hurrian Musical Score from Ugarit: The Discovery of Mesopotamian Music
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2012:
1443:(1. publ. in Great Britain ed.). Oxford, UK: Osprey. p. 286.
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Khan, Mohammad Santour. "Oldest Santur Master that we have proof of".
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Sounds from Silence: Recent Discoveries in Ancient Near Eastern Music
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The Origin of Music: A Theory of the Universal Development of Music
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477:". The tuning of these 23 sets of strings extends from the lower
3776:
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2371:
New Oxford History of Music Volume I: Ancient and Oriental Music
2327:
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie 8
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45:
2383:
Wulstan, David (1968). "The Tuning of the Babylonian Harp".
1387:
Chalghi santur player playing on a non-standard Iraqi santur
1075:
457:
Chalghi santur player playing on a non-standard Iraqi santur
160:
2329:, edited by Dietz Otto Edzard, 463–82. Berlin: De Gruyter.
2228:, trans. Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press.
675:
3679:
2325:
Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn (1997). "Musik, A: philologisch".
2404:
2390:
Wulstan, David (1971). "The Earliest Musical Notation".
2309:
The Discovery of an Ancient Mesopotamian Theory of Music
2169:"Artist - Harjinder Pal Singh (Santoor), Gharana - None"
1034:, and more recently, in a different musical context, by
2425:
Dr. Ümit Mutlu's information on the santur (in Turkish)
2284:
Gütterbock, Hans (1970). "Musical Notation in Ugarit".
1582:(New expanded ed.). Portland, Or: Amadeus Press.
1468:
Al-ʼĀlāt al-musīqīyya al-muṣāhiba lil-Maqām al-ʻIrāqī
317:
The santur was invented and developed in the area of
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2216:Al-Mughannūn al-Baghdādīyyūn wa al-Maqām al-ʻIrāqī
1972:Al-Mughannūn al-Baghdādīyyūn wa al-Maqām al-ʻIrāqī
1440:Shadows in the desert : ancient Persia at war
1056:is a type of hammered dulcimer that originated in
2415:Santur introduction in American Lutherie magazine
2313:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
93:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
1557:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 43.
2342:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2286:Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
2089:"عزف على السنطور || للفنان وسام ايوب"
758:Haj Hashim Muhammad Rajab al-Ubaydi (1921–2003)
496:are the main instruments used in the classical
309:Woman playing a santur, early 19th century, in
3695:
3395:
2964:
2462:
2294:"The Persian music and the santur instrument"
1470:. Baghdad: Matbaʻat al-ʻUmmāl al-Markazīyya.
719:Notable players of the Iraqi santur include:
39:"Santouri" redirects here. For the film, see
8:
123:
2410:The Persian music and the santur instrument
2340:Kilmer, Anne (2001). "Mesopotamia §8(ii)".
1015:is played and has been used by a number of
3721:
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3380:
2971:
2957:
2949:
2838:
2801:
2690:
2496:
2469:
2455:
2447:
2007:
2005:
773:Muhammad Zaki Darwish al-Samarra'i (1955–)
770:Muhammad Salih al-Santurchi (18th century)
2420:Nay-Nava Encyclopedia entry on the santur
1274:Spain (and Spanish-speaking countries) –
198:Sadeghi-Dehlavi-Concertino for Santur by
357:The name 'santur' may come from Persian
2114:"عزف سنطور _ وسام العزاوي _مقام نهاوند"
2063:"وسام ايوب العزاوي عزف على الة السنطور"
2038:"mohamedzakidarwish - santourmzdarwish"
1480:
1478:
1476:
1429:
1359:
821:Players of the Greek Santouri include:
1819:
1808:
1609:Santur Master, Teacher & Performer
1462:
1460:
797:Salman Sha'ul Dawud Bassun (1900–1950)
361:, a borrowing of the Greek ψαλτήριον '
249:
122:
2263:Duchesne-Guillemin, Marcelle (1984).
7:
1554:The A to Z of the Gypsies (Romanies)
1528:The Dastgah Concept in Persian Music
746:Hugi Salih Rahmain Pataw (1848–1933)
1512:, updated December 2022, ''s.v.'' '
1489:. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press.
470:
231:
27:Hammered dulcimer of Iranian origin
4010:Musical Instrument Factory of Riga
2373:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2292:Heydarian, P.; J.D. Reiss (2005).
1624:"One of the oldest Santur Masters"
1312:United Kingdom – hammered dulcimer
800:Sha'ul Dawud Bassun (19th century)
83:for transliterated languages, and
63:of its non-English content, using
25:
2405:Santur – The Art of Persian Music
2303:. Vol. 11. pp. 524–527.
1315:United States – hammered dulcimer
3362:
3361:
3349:
3335:
2281:. Saskatoon: Greenwich-Meridian.
1466:--- Rashid, Subhi Anwar (1989).
1404:
1392:
1380:
1365:
803:Shummel Salih Shmuli (1837–1915)
253:
129:
50:
4056:Azerbaijani musical instruments
3411:Azerbaijani musical instruments
2352:. London: Macmillan Publishers.
2307:Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn (1971).
2153:Shade, Chinar (14 April 2015).
1050:hammered dulcimer. The Chinese
1530:. Cambridge University Press.
809:Yusuf Badros Aslan (1844–1929)
764:Heskel Shmuli Ezra (1804–1894)
99:multilingual support templates
1:
2928:Azerbaijani traditional music
2218:. Baghdad: Wizarat al-Irshad.
1974:. Baghdad: Wizarat al-Irshad.
3490:Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)
2344:, second edition, edited by
1372:Ali Bahrami-Fard playing in
1271:Slovenia – cimbale, oprekelj
1084:Armenian - սանթուր (sant'ur)
812:Yusuf Hugi Pataw (1886–1976)
785:Sa'ad Abd al-Latif al-Ubaydi
485:(A). The bridges are called
4051:Iranian musical instruments
3301:Turkish musical instruments
2980:Turkish musical instruments
2478:Iranian musical instruments
2430:Santur history (in Turkish)
2369:Wellesz, Egon, ed. (1957).
1485:Touma, Habib Hasan (1996).
1294:Tajikistan – сантур, santur
1199:Latgalia (Latvia) – cymbala
776:Mustafa Abd al-Qadir Tawfiq
4077:
4046:Arabic musical instruments
2239:Children's Book of Music'
1862:"Old School Santur Master"
1128:Croatian – cimbal, cimbale
933:Bee Seavers, disciple of
779:Qasim Muhammad Abd (1969–)
38:
31:
3329:
2936:Persian traditional music
2932:Kurdish traditional music
2921:
2214:Al-Hanafi, Jalal (1964).
2013:"Traditional Iraqi Music"
1970:Al-Hanafi, Jalal (1964).
1510:Oxford English Dictionary
1350:Persian traditional music
1262:Serbia – цимбал (tsimbal)
465:(also santour, santoor) (
296:
252:
189:
177:
159:
128:
2924:Afghan traditional music
2435:13 February 2010 at the
2380:75, no. 2 (May): 161–79.
2288:64, no. 1 (1970): 45–52.
1954:Old School Santur Player
1843:Old school Santur master
1784:Old School Santur Master
1761:Old School Santur player
1704:Old school Santur master
1685:Old School Santur Master
1666:Old school Santur Master
1647:Old school santur player
1551:Kenrick, Donald (2010).
1042:is the name of both the
723:Abdallah Ali (1929–1998)
3311:Ottoman classical music
2940:Tajik traditional music
2260:66, no. 1 (1980): 5–26.
1723:Unique Style of Playing
1526:Farhat, Hormoz (1990).
1437:Farrokh, Kaveh (2007).
1361:Santur related pictures
1291:Switzerland – Hackbrett
1259:, Дульцимер (dultsimer)
854:Notable players of the
806:Wesam al-Azzawy (1960–)
407:Persian classical music
3566:Percussion instruments
2226:The Music of the Arabs
2187:"Pt. Shivkumar Sharma"
1950:"Female Santur Player"
1927:"Female Santur Player"
1904:"Female Santur Player"
1622:Khan, Mohammad Sadeq.
1605:"Master of the Santur"
1580:The music of the Arabs
1487:The Music of the Arabs
761:Hendrin Hikmat (1974–)
743:Ghazi Mahsub al-Azzawi
458:
450:
314:
203:
165:
3316:Ottoman military band
2277:Fink, Robert (1981).
1578:Touma, Habib (1996).
1007:From around the world
737:Bahir Hashem Al Rajab
641:Mohammad Santour Khan
563:Nasser Rastegar-Nejad
456:
448:
308:
197:
164:
4041:Hammered box zithers
3980:Appalachian dulcimer
3573:Auxiliary Percussion
3518:Woodwind instruments
3221:Auxiliary percussion
2320:Revue d'Assyriologie
2258:Revue de Musicologie
1866:Master of the Santur
1803:Master of the Santur
1628:Master of the Santur
1399:Santur hand position
1081:Afghanistan – santur
910:Mohammad Tibet Baqal
845:Ourania Lambropoulou
791:Saif Walid al-Ubaydi
755:Hammudi Ali al-Wardi
449:Typical Iraqi santur
97:. Knowledge (XXG)'s
61:specify the language
59:This article should
3954:Tambourine de Bearn
3874:Epinette des Vosges
3811:West and South Asia
3439:Plucked instruments
3025:Plucked instruments
2222:Touma, Habib Hassan
1948:Ali Pour, Manijeh.
1325:(lit. "36 strings")
1146:Germany – Hackbrett
1100:Belgium – hakkebord
1093:Belarus – Цымбалы (
1090:Austria – Hackbrett
1087:Azerbaijan – santur
916:Harjinder Pal Singh
588:Mohammad Sadeq Khan
568:Masoud Rezaei Nejad
483:jawab jawab husayni
291:Related instruments
263:(1600-911 BCE) and
172:Related instruments
125:
4061:Iranian inventions
3504:Struck instruments
3419:String instruments
3306:Turkish folk music
3098:Struck instruments
3016:Rebab/Kabak kemane
2394:52 (1971): 365–82.
2366:14 (1982): 241–63.
2364:Ugarit-Forschungen
2142:. 28 January 2013.
2120:. 14 November 2009
1837:Safvat, Daryoush.
1641:Shahi, Ali Akbar.
1318:Uzbekistan – chang
1306:Ukraine – Цимбали
869:Tarun Bhattacharya
826:Tasos Diakogiorgis
782:Rahmatallah Safa'i
533:Manoochehr Sadeghi
459:
451:
347:hammered dulcimers
315:
204:
166:
4028:
4027:
3998:
3997:
3884:Hammered dulcimer
3677:
3676:
3664:Azerbaijani Music
3426:Bowed instruments
3377:
3376:
3342:Turkey portal
3006:Classical kemençe
3001:Karadeniz kemençe
2997:Bowed instruments
2946:
2945:
2917:
2916:
2820:
2819:
2790:
2789:
2674:
2673:
2517:Classical kemençe
2392:Music and Letters
2378:Music and Letters
2245:978-0-7566-6734-4
2173:www.swarganga.org
1818:Missing or empty
1736:Shafieian, Reza.
1717:Varzandeh, Reza.
1589:978-0-931340-88-8
1564:978-0-8108-7561-6
1413:
1340:
1339:
1255:Russia – цимбалы
1233:Pakistan – santur
1215:Mongolia – ёочин
1149:Greece – santouri
1143:France – tympanon
1131:Czech Republic –
1064:are found in the
1060:. The santur and
960:Santuri Ethem Bey
922:Sandip Chatterjee
831:Aristidis Moschos
583:Omid Tahmasebpour
548:Parviz Meshkatian
303:
302:
274:String instrument
236:hammered dulcimer
208:
207:
195:
179:Hammered dulcimer
121:
120:
101:may also be used.
16:(Redirected from
4068:
3985:Mexican salterio
3767:Indonesian siter
3722:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3681:
3641:Possibly extinct
3404:
3397:
3390:
3381:
3365:
3364:
3356:Music portal
3354:
3353:
3352:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3270:Turkish crescent
2973:
2966:
2959:
2950:
2839:
2834:
2802:
2691:
2686:
2497:
2492:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2448:
2442:The Iraqi Santur
2304:
2298:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2191:Shantiniketan.eu
2183:
2177:
2176:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2042:Sites.google.com
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1989:Amirelsaffar.com
1981:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1956:. Archived from
1945:
1939:
1938:
1933:. Archived from
1922:
1916:
1915:
1910:. Archived from
1899:
1893:
1892:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1868:. Archived from
1860:Akhbari, Jalal.
1857:
1851:
1850:
1845:. Archived from
1834:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1786:. Archived from
1778:Shaari, Masoud.
1775:
1769:
1768:
1763:. Archived from
1755:Sarami, Mansur.
1752:
1746:
1745:
1738:"Saba's Student"
1733:
1727:
1726:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1679:Malek, Hussein.
1676:
1670:
1669:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1523:
1517:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1482:
1471:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1434:
1418:Santur technique
1415:
1414:
1396:
1384:
1369:
1323:đàn tam thập lục
1236:Poland – cymbały
1202:Latvia – cimbole
1076:
1072:, respectively.
948:Jarosław Niemiec
935:Shivkumar Sharma
881:Shivkumar Sharma
836:Nikos Kalaintzis
701:Manijeh Ali Pour
676:Peyman Heydarian
543:Mohammad Heydari
523:Abol Hassan Saba
472:
385:The oval-shaped
373:is found in the
367:Biblical Aramaic
257:
250:
233:
196:
148:Stringed, Struck
133:
126:
116:
113:
107:
92:
86:
82:
76:
72:
66:
54:
53:
46:
21:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4024:
3994:
3968:
3949:Streichmelodion
3847:
3806:
3713:
3708:
3678:
3673:
3652:
3636:
3560:
3512:
3413:
3408:
3378:
3373:
3350:
3348:
3336:
3334:
3325:
3321:Music of Turkey
3289:
3213:
3206:
3113:
3106:
2989:
2982:
2977:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2913:
2879:Tonbak (Dombak)
2832:Kūbeheyī/Zarbī)
2831:
2828:
2827:
2816:
2797:
2786:
2745:
2684:(Sāzhāy-e Bādī)
2682:
2681:
2670:
2644:
2628:
2602:Azerbaijani Tar
2523:
2490:(Sāzhāy-e Zehī)
2488:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2437:Wayback Machine
2401:
2296:
2291:
2253:
2251:Further reading
2211:
2206:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1925:Aslani, Susan.
1924:
1923:
1919:
1902:Hashemi, Azar.
1901:
1900:
1896:
1885:"Santur Player"
1882:
1881:
1877:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1839:"Santur Master"
1836:
1835:
1831:
1817:
1807:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1780:"Santur Master"
1777:
1776:
1772:
1757:"Santur Master"
1754:
1753:
1749:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1719:"Santur Master"
1716:
1715:
1711:
1700:"santur master"
1697:
1696:
1692:
1681:"Santur master"
1678:
1677:
1673:
1662:"Santur Master"
1659:
1658:
1654:
1643:"Santur master"
1640:
1639:
1635:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1484:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1388:
1385:
1376:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1341:
1303:Turkey – santur
1028:Igor Stravinsky
1009:
972:
956:
944:
930:
852:
841:Marios Papadeas
819:
749:Hashim Al Rajab
740:Basil al-Jarrah
717:
666:Pejman Azarmina
646:Daryoush Safvat
593:Ali Akbar Shahi
538:Faramarz Payvar
519:
514:
512:Notable players
443:
421:
383:
355:
268:
248:
200:Faramarz Payvar
191:
117:
111:
108:
102:
90:
84:
80:
78:transliteration
74:
70:
64:
55:
51:
44:
41:Santouri (film)
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4074:
4072:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4033:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3864:Bowed psaltery
3861:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3833:Persian santur
3830:
3828:Indian santoor
3825:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3707:
3706:
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3692:
3684:
3675:
3674:
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3666:
3660:
3658:
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3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
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3553:
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3533:
3528:
3522:
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3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3445:
3440:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3359:
3345:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3039:Turkish tambur
3036:
3031:
3026:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2953:
2944:
2943:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2836:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2688:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2590:Kurdish tanbur
2587:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2494:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2399:External links
2397:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2338:
2323:
2316:
2305:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2261:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2219:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2178:
2160:
2145:
2131:
2105:
2080:
2054:
2029:
2001:
1976:
1963:
1960:on 2 May 2006.
1940:
1937:on 2 May 2006.
1931:Santur Soloist
1917:
1914:on 2 May 2006.
1908:Santur Soloist
1894:
1889:Santur Soloist
1875:
1872:on 2 May 2006.
1852:
1849:on 2 May 2006.
1829:
1793:
1790:on 2 May 2006.
1770:
1767:on 2 May 2006.
1747:
1728:
1709:
1698:Somai, Habib.
1690:
1671:
1660:Khan, Hassan.
1652:
1633:
1614:
1603:Kiani, Majid.
1595:
1588:
1570:
1563:
1543:
1536:
1518:
1502:
1495:
1472:
1456:
1449:
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1310:
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1301:
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1279:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1221:Netherlands –
1219:
1213:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1074:
1036:Blue Man Group
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1001:Ashraf YASSINE
998:
993:
991:Marcel Ghrayeb
988:
983:
978:
971:
968:
967:
966:
955:
952:
951:
950:
943:
940:
939:
938:
929:
926:
925:
924:
919:
913:
907:
904:Varsha Agrawal
901:
898:R. Visweswaran
895:
889:
884:
878:
872:
866:
856:Indian santoor
851:
848:
847:
846:
843:
838:
833:
828:
818:
815:
814:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
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789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
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771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
727:
726:Akram Al Iraqi
724:
716:
713:
712:
711:
706:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
681:Kourosh Zolani
678:
673:
671:Pashang Kamkar
668:
663:
661:Ardavan Kamkar
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
636:Sourena Sefati
633:
628:
623:
618:
616:Reza Shafieian
613:
611:Reza Varzandeh
608:
603:
598:
595:
590:
585:
580:
578:Mohsen Gholami
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
518:
515:
513:
510:
442:
439:
420:
417:
382:
379:
375:Book of Daniel
354:
351:
301:
300:
294:
293:
287:
286:
283:
281:Classification
277:
276:
270:
269:
267:(911-612 BCE).
258:
247:
244:
206:
205:
187:
186:
182:
181:
175:
174:
168:
167:
157:
156:
150:
149:
146:
144:Classification
140:
139:
135:
134:
119:
118:
58:
56:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4073:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4015:Oscar Schmidt
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:Manufacturers
4001:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
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3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
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3727:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3705:
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3698:
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3670:
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3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3632:Qoltuq nagara
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
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3590:
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3585:
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3527:
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3509:
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3436:
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3428:
3425:
3424:
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3405:
3400:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3370:
3369:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
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3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
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3209:
3203:
3200:
3198:
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3163:
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3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3097:
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2869:Dāyereh Zangī
2867:
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2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2346:Stanley Sadie
2343:
2339:
2336:
2335:3-11-014809-9
2332:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2306:
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2295:
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2276:
2274:
2273:0-89003-158-4
2270:
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2262:
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2255:
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2250:
2246:
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2235:
2234:0-931340-88-8
2231:
2227:
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2135:
2132:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2069:. 12 May 2012
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1883:Arfa, Atrai.
1879:
1876:
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1867:
1863:
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1853:
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1844:
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1758:
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1748:
1743:
1742:Santur Master
1739:
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1498:
1496:0-931340-88-8
1492:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1450:9781846031083
1446:
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1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1171:Iraq – santur
1170:
1168:Iran – santur
1167:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
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1136:
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1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:Pierre Boulez
1029:
1025:
1024:Zoltán Kodály
1021:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
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976:Hayaf YASSINE
974:
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896:
893:
892:Bhajan Sopori
890:
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802:
799:
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794:Salman Enwiya
793:
790:
787:
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781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
767:Mohamed Abbas
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
731:
730:Amir ElSaffar
728:
725:
722:
721:
720:
714:
710:
707:
705:Hayaf Yassine
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
651:Jalal Akhbari
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
631:Siamak Aghayi
629:
627:
626:Masoud Shaari
624:
622:
621:Mansur Sarami
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
601:Hussein Malek
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
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229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
201:
188:
183:
180:
176:
173:
169:
163:
158:
155:
154:Playing range
151:
147:
145:
141:
136:
132:
127:
115:
105:
100:
96:
89:
79:
69:
62:
57:
48:
47:
42:
35:
30:
19:
3964:Violinzither
3838:Iraqi santur
3832:
3582:Boyuk nagara
3507:
3366:
3347:
3333:
3101:
3011:Yaylı tanbur
2829:
2683:
2649:Experimental
2585:Yaylı tambur
2489:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2350:John Tyrrell
2341:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2285:
2278:
2264:
2257:
2225:
2215:
2209:Bibliography
2194:. Retrieved
2190:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2148:
2134:
2122:. Retrieved
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2057:
2045:. Retrieved
2041:
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2016:
1992:. Retrieved
1988:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1958:the original
1953:
1943:
1935:the original
1930:
1920:
1912:the original
1907:
1897:
1888:
1878:
1870:the original
1865:
1855:
1847:the original
1842:
1832:
1802:
1796:
1788:the original
1783:
1773:
1765:the original
1760:
1750:
1741:
1731:
1722:
1712:
1703:
1693:
1684:
1674:
1665:
1655:
1646:
1636:
1627:
1617:
1608:
1598:
1579:
1573:
1553:
1546:
1527:
1521:
1509:
1505:
1486:
1467:
1439:
1432:
1334:
1205:Lithuania –
1121:China – 扬琴 (
1115:Catalonia –
1051:
1022:, including
1010:
996:Hady ZACCOUR
981:Bilal BITTAR
964:Sehnaz Longa
962:composer of
887:Abhay Sopori
875:Rahul Sharma
853:
820:
788:Sabah Hashim
718:
709:Masoud Malek
696:Susan Aslani
691:Azar Hashemi
656:Pouya Saraei
606:Habib Soma’i
573:Milad Kiayie
506:
501:
491:
486:
482:
478:
474:
463:Iraqi santur
462:
460:
441:Iraqi santur
435:Romani music
428:
422:
410:
400:
397:
386:
384:
370:
358:
356:
316:
223:
219:
215:
211:
209:
185:Sound sample
109:
95:ISO 639 code
91:}}
85:{{
81:}}
75:{{
71:}}
65:{{
60:
29:
18:Iraqi santur
3587:Cura nagara
3230:Cura nagara
3214:instruments
3197:Kargı Düdük
3192:Dilli düdük
3172:Dilli kaval
3157:Turkish ney
3114:instruments
3021:Sine kemanı
2990:instruments
2909:Zarbang Udu
2315:115:131–49.
2017:Dangoor.com
1374:Vahdat Hall
1297:Thailand –
1287:hammarharpa
1278:, dulcémele
1265:Slovakia –
1239:Portugal –
1109:Cambodia –
1066:Middle East
986:Issam FAYAD
937:(see above)
912:(1914–1982)
900:(1944–2007)
894:(1948c2022)
883:(1938–2022)
865:(1950–2018)
863:Ulhas Bapat
752:Hala Bassam
734:Azhar Kubba
597:Hassan Khan
558:Ahad Behjat
553:Majid Kiani
528:Amir Aghasi
498:Iraqi Maqam
492:It and the
419:Derivations
381:Description
335:harpsichord
323:Middle East
265:Neo-Assyria
4035:Categories
3944:Scheitholt
3939:Psalterium
3843:Swarmandal
3762:Ichigenkin
3212:Percussion
2826:Percussion
2721:Narmeh-ney
2387:30:215–28.
1820:|url=
1537:052130542X
1424:References
1328:Yiddish –
1321:Vietnam –
1245:Romania –
1229:hakkebrett
1174:Ireland –
1152:Hungary –
1137:Denmark –
686:Arfa Atrai
481:(G) up to
363:psalterion
345:, and the
311:Qajar Iran
3924:Langeleik
3737:Đàn tranh
3725:East Asia
3718:By region
3435:Kamancheh
3177:Dilli ney
2842:Auxiliary
2830:(Sāzhāy-e
2762:Nāy (Ney)
2757:Haft Band
2750:End-blown
2741:Ney anban
2661:Shurangiz
2512:Kamāncheh
2322:68:69–82.
1283:hackbräde
1281:Sweden –
1227:Norway –
1223:hakkebord
1139:hakkebræt
1103:Brazil –
1020:composers
1017:classical
918:(b. 1953)
906:(b. 1967)
877:(b. 1972)
871:(b. 1957)
858:include:
371:psantērīn
242:origins.
112:June 2024
3990:Tremoloa
3973:Americas
3959:Tsymbaly
3934:Psaltery
3929:Langspil
3869:Cimbalom
3859:Autoharp
3797:Yanggeum
3747:Geomungo
3742:Gayageum
3657:See also
3368:Category
3294:See also
3280:Castanet
3187:Tárogató
3112:Woodwind
2680:Woodwind
2656:Sallāneh
2486:Stringed
2433:Archived
2224:(1996).
2196:20 April
2124:20 April
2098:20 April
2073:20 April
2047:20 April
2022:20 April
1994:20 April
1811:cite web
1344:See also
1308:tsymbaly
1276:salterio
1257:tsimbaly
1241:saltério
1211:cimbolai
1207:cimbalai
1188:yanggeum
1186:Korea –
1182:salterio
1180:Italy –
1158:India –
1154:cimbalom
1105:saltério
1095:tsymbaly
1046:and the
1013:cimbalom
430:cimbalom
402:dastgahs
343:cimbalom
234:), is a
3904:Kanklės
3894:Kantele
3802:Yazheng
3792:Yangqin
3757:Guzheng
3711:Zithers
3627:Laggutu
3607:Naqareh
3536:Balaban
3495:Choghur
3475:Shahrud
3430:Chagane
3250:Naqareh
3245:Darbuka
3137:Dankiyo
3079:Shahrud
3069:Baglama
2874:Naqāreh
2805:Natural
2767:Sheypur
2731:Dozaleh
2711:Balaban
2694:Exposed
2614:Shahrud
2528:Plucked
2507:Ghazhak
2118:YouTube
2093:YouTube
2067:YouTube
1514:santoor
1356:Gallery
1217:yoochin
1193:Laos –
1176:tiompan
1160:santoor
1123:yangqin
1117:saltiri
1062:santoor
1053:yangqin
970:Lebanon
928:Germany
475:midhrab
425:santoor
393:octaves
388:mezrabs
365:'. The
331:yangqin
261:Babylon
246:History
240:Iranian
228:Persian
224:santoor
220:santour
104:See why
34:Santoor
3909:Kokles
3899:Kannel
3889:Hummel
3852:Europe
3772:Kacapi
3732:Ajaeng
3669:Mugham
3648:Bülban
3617:Nagara
3602:Dümbek
3577:Bendir
3556:Miskal
3508:Santur
3265:Nagara
3225:Bendir
3202:Miskal
3102:Santur
3049:Cümbüş
2988:String
2894:Dammam
2782:Miskal
2726:Donali
2716:Karnay
2666:Sorāhi
2640:Santur
2633:Struck
2580:Tanbūr
2535:Barbat
2333:
2271:
2243:
2232:
1586:
1561:
1534:
1493:
1447:
1335:
1330:tsimbl
1267:cimbal
1247:ţambal
1133:cimbál
1058:Persia
1038:. The
1030:, and
954:Turkey
942:Poland
817:Greece
467:Arabic
359:sanṭīr
341:, the
337:, the
333:, the
329:, the
285:Struck
216:santūr
214:(also
212:santur
138:String
124:Santur
4020:Tōkai
3914:Kusle
3879:Gusli
3823:Nuzhe
3818:Kanun
3752:Guqin
3622:Spoon
3597:Davul
3546:Tütek
3541:Kaval
3531:Tulum
3526:Zurna
3500:Nuzhe
3485:Mugni
3470:Komuz
3448:Chang
3443:Kanun
3285:Spoon
3260:Kudüm
3240:Davul
3167:Sipsi
3162:Kaval
3147:Çifte
3142:Gaida
3132:Karkm
3127:Tulum
3122:Zurna
3094:Mugni
3089:Lavta
3074:Komuz
3054:Ahenk
3029:Kanun
2864:Dāvūl
2859:Dohol
2849:Darāy
2812:Nafir
2796:Brass
2777:Pisha
2772:Zurna
2736:Kaval
2706:Zurna
2701:Sornā
2624:Mugni
2575:Setār
2570:Nuzhe
2560:Robāb
2555:Qānūn
2550:Dotār
2540:Chang
2500:Bowed
2297:(PDF)
1070:India
1048:Khmer
850:India
479:yakah
471:سنطور
412:Radif
405:) of
377:3:5.
369:form
339:qanun
298:Qanun
232:سنتور
3919:Krez
3782:Koto
3777:Khim
3453:Çeng
3275:Zill
3064:Cura
3034:Çeng
2904:Zang
2899:Zarb
2889:Sanj
2545:Harp
2385:Iraq
2348:and
2331:ISBN
2269:ISBN
2241:ISBN
2230:ISBN
2198:2021
2126:2021
2100:2021
2075:2021
2049:2021
2024:2021
1996:2021
1824:help
1584:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1299:khim
1195:khim
1111:khim
1068:and
1044:Thai
1040:khim
715:Iraq
517:Iran
494:joza
487:dama
461:The
353:Name
327:harp
319:Iran
210:The
68:lang
3612:Kus
3592:Daf
3551:Ney
3480:Rud
3465:Saz
3255:Kus
3235:Daf
3182:Mey
3152:Ney
3084:Rud
3059:Saz
2884:Kūs
2854:Daf
2619:Rud
2597:Tār
2565:Sāz
504:".
502:qin
238:of
226:) (
88:IPA
4037::
3787:Se
3460:Ud
3044:Ud
2609:Ūd
2311:.
2299:.
2189:.
2171:.
2116:.
2091:.
2065:.
2040:.
2015:.
2004:^
1987:.
1952:.
1929:.
1906:.
1887:.
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