Peace and conflict studies

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state of peace. For a sustainable peace, nurturing, empowerment, and communications are considered to be the crucial factors throughout the world. Firstly, nurturing is necessary to encourage psychological stability and emotional maturity. The significance of social value in adequate nurturing is important for sustainable peace. Secondly, in order to achieve real security, inner security must be secured along with arranged social systems and protection based on firm foundation. Lastly, communications are necessary to overcome ignorance and establish a community based on reliable and useful information. It will prevents isolation to take place which is critical to bring sustainable peace.

680: 1898:...Ms. Kay attempts to portray advocates for peace as naive and idealistic, but the data shows that the large majority of armed conflicts in recent decades have been ended through negotiations, not military solutions. In the contemporary world, violence is less effective than diplomacy in ending armed conflict. Nothing is 100% effective to reduce tyranny and violence, but domestic and foreign strategy needs to be based on evidence, rather than assumptions and misconceptions from a bygone era. 1713: 1023: 411: 1139:(SIPRI) are advancing the understanding of peace and development by analyzing the complex drivers of conflict and insecurity. Their approach acknowledges that conflicts are rarely caused by a single factor. Instead, a constellation of economic, social, political, and environmental factors, often reinforcing and exacerbating each other in ways that can lead to sustained violence or, conversely, pave pathways to peace. 1894:'s article, a group of Peace Studies experts in Canada responded that "Kay's...argument that the field of peace studies endorses terrorism is nonsense" and that "(d)edicated peace theorists and researchers are distinguished by their commitment to reduce the use of violence whether committed by enemy nations, friendly governments or warlords of any stripe." They also argued that: 786:

eliminate the causes of violence." As a result, the topics had broadened enormously. By 1994, a review of course offerings in peace studies included topics such as: "north-south relations"; "development, debt, and global poverty"; "the environment, population growth, and resource scarcity"; and "feminist perspectives on peace, militarism, and political violence".

1950:, human rights, development, democracy, and a rule of law (though there is a vibrant debate ongoing about the contextual variations and applications of these frameworks). At the same time, the research field is characterized by a number of challenges including the tension between "the objective of doing critical research and being of practical relevance". 1628:. This approach includes the normatively oriented work that emerged in the peace studies and conflict research schools of the 1960s (e.g. Oslo Peace Research Institute on "Liberal Peace and the Ethics of Peacebuilding") and more critical ideas about peacebuilding that have recently developed in many European and non-western academic and policy circles. 1592:. Indeed, it might be said that much of the machinery of what has been called "liberal peacebuilding" by a number of scholars and "statebuilding" by another is based largely on the work that has been carried out in this area. Many scholars in the area have advocated a more "emancipatory" form of peacebuilding, however, based upon a " 1519:

considers direct costs of conflict, for instance human deaths, expenditure, destruction of land and physical infrastructure; as well as indirect costs that impact a society, for instance migration, humiliation, growth of extremism and lack of civil society. The price of unjust peace can be higher than the cost of conflict.

1739:(e.g., tackling disparities in rights, institutions and the distribution of world wealth) and peacemaking (e.g., mediation and conflict resolution). Peacekeeping falls under the aegis of negative peace, whereas efforts toward positive peace involve elements of critical theory, peace building and peacemaking. 1014:, on September 11, 2014 University of peshawar, the provincial capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan established an Institute with prime objective of offering peace education to the youth who suffered it most since 1979 Afghan war. It is called Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS). 3830:

Michael Doyle and Nicolas Sambanis, Making War and Building Peace, (Princeton University Press, 2006); Charles T. Call and Elizabeth M. Cousens, "Ending Wars and Building Peace: International Responses to War-Torn Societies," International Studies Perspectives, 9 (2008): Stephen D. Krasner, "Sharing

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Report of the Secretary- General's High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change, United Nations, 2004: Boutros Boutros Ghali, An Agenda For Peace: preventative diplomacy, peacemaking and peacekeeping, New York: United Nations, 1992; An Agenda for Development: Report of the Secretary-General,

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argues for five principles that ought to undergird this undertaking, namely, respect but do not privilege military experience, teach the just war theory, encourage students to be aware of the tradition and techniques of nonviolence, encourage students to deconstruct and demythologize, and recognize

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agendas relating to positive peace in European academic contexts were already widely debated in the 1960s. By the mid-1990s peace studies curricula in the United States had shifted "...from research and teaching about negative peace, the cessation of violence, to positive peace, the conditions that

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Peace Studies allows one to examine the causes and prevention of war, as well as the nature of violence, including social oppression, discrimination and marginalization. Through peace studies one can also learn peace-making strategies to overcome persecution and transform society to attain a more

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presented its report on an innovative mechanism to find sustainable solution to conflicts in the Middle East. It also developed a new Water Cooperation Quotient, which is a measure of active cooperation by riparian countries in the management of water resources using 10 parameters including legal,

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There is now a general consensus on the importance of peace and conflict studies among scholars from a range of disciplines in and around the social sciences, as well as from many influential policymakers around the world. Peace and conflict studies today is widely researched and taught in a large

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The development of UN and major donor policies (including the EU, US, and UK, as well as many others including those of Japan, Canada, Norway, etc.) towards and in conflict and post-conflict countries have been heavily influenced by such debates. A range of key policy documents and responses have

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Under the conceptions of peace, sustainable peace must be regarded as an important factor for the future of prosperity. Sustainable peace must be the priority of global society where state actors and non-state actors do not only seek for the profits in a near future that might violate the stable

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Peace and conflict studies is both a pedagogical activity, in which teachers transmit knowledge to students; and a research activity, in which researchers create new knowledge about the sources of conflict. Peace and conflict studies entails understanding the concept of peace which is defined as

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Such views have been strongly opposed by scholars who claim that these criticisms underestimate the development of detailed interdisciplinary, theoretical, methodological, and empirical research into the causes of violence and dynamics of peace that has occurred via academic and policy networks

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is a approach which attempts to calculate the price of conflicts. The idea is to examine this cost, not only in terms of the deaths and casualties and the economic costs borne by the people involved, but also the social, developmental, environmental and strategic costs of conflict. The approach

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provided a further stimulus for more rigorous approaches to peace and conflict studies to emerge. Many university courses in schools of higher learning around the world began to develop which touched upon questions of peace, often in relation to war, during this period. The first undergraduate

1077:. Peace science was viewed as an interdisciplinary and international effort to develop a special set of concepts, techniques and data to better understand and mitigate conflict. Peace science attempts to use the quantitative techniques developed in economics and political science, especially 3752:

by Catherine Morris, director, Peacemakers Trust, Victoria; Ben Hoffman, president and CEO, Canadian International Institute of Applied Negotiation, Ottawa; Dean E. Peachey, visiting professor in transitional justice, Global College, University of Winnipeg, National Post, February 25, 2009.

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A 1995 survey found 136 United States colleges with peace studies programs: "Forty-six percent of these are in church-related schools, another 32% are in large public universities, 21% are in non-church related private colleges, and 1% are in community colleges. Fifty-five percent of the

625:. Similar movements appeared in Sweden in the last years of the 19th century, as elsewhere soon after. These were student-originated discussion groups, not formal courses included in college curricula. The first known peace studies course in higher education was offered in 1888 at 1902:

Most academics in the area argue that the accusations that peace studies approaches are not objective, and derived from mainly leftist or inexpert sources, are not practical, support violence rather than reject it, or have not led to policy developments, are clearly incorrect.

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Feminist scholars have developed a speciality within conflict studies, specifically examining the role of gender and interlocking systems of inequality in armed and other conflicts. The importance of considering the role of gender in post-conflict work was recognised by the

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where she switched to the term "newer ideals", but continued to contrast them to the term "negative peace"; she described them as we think of them today, as peace with "a sense of justice no longer outraged." The idea was further popularized by then-UN Secretary-General

1042:), it was not until the 1950s and 1960s that peace studies began to emerge as an academic discipline with its own research tools, a specialized set of concepts, and forums for discussion such as journals and conferences. Beginning in 1959, with the founding of the 1219:

issues, as well as attempts to investigate, catalogue, and analyse issues relating to arms production, trade, and their political impacts. There have also been attempt to map the economic costs of war, or of relapses into violence, as opposed to those of peace.

1120:(PJSA) was formed as a result of a merger of two precursor organisations. The PJSA is the North American affiliate of IPRA and includes members from around the world with a predominance from the United States and Canada. The PJSA publishes a regular newsletter ( 4227:

Lund, Michael S., "What Kind of Peace Is being Built: Taking Stock of Post-Conflict Peacebuilding and Charting Future Directions", Paper presented on the 10th Anniversary of Agenda for Peace, International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada, January

1915:, and the "High Level Panel Report". They have also been significant for the work of the World Bank, international development agencies, and a wide range of nongovernmental organisations. It has been influential in the work of, among others, the UN, UNDP, 730:

in the 1960s reflected the growing interest and academic stature of the field. Growth in the number of peace studies programs around the world was to accelerate during the 1980s, as students became more concerned about the prospects of nuclear war. As the

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Cultural violence: Cultural violence occurs as a result of the cultural assumptions that blind one to direct or structural violence. For example, one may be indifferent toward the homeless, or even consider their expulsion or extermination a good

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and growing number of institutions and locations. The number of universities offering peace and conflict studies courses is hard to estimate, mostly because courses may be taught out of different departments and have very different names. The

668:. These moves, intended to ensure a peaceful future, were the background to a number of developments in the emergence of Peace and Conflict Studies as an academic discipline. The founding of the first chair in International Relations at 1266: 1330:

The crux of the matter is that peace is a natural social condition, whereas war is not. The premise is simple for peace researchers: to present enough information so that a rational group of decision makers will seek to avoid war and

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First published 2010. Introduction by 'Funmi Olonisakin, Director of Conflict, Security & Development Group, King's College London, and Karen Barnes. Chapter by Lesley Abdela 'Nepal and the implementation of UNSCR1325'.

1789:"many peace researchers had the intellectual innocence of most bright amateurs; they underestimated the rate at which their research findings would become applicable and would be applied to major policy problems of the day." 1334:

Second, the view that violence is sinful or unskillful, and that non-violence is skillful or virtuous and should be cultivated. This view is held by a variety of religious traditions worldwide: Quakers, Mennonites and other

1116:. The IPRA holds a biennial conference. Research presented at its conferences and in its publications typically focuses on institutional and historical approaches, seldom employing quantitative techniques. In 2001, the 994:. Perhaps most importantly, such programs and research agendas have now become common in institutions located in conflict, post-conflict, and developing countries and regions such as (e.g., National Peace Council), 1393:, on various liberal international and constitutional and plans for peace. Variations and additions have been developed more recently by scholars such as Raymond Aron, Edward Azar, John Burton, Martin Ceadal, 841: 2183:

Christie Nicoson, Barbara Magalhães Teixeira, Alva Mårtensson (09 November 2023), "Re-Imagining Peace Education: Using Critical Pedagogy as a Transformative Tool," International Studies Perspectives, ekad023

1227:: it comprises many scholarly journals, college and university departments, peace research institutes, conferences, as well as outside recognition of the utility of peace and conflict studies as a method. 1636:

Conflict forecasts and early warnings can be sufficiently precise to be relevant for policy and evaluation of theories. Conflict escalation can be rational for one side of the conflict in some cases of

1089:, one of the most well-known collections of data on international conflict. The society holds an annual conference, attended by scholars from throughout the world, and publishes two scholarly journals: 3425: 2716:, Daniela Ingruber, Josefina Echavarría, Gustavo Esteva and Norbert Koppensteiner (eds.): The Palgrave International Handbook of Peace Studies: A Cultural Perspective, London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. 1834:

criticized the political orientation of the Peace Studies faculty. More broadly, he criticizes the discipline for considering and taking seriously the alternative, non-Western perspectives of the

3525: 912:. One hundred fifteen of these programs are at the undergraduate level and 21 at the graduate level. Fifteen of these colleges and universities had both undergraduate and graduate programs." 5634: 1907:

been developed by these governments in the last decade and more, and in UN (or related) documentation such as "Agenda for Peace", "Agenda for Development", "Agenda for Democratization", the

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many peace researchers failed to distinguish between objective research into the conditions of war and peace on one hand, and political action and propaganda in favor of specific policies

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works on the assumption that the best way to define peace is to define violence, its opposite. It reflects the normative aim of preventing, managing, limiting and overcoming violence.

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Structural violence: Structural violence is indirect violence caused by repressive, unequal and unjust social structures, not direct acts of violence or unavoidable causes of harm.

1596:" (R2P), human security, local ownership and participation in such processes, especially after the limited success of liberal peacebuilding/ statebuilding in places as diverse as 621:. American student interest in what we today think of as peace studies first appeared in the form of campus clubs at United States colleges in the years immediately following the 5693: 5086: 4736: 2486: 1302:" in 1963, in which he wrote about "negative peace which is the absence of tension" and "positive peace which is the presence of justice." These terms were perhaps first used by 397: 5668: 4716: 3670: 1932: 760: 1421:, liberal peace, sustainable peace, civil peace, hybrid peace, post-liberal peace, everyday peace, trans-rational peace(s) and other concepts are regularly used in such work. 5522: 4655: 3413: 1670: 1663: 716:

forced ever more universities to offer courses about peace, whether in a designated peace studies course or as a course within a traditional major. Work by academics such as

425: 416: 1124:), and holds annual conferences on themes related to the organization's mission "to create a just and peaceful world" through research, scholarship, pedagogy, and activism. 5608: 3651: 2035: 1946:

Finally, peace and conflict studies debates have generally confirmed, not undermined, a broad consensus (in developed world and the Global South) on the importance of

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Sovereignty. New Institutions for Collapsed and Failing States," International Security, 29, 2 (2004); Roland Paris, At War's End, (Cambridge University Press, 2004).

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A/48/935, 6 May 1994; "Supplement to An Agenda for Peace" A/50/60, S.1995/1, 3 January 1995; An Agenda for Democratization, A/50/332 AND A/51/512, 17 December 1996.

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an actor from escalating conflict, typically because the prospective attacker believes that the probability of success is low and the costs of attack are high.

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Harris, Ian, Larry J. Fisk, and Carol Rank. (1998). "A Portrait of University Peace Studies in North America and Western Europe at the End of the Millennium."

3599: 3404: 5741: 5715: 3844: 5673: 3474: 2650: 2573: 2510: 2203: 5678: 5490: 4455: 390: 5639: 5604: 3501: 2770:"Reviewed work: On War and Morality, Robert L. Holmes; Paths to Peace: Exploring the Feasibility of Sustainable Peace, Richard Smoke, Willis Harman" 1105: 791: 735:

ended, peace and conflict studies courses shifted their focus from international conflict and towards complex issues related to political violence,

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Multilevel. Peace studies examines intrapersonal peace, peace between individuals, neighbours, ethnic groups, marriages, states and civilisations.

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Gibler, Douglas M.; Miller, Steven V. (2021). "The Territorial Peace: Current and Future Research". In McLaughlin, Sara; Vasquez, John A. (eds.).

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Peace research contributed to creating a schism in research into the causes of war, thus making it harder to develop systematic research into war

2406: 5756: 5308: 5222: 1294:, and is the concept that most peace and conflict researchers adopt. This is often credited to Galtung but these terms were previously used by 309: 4706: 3616: 1578:

argues for a shift from "negative peace" described as absence of violence against individuals to "positive peace" described as the absence of

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Trinn, Christoph, and Thomas Wencker, "Integrating the Quantitative Research on the Onset and Incidence of Violent Intrastate Conflicts"

6899: 4857: 4721: 2479: 6553: 6088: 5886: 5791: 5771: 5357: 5253: 4899: 4831: 4711: 3632: 2463: 1085:, techniques otherwise seldom used by researchers in peace studies. The Peace Science Society website hosts the second edition of the 3667: 2990:

Reed, Charles & Ryall, David (eds.) (2007). The Price of Peace: Just War in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press.

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Miller and King, 2005, "Peace," in A glossary of terms and concepts in peace and conflict studies, University for Peace, Geneva

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argues that military is overtly committed to combat in the article "Teaching Peace to the Military", published in the journal

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political condition that ensures justice and social stability through formal and informal institutions, practices, and norms.

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in 2002, stating that the program employs several academically trained, professional practitioners as sessional instructors.

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mentions over 400 programs of teaching and research in peace and conflict studies, noting in particular those at the

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Dooley, Kevin L., and S.P. Udayakumar, "Reconceptualizing Global Conflicts: From Us Versus Them to Us Versus Then,"

2286: 1307: 6797: 6518: 6176: 6018: 6013: 5804: 5651: 5629: 5328: 5288: 4926: 4619: 4559: 3790: 3596: 2065: 1940: 1582:. This emerged rapidly at the end of the Cold War, and was encapsulated in the report of then-UN Secretary-General 1271: 948: 772: 248: 3841: 3804: 679: 6833: 6756: 6492: 6048: 5973: 5830: 5703: 5656: 5624: 5318: 5263: 2079: 1935:, for national donors including USAID, DFID, CIDA, NORAD, DANIDA, Japan Aid, GTZ, and international NGOs such as 1912: 1593: 1128: 726: 4475: 4467: 3455:

Navigating the Landscape of Conflict: Applications of Dynamical Systems Theory to Addressing Protracted Conflict

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effort aiming at the prevention, de-escalation, and solution of conflicts by peaceful means, based on achieving

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Philpott, Daniel. Just and unjust peace: An ethic of political reconciliation. Oxford University Press, 2015.

1065:, Sweden, for the purpose of establishing the Peace Research Society. The group of initial members included 664:

for peacemaking. These included breaking up European empires into nation states and the establishment of the

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in Webel and Barash's 2002 textbook to argue the discipline is anti-Western, leftist and anti-imperialist.

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is seen as providing improved understanding of the conflicts and of the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of

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Several conceptions, models, or modes of peace have been suggested in which peace research might prosper.

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Cultural violence: underlying values and epistemic models that legitimize direct and structural violence.

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There have been many offerings on these various forms of peace. These range from the well known works of

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Peace and conflict are widely studied by militaries. One approach by military to prevent conflict and

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Academics and students in the world's oldest universities have long been motivated by an interest in

324: 1074: 896:. Other denominations with more than one college or university with a peace studies program are the 6828: 6447: 6397: 6234: 6161: 6141: 5998: 5881: 5746: 5720: 5460: 5445: 5440: 5430: 5397: 5187: 5182: 5120: 2691: 2208: 2140: 2100: 1936: 1858: 1748: 1728: 1588: 1579: 1556: 1430: 1319: 1291: 1152: 1011: 979: 936: 821: 817: 809: 776: 593: 526: 483: 479: 459: 253: 152: 129: 33: 1306:

in a series of lectures about 'positive ideals of peace' begun in 1899 that took form in her book

1208:. As a normative discipline, Peace Studies involves value judgements, such as "better" and "bad". 6807: 6666: 6497: 6477: 6327: 6206: 6111: 6038: 5983: 5506: 5480: 5435: 5268: 5227: 5147: 4660: 4326: 4142: 4034: 4026: 3462: 2962: 2834: 2792: 2750: 2595:"Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter School for Peace and Conflict Resolution < George Mason University" 2403: 1980: 1814: 1638: 1504: 1201: 991: 861: 704:

academic program in peace studies in the United States was developed in 1948 by Gladdys Muir, at

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E.g. for the World Bank, see, "Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy"

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Robert Gilman, Sustainable Peace putting the pieces together, The Foundations of Peace (IC#4)

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Complexity Theory and Conflict Transformation: An Exploration of Potential and Implications

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Hegre, Håvard; Metternich, Nils W.; Nygård, Håvard Mokleiv; Wucherpfennig, Julian (2017).

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are claimed by some to lead in some cases to more wars and in other cases to fewer wars.

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in a strategy of making political, material, or territorial concessions to an aggressive

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The Annals of the American Academy of Political Science: Peace Studies: Past and Future

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Dennis J.D. Sandole; Sean Byrne; Ingrid Sandole-Staroste; Jessica Senehi, eds. (2009).

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criticized the early development of the discipline of peace research on three grounds:

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Negative peace refers to the absence of direct violence. Positive peace refers to the

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The Art of the Transpersonal Self. Transformation as Aesthetic and Energetic Practice

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Kay and Bawer also specifically criticized Professor Gordon Fellman, the Chairman of

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website gives one of the most authoritative listings available. A 2008 report in the

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New Directions in Conflict Theory: Conflict Resolution and Conflict Transformation

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Page, James S. 2007. 'Teaching Peace to the Military'. Peace Review, 19(4):571–577

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Laurent Goetschel and Sandra Pfluger (eds.) (2014): Challenges of Peace Research

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by David Horowitz, (website of Students for Academic Freedom), November 08, 2004.

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as well as a variety of others. Relevant sub-disciplines of such fields, such as

6843: 6646: 6641: 6621: 6417: 6402: 6211: 6181: 6116: 6106: 5936: 5871: 5847: 5495: 5232: 5197: 5162: 5142: 5056: 4847: 4634: 4599: 2115: 2050: 2005: 1891: 1831: 1796: 1642: 1621: 1492: 1303: 1216: 1078: 968: 713: 514: 455: 433: 366: 361: 314: 192: 172: 108: 74: 49: 40: 3842:

http://www.swisspeace.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Media/Publications/WP_7_2014.pdf

2811: 2769: 2727: 2382: 6472: 6126: 5527: 5339: 5217: 5202: 5192: 5011: 4877: 4322: 4130: 4014: 3545: 2000: 1924: 1605: 1382: 1348: 1275: 1240: 1176: 901: 837: 768: 557: 541: 4138: 4022: 3582: 3351: 3278: 3229: 3137: 3021:

Mansfield, Edward D. (2021). Pevehouse, Jon C. W; Seabrooke, Leonard (eds.).

6377: 6297: 6121: 5465: 4951: 3984:

The Palgrave International Handbook of Peace Studies: A Cultural Perspective

3470: 3421: 3342: 3325: 3128: 3111: 1696: 1688: 1184: 1172: 1168: 700: 660:

respectively, met to decide the future of Europe—Wilson proposed his famous

565: 553: 549: 299: 212: 207: 197: 86: 4047:

Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security

3729:"For Young Activists, Peacemaking 101", by Tom Ford and Bob von Sternberg, 3261: 987: 4487: 676:, whose remit was partly to further the cause of peace, occurred in 1919. 6812: 6312: 5554: 5207: 4569: 4309:

Rosato, Sebastian (2003). "The Flawed Logic of Democratic Peace Theory".

3922:

International Governance of War-Torn Territories: Rule and Reconstruction

3386: 3184: 2692:

An Agenda For Peace: Preventative Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peacekeeping

2283: 2261: 2259: 2257: 1872:, criticized his university's Peace Studies Program in an interview with 1684: 1597: 1548: 1386: 1367: 1352: 1160: 1132:

political, technical, environmental, economic and institutional aspects.

1062: 732: 451: 138: 103: 17: 5815: 4030: 3998: 3150: 2303:"Peace Studies Program – Student Information- Graduate Minor Field" 1861:'s Peace, Conflict, and Coexistence Studies Program, for describing the 888:

supports several international academic teaching and research programs.

6533: 6523: 6201: 4368: 3802: 3566: 2838: 2796: 2754: 1818: 1681: 1613: 1601: 1344: 897: 869: 752: 573: 530: 54: 4071:

State Building: Governance and World Order in the Twenty-First Century

2566:"Conflict Analysis and Resolution : Indiana University Southeast" 5475: 5425: 5172: 5102: 4449: 4200:

Bhakti - the yoga of love: Trans-rational approaches to Peace Studies

3366: 1194: 1109: 829: 648:—where the leaders of France, Britain, and the United States, led by 3701:

by Kaushik Roy, The Telegraph (Calcutta, India), November 15, 2002.

3181:"International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect (ICRtoP)" 2830: 2788: 2746: 1727:

The normative aims of peace studies are conflict transformation and

1480:

Structural violence: economic exploitation and political repression.

1112:

in Clarens, Switzerland. Among the original executive committee was

3151:

Vorobej, Mark. "Structural violence." Peace research (2008): 84-98.

2649:. The Feminist and Women's Studies Association (UK & Ireland). 1455:

Direct (overt) violence: for example, direct attacks and massacres.

600:, may also be regarded as belonging to peace and conflict studies. 6302: 5212: 4542: 4493: 4303:

Liberal Peace Transitions: Between Statebuilding and Peacebuilding

4192:, Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture, 2023 . 2524:

Huddy, Leonie; Sears, David O.; Levy, Jack S., eds. (2013-09-04).

1920: 1711: 1617: 1360: 1265: 1261: 1021: 678: 673: 631: 409: 1625: 470:), to understand those processes which lead to a more desirable 5819: 4881: 4515: 4435:, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1997. 4207:

Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies

3567:"Accounting for International War: The State of The Discipline" 1723:

can provide one means to limit and ultimately resolve conflict.

1466:

Each corner of Galtung's triangle can relate to the other two.

3872:

Avruch, Kevin, Peter W. Black, and Joseph A. Scimecca (eds.),

3503:

Introduction: Cross-Domain Deterrence, from Practice to Theory

2670: 2668: 2404:

http://strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/28799WCQ-web.pdf

1223:

Peace and conflict studies is now well established within the

1030:

is widely regarded as a founder of peace and conflict studies.

589: 167: 64: 4433:

Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods and Techniques

3948:

Cooper, Neil, "What's the Point of Arms Transfer Controls?",

2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 1373:

A further approach is that there are multiple modes of peace.

644:

was a turning point in Western attitudes to war. At the 1919

3972:, Josefina Eachavarría Alvarez, Norbert Koppensteiner eds.: 3955:

Jarat Chopra, and Tanja Hohe, "Participatory Intervention",

3452:; Andrea Bartoli; Andrzej Nowak; Lan Bui-Wrzosinska (2011), 892:

church-related schools that have peace studies programs are

4339:

Women, Peace and Security: Translating Policy into Practice

1543:

contributes to peace. Other explanations for peace include

2331: 1370:: the view that peace is a prime force in human behaviour. 4098:(3 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 158–170. 3893:, College Station: Texas A & M University Press 2001. 3293:

Langlois, Jean-Pierre P.; Langlois, Catherine C. (2005).

4511: 4468:"Peace and Conflict Studies (International Joint Award)" 4052:

Dugan, M. 1989. "Peace Studies at the Graduate Level."

2812:"Reviewed work: On War and Morality., Robert L. Holmes" 1417:, Tom Woodhouse, others mentioned above and many more. 1290:

of conflict resolution and the absence of indirect and

1239:. Examples of feminist scholarship include the work of 4412:

The West, Civil Society, and the Construction of Peace

3915:

International Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice

3649:"One Man's Terrorist Is Another Man's Freedom Fighter" 3027:

The Oxford Handbook of International Political Economy

2728:"Reviewed work: On War and Morality, Robert L. Holmes" 1535:

disagrees and claims that peace causes democracy. The

1477:

Direct violence: harming or hurting the body and mind.

1147:

Peace and conflict studies along with its concepts of

3943:

The Origins, Nature, and Management of Human Conflict

1673:, the social systems of armed conflict are viewed as 4164:, Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1996. 2853:

The Ethics of Nonviolence: Essay by Robert L. Holmes

1933:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

761:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

6821: 6780: 6562: 6506: 6288: 6190: 6097: 5955: 5854: 5729: 5594: 5523:

Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)

5418: 5241: 5095: 4919: 4840: 4817: 4762: 4755: 4689: 4643: 4549: 4231:Miall, Hugh, Oliver Ramsbotham, and Tom Woodhouse, 3606:" by Barbara Kay, National Post, February 18, 2009. 3414:

Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford

1671:

complex system approach to peace and armed conflict

1664:

Complex system approach to peace and armed conflict

1657:

Complex system approach to peace and armed conflict

1050:, a number of research institutes began to appear. 5087:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 4470:. Philipps-University Marburg, University of Kent. 4155:The Invention of Peace and the Re-Invention of War 3867:Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations 3811:: PRIO/ Uppsala University Data on Armed Conflict 525:, peace and conflict studies often focuses on the 4462:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. 2379:"About the Peace and Justice Studies Association" 1503:is a strategy to use threats or limited force to 1038:had long recognised the centrality of peace (see 4360:Tadjbakhsh, Shahrbanou, and Anuradha M. Chenoy, 4337:Routledge Contemporary Security Studies series: 3936:Empire in Denial: The Politics of State-Building 3874:Conflict Resolution: Cross-Cultural Perspectives 2036:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 1813:, a Norwegian state funded-body, based upon the 1137:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 4209:, Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1997. 4190:International Politics and the Search for Peace 3997:Downes, Alexander B.; Sechser, Todd S. (2012). 3226:"Liberal Peace and the Ethics of Peacebuilding" 1237:United Nations Security Council resolution 1325 426:Bradford University Department of Peace Studies 4431:Zartman, William, and Lewis Rasmussen (eds.), 4426:The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace 4305:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009. 3952:, Vol. 27, No. 1, April 2006 pp. 118–137. 3326:"The Limits of Realism after Liberal Hegemony" 3112:"The Limits of Realism after Liberal Hegemony" 1531:claims that democracy causes peace, while the 1323:, published in the aftermath of the Cold War. 1197:is often cited as a paradigm of Peace Studies. 779:, and others, began to draw on such research. 5831: 5538:Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces 4893: 4527: 4169:War and the Transformation of Global Politics 4073:, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004. 3801:e.g. Correlates of War at Harvard University 3097: 2882:. Archived from the original on 4 April 2013. 2647:"Book Review: Women and Wars, ed. Carol Cohn" 2101:The Acorn: Journal of the Gandhi-King Society 1701:interventions aiming to resolve the conflicts 1473:A simplification of these can be phrased as: 687:was one of the first institutions to offer a 391: 8: 3883:, Hampshire, UK: Dartmouth Publishing, 1990. 3881:The Management of Protracted Social Conflict 3008: 2450:Handbook of conflict analysis and resolution 1231:just and equitable international community. 1159:Multidisciplinary, encompassing elements of 4419:Peace Research: Achievements and Challenges 3720:by Gordon Fellman, Peacework, October 2002. 3711:September 11 and the Field of Peace Studies 3170:Caplan 2005, Chandler, 2006, Fukuyama, 2004 3161:Duffield, 2001, Paris, 2004, Richmond, 2005 2527:The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology 2454:(1st ed.). London: Routledge. p. 1413:, Mikkel Vedby Rasmussen, Oliver Richmond, 915:Other notable programs can be found at the 708:a liberal arts college associated with the 5838: 5824: 5816: 4900: 4886: 4878: 4759: 4534: 4520: 4512: 4088:Searching for Peace: The Road to TRANSCEND 3639:by Bruce Bawer, City Journal, Summer 2007. 2682: 2680: 1511:Cost of conflict and price of unjust peace 523:state or individual unit level of analysis 398: 384: 29: 5491:Global Day of Action on Military Spending 4456:International Institute of Social History 4362:Human Security: Concepts and Implications 3341: 3277: 3127: 1215:There has been a long-standing debate on 4298:, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. ———— 4252:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics 4079:, "A Structural Theory of Imperialism", 3999:"The Illusion of Democratic Credibility" 3931:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. 3924:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. 3625: 3623: 2951:. Cornell University Press. p. 23. 1108:was formed at a conference organized by 1106:International Peace Research Association 792:International Peace Research Association 4474:Interview with Werner Wintersteiner on 4382:Taylor, Paul, and A.J.R. Groom (eds.), 4115:"Democratic Peace: Progress and Crisis" 4061:The First Fifty Years of Peace Research 3991:Journal of Global Change and Governance 3500:Lindsay, Jon R.; Gartzke, Erik (2019). 2536:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199760107.001.0001 2265:Miall, Ramsbotham, & Woodhouse 2005 2167: 1805:, specifically criticized the views of 1774:Criticism of peace and conflict studies 266: 230: 182: 137: 121: 39: 32: 5223:Soviet influence on the peace movement 4260:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.287 4176:The Economic Consequences of the Peace 4104:International Journal of Peace Studies 4086:Galtung, Johan, and Carl G. Jacobsen, 3506:. Oxford University Press. p. 2. 3250:Jabri 2007: Richmond & Franks 2009 3085: 3073: 3061: 2885: 2876:"Appeasement - World War 2 on History" 2509:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2502: 1743:Peace and conflict studies in military 310:Forum (alternative dispute resolution) 5410:World March for Peace and Nonviolence 4400:, 2020. (doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa023) 4106:. Volume 3, Number 1. ISSN 1085-7494 3913:Burton, John W., and Edward E. Azar, 3431:from the original on 26 November 2022 3035:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198793519.013.27 2913:. SAGE Publications. pp. 26–30. 2777:The American Political Science Review 2653:from the original on 11 December 2014 2087:Journal for Peace and Justice Studies 2011:Peace and Justice Studies Association 1118:Peace and Justice Studies Association 1098:Conflict Management and Peace Science 1034:Although individual thinkers such as 7: 5567:Third Party Non-violent Intervention 4421:, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988. 3945:. University Press of America, 2013. 3900:, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1981. 1817:of his early research and his later 1349:the Satyagraha tradition in Hinduism 4858:List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates 4790:Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) 4284:, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. 4276:from the original on June 15, 2017. 3986:, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. 3367:"A Strategic Logic of the Military 1868:Robert Kennedy, a professor at the 1770:the importance of military virtue. 1061:, assembled a group of scholars in 988:Brandeis University's Heller School 828:, the UN mandated Peace University 450:field that identifies and analyzes 424:(1977), initially presented to the 5887:First-player and second-player win 5792:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir 5689:Anti-war protests in Russia (2014) 4977:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp 3903:Bawer, Bruce, "The Peace Racket", 3512:10.1093/oso/9780190908645.003.0001 3330:Journal of Global Security Studies 3116:Journal of Global Security Studies 3023:"International Trade and Conflict" 2204:"Peace studies pioneer dies at 77" 724:, and debates in fora such as the 25: 5284:International Day of Non-Violence 4942:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions 4747:List of periods of regional peace 4311:American Political Science Review 4242:, London: Martin Robertson, 1975. 4240:The Functional Theory of Politics 4214:Enciclopedia de paz y conflictos. 3962:Darby, John, and Roger MacGinty, 3917:, Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books, 1986. 3480:from the original on 14 June 2024 2910:Deterrence: A Conceptual Analysis 2695:, New York: United Nations, 1992. 1073:. In 1973, this group became the 1008:National University of East Timor 866:Innsbruck School of Peace Studies 540:Disciplines involved may include 5994:Coalition-proof Nash equilibrium 5694:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 4460:"War and Peace Collection Guide" 4357:, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1981. 4301:Richmond, OP, and Jason Franks, 4248:"Is Democracy a Cause of Peace?" 4233:Contemporary Conflict Resolution 3876:, London: Greenwood Press, 1991. 3615:Johan Galtung, 1930-2024, uu.se 3311:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2005.00375.x 3051:from the original on 2021-05-15. 2855:- Book blurb on google.books.com 1662:This section is an excerpt from 1470:can be an example of all three. 1359:; as well as certain schools of 1274:achieved negative peace, ending 444:conflict analysis and resolution 5067:Social Democratic Party (Japan) 4482:Library guides to peace studies 4369:An Assessment of Peace Research 4282:Maintaining Order, Making Peace 3528:from the original on 2021-08-30 3375:International Studies Quarterly 3299:International Studies Quarterly 2973:from the original on 2023-04-05 2927:from the original on 2024-02-24 2605:from the original on 2023-06-22 2576:from the original on 2023-06-22 2492:from the original on 2023-06-22 2423:"Peace and development | SIPRI" 2309:from the original on 2008-09-20 517:, which focus on traditionally 6910:Subfields of political science 6004:Evolutionarily stable strategy 4987:List of pacifist organisations 2073:Journal of Conflict Resolution 1824:In the Summer 2007 edition of 1357:Indian religion and philosophy 1092:Journal of Conflict Resolution 275:Alternative dispute resolution 1: 5932:Simultaneous action selection 3993:, Vol. 2, No. 1, Spring 2009. 3869:, London: Transaction, 2003 . 3755:Full letter is available here 2945:Mearsheimer, John J. (1983). 1811:Peace Research Institute Oslo 1778:In 1980, political scientist 1211:Both theoretical and applied. 1044:Peace Research Institute Oslo 806:Peace Research Institute Oslo 6864:List of games in game theory 6044:Quantal response equilibrium 6034:Perfect Bayesian equilibrium 5969:Bayes correlated equilibrium 5393:World Peace Bell Association 5294:Dialogue Among Civilizations 4997:New Socialist Party of Japan 4982:Iraq War resisters in Canada 4947:Coalition of Women for Peace 4398:International Studies Review 4212:López-Martínez, Mario (dir) 4202:; Münster: LIT Verlag, 2010. 4113:Hobson, Christopher (2017). 4090:, Pluto Press: London, 2000. 3976:; LIT Münster, Vienna, 2006. 3950:Contemporary Security Policy 3929:Thinking about Peace and War 3403:Diane Hendrick (June 2009), 3324:McKeil, Aaron (2021-07-09). 3205:Tadjbakhsh & Chenoy 2006 3110:McKeil, Aaron (2021-07-09). 2202:Abrams, Holly (2010-11-04). 1966:Center for Global Nonkilling 1909:Millennium Development Goals 1840:radical liberation movements 1680:. The study of positive and 797:International Herald Tribune 6333:Optional prisoner's dilemma 6064:Self-confirming equilibrium 5561:The whole world is watching 5329:Peace & Love (festival) 5279:Imagine Piano Peace Project 4671:Environmental peacebuilding 4296:The Transformation of Peace 4185:; New York, Dresden, 2009. 4063:, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005. 3857:Sources and further reading 3743:In defence of peace studies 2907:Morgan, Patrick M. (1977). 2674:Galtung & Jacobsen 2000 2251:Harris, Fisk, and Rank 1998 1917:UN Peacebuilding Commission 1865:of Palestinian terrorism. 1731:through mechanisms such as 1691:and system dimensionality, 1300:Letter from Birmingham Jail 1057:, the principal founder of 814:Castellón de la Plana/Spain 27:A subject in social science 6926: 6900:Peace and conflict studies 6798:Principal variation search 6514:Aumann's agreement theorem 6177:Strategy-stealing argument 6089:Trembling hand equilibrium 6019:Markov perfect equilibrium 6014:Mertens-stable equilibrium 5684:2011 intervention in Libya 5304:List of places named Peace 5289:International Day of Peace 5007:Peace and conflict studies 4927:Anti-nuclear organizations 4779:Vienna + Moscow Mechanisms 4620:Religion and peacebuilding 4575:Peace and conflict studies 4446:Peace and conflict studies 4417:Wallensteen, Peter (ed.), 4386:, London: Continuum, 2000. 4367:Singer, J. David (1976). " 4291:, London: Routledge, 2011. 4246:Reiter, Dan (2017-01-25). 4178:, London: Macmillan, 1920. 4096:What do we know about War? 4049:, London: Zed Books, 2001. 4003:International Organization 3974:Key Texts of Peace Studies 3791:International Crisis Group 3668:Peace and Conflict Studies 3597:Barbarians within the gate 3571:Annual Review of Sociology 2645:Owen, Jean (27 May 2013). 2066:International Peacekeeping 1941:International Crisis Group 1661: 1632:Prediction and forecasting 1488:Appeasement and deterrence 1428: 1272:Korean Armistice Agreement 1259: 773:International Crisis Group 440:Peace and conflict studies 432:at the former site of the 428:, located in front of the 342:Peace and conflict studies 249:Mutual assured destruction 6834:Combinatorial game theory 6493:Princess and monster game 6049:Quasi-perfect equilibrium 5974:Bayesian Nash equilibrium 5800: 5319:Nobel Peace Prize Concert 5314:Mother's Day Proclamation 5264:Dances of Universal Peace 5077:The Women's Peace Crusade 4866: 4494:Michigan State University 4428:(4 vols. 2010) 3:449–498. 4414:, London: Palgrave, 2003. 4410:Vedby Rasmussen, Mikkel, 4364:, London: Routledge, 2006 4323:10.1017/s0003055403000893 4171:, London: Palgrave, 2007. 4131:10.1017/S1537592717000913 4081:Journal of Peace Research 4015:10.1017/S0020818312000161 3966:, London: Palgrave, 2003. 3891:Meanings of War and Peace 3565:Singer, J. David (1980). 3266:Journal of Peace Research 3098:Downes & Sechser 2012 2892:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2768:Rock, Stephen R. (1989). 2726:Meyers, Diana T. (1992). 2704:among many, Richmond 2005 2080:Journal of Peace Research 1913:Responsibility to Protect 1594:Responsibility to Protect 1129:Strategic Foresight Group 973:Université Paris Dauphine 727:Journal of Peace Research 458:behaviors as well as the 6849:Evolutionary game theory 6582:Antoine Augustin Cournot 6468:Guess 2/3 of the average 6265:Strictly determined game 6059:Satisfaction equilibrium 5877:Escalation of commitment 5580:Violence begets violence 5513:Non-aggression principle 5383:The Non-Violence Project 5363:Promoting Enduring Peace 5346:Promoting Enduring Peace 5002:Pacifist Socialist Party 4681:Territorial peace theory 4676:Infrastructure for Peace 4384:The UN at the Millennium 4181:Koppensteiner, Norbert: 4157:, London: Profile, 2002. 4119:Perspectives on Politics 3964:Contemporary Peacemaking 3731:Minneapolis Star Tribune 3677:by Charles P. Webel and 3279:10.1177/0022343317691330 3009:Gibler & Miller 2021 2735:The Philosophical Review 2635:Cambridge: Polity Press. 2622:SIPRI 2007: Cooper, 2006 2041:Territorial peace theory 1875:Minneapolis Star Tribune 1870:University of St. Thomas 1649:, causing challenges to 1565:liberal internationalism 1545:institutional liberalism 1541:economic interdependence 1533:territorial peace theory 1355:, and other portions of 1046:(PRIO), associated with 1004:Chulalongkorn University 945:University of Queensland 858:University of Queensland 521:objectives based on the 430:Chapel of Reconciliation 422:Josefina de Vasconcellos 337:Non-aggression principle 295:Conflict style inventory 99:Nonviolent Communication 6905:International relations 6854:Glossary of game theory 6453:Stackelberg competition 6079:Strong Nash equilibrium 5674:Military action in Iran 5309:Monuments and memorials 5259:Concert Yutel for Peace 5062:React, Include, Recycle 4992:List of peace activists 4957:Conscientious objectors 4853:List of peace activists 4666:Democratic peace theory 4656:Complex system approach 4424:Young, Nigel J. (ed.), 4393:, London: Pinter, 1998. 4198:Kumar, Samrat Schmiem, 4083:, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1971. 2948:Conventional Deterrence 1996:List of peace activists 1976:Democratic peace theory 1537:capitalist peace theory 1529:democratic peace theory 1165:International Relations 996:Centre for Human Rights 976:University of Amsterdam 949:King's College (London) 933:University of Innsbruck 910:United Church of Christ 878:University of Wisconsin 842:George Mason University 613:As pedagogical activity 570:international relations 474:. A variation on this, 184:International relations 114:Speaking truth to power 6879:Tragedy of the commons 6859:List of game theorists 6839:Confrontation analysis 6549:Sprague–Grundy theorem 6069:Sequential equilibrium 5989:Correlated equilibrium 5595:Opposition to specific 5550:Swords to ploughshares 5544:Soldiers are murderers 4937:Anti-war organizations 4690:Regional peacebuilding 4500:University of Missouri 4373:International Security 4174:Keynes, John Maynard, 4162:Discourses on Violence 3214:Chopra & Hohe 2004 2146:Michael Murphy Andregg 1986:International security 1900: 1799:, a columnist for the 1724: 1296:Martin Luther King Jr. 1283: 1270:Delegates at the 1953 1155:can be classified as: 1031: 1000:University of Sarajevo 921:University of Manitoba 906:Church of the Brethren 874:University of Virginia 850:University of Michigan 826:University of Bradford 710:Church of the Brethren 699:, the founding of the 692: 670:Aberystwyth University 637: 436: 414:Copy of the sculpture 6652:Jean-François Mertens 5597:wars or their aspects 5518:Nonviolent resistance 5368:Show of Peace Concert 5133:Anti-nuclear movement 4407:, London: Sage, 1991. 4235:, Polity Press, 2005. 3699:Take a Break from War 3365:Tarar, Ahmer (2016). 3343:10.1093/jogss/ogab020 3129:10.1093/jogss/ogab020 2328:"Correlates of War 2" 1896: 1715: 1584:Boutros Boutros-Ghali 1339:within Christianity; 1315:Boutros Boutros-Ghali 1309:Newer Ideals of Peace 1269: 1262:Peace § Theories 1075:Peace Science Society 1025: 917:University of Toronto 802:United World Colleges 706:Manchester University 682: 636:Introduction of peace 635: 604:Historical background 562:communication studies 537:levels of analysis. 460:structural mechanisms 413: 259:Nuclear proliferation 6781:Search optimizations 6657:Jennifer Tour Chayes 6544:Revelation principle 6539:Purification theorem 6478:Nash bargaining game 6443:Bertrand competition 6428:El Farol Bar problem 6393:Electronic mail game 6358:Lewis signaling game 5902:Hierarchy of beliefs 5679:Sri Lankan Civil War 5573:Turn the other cheek 5388:University for Peace 5299:List of peace prizes 4802:Treaty on Open Skies 4289:A Post-Liberal Peace 3938:. Pluto Press, 2006. 3733:, December 17, 2002. 2967:10.7591/j.ctt1rv61v2 2810:Lee, Steven (1992). 1639:asymmetric conflicts 1256:Conceptions of peace 1018:As research activity 941:University of Sydney 929:Hiroshima University 925:Lancaster University 629:, a Quaker school. 325:Paradox of tolerance 6829:Bounded rationality 6448:Cournot competition 6398:Rock paper scissors 6373:Battle of the sexes 6363:Volunteer's dilemma 6235:Perfect information 6162:Dominant strategies 5999:Epsilon-equilibrium 5882:Extensive-form game 5721:Nuclear disarmament 5704:in Russian Far East 5461:Department of Peace 5446:Counter-recruitment 5441:Conflict resolution 5431:Central Park be-ins 5419:Slogans and tactics 5398:Japanese Peace Bell 5188:Non-interventionism 5183:Modern-war pacifism 5121:Christian anarchism 4506:New York University 2385:on 27 November 2013 2209:The Journal Gazette 2141:John Maynard Keynes 1937:International Alert 1859:Brandeis University 1749:conflict escalation 1729:conflict resolution 1589:An Agenda for Peace 1580:structural violence 1557:political stability 1499:to avoid conflict. 1431:Global peace system 1320:An Agenda for Peace 1317:in his 1992 report 1292:structural violence 1153:conflict resolution 1122:The Peace Chronicle 1026:Norwegian academic 1012:University of Kabul 957:London Metropolitan 937:Universitat Jaume I 822:American University 810:Universitat Jaume I 777:International Alert 594:development studies 484:conflict resolution 254:Nuclear disarmament 153:Conflict escalation 130:Conflict management 34:Conflict resolution 6808:Paranoid algorithm 6788:Alpha–beta pruning 6667:John Maynard Smith 6498:Rendezvous problem 6338:Traveler's dilemma 6328:Gift-exchange game 6323:Prisoner's dilemma 6240:Large Poisson game 6207:Bargaining problem 6112:Backward induction 6084:Subgame perfection 6039:Proper equilibrium 5615:American Civil War 5507:Make love, not war 5481:Economic sanctions 5436:Civil disobedience 5269:Festival for Peace 5242:Media and cultural 5228:Testimony of peace 5148:Christian pacifism 4661:Conflict continuum 4488:Cornell University 4389:Tidwell, Alan C., 4188:Kosaka, Masataka, 3847:2017-02-06 at the 3817:2012-11-02 at the 3807:2008-08-07 at the 3785:2009-03-19 at the 3748:2023-10-29 at the 3716:2008-09-06 at the 3673:2012-10-22 at the 3654:2019-01-01 at the 3635:2016-03-13 at the 3602:2011-09-30 at the 3551:2008-01-11 at the 3463:Berghof Foundation 3387:10.1093/isq/sqw018 2409:2016-10-20 at the 2359:on 3 December 2011 2289:2007-08-26 at the 1981:Global Peace Index 1887:around the world. 1815:structural marxism 1725: 1405:, Michael Howard, 1284: 1280:the wider conflict 1135:Institutions like 1032: 862:Uppsala University 693: 685:Manchester College 654:David Lloyd George 650:Georges Clemenceau 638: 627:Swarthmore College 623:American Civil War 488:dispute resolution 437: 372:Track II diplomacy 320:Prisoner's dilemma 290:Conflict continuum 285:Conflict avoidance 70:Dispute resolution 6887: 6886: 6793:Aspiration window 6762:Suzanne Scotchmer 6717:Oskar Morgenstern 6612:Donald B. Gillies 6554:Zermelo's theorem 6483:Induction puzzles 6438:Fair cake-cutting 6413:Public goods game 6343:Coordination game 6217:Intransitive game 6147:Forward induction 6029:Pareto efficiency 6009:Gibbs equilibrium 5979:Berge equilibrium 5927:Simultaneous game 5813: 5812: 5716:Military taxation 5586:War tax resisters 5153:Deterrence theory 4932:Anti-war movement 4875: 4874: 4813: 4812: 4712:Jammu and Kashmir 4590:Peace enforcement 4557:Anti-war movement 4391:Conflict Resolved 4348:978-0-415-58797-6 4167:Jabri, Vivienne, 4160:Jabri, Vivienne, 4067:Fukuyama, Francis 3980:Wolfgang Dietrich 3970:Wolfgang Dietrich 3957:Global Governance 3920:Caplan, Richard, 3898:Peace Against War 3879:Azar, Edward E., 3687:978-0-7619-2507-1 3521:978-0-19-090960-4 3232:on 4 January 2014 3044:978-0-19-879351-9 2958:978-1-5017-1325-5 2920:978-0-8039-0819-2 2880:www.history.co.uk 2714:Wolfgang Dietrich 2631:Cohn, C. (2013). 2545:978-0-19-976010-7 2156:Peter Wallensteen 2126:Elise M. Boulding 2026:Right of conquest 1693:phase transitions 1678:dynamical systems 1449:conflict triangle 1440:Conflict triangle 1425:Sustainable peace 1395:Wolfgang Dietrich 1149:conflict analysis 1087:Correlates of War 882:Rotary Foundation 691:in peace studies. 666:League of Nations 582:religious studies 546:political science 511:strategic studies 509:In contrast with 480:interdisciplinary 408: 407: 280:Anti-war movement 244:Nuclear blackmail 148:Communal violence 16:(Redirected from 6917: 6874:Topological game 6869:No-win situation 6767:Thomas Schelling 6747:Robert B. Wilson 6707:Merrill M. Flood 6677:John von Neumann 6587:Ariel Rubinstein 6572:Albert W. Tucker 6423:War of attrition 6383:Matching pennies 6024:Nash equilibrium 5947:Mechanism design 5912:Normal-form game 5867:Cooperative game 5840: 5833: 5826: 5817: 5640:list of protests 5501:Lesson of Munich 5456:Demilitarisation 5334:Peace journalism 5128:Anti-imperialism 5111:Anarcho-pacifism 5047:Peace psychology 5027:Peace conference 5022:Peace commission 4967:Culture of Peace 4902: 4895: 4888: 4879: 4832:Index by country 4770:Helsinki Accords 4763:post-WWII Europe 4760: 4756:Peace mechanisms 4727:Northern Ireland 4707:Israel–Palestine 4651:Capitalist peace 4565:Cost of conflict 4536: 4529: 4522: 4513: 4471: 4463: 4334: 4277: 4150: 4099: 4045:Duffield, Mark, 4042: 3959:, Vol. 10, 2004. 3887:Beer, Francis A. 3851: 3838: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3799: 3793: 3789:; e.g. see also 3774: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3740: 3734: 3727: 3721: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3665: 3659: 3646: 3640: 3630:The Peace Racket 3627: 3618: 3613: 3607: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3562: 3556: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3460: 3446:Peter T. Coleman 3442: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3411: 3400: 3391: 3390: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3345: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3228:. Archived from 3224:Burgess, Peter. 3221: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3183:. 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Archived from 2324: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2314: 2299: 2293: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2252: 2249: 2234: 2233:Wallensteen 1988 2231: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2212:. Archived from 2199: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2131:Stanley A. Deetz 2121:Camillo Mac Bica 2031:Security Studies 1971:Capitalist peace 1852:anti-imperialism 1809:formerly of the 1516:Cost of conflict 1468:Ethnic cleansing 1419:Democratic peace 1403:Robert L. Holmes 1397:, Kevin Dooley, 1245:Claire Duncanson 1067:Kenneth Boulding 1059:regional science 818:Malmö University 498:levels based on 468:social conflicts 400: 393: 386: 30: 21: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6817: 6803:max^n algorithm 6776: 6772:William Vickrey 6732:Reinhard Selten 6687:Kenneth Binmore 6602:David K. Levine 6597:Daniel Kahneman 6564: 6558: 6534:Negamax theorem 6524:Minimax theorem 6502: 6463:Diner's dilemma 6318:All-pay auction 6284: 6270:Stochastic game 6222:Mean-field game 6193: 6186: 6157:Markov strategy 6093: 5959: 5951: 5922:Sequential game 5907:Information set 5892:Game complexity 5862:Congestion game 5850: 5844: 5814: 5809: 5796: 5725: 5669:Afghanistan War 5620:Second Boer War 5596: 5590: 5414: 5237: 5091: 5037:Peace education 4920:Peace advocates 4915: 4906: 4876: 4871: 4862: 4836: 4809: 4796:Vienna Document 4751: 4717:Kurdish/Turkish 4685: 4639: 4630:War termination 4545: 4540: 4490:, New York, USA 4484: 4476:peace education 4466: 4454: 4442: 4308: 4270: 4245: 4238:Mitrany, D.A., 4216:Granada, 2004. 4112: 4093: 3996: 3896:Beer, Francis, 3859: 3854: 3849:Wayback Machine 3839: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3819:Wayback Machine 3809:Wayback Machine 3800: 3796: 3787:Wayback Machine 3779:: For DFID see 3775: 3771: 3765: 3761: 3750:Wayback Machine 3741: 3737: 3728: 3724: 3718:Wayback Machine 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3679:David P. Barash 3675:Wayback Machine 3666: 3662: 3656:Wayback Machine 3647: 3643: 3637:Wayback Machine 3628: 3621: 3614: 3610: 3604:Wayback Machine 3594: 3590: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3553:Wayback Machine 3544: 3540: 3531: 3529: 3522: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3458: 3450:Robin Vallacher 3444: 3443: 3436: 3428: 3409: 3402: 3401: 3394: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3187:on 2 March 2011 3179: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3145: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3045: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2976: 2974: 2959: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2930: 2928: 2921: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2884: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2850: 2846: 2831:10.2307/2216042 2814: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2789:10.2307/1961738 2772: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2747:10.2307/2185583 2730: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2633:Women and wars. 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2608: 2606: 2599:catalog.gmu.edu 2593: 2592: 2588: 2579: 2577: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2501: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2480:"Archived copy" 2478: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2431: 2429: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2411:Wayback Machine 2402: 2398: 2388: 2386: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2337: 2335: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2312: 2310: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2291:Wayback Machine 2282: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2255: 2250: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2219: 2217: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2174:Dugan, 1989: 74 2173: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2111: 2106: 2060: 2055: 2046:War against war 2021:Peace education 1991:Just war theory 1956: 1884: 1863:strategic logic 1842:. Bawer quoted 1780:J. David Singer 1776: 1757:Critical theory 1745: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1667: 1659: 1634: 1576:Critical theory 1573: 1571:Critical theory 1525: 1513: 1490: 1442: 1433: 1427: 1415:S.P. Udayakumar 1411:Anatol Rapoport 1288:critical theory 1264: 1258: 1253: 1225:social sciences 1193:Multicultural. 1145: 1071:Anatol Rapoport 1040:Perpetual Peace 1020: 846:Lund University 820:of Sweden, the 783:Critical theory 741:democratisation 662:Fourteen Points 642:First World War 615: 606: 598:peace economics 472:human condition 404: 332:Liaison officer 239:Nuclear warfare 223:Multilateralism 163:Just war theory 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6923: 6921: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6892: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6737:Robert Axelrod 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6712:Olga Bondareva 6709: 6704: 6702:Melvin Dresher 6699: 6694: 6692:Leonid Hurwicz 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6627:Harold W. Kuhn 6624: 6619: 6617:Drew Fudenberg 6614: 6609: 6607:David M. Kreps 6604: 6599: 6594: 6592:Claude Shannon 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6568: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6529:Nash's theorem 6526: 6521: 6516: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6388:Ultimatum game 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6368:Dollar auction 6365: 6360: 6355: 6353:Centipede game 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6308:Infinite chess 6305: 6300: 6294: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6277: 6275:Symmetric game 6272: 6267: 6262: 6260:Signaling game 6257: 6255:Screening game 6252: 6247: 6245:Potential game 6242: 6237: 6232: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6198: 6196: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6172:Mixed strategy 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6054:Risk dominance 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5965: 5963: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5897:Graphical game 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5851: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5835: 5828: 5820: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5782:United Kingdom 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5701: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5649: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5600: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5564: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5405:Women in Black 5402: 5401: 5400: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5168:Green politics 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5138:Antimilitarism 5135: 5130: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5105: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5042:Peace movement 5039: 5034: 5032:Peace congress 5029: 5024: 5019: 5017:Peace churches 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4972:ECOPEACE Party 4969: 4964: 4962:Counterculture 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4913:peace movement 4907: 4905: 4904: 4897: 4890: 4882: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4823: 4821: 4819:Peace treaties 4815: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4773: 4766: 4764: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4625:Separate peace 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4605:Peace movement 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4585:Peace congress 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4472: 4464: 4452: 4441: 4440:External links 4438: 4437: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4403:Vayrynen, R., 4401: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4365: 4358: 4355:The Just Peace 4351: 4335: 4317:(4): 585–602. 4306: 4299: 4294:Richmond, OP, 4292: 4287:Richmond, OP, 4285: 4280:Richmond, OP, 4278: 4268: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4225: 4210: 4205:Lederach, J., 4203: 4196: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4125:(3): 697–710. 4110: 4100: 4091: 4084: 4074: 4064: 4057: 4050: 4043: 4009:(3): 457–489. 3994: 3987: 3977: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3941:Churchman, D. 3939: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3901: 3894: 3884: 3877: 3870: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3852: 3833: 3823: 3794: 3769: 3759: 3735: 3722: 3703: 3691: 3660: 3641: 3619: 3608: 3588: 3557: 3538: 3520: 3492: 3483: 3434: 3392: 3381:(4): 742–752. 3357: 3316: 3305:(3): 503–528. 3285: 3272:(2): 113–124. 3262:"Introduction" 3252: 3243: 3216: 3207: 3198: 3172: 3163: 3154: 3143: 3102: 3090: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3043: 3013: 3001: 2992: 2983: 2957: 2937: 2919: 2899: 2867: 2858: 2844: 2825:(4): 559–562. 2802: 2760: 2741:(2): 481–484. 2718: 2706: 2697: 2676: 2664: 2637: 2624: 2615: 2586: 2557: 2544: 2516: 2471: 2465:978-0203893166 2464: 2438: 2414: 2396: 2370: 2344: 2319: 2294: 2276: 2267: 2253: 2235: 2226: 2194: 2185: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2151:Glenn D. Paige 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2097: 2090: 2083: 2076: 2069: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2016:Peace churches 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1948:human security 1883: 1880: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1775: 1772: 1744: 1741: 1709: 1708:Normative aims 1706: 1668: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1633: 1630: 1572: 1569: 1524: 1521: 1512: 1509: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1441: 1438: 1426: 1423: 1407:Vivienne Jabri 1375: 1374: 1371: 1364: 1337:Peace churches 1332: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1198: 1191: 1188: 1144: 1141: 1019: 1016: 894:Roman Catholic 765:European Union 749:social justice 737:human security 658:Woodrow Wilson 646:Peace of Paris 614: 611: 605: 602: 586:gender studies 502:, rather than 448:social science 417:Reconciliation 406: 405: 403: 402: 395: 388: 380: 377: 376: 375: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 328: 327: 322: 312: 307: 305:Family therapy 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 269: 268: 264: 263: 262: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 233: 232: 228: 227: 226: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 187: 186: 180: 179: 178: 177: 176: 175: 165: 160: 155: 150: 142: 141: 135: 134: 133: 132: 124: 123: 119: 118: 117: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 95: 94: 92:Party-directed 84: 83: 82: 77: 72: 62: 57: 52: 44: 43: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6922: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822:Miscellaneous 6820: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6757:Samuel Bowles 6755: 6753: 6752:Roger Myerson 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6742:Robert Aumann 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6697:Lloyd Shapley 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6682:Kenneth Arrow 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6662:John Harsanyi 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6632:Herbert Simon 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6433:Fair division 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6408:Dictator game 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6280:Zero-sum game 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6250:Repeated game 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6189: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6167:Pure strategy 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6132:De-escalation 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6074:Shapley value 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5942:Succinct game 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5841: 5836: 5834: 5829: 5827: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5787:United States 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5647:War on Terror 5645: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5603:War of 1812 ( 5602: 5601: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5533:Peacebuilding 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5471:Draft evasion 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5451:De-escalation 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5353:Peace One Day 5351: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5158:Direct action 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5116:Anarcho-punks 5114: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5082:War resisters 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4898: 4896: 4891: 4889: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4775:human rights 4774: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4615:Peace symbols 4613: 4611: 4610:Peace process 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4580:Peacebuilding 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4532: 4530: 4525: 4523: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4379:(1): 118–137. 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4269:9780190228637 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4222:84-338-3095-3 4219: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4056:, 504, 72–79. 4055: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3934:Chandler, D. 3933: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3905:City Journal, 3902: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3863:Aron, Raymond 3861: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3827: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3773: 3770: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3744: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3496: 3493: 3490:Richmond 2002 3487: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3407: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3370: 3369:Fait Accompli 3361: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3253: 3247: 3244: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3147: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2941: 2938: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2903: 2900: 2895: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2806: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2764: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2687:Boutros Ghali 2683: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2587: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2547: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2520: 2517: 2512: 2506: 2488: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2467: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2442: 2439: 2428: 2427:www.sipri.org 2424: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2334:on 2007-08-23 2333: 2329: 2323: 2320: 2308: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2227: 2216:on 2018-10-20 2215: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2198: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2136:Johan Galtung 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1888: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807:Johan Galtung 1804: 1803: 1802:National Post 1798: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1737:peacebuilding 1734: 1730: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1665: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1651:de-escalation 1648: 1647:Fait accompli 1644: 1640: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1553:Pax Americana 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1487: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1445:Johan Galtung 1439: 1437: 1432: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399:Johan Galtung 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1218: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1114:Johan Galtung 1111: 1107: 1104:In 1964, the 1102: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1048:Johan Galtung 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036:Immanuel Kant 1029: 1028:Johan Galtung 1024: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 953:Sault College 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 889: 887: 886:UN University 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 798: 793: 787: 784: 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 729: 728: 723: 719: 718:Johan Galtung 715: 711: 707: 702: 698: 690: 686: 681: 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 634: 630: 628: 624: 620: 612: 610: 603: 601: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 506:, solutions. 505: 501: 497: 493: 492:international 489: 485: 481: 477: 476:peace studies 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 418: 412: 401: 396: 394: 389: 387: 382: 381: 379: 378: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 357:Peacebuilding 355: 353: 350: 348: 347:Peace process 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 326: 323: 321: 318: 317: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 271: 270: 265: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 236: 235: 234: 229: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 189: 188: 185: 181: 174: 171: 170: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 158:De-escalation 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 145: 144: 143: 140: 136: 131: 128: 127: 126: 125: 120: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 93: 90: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80:Collaborative 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 67: 66: 63: 61: 58: 56: 53: 51: 48: 47: 46: 45: 42: 38: 35: 31: 19: 6727:Peyton Young 6722:Paul Milgrom 6637:Hervé Moulin 6577:Amos Tversky 6519:Folk theorem 6230:-player game 6227: 6152:Grim trigger 5630:World War II 5486:Flower power 5338: 5178:Isolationism 5052:Peace treaty 5006: 4697:Arab–Israeli 4595:Peacekeeping 4574: 4432: 4425: 4418: 4411: 4404: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4372: 4361: 4354: 4353:Rummel, RJ, 4338: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4251: 4239: 4232: 4213: 4206: 4199: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4122: 4118: 4103: 4095: 4087: 4080: 4070: 4060: 4053: 4046: 4006: 4002: 3990: 3983: 3973: 3963: 3956: 3949: 3942: 3935: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3907:Summer 2007 3904: 3897: 3890: 3880: 3873: 3866: 3836: 3826: 3797: 3772: 3762: 3738: 3730: 3725: 3706: 3694: 3663: 3644: 3611: 3591: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3541: 3530:. 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