1201:(LEO) on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. A third launch, which occurred on October 9, 2017, delivered another ten satellites to LEO, as planned. The Iridium NEXT IV mission launched with ten satellites on December 23, 2017. The fifth mission, Iridium NEXT V, launched with ten satellites on March 30, 2018. The sixth launch on May 22, 2018, sent another 5 satellites into LEO. The penultimate Iridium NEXT launch occurred on July 25, 2018, launching another 10 Iridium NEXT satellites. The final ten NEXT satellites launched on January 11, 2019. Of the six additional spare satellites five have been launched on 20 May 2023 while the last one, Iridium 101, is still on the ground.
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chosen because their bandwidth was more than sufficient for the desired system. Nevertheless, a parallel optical cross link option was carried through a critical design review, and ended when the microwave cross links were shown to support the size, weight and power requirements allocated within the individual satellite's budget. Iridium
Satellite LLC stated that their second generation satellites would also use microwave, not optical, inter-satellite communications links. Iridium's cross-links are unique in the satellite telephone industry as other providers do not relay data between satellites;
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Division in
California. The TF80L configuration was considered a non-conventional, innovative approach to developing a satellite design that could be assembled and tested in five days. The TF80L design configuration was also instrumental in simultaneously solving fundamental design problems involving optimization of the communications payload thermal environment and RF main mission antenna performance, while achieving the highest payload fairing packaging for each of the three main launch vehicle providers.
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to another can be routed directly through space without going through a ground station. As satellites leave the area of a ground station, the routing tables are updated and packets headed for the ground station are forwarded to the next satellite just coming into view of the ground station. Communication between satellites and ground stations is at 20 and 30 GHz.
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design means that there is excellent satellite visibility and service coverage especially at the North and South poles. The over-the-pole orbital design produces "seams" where satellites in counter-rotating planes next to one another are traveling in opposite directions. Cross-seam inter-satellite link hand-offs would have to happen very rapidly and cope with large
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1375:, and 5,604,920, are in the field of satellite communications, and the manufacturer generated several hundred patents protecting the technology in the system. Satellite manufacturing initiatives were also instrumental in the technical success of the system. Motorola made a key hire of the engineer who set up the automated factory for
325:, about 781 km (485 mi) above the surface. With an orbital period of about 100 minutes a satellite can only be in view of a phone for about 7 minutes, so the call is automatically "handed off" to another satellite when one passes beyond the local horizon. This requires a large number of satellites, carefully spaced out in
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emphasized in the original design. The next-generation terminals and service became commercially available in 2018. One of the
Iridium NEXT services is Iridium Certus, a globally available satellite broadband, which is capable of up to 704 kbit/s of bandwidth across maritime, aviation, land mobile, government, and
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channel there are four TDMA time slots in each direction. The TDMA frame starts off with a 20.32 milliseconds period used for simplex messaging to devices such as pagers and to alert
Iridium phones of an incoming call, followed by the four upstream slots and four downstream slots. This technique
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At the time of the launch of the first batch, the second flight of ten satellites was planned to launch only three months later in April 2017. However, in a
February 15 statement, Iridium said that SpaceX pushed back the launch of its second batch of Iridium NEXT satellites from mid-April to mid-June
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to upload each satellite quickly and reliably over the poles. Moreover, fixed, static scheduling would have left more than 90% of the satellite links idle at all times. Therefore, the design was scrapped in favour of a design that performed dynamic control of routing and channel selection late in the
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The first test telephone call was made over the network in 1998, and full global coverage was complete by 2002. However, although the system met its technical requirements, it was not a success in the market. Poor reception from inside buildings, bulky and expensive handsets, and competition with the
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routes outgoing phone call packets through space to one of the ground station downlinks ("feeder links"). Iridium ground stations interconnect the satellite network with land-based fixed or wireless infrastructures worldwide to improve availability. Station-to-station calls from one satellite phone
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Iridium 21, 27, 20, 11, 46, 71, 44, 14, 79, 69 and 85 all suffered from issues before entering operational service soon after their launch. By 2018, of these eleven, Iridium 27, 79 and 85 have decayed out of orbit; Iridium 11, 14, 20 and 21 were renamed to
Iridium 911, 914, 920 and 921 respectively
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Spare satellites are usually held in a 666 kilometres (414 mi) storage orbit. These can be boosted to the correct altitude and put into service in case of a satellite failure. After the
Iridium company emerged from bankruptcy the new owners decided to launch seven new spares, which would have
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A spare
Iridium satellite in the lower storage orbit has a shorter period so its RAAN moves westward more quickly than the satellites in the standard orbit. Iridium simply waits until the desired RAAN (i.e., the desired orbital plane) is reached and then raises the spare satellite to the standard
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The constellation continued operation following the bankruptcy of the original
Iridium corporation. A new entity emerged to operate the satellites and developed a different product placement and pricing strategy, offering communication services to a niche market of customers who required reliable
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inter-satellite links. Each satellite can have four inter-satellite links: one each to neighbors fore and aft in the same orbital plane, and one each to satellites in neighboring planes to either side. The satellites orbit from pole to same pole with an orbital period of roughly 100 minutes. This
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types. As a satellite travels over the ground location, calls are handed to adjacent spot-beams; this occurs approximately every fifty seconds. A satellite only stays in view for seven minutes at the equator. When the satellite disappears from view, an attempt is made to hand the call to another
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The configuration of the
Satellite concept was designated as Triangular Fixed, 80 Inch Main Mission Antenna, Light-weight (TF80L). The packaging design of the spacecraft was managed by Lockheed Bus Spacecraft team; it was the first commercial satellite bus designed at the Sunnyvale Space Systems
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The cellular look down antenna had 48 spot beams arranged as 16 beams in three sectors. The four inter-satellite cross links on each satellite operated at 10 Mbit/s. Optical links could have supported a much greater bandwidth and a more aggressive growth path, but microwave cross links were
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processors running at roughly 200 MHz, connected by a custom backplane network. One processor was dedicated to each cross-link antenna ("HVARC"), and two processors ("SVARC"s) were dedicated to satellite control, one being a spare. Late in the project an extra processor ("SAC") was added to
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The design was complete by 2010, and Iridium stated that the existing constellation of satellites would remain operational until Iridium NEXT is fully operational, with many satellites expected to remain in service until the 2020s, while the NEXT satellites would have improved bandwidth. The new
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launch vehicles, with the initial satellites launching on Dnepr in April 2016; however, in February 2016, Iridium announced a change. Due to an extended slowdown in obtaining the requisite launch licenses from Russian authorities, Iridium revamped the entire launch sequence for the 75-satellite
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During 2016, Iridium experienced in-orbit failures which could not be corrected with in-orbit spare satellites, thus only 64 of the 66 satellites required for seamless global coverage were in operation. This caused some service interruptions until the next-generation constellation was put into
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The original design as envisioned in the 1960s was that of a completely static "dumb satellite" with a set of control messages and time-triggers for an entire orbit that would be uploaded as the satellite passed over the poles. It was found that this design did not have enough bandwidth in the
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The first spacecraft mock-up of this design was built in the garage workshop in Santa Clara, California for the Bus PDR/CDR as a proof-of-concept model. This first prototype paved the way for the design and construction of the first engineering models. This design was the basis of the largest
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In 2017, Iridium began launching Iridium NEXT, a second-generation worldwide network of telecommunications satellites, consisting of 66 active satellites, with another nine in-orbit spares and six on-ground spares. These satellites incorporate features such as data transmission that were not
2756:. Iridium 33 was in active service when the accident took place. It was one of the oldest satellites in the constellation, having been launched in 1997. The satellites collided at a relative speed of roughly 35,000 km/h (22,000 miles per hour) This collision created over 2000 large
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ensured two spare satellites were available in each plane. As of 2009, not every plane had a spare satellite; however, the satellites can be moved to a different plane if required. A move can take several weeks and consumes fuel which will shorten the satellite's expected service life.
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Iridium routes phone calls through space. In addition to communicating with the satellite phones in its footprint, each satellite in the constellation also maintains contact with two to four adjacent satellites, and routes data between them, to effectively create a large
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in California. Deployment of the constellation began in January 2017, with the launch of the first ten Iridium NEXT satellites. Most recently, on January 11, 2019, SpaceX launched an additional ten satellites, bringing the number of upgraded satellites in orbit to 75.
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non-terrestrial networks (NTN). Scheduled for launch in 2026, it won't replace the company's proprietary solution for voice and high-speed data; instead it will co-exist with that offering on the Iridium's existing global low-earth orbit satellite network.
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standard-based satellite-to-cellphone service focusing on messaging, emergency communications and IoT for devices like cars, smartphones, tablets and related consumer applications. The solution will be supported using a version of the NB-IoT standard for
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Each satellite can support up to 1,100 concurrent phone calls at 2,400 bit/s and weighs about 680 kilograms (1,500 lb). The Iridium System presently operates within a dedicated band segment from 1,618.725 to 1,626.5 MHz and shares with
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satellite. If no other satellite is in view, the connection is dropped. This may occur when the signal from either satellite is blocked by an obstacle. When successful, the inter-satellite handoff may be noticeable by a quarter-second interruption.
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329:(see animated image of coverage) to ensure that at least one satellite is continually in view from every point on the Earth's surface. At least 66 satellites are required, in 6 polar orbits containing 11 satellites each, for seamless coverage.
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constellation. It launched and successfully deployed 10 satellites with SpaceX on January 14, 2017, delayed due to weather from January 9, 2017, and the first of those new satellites took over the duties of an old satellite on March 11, 2017.
642:. After ten years of successful on-orbit performance, the Iridium team celebrated the equivalent of 1,000 cumulative years of on-orbit performance in 2008. One of the engineering Iridium satellite models was placed on permanent exhibit in the
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existed for the product at the price points on offer from Iridium as set by its parent company Motorola. The company failed to earn revenue sufficient to service the debt associated with building out the constellation and Iridium went
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spectrum between 1,616 and 1,626.5 MHz. Iridium exclusively controls 7.775 MHz of this and shares a further 0.95 MHz. In 1999, Iridium agreed to timeshare a portion of spectrum, allowing radio astronomers to observe
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Due to the shape of the original Iridium satellites' reflective antennas, the first generation satellites focused sunlight on a small area of the Earth surface in an incidental manner. This resulted in a phenomenon called
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The 95 satellites were launched over twenty-two missions (nine missions in 1997, ten in 1998, one in 1999 and two in 2002). One extra mission on Chang Zheng was a payload test and did not carry any actual satellites.
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was conceived in the early 1990s as a way to reach high Earth latitudes with reliable satellite communication services. Early calculations showed that 77 satellites would be needed, hence the name Iridium, after the
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Over the years a number of Iridium satellites have ceased to work and are no longer in active service, some are partially functional and have remained in orbit whereas others have tumbled out of control or have
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1387:, taking weeks instead of months or years. At its peak during the launch campaign in 1997 and 1998, Motorola produced a new satellite every 4.3 days, with the lead-time of a single satellite being 21 days.
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The Iridium system was designed to be accessed by small handheld phones, the size of a cell phone. While "the weight of a typical cell phone in the early 1990s was 10.5 ounces" (300 grams)
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system was to be backward-compatible with the current system. In June 2010, the winner of the contract was announced as Thales Alenia Space, in a $ 2.1 billion deal underwritten by
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292:, whereby the satellite momentarily appeared as one of the brightest objects in the night sky and could be seen even during daylight. Newer Iridium satellites do not produce flares.
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is used on the uplink (mobile to satellite) for acquisition and synchronization. Each time slot is 8.28 milliseconds long and sits in a 90 milliseconds frame. Within each
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The constellation consists of 66 active satellites in orbit, required for global coverage, and additional spare satellites to serve in case of failure. Satellites are placed in
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321:, in which the satellite appears stationary in the sky. In order for a handheld phone to communicate with them, the Iridium satellites are closer to the Earth, in
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quoted a wireless market analyst, regarding people having "one number that they could carry with them anywhere" as "expensive... There never was a viable market."
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Iridium moved one of its in-orbit spares, Iridium 91 (formerly known as Iridium 90), to replace the destroyed satellite, completing the move on March 4, 2009.
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346:; therefore, Iridium supports inter-satellite links only between satellites orbiting in the same direction. The constellation of 66 active satellites has six
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image of electrons orbiting around the Earth as its nucleus. This reduced set of six planes is sufficient to cover the entire Earth surface at every moment.
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altitude, fixing its orbital plane with respect to the constellation. Although this saves substantial amounts of fuel, it can be a time-consuming process.
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1175:. Technical issues and consequential demands from Iridium's insurance delayed the launch of the first pair of Iridium NEXT satellites until April 2016.
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are used between time slots. Regardless of the modulation method being used, communication between mobile units and satellites is performed at 25
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was intended to be small enough to be mounted on the planned phone, but the low handset battery power was insufficient for contact with a satellite in
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From 2017, several first-generation Iridium satellites have been deliberately de-orbited after being replaced by operational Iridium NEXT satellites.
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spaced 30° apart, with 11 satellites in each plane (not counting spares). The original concept was to have 77 satellites, which is where the name
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wrote in mid 1999 that "when its phone debuted, weighing 1 pound (453 grams) and costing $ 3,000, it was viewed as both unwieldly and expensive."
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Orbital velocity of the satellites is approximately 27,000 km/h (17,000 mph). Satellites communicate with neighboring satellites via
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514:. Iridium additionally stated that it expected to spend about $ 800 million to launch the satellites and upgrade some ground facilities.
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to other satellites in space, enabling command and control of other space assets regardless of the position of ground stations and gateways.
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Coverage of Earth by the Iridium satellites, which are arranged in 6 orbits of 11 satellites each. Animation shows approximately 10 minutes.
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Channels are spaced at 41.666 kHz and each channel occupies a bandwidth of 31.5 kHz; this allows space for Doppler shifts.
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External "hockey puck" type antennas used with Iridium handheld phones, data modems and SBD terminals are usually defined as 3
3831:"ExactEarth and Harris Corporation Form Strategic Alliance to Provide Real-Time Global Maritime Tracking and Information Solutions"
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Proceedings of the IEEE 1998 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference. NAECON 1998. Celebrating 50 Years (Cat. No.98CH36185)
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In June 2010, Iridium signed the largest commercial rocket-launch deal ever at that time, a US$ 492 million contract with
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403:. The satellites were deployed in 1997–2002. All the satellites needed to be in orbit before commercial service could begin.
1133:(GMDSS). The certification ended a monopoly on the provision of maritime distress services that had previously been held by
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No new satellites were launched 2002–2017 to replenish the constellation, even though the original satellites based on the
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383:. It turned out that just 66 were required to complete the blanket coverage of the planet with communication services.
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4873:"Iridium Unveils Project Stardust; Developing the Only Truly Global, Standards-Based IoT and Direct-to-Device Service"
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The satellites are also able to transfer mobile units to different channels and time slots within the same spot beam.
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95 of the 99 built satellites were launched between 1997 and 2002. Four satellites were kept on the ground as spares.
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3805:"Aireon and FlightAware Partner to Launch GlobalBeacon Airline Solution for ICAO Airline Flight Tracking Compliance"
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The second-generation Iridium-NEXT satellites began to be deployed into the existing constellation in January 2017.
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https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23130850-700-iridium-story-of-a-communications-solution-no-one-listened-to/
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The pre-bankruptcy corporate incarnation of Iridium built eleven gateways, most of which have since been closed.
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was contracted to launch all the Iridium NEXT satellites. All the Iridium NEXT launches have taken place using a
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4554:"FCC Grants Iridium Exclusive Access to Additional Domestic and Global Spectrum for Mobile Satellite Services"
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2017. This second launch, which occurred on June 25, 2017, delivered another ten Iridium NEXT satellites to
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Iridium SSC employed a globally diverse fleet of rockets to get their 77 satellites into orbit, including
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4064:"Iridium, frustrated by Russian red tape, to launch first 10 Iridium Next satellites with SpaceX in July"
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4012:"Iridium is excited to share we're planned to launch on Monday, Jan 9 at 10:22am PST weather permitting"
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from July 29, 1993, to November 1, 1998, when the system became operational and commercially available.
503:— to participate in the final phase of the procurement of the next-generation satellite constellation.
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As of January 2023, a total of 80 previously operating satellites are now defunct or no longer exist.
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4849:"Iridium Project Stardust Satellite-to-Cellphone Offering Will Support 5G Messaging - Telecompetitor"
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Iridium 127 had to be re-designated as Iridium 100 before launch due to a ground software issue.
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484:, the successor company to Iridium SSC, has ordered a total of 81 new satellites being built by
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rocket carrying two each. The total setup cost for the first-generation fleet was approximately
235:, additionally selling equipment and access to its services. It was conceived by Bary Bertiger,
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Laura Petrecca; Beth Snyder (July 26, 1999). "Iridium sends new signal, splits with Ammirati".
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4640:"Manual for ICAO Aeronautical Mobile Satellite (ROUTE) Service Part 2-IRIDIUM; DRAFT v4.0"
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3479:"Manual for ICAO Aeronautical Mobile Satellite (ROUTE) Service Part 2-IRIDIUM; DRAFT v4.0"
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a band segment from 1,617.775 to 1,618.725 MHz. These segments are part of the wider
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4773:"Iridium Communications Inc. – ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K – Year Ended December 31, 2021"
1168:. The final two satellites were originally slated to be orbited by a single launch of an
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4037:"SNOC Report: SV109 is now fully integrated into the network replacing legacy SV77"
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emissions; the amount of shared spectrum was recently reduced from 2.625 MHz.
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Iridium satellite number could change over time following failure and replacement.
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which link to the network through the satellites visible to them. The space-based
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As of 2009, the original plan had been to begin launching new satellites in 2014.
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Iridium satellite number changed over time following failure and replacement.
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444:
363:
7331:
7280:
7043:
6997:
6870:
6836:
6831:
6821:
6139:
5604:
5419:
5143:
4588:
4265:
3896:
3104:
2902:
2749:
1380:
693:
579:
4934:
4899:
4529:"Radio astronomers agree to 6-year frequency "time share" with Iridium LLC"
4231:
4127:"Starlink v2, Iridium, and OneWeb satellites involved in Falcon 9 missions"
1178:
Iridium NEXT launch plans originally included launch of satellites on both
3632:"First batch of Iridium Next satellites good to go for July SpaceX launch"
3535:
Fossa, C. E.; Raines, R.A.; Gunsch, G.H.; Temple, M.A. (13–17 July 1998).
537:
7741:
7705:
7506:
7466:
7215:
7190:
7154:
7139:
7088:
7067:
6974:
6884:
6865:
6420:
6408:
6372:
6328:
6323:
6134:
6124:
6041:
5866:
5689:
5175:
5138:
5097:
5066:
5061:
4924:
4531:(Press release). European Science Foundation. 31 May 1999. Archived from
2995:
2985:
2912:
1189:
1157:
1134:
709:
686:
598:
521:
419:
415:
400:
240:
227:, satellite messenger communication devices and integrated transceivers.
4733:
4378:(2). NASA Orbital Debris Program Office: 1–2. April 2009. Archived from
4295:
3704:
3157:"Iridium Fails to Find a Market : Satellite Phone Misses Its Orbit"
1129:
In January 2020, the Iridium constellation was certified for use in the
451:
services of this type in areas of the planet not covered by traditional
7325:
7200:
7002:
6129:
6114:
4991:
4929:
3537:"An overview of the IRIDIUM (R) low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite system"
3245:
3129:
3035:
3020:
2922:
2896:
2856:
2797:
1179:
1046:
Iridium 6 and its replacement, #51, both flare in a 21-second exposure.
582:
380:
355:
338:
317:, 35,785 km (22,236 mi) above the Earth; the normal orbit of
263:
1383:. He created the technology necessary to mass-produce satellites on a
7762:
7315:
7244:
7220:
7073:
6961:
6932:
6906:
6875:
6841:
6415:
6398:
6159:
6119:
5441:
5233:
5186:
4981:
3861:"Iridium marks major milestone with maritime safety, breaks monopoly"
3176:
3015:
2926:
2916:
2906:
2812:. As Iridium antennas function at frequencies very close to those of
2785:
1384:
1186:
1153:
1103:
623:
517:
492:: 66 operational units, nine on-orbit spares, and six ground spares.
466:
439:
438:
conventional cellular phone contributed to its failure. Insufficient
410:(LVs) from the United States, Russia, and China. 60 were launched to
216:
4705:
3536:
1416:
List of defunct Iridium satellites previously in operating service
7835:
7828:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7756:
7529:
7363:
7304:
7128:
7007:
6860:
6816:
6783:
6144:
6081:
5389:
4919:
2935:
1107:
1062:
aids the process. The Earth's equatorial bulge causes the orbital
1041:
1018:
569:
551:
536:
423:
202:
4400:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3395:"SpaceX Returns To Flight with Iridium NEXT launch – and landing"
7298:
7275:
6086:
4556:(Press release). Iridium Satellite LLC MediaRoom. Archived from
2951:
2841:
2809:
1371:
The main patents on the Iridium system, U.S. Patents 5,410,728:
6282:
5190:
4938:
1118:, by airlines. A tertiary payload on 58 satellites is a marine
6499:
5332:
3010:
2801:
2776:
Communication between satellites and handsets is done using a
254:
at a height of approximately 781 kilometres (485 mi) and
4799:"Iridium Unveils New Ground Station in Chile – Via Satellite"
3991:"Component Issue Delays Iridium Next Launches by Four Months"
3424:
447:, one of the largest bankruptcies in US history at the time.
3606:"Aging Iridium Network Waits for Key Satellite Replacements"
1373:"Satellite cellular telephone and data communication system"
239:
and Ken Peterson in late 1987 (in 1988 protected by patents
4607:
4605:
4108:"Iridium Completes Seventh Successful Iridium® NEXT Launch"
3885:
Largest Commercial Rocket Launch Deal Ever Signed by SpaceX
2956:
1610:. Some fragments remain in orbit, while some have decayed.
614:
project, resulting in a one-year delay in system delivery.
4904:
3966:"Component Issue Delays Iridium Next Launches by 4 Months"
3070:"Iridium NEXT-5 satellites set to ride on SpaceX Falcon 9"
574:
Flaring of Iridium satellites due to reflection of the Sun
512:
Compagnie Française d'Assurance pour le Commerce Extérieur
472:
had been projected to have a design life of only 8 years.
269:
links provide global service availability (including both
243:
filed in their names) and then developed by Motorola on a
4090:"Iridium Completes Sixth Successful Iridium® NEXT Launch"
3912:"Iridium Signs Backup Launch Contract with ISC Kosmotras"
566:
Video of an Iridium flare in the constellation Cassiopeia
27:
Satellite constellation providing voice and data coverage
3647:"SpaceX launches first batch of Iridium NEXT satellites"
1102:
The NEXT satellites incorporate a secondary payload for
2760:
fragments that could be hazardous to other satellites.
589:
perform resource management and phone call processing.
4365:"Satellite Collision Leaves Significant Debris Clouds"
3689:"SpaceX launches third set of Iridium Next satellites"
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
630:(RAS) band segment from 1,610.6 to 1,613.8 MHz.
273:, oceans and airways), regardless of the position of
4476:. NASA Orbital Debris Program Office. Archived from
3674:"SpaceX launches second batch of Iridium satellites"
3124:
3122:
7875:
7847:
7790:
7778:
7669:
7633:
7540:
7519:
7505:
7289:
7181:
6807:
6696:
6498:
6438:
6429:
6371:
6314:
6168:
6105:
6027:
5991:
5948:
5889:
5823:
5532:
5224:
5156:
5131:
5090:
5024:
5015:
4972:
3725:"Thales and Cobham unveil Iridium Certus terminals"
2946:
Adoption of standard-based solutions for cellphones
1404:since replacements of the same name were launched.
189:
181:
173:
165:
157:
152:
130:
122:
114:
104:
99:
83:
73:
63:
51:
7382:Transport and Tracking Layer (Tranche 0, Flight 2)
7378:Transport and Tracking Layer (Tranche 0, Flight 1)
4779:. United States Securities and Exchange Commission
4577:Iridium 9602 transceiver product developers guide.
4445:"Colliding Satellites: Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251"
4416:"Debris Spews Into Space After Satellites Collide"
418:rocket carrying five satellites each; 21 on three
1336:167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 180
1322:154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, 166
1292:140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 157
1278:116, 130, 131, 134, 135, 137, 138, 141, 151, 153
1264:100, 107, 119, 122, 125, 129, 132, 133, 136, 139
1248:113, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 128
1234:102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114
495:In August 2008, Iridium selected two companies —
4225:
4223:
4221:
3370:Pasztor, Andy; Michaels, Daniel (June 1, 2010).
2950:In 2024, Iridium introduced Project Stardust, a
42:Replica of a first-generation Iridium satellite
3372:"Thales Team Beats Lockheed for Satellite Job"
1156:to launch 70 Iridium NEXT satellites on seven
6294:
5202:
4950:
4504:"U.S. Satellite Destroyed in Space Collision"
3937:"How Iridium took a chance on SpaceX and won"
3700:
3698:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
1137:since the system became operational in 1999.
578:The satellites each contained seven Motorola/
8:
4259:
4257:
2740:collided with the defunct Russian satellite
30:
6217:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
3294:"Down to earth reasons for Iridium failure"
3204:"US Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3097"
3103:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
2819:The type of modulation used is normally DE-
2346:Decayed 14 October 2018 (Over No. Pacific)
1122:ship-tracker receiver for Canadian company
7787:
7537:
6435:
6301:
6287:
6279:
6253:
5209:
5195:
5187:
5021:
4957:
4943:
4935:
4471:"Orbital Debris Quarterly News, July 2011"
4201:"Iridium: a COTS technology success story"
2744:. This accidental collision was the first
1412:
1203:
1131:Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
660:
36:
262:and communication between satellites via
7513:List of Starlink and Starshield launches
4905:Iridium Satellite LLC corporate web site
3283:, New Scientist, accessed 7 August 2016.
3179:. Visual Satellite Observer's Homepage.
2855:The Iridium system uses three different
1722:Observed drifting from nominal position
638:constellation of satellites deployed in
7953:Communications satellite constellations
4188:Tweet from Matt Desch about Iridium 127
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
3473:
3471:
3311:
3309:
3183:from the original on September 25, 2013
3047:
391:The first-generation constellation was
4748:"Iridium Communities (Iridium Russia)"
4614:"The Global Telephone System: Iridium"
4319:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4312:
3653:from the original on 19 September 2017
3586:. US Federal Communications Commission
3345:"Iridium Satellite Phones Second Life"
1058:are normally very fuel-intensive, but
110:LM-700 (original), EliteBus1000 (NEXT)
29:
4645:. ICAO. 21 March 2007. Archived from
4336:"U.S. And Russian Satellites Collide"
3630:Peter B. de Selding (29 April 2016).
3516:from the original on 7 September 2011
3484:. ICAO. 21 March 2007. Archived from
3456:from the original on 7 September 2011
3177:"Catching a Flaring/Glinting Iridium"
3136:from the original on 19 December 2014
1070:at a rate that depends mainly on the
1064:right ascension of the ascending node
126:2 deployable solar panels + batteries
7:
7497:SDA Tranche 1 Transport layer T2TL-A
7492:SDA Tranche 1 Transport layer T1TR-E
7487:SDA Tranche 1 Transport layer T1TR-A
7482:SDA Tranche 1 Transport layer T1TL-F
7451:SDA Tranche 1 Transport layer T1TR-C
6263:
4915:Iridium satellite phone descriptions
4242:from the original on 22 October 2017
4205:Military & Aerospace Electronics
3425:"Iridium NEXT – NASASpaceFlight.com"
7446:SDA Tranche 1 Tracking layer T1TL-E
7436:SDA Tranche 1 Tracking layer T1TL-D
7431:SDA Tranche 1 Tracking layer T1TL-C
7426:SDA Tranche 1 Tracking layer T1TL-B
4732:. 24 September 2008. Archived from
4062:de Selding, Peter B. (2016-02-25).
3910:de Selding, Peter B. (2011-06-22).
3859:Gebhardt, Chris (23 January 2020).
3811:from the original on 7 October 2016
3645:GPS World Staff (17 January 2017).
3393:Graham, William (13 January 2017).
3318:"Huge order for Iridium spacecraft"
3155:Mitchell Martin (October 8, 1999).
2736:At 16:56 UTC on February 10, 2009,
763:Iridium payload test / no satellite
426:rocket carrying two; and 12 on six
422:rocket with seven each, two on one
193:Iridium 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 on 5 May 1997
185:82 (76 in active service, 6 spares)
55:Motorola (original constellation),
7441:425 Project SAR satellite flight 3
7398:Weather System Follow-on Microwave
7394:425 Project SAR satellite flight 2
4612:Gifford, Patrick (June 18, 2015).
4043:from the original on 17 April 2017
3900:, 2010-06-16, accessed 2010-06-16.
3351:from the original on July 19, 2012
362:77, and the satellites evoked the
25:
7919:Failed missions†are marked with
7107:Iridium NEXT 76-80 and OneWeb #19
4451:from the original on 4 March 2016
4125:Davenport, Justin (20 May 2023).
3405:from the original on 12 June 2018
462:, explorers, and military units.
6262:
6252:
6243:
6242:
6231:
5852:Free-space optical communication
4877:Iridium Satellite Communications
4801:. Satellitetoday.com. 2019-03-28
4414:Broad, William J. (2009-02-12).
4395:
4276:from the original on 3 July 2017
4112:Iridium Satellite Communications
4094:Iridium Satellite Communications
2970:
2804:impedance with RHCP (right hand
4510:from the original on 2012-05-17
4426:from the original on 2017-10-10
4346:from the original on 2012-08-12
4302:from the original on 2018-06-26
4199:Wilson, J. R. (1 August 1998).
4018:from the original on 2017-02-05
3947:from the original on 2018-01-22
3841:from the original on 2018-07-18
3735:from the original on 2018-01-20
3612:from the original on 2016-11-06
3510:"How the Iridium Network Works"
3450:"How the Iridium Network Works"
3431:from the original on 2019-10-15
3343:Max Jarman (February 1, 2009).
3082:from the original on 2018-03-30
213:Iridium satellite constellation
4671:"UU+ : Quick Start Guide"
4502:Iannotta, Becky (2009-02-11).
4232:"Iridium Constellation Status"
3935:Fitchard, Kevin (2012-08-27).
3687:Caleb Henry (9 October 2017).
3068:Graham, William (2018-03-29).
1216:Satellite numbers (at launch)
1160:rockets from 2015 to 2017 via
533:Original Iridium constellation
1:
7963:Satellites in low Earth orbit
4900:Up-to-date status (de-orbits)
4372:Orbital Debris Quarterly News
3316:Amos, Jonathan (2010-06-02).
1162:SpaceX leased launch facility
1090:Next-generation constellation
1060:orbital perturbation analysis
673:Satellite number (at launch)
644:National Air and Space Museum
118:689 kilograms (1,519 lb)
6309:SpaceX missions and payloads
6238:Telecommunication portal
6019:Telecommunications equipment
4334:Harwood, Bill (2009-02-11).
3781:. Aireon.com. Archived from
5755:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
3672:Jeff Foust (25 June 2017).
1056:orbital inclination changes
893:62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68
381:metal with atomic number 77
219:voice and data information
7979:
7914:vehicles under development
5459:Telecommunications history
4910:Iridium satellite tracking
4820:"Iridium Gateway Closures"
3549:10.1109/NAECON.1998.710110
3031:SES Broadband for Maritime
2834:time-division multiplexing
2729:
2266:Decayed 30 September 2018
2250:Decayed 23 September 2018
2234:Decayed 23 September 2018
1802:Decayed 28 September 2017
1786:Decayed 22 September 2017
1608:collision with Kosmos 2251
715:9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16
7899:
7385:425 Project SAR Satellite
6226:
6067:Public Switched Telephone
5879:telecommunication circuit
5840:Fiber-optic communication
5585:Francis Blake (telephone)
5380:Optical telecommunication
4920:Catch The Iridium Project
3754:"What is Iridium Certus?"
2718:
2698:Decayed 27 December 2019
2474:Decayed 26 December 2018
2458:Decayed 20 December 2018
2218:Decayed 2 September 2018
2202:Decayed 1 September 2018
1882:Decayed 13 February 2018
1866:Decayed 11 February 2018
1818:Decayed 24 November 2017
1706:Decayed 23 December 2017
1415:
1367:Patents and manufacturing
1166:Vandenberg Air Force Base
1110:data receiver for use by
526:Vandenberg Air Force Base
319:communications satellites
197:
148:
144:
140:
95:
91:
47:
35:
5978:Orbital angular-momentum
5415:Satellite communications
5254:Communications satellite
4966:Satellite constellations
4930:Iridium Pager Programmer
4706:"IRIDIUM - How it works"
3581:"ORDER OF MODIFICATIONS"
3347:. The Arizona Republic.
3006:Mobile-satellite service
2888:Gateways are located in
2732:2009 satellite collision
2490:Decayed 23 January 2019
2442:Decayed 7 November 2018
2426:Decayed 5 November 2018
2410:Decayed 5 November 2018
2394:Decayed 4 November 2018
2378:Decayed 22 October 2018
2362:Decayed 22 October 2018
2330:Decayed 11 October 2018
2314:Decayed 11 October 2018
1850:Decayed 8 February 2018
1350:174, 177, 178, 179, 181
1306:110, 147, 152, 161, 162
778:27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,
458:services. Users include
177:95 (original), 80 (NEXT)
169:98 (original), 81 (NEXT)
7798:Suborbital flight tests
5857:Molecular communication
5680:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
5509:Undersea telegraph line
5244:Cable protection system
3993:. SpaceNews. 2015-10-29
3202:D. E. Sullivan (2004).
2298:Decayed 6 October 2018
2282:Decayed 5 October 2018
2186:Decayed 28 August 2018
2170:Decayed 24 August 2018
2154:Decayed 23 August 2018
2138:Decayed 19 August 2018
2122:Decayed 12 August 2018
1834:Decayed 8 January 2018
1558:Deorbited 11 June 2017
628:Radio Astronomy Service
456:communication satellite
376:satellite constellation
311:omnidirectional antenna
7948:Iridium Communications
7227:RADARSAT Constellation
5999:Communication protocol
5785:Charles Sumner Tainter
5600:Walter Houser Brattain
5545:Edwin Howard Armstrong
5353:Information revolution
4853:www.telecompetitor.com
3835:exactEarth | Investors
2748:collision between two
2602:Decayed 31 March 2019
2586:Decayed 25 March 2019
2570:Decayed 17 March 2019
2554:Decayed 15 March 2019
2538:Decayed 13 March 2019
2522:Decayed 11 March 2019
2506:Decayed 10 March 2019
1946:Decayed 29 April 2018
1930:Decayed 19 April 2018
1914:Decayed 18 April 2018
1898:Decayed 28 March 2018
1494:Decayed 11 March 2003
1047:
988:Chang Zheng 2C-III/SD
974:Chang Zheng 2C-III/SD
932:Chang Zheng 2C-III/SD
904:Chang Zheng 2C-III/SD
862:Chang Zheng 2C-III/SD
820:Chang Zheng 2C-III/SD
575:
567:
549:
482:Iridium Communications
231:owns and operates the
229:Iridium Communications
208:
78:Iridium Communications
7671:Falcon Heavy missions
5973:Polarization-division
5705:Narinder Singh Kapany
5670:Erna Schneider Hoover
5590:Jagadish Chandra Bose
5570:Alexander Graham Bell
5301:online video platform
4736:on 24 September 2008.
3807:. 21 September 2016.
3374:. Wall Street Journal
2806:circular polarization
2750:artificial satellites
2682:Decayed 23 July 2019
2634:Decayed 7 April 2019
2618:Decayed 1 April 2019
2106:Decayed 28 July 2018
2090:Decayed 19 July 2018
2074:Decayed 17 July 2018
2058:Decayed 10 July 2018
1045:
605:without cross-links.
573:
565:
540:
258:of 86.4°. The nearly
206:
7904:Ongoing spaceflights
7803:Orbital flight tests
7169:WorldView Legion 3,4
7150:WorldView Legion 1,2
6483:In-Flight Abort Test
5815:Vladimir K. Zworykin
5775:Almon Brown Strowger
5745:Charles Grafton Page
5400:Prepaid mobile phone
5328:Electrical telegraph
4447:. Spaceweather.com.
3714:, accessed 20100616.
3543:. pp. 152–159.
3452:. Satphone.usa.com.
3130:"Iridium satellites"
2876:. There are several
2726:Iridium 33 collision
2714:Decayed 30 May 2020
2666:Decayed 11 May 2019
2650:Decayed 11 May 2019
2042:Decayed 2 July 2018
2026:Decayed 6 June 2018
2010:Decayed 26 May 2018
1994:Decayed 24 May 2018
1978:Decayed 14 May 2018
1962:Decayed 14 May 2018
1185:launch vehicles and
1106:, a space-qualified
646:in Washington, D.C.
453:geosynchronous orbit
245:fixed-price contract
59:(NEXT constellation)
7958:Satellite telephony
7145:Galileo FOC FM25,27
6880:Eutelsat 117 West B
6846:Eutelsat 115 West B
5765:Johann Philipp Reis
5524:Wireless revolution
5486:The Telephone Cases
5343:Hydraulic telegraph
4824:Disadirect.disa.mil
4175:Gunter's Space Page
3865:NasaSpaceflight.com
3758:SKYTRAC Systems Ltd
3512:. Satphoneusa.com.
3491:on 22 February 2014
3399:NasaSpaceflight.com
3075:NASASpaceFlight.com
2784:based system using
1674:Uncontrolled orbit
1574:Uncontrolled orbit
1542:Uncontrolled orbit
1526:Uncontrolled orbit
1510:Uncontrolled orbit
1478:Uncontrolled orbit
1462:Decayed 5 May 2001
1446:Uncontrolled orbit
1112:air traffic control
1005:90, 91, 94, 95, 96
949:77, 79, 80, 81, 82
921:70, 72, 73, 74, 75
879:55, 57, 58, 59, 60
851:50, 52, 53, 54, 56
837:45, 46, 47, 48, 49
809:38, 39, 40, 41, 43
795:19, 34, 35, 36, 37
743:22, 23, 24, 25, 26
729:15, 17, 18, 20, 21
524:rocket launch from
501:Thales Alenia Space
486:Thales Alenia Space
356:the element iridium
315:geostationary orbit
57:Thales Alenia Space
32:
18:Iridium (satellite)
7943:Iridium satellites
7349:COSMO-SkyMed CSG-2
6990:Iridium NEXT 66–75
6971:Iridium NEXT 56–65
6958:Iridium NEXT 51–55
6950:Iridium NEXT 41–50
6942:Iridium NEXT 31–40
6929:Iridium NEXT 21–30
6921:Iridium NEXT 11–20
5963:Frequency-division
5940:Telephone exchange
5810:Charles Wheatstone
5740:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
5715:Innocenzo Manzetti
5650:Reginald Fessenden
5385:Optical telegraphy
5218:Telecommunications
4483:on 20 October 2011
4420:The New York Times
4266:"Iridium Failures"
3890:2010-07-24 at the
3710:2008-04-06 at the
3302:. 23 October 2011.
3279:2017-09-07 at the
3162:The New York Times
2978:Spaceflight portal
1391:Defunct satellites
1142:provides data link
1140:Iridium NEXT also
1048:
1002:Delta II 7920-10C
963:2, 83, 84, 85, 86
960:Delta II 7920-10C
946:Delta II 7920-10C
918:Delta II 7920-10C
876:Delta II 7920-10C
848:Delta II 7920-10C
834:Delta II 7920-10C
806:Delta II 7920-10C
792:Delta II 7920-10C
740:Delta II 7920-10C
726:Delta II 7920-10C
626:, adjacent to the
576:
568:
550:
399:, and financed by
282:The New York Times
237:Raymond J. Leopold
209:
7930:
7929:
7895:
7894:
7665:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7316:SES-16 / GovSat-1
6431:Falcon 9 missions
6373:Falcon 1 missions
6276:
6275:
6014:Store and forward
6009:Data transmission
5923:Network switching
5874:Transmission line
5720:Guglielmo Marconi
5685:Internet pioneers
5550:Mohamed M. Atalla
5519:Whistled language
5184:
5183:
5152:
5151:
4270:rod.sladen.org.uk
4236:rod.sladen.org.uk
3972:. 29 October 2015
3729:www.marinemec.com
3299:Independent.co.uk
2767:Technical details
2723:
2722:
1600:10 February 2009
1354:
1353:
1028:
1027:
563:
476:Second generation
201:
200:
64:Country of origin
16:(Redirected from
7970:
7788:
7538:
7173:BlueBird Block 1
6856:Orbcomm OG2 Ă— 11
6851:TürkmenÄlem 52°E
6798:Crew-10–14
6436:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6280:
6266:
6265:
6256:
6255:
6246:
6245:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6107:Notable networks
6097:Wireless network
6037:Cellular network
6029:Types of network
6004:Computer network
5891:Network topology
5805:Thomas A. Watson
5660:Oliver Heaviside
5645:Philo Farnsworth
5620:Daniel Davis Jr.
5595:Charles Bourseul
5555:John Logie Baird
5264:Data compression
5259:Computer network
5211:
5204:
5197:
5188:
5022:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4936:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4826:. Archived from
4816:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4686:
4680:. Archived from
4675:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:on 14 April 2008
4651:
4644:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4620:on June 23, 2015
4616:. Archived from
4609:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4591:. Decode Systems
4584:
4578:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4482:
4475:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4384:
4369:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4318:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4261:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4227:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4196:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4167:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3907:
3901:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3785:on 21 March 2015
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3721:
3715:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3585:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3290:
3284:
3271:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3244:. Archived from
3234:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3065:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2973:
1770:Failed in orbit
1754:Failed in orbit
1413:
1400:the atmosphere.
1359:
1204:
1033:
661:
564:
433:
428:Long March 2C/SD
387:First generation
225:satellite phones
40:
33:
21:
7978:
7977:
7973:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7968:
7967:
7933:
7932:
7931:
7926:
7910:Future missions
7891:
7877:
7871:
7856:Polaris Program
7843:
7774:
7657:
7629:
7536:
7515:
7501:
7291:
7285:
7183:
7177:
6827:Orbcomm OG2 Ă— 6
6809:
6803:
6692:
6680:CRS-32–35
6494:
6425:
6367:
6316:Launch vehicles
6310:
6307:
6277:
6272:
6232:
6230:
6222:
6164:
6101:
6023:
5987:
5944:
5893:
5885:
5826:
5819:
5725:Robert Metcalfe
5580:Tim Berners-Lee
5528:
5348:Information Age
5220:
5215:
5185:
5180:
5148:
5127:
5086:
5011:
4968:
4963:
4896:
4891:
4890:
4881:
4879:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4857:
4855:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4833:
4831:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4804:
4802:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4782:
4780:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4756:
4754:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4730:"Work Projects"
4728:
4727:
4723:
4714:
4712:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4623:
4621:
4611:
4610:
4603:
4594:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4563:
4561:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4538:
4536:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4513:
4511:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4454:
4452:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4429:
4427:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4396:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4349:
4347:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4296:"Archived copy"
4294:
4293:
4289:
4279:
4277:
4263:
4262:
4255:
4245:
4243:
4229:
4228:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4182:
4169:
4168:
4145:
4135:
4133:
4131:NASASpaceFlight
4124:
4123:
4119:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4074:
4072:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4046:
4044:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4021:
4019:
4010:
4009:
4005:
3996:
3994:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3975:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3950:
3948:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3920:
3918:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3892:Wayback Machine
3883:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3844:
3842:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3788:
3786:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3763:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3738:
3736:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3712:Wayback Machine
3703:
3696:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3615:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3559:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3434:
3432:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3328:
3326:
3323:BBC News Online
3315:
3314:
3307:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3281:Wayback Machine
3272:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3223:Advertising Age
3219:
3218:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3107:on 22 July 2017
3099:
3098:
3094:
3085:
3083:
3067:
3066:
3049:
3044:
2991:Globalsat Group
2976:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2948:
2938:(South America)
2878:ground stations
2869:
2867:Ground stations
2853:
2774:
2769:
2754:low Earth orbit
2734:
2728:
1504:September 2003
1393:
1369:
1356:
1213:Launch vehicle
1199:low Earth orbit
1150:
1148:Launch campaign
1092:
1040:
1038:In-orbit spares
1030:
890:Proton-K/17S40
775:Proton-K/17S40
670:Launch vehicle
652:
650:Launch campaign
640:low Earth orbit
552:
535:
497:Lockheed Martin
478:
431:
408:launch vehicles
389:
372:
335:
323:low Earth orbit
303:Advertising Age
298:
275:ground stations
267:inter-satellite
252:low Earth orbit
135:Low Earth orbit
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7976:
7974:
7966:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7935:
7934:
7928:
7927:
7925:
7924:
7917:
7907:
7906:are underlined
7900:
7897:
7896:
7893:
7892:
7890:
7889:
7881:
7879:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7860:
7851:
7849:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7839:
7832:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7800:
7794:
7792:
7791:Demonstrations
7785:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7772:
7769:Europa Clipper
7765:
7760:
7753:
7748:
7745:
7739:
7736:
7730:
7729:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7693:
7688:
7687:
7686:
7684:Tesla Roadster
7675:
7673:
7667:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7659:
7658:
7656:
7655:
7654:
7653:
7646:
7637:
7635:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7627:
7626:
7625:
7618:
7613:
7605:
7604:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7580:
7579:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7553:
7544:
7542:
7535:
7534:
7533:
7532:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7516:
7511:
7509:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7471:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7415:
7410:
7407:
7404:
7401:
7395:
7392:
7389:
7386:
7383:
7380:
7375:
7372:
7367:
7361:
7354:
7351:
7346:
7343:
7340:
7337:
7334:
7329:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7302:
7295:
7293:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7229:
7224:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7187:
7185:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7175:
7170:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7126:
7125:O3b mPOWER 5,6
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7105:
7104:O3b mPOWER 3,4
7102:
7097:
7094:
7091:
7089:Amazonas Nexus
7086:
7083:
7077:
7071:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7022:
7017:
7011:
7005:
7000:
6994:Nusantara Satu
6991:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6972:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6956:
6951:
6948:
6946:Hispasat 30W-6
6943:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6927:
6922:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6893:
6887:
6882:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6813:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6794:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6768:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6683:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6505:
6503:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6473:Pad Abort Test
6465:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6442:
6440:
6439:Demonstrations
6433:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6388:
6385:
6377:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6358:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6326:
6320:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6283:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6260:
6250:
6240:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6186:
6178:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6111:
6109:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6033:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5995:
5993:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5958:Space-division
5954:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5908:
5903:
5897:
5895:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5837:
5831:
5829:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5795:Camille Tissot
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5770:Claude Shannon
5767:
5762:
5760:Tivadar Puskás
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5730:Antonio Meucci
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5700:Charles K. Kao
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5675:Harold Hopkins
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5575:Emile Berliner
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5514:Videotelephony
5511:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5489:
5482:
5477:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5417:
5412:
5410:Radiotelephone
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5296:Internet video
5288:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5230:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5191:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5162:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5123:Thousand Sails
5120:
5115:
5113:Kuiper Systems
5110:
5105:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5026:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4978:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4954:
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4587:Dan Veeneman.
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4385:on 27 May 2010
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4272:. Rod Sladen.
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4238:. Rod Sladen.
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4171:"Iridium-NEXT"
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3608:. 2016-08-23.
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348:orbital planes
344:Doppler shifts
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290:Iridium flares
277:and gateways.
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100:Specifications
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7135:Merah Putih 2
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6977:(Merah Putih)
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6954:Bangabandhu-1
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6451:Qualification
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5983:Code-division
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5968:Time-division
5966:
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5909:
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5899:
5898:
5896:
5894:and switching
5892:
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5872:
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5858:
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5845:optical fiber
5843:
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5838:
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5835:Coaxial cable
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5750:Radia Perlman
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5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5640:Lee de Forest
5638:
5636:
5635:Thomas Edison
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5625:Donald Davies
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5610:Claude Chappe
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5454:Smoke signals
5452:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5432:Semiconductor
5430:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5291:Digital media
5289:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5212:
5207:
5205:
5200:
5198:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5017:Communication
5014:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4960:
4955:
4953:
4948:
4946:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4925:Iridium Pager
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4830:on 2012-12-12
4829:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4765:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4711:
4707:
4701:
4698:
4687:on 2016-03-03
4683:
4679:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4648:
4641:
4635:
4632:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4590:
4583:
4580:
4574:
4571:
4560:on 2010-06-10
4559:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4535:on 2009-01-09
4534:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4509:
4506:. Space.com.
4505:
4498:
4495:
4479:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4402:public domain
4381:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4327:
4322:
4316:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4264:Sladen, Rod.
4260:
4258:
4254:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4230:Sladen, Rod.
4226:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4184:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4058:
4055:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4004:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3971:
3970:SpaceNews.com
3967:
3961:
3958:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3928:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3881:
3878:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3852:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3691:. Space News.
3690:
3683:
3680:
3676:. Space News.
3675:
3668:
3665:
3652:
3649:. GPS World.
3648:
3641:
3638:
3634:. Space News.
3633:
3626:
3623:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3558:0-7803-4449-9
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3528:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3487:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3386:
3373:
3366:
3363:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3336:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3248:on 2018-05-14
3247:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3216:
3213:
3205:
3198:
3195:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3151:
3148:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2945:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:guard periods
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:Air interface
2771:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2746:hypervelocity
2743:
2739:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:October 2014
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1606:Destroyed in
1605:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1568:January 2007
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1552:January 2006
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1488:October 2000
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1472:Nov/Dec 1998
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1456:Nov/Dec 1998
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:Nov/Dec 1998
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:ISC Kosmotras
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
990:
987:
984:
981:
980:
976:
973:
970:
967:
966:
962:
959:
956:
953:
952:
948:
945:
942:
939:
938:
934:
931:
928:
925:
924:
920:
917:
914:
911:
910:
906:
903:
900:
897:
896:
892:
889:
886:
883:
882:
878:
875:
872:
869:
868:
864:
861:
858:
855:
854:
850:
847:
844:
841:
840:
836:
833:
830:
827:
826:
822:
819:
816:
813:
812:
808:
805:
802:
799:
798:
794:
791:
788:
785:
784:
781:
777:
774:
771:
768:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
753:
750:
747:
746:
742:
739:
736:
733:
732:
728:
725:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
708:
706:
703:
700:
699:
695:
691:
688:
685:
683:
680:
677:
676:
672:
669:
666:
663:
662:
659:
655:
649:
647:
645:
641:
635:
631:
629:
625:
621:
615:
612:
606:
604:
600:
596:
590:
587:
584:
581:
572:
548:
544:
543:Iridium flare
539:
532:
530:
527:
523:
519:
515:
513:
507:
504:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
475:
473:
471:
468:
463:
461:
457:
454:
448:
446:
441:
440:market demand
435:
432:US$ 5 billion
429:
425:
424:Rokot/Briz-KM
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
386:
384:
382:
377:
369:
367:
365:
361:
360:atomic number
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
332:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
304:
295:
293:
291:
285:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:constellation
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
205:
196:
192:
190:Maiden launch
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
107:
103:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
69:
68:United States
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
19:
7913:
7909:
7903:
7884:
7865:Starship HLS
7862:
7858:third flight
7854:
7834:
7827:
7780:
7767:
7649:
7621:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7473:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7417:
7412:
7140:Eutelsat 36D
7100:Intelsat 40e
7063:Galaxy 31,32
6925:Intelsat 35e
6896:Iridium NEXT
6796:
6789:
6782:
6775:
6771:Polaris Dawn
6763:
6719:Inspiration4
6687:Cygnus NG-22
6685:
6678:
6671:
6666:Cygnus NG-21
6664:
6655:Cygnus NG-20
6360:
6356:Falcon Heavy
5950:Multiplexing
5825:Transmission
5790:Nikola Tesla
5780:Henry Sutton
5735:Samuel Morse
5665:Robert Hooke
5630:Amos Dolbear
5565:John Bardeen
5484:
5464:Telautograph
5368:Mobile phone
5323:Edholm's law
5306:social media
5239:Broadcasting
5046:
4880:. Retrieved
4876:
4867:
4856:. Retrieved
4852:
4843:
4832:. Retrieved
4828:the original
4823:
4814:
4803:. Retrieved
4793:
4781:. Retrieved
4776:
4767:
4755:. Retrieved
4752:TAdviser.com
4751:
4742:
4734:the original
4724:
4713:. Retrieved
4709:
4700:
4689:. Retrieved
4682:the original
4677:
4665:
4654:. Retrieved
4647:the original
4634:
4622:. Retrieved
4618:the original
4593:. Retrieved
4582:
4573:
4562:. Retrieved
4558:the original
4548:
4537:. Retrieved
4533:the original
4523:
4512:. Retrieved
4497:
4485:. Retrieved
4478:the original
4465:
4453:. Retrieved
4439:
4428:. Retrieved
4419:
4409:
4387:. Retrieved
4380:the original
4375:
4371:
4359:
4348:. Retrieved
4339:
4329:
4304:. Retrieved
4290:
4278:. Retrieved
4269:
4244:. Retrieved
4235:
4210:15 September
4208:. Retrieved
4204:
4194:
4183:
4174:
4134:. Retrieved
4130:
4120:
4111:
4102:
4093:
4084:
4073:. Retrieved
4067:
4057:
4045:. Retrieved
4031:
4020:. Retrieved
4006:
3995:. Retrieved
3985:
3974:. Retrieved
3969:
3960:
3949:. Retrieved
3940:
3930:
3919:. Retrieved
3915:
3905:
3895:
3880:
3868:. Retrieved
3864:
3854:
3843:. Retrieved
3834:
3825:
3815:21 September
3813:. Retrieved
3799:
3787:. Retrieved
3783:the original
3773:
3762:. Retrieved
3760:. 2021-04-08
3757:
3748:
3737:. Retrieved
3728:
3719:
3705:Iridium NEXT
3682:
3667:
3655:. Retrieved
3640:
3625:
3614:. Retrieved
3600:
3588:. Retrieved
3575:
3540:
3530:
3518:. Retrieved
3504:
3493:. Retrieved
3486:the original
3458:. Retrieved
3444:
3433:. Retrieved
3419:
3407:. Retrieved
3398:
3388:
3376:. Retrieved
3365:
3355:February 16,
3353:. Retrieved
3338:
3327:. Retrieved
3321:
3297:
3288:
3250:. Retrieved
3246:the original
3241:
3232:
3221:
3215:
3197:
3185:. Retrieved
3171:
3160:
3150:
3138:. Retrieved
3132:. N2yo.com.
3111:13 September
3109:. Retrieved
3105:the original
3095:
3084:. Retrieved
3073:
3001:Intersputnik
2949:
2941:
2932:Punta Arenas
2887:
2874:mesh network
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2832:is known as
2818:
2808:) and 1.5:1
2795:
2775:
2762:
2758:space debris
2735:
2703:
2687:
2671:
2655:
2639:
2623:
2607:
2591:
2575:
2559:
2543:
2527:
2511:
2495:
2479:
2463:
2447:
2431:
2415:
2399:
2383:
2367:
2351:
2335:
2319:
2303:
2287:
2271:
2255:
2239:
2223:
2207:
2191:
2175:
2159:
2143:
2127:
2111:
2095:
2079:
2063:
2047:
2031:
2015:
1999:
1983:
1967:
1951:
1935:
1919:
1903:
1887:
1871:
1863:Iridium 111
1855:
1847:Iridium 131
1839:
1831:Iridium 122
1823:
1815:Iridium 133
1807:
1799:Iridium 126
1796:August 2017
1791:
1783:Iridium 109
1780:August 2017
1775:
1759:
1743:
1727:
1719:Iridium 121
1711:
1695:
1687:Iridium 14a
1684:August 2014
1679:
1668:August 2014
1663:
1647:
1631:
1623:Iridium 11a
1620:August 2011
1615:
1595:
1579:
1563:
1555:Iridium 21a
1547:
1536:August 2005
1531:
1515:
1499:
1483:
1467:
1459:Iridium 20a
1451:
1435:
1427:Replacement
1409:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1372:
1370:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1347:Falcon 9 B5
1333:Falcon 9 B5
1303:Falcon 9 B4
1289:Falcon 9 B4
1275:Falcon 9 FT
1245:Falcon 9 FT
1210:Launch site
1207:Launch date
1195:
1177:
1151:
1139:
1128:
1101:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1054:Significant
1053:
1049:
1031:
1029:
762:
667:Launch site
664:Launch date
656:
653:
636:
632:
616:
609:space-based
607:
591:
577:
516:
508:
505:
494:
479:
464:
449:
436:
420:Proton-K/DM2
405:
390:
374:The Iridium
373:
351:
336:
327:polar orbits
308:
301:
299:
286:
281:
279:
249:
212:
210:
84:Applications
52:Manufacturer
7886:Superbird-9
7711:LightSail 2
7679:Test flight
7541:Transporter
7475:Spainsat NG
7419:Spainsat NG
7058:Hotbird 13G
7053:Hotbird 13F
7033:Nilesat-301
6981:Telstar 18V
6967:Telstar 19V
6938:Koreasat 5A
6902:EchoStar 23
6468:Crew Dragon
6394:Trailblazer
6382:FalconSAT-2
6380:Flight 1†(
6344:Full Thrust
6150:NPL network
5862:Radio waves
5800:Alfred Vail
5710:Hedy Lamarr
5695:Dawon Kahng
5655:Elisha Gray
5615:Yogen Dalal
5540:Nasir Ahmed
5474:Teleprinter
5338:Heliographs
5158:Observation
5118:SpaceMobile
5025:Operational
4777:www.sec.gov
4455:12 December
3789:12 December
3590:22 February
3520:12 December
3460:12 December
3140:12 December
2742:Kosmos 2251
2544:Iridium 14a
2368:Iridium 11a
2352:Iridium 20a
1984:Iridium 21a
1751:Iridium 51
1735:Iridium 15
1703:Iridium 51
1671:Iridium 98
1655:Iridium 45
1652:Early 2014
1639:Iridium 96
1603:Iridium 91
1587:Iridium 95
1571:Iridium 97
1539:Iridium 77
1523:Iridium 86
1520:April 2005
1507:Iridium 82
1491:Iridium 84
1443:Iridium 75
1344:Vandenberg
1341:2023-05-20
1330:Vandenberg
1327:2019-01-11
1318:Falcon 9 B5
1314:Vandenberg
1311:2018-07-25
1300:Vandenberg
1297:2018-05-22
1286:Vandenberg
1283:2018-03-30
1272:Vandenberg
1269:2017-12-23
1260:Falcon 9 B4
1256:Vandenberg
1253:2017-10-09
1242:Vandenberg
1239:2017-06-25
1230:Falcon 9 FT
1221:2017-01-14
1116:FlightAware
1076:inclination
1010:2002-06-20
999:Vandenberg
996:2002-02-11
982:1999-06-11
968:1998-12-19
957:Vandenberg
954:1998-11-06
943:Vandenberg
940:1998-09-08
926:1998-08-19
915:Vandenberg
912:1998-05-17
898:1998-05-02
884:1998-04-07
873:Vandenberg
870:1998-03-30
856:1998-03-25
845:Vandenberg
842:1998-02-18
831:Vandenberg
828:1997-12-20
814:1997-12-08
803:Vandenberg
800:1997-11-09
789:Vandenberg
786:1997-09-27
769:1997-09-14
748:1997-09-01
737:Vandenberg
734:1997-08-21
723:Vandenberg
720:1997-07-09
701:1997-06-18
678:1997-05-05
603:transponder
601:both use a
490:Orbital ATK
460:journalists
397:Iridium SSC
354:came from;
260:polar orbit
256:inclination
182:Operational
115:Launch mass
7937:Categories
7916:in italics
7878:Satellites
7876:Commercial
7706:FormoSat-7
7696:USAF STP-2
7691:Arabsat-6A
7520:Rideshares
7374:GPS III-06
7345:GPS III-05
7342:GPS III-04
7336:GPS III-03
7292:satellites
7206:Formosat-5
7184:satellites
7182:Scientific
7160:TĂĽrksat 6A
7111:ArabSat 7B
7093:OneWeb #17
7085:OneWeb #16
7080:O3b mPOWER
7028:TĂĽrksat 5B
7020:TĂĽrksat 5A
6810:satellites
6808:Commercial
6404:NanoSail-D
6390:Flight 3â€
6196:Antarctica
6155:Toasternet
6077:Television
5560:Paul Baran
5492:Television
5476:(teletype)
5469:Telegraphy
5447:transistor
5425:Phryctoria
5395:Photophone
5373:Smartphone
5363:Mass media
5108:O3b mPOWER
5042:Globalstar
4974:Navigation
4882:2024-01-22
4858:2024-01-22
4834:2016-02-24
4805:2019-07-04
4783:21 October
4757:21 October
4715:2020-04-09
4710:iridium.it
4691:2016-02-24
4678:Uuplus.com
4656:2007-02-14
4595:2007-02-14
4564:2012-07-30
4539:2012-07-30
4514:2009-02-11
4430:2010-05-05
4350:2009-02-11
4306:2018-05-22
4280:31 January
4246:31 January
4075:2016-02-25
4022:2017-01-06
3997:2016-08-14
3976:2016-01-07
3951:2012-08-28
3921:2012-08-28
3916:Space News
3870:24 January
3845:2018-07-18
3764:2022-06-02
3739:2018-01-19
3657:12 October
3616:2016-11-13
3495:2007-02-14
3435:2020-01-02
3329:2010-06-02
3242:iridium.it
3238:"Homepage"
3086:2018-03-30
3042:References
2738:Iridium 33
2719:Total: 80
2704:Iridium 96
2688:Iridium 97
2672:Iridium 61
2656:Iridium 54
2640:Iridium 24
2624:Iridium 58
2608:Iridium 64
2592:Iridium 55
2576:Iridium 95
2560:Iridium 60
2528:Iridium 91
2512:Iridium 59
2496:Iridium 32
2480:Iridium 90
2464:Iridium 35
2448:Iridium 31
2432:Iridium 62
2416:Iridium 52
2400:Iridium 83
2384:Iridium 84
2336:Iridium 15
2320:Iridium 56
2304:Iridium 70
2288:Iridium 10
2272:Iridium 86
2256:Iridium 53
2240:Iridium 40
2224:Iridium 50
2208:Iridium 12
2192:Iridium 47
2176:Iridium 76
2160:Iridium 98
2144:Iridium 66
2128:Iridium 18
2112:Iridium 80
2096:Iridium 41
2080:Iridium 65
2064:Iridium 81
2048:Iridium 75
2032:Iridium 67
2016:Iridium 68
2000:Iridium 37
1968:Iridium 72
1952:Iridium 25
1936:Iridium 13
1920:Iridium 19
1904:Iridium 94
1888:Iridium 23
1872:Iridium 49
1856:Iridium 43
1824:Iridium 34
1792:Iridium 30
1776:Iridium 77
1760:Iridium 22
1732:June 2016
1728:Iridium 39
1712:Iridium 57
1680:Iridium 63
1664:Iridium 42
1648:Iridium 29
1616:Iridium 26
1596:Iridium 33
1584:July 2008
1580:Iridium 28
1564:Iridium 36
1548:Iridium 74
1532:Iridium 17
1516:Iridium 16
1500:Iridium 38
1452:Iridium 48
1436:Iridium 73
1421:Satellite
1225:Vandenberg
1066:(RAAN) to
682:Vandenberg
620:Globalstar
595:Globalstar
547:Iridium 39
414:on twelve
364:Bohr model
161:In service
153:Production
7755:USSF-52 (
7747:Jupiter-3
7634:Bandwagon
7388:SARah 2/3
7356:NROL-85 (
7332:ANASIS-II
7281:EarthCARE
7231:SAOCOM 1B
7121:Galaxy 37
7096:SES 18,19
6998:Beresheet
6986:Es'hail 2
6871:Thaicom 8
6837:AsiaSat 6
6832:AsiaSat 8
6822:Thaicom 6
6502:logistics
6409:Explorers
6387:Flight 2â€
6180:Americas
6169:Locations
6140:Internet2
5901:Bandwidth
5605:Vint Cerf
5502:streaming
5480:Telephone
5420:Semaphore
5311:streaming
5144:Teledesic
5132:Abandoned
4589:"Iridium"
4487:3 January
4069:SpaceNews
3897:SPACE.com
3567:109435798
3378:12 August
3101:"Iridium"
2903:Fairbanks
1840:Iridium 3
1808:Iridium 8
1744:Iridium 7
1738:In orbit
1716:May 2016
1696:Iridium 6
1690:In orbit
1658:In orbit
1642:In orbit
1632:Iridium 4
1626:In orbit
1590:In orbit
1484:Iridium 9
1468:Iridium 2
1398:reentered
1381:Macintosh
1180:Ukrainian
1114:and, via
1086:service.
1021:/Briz-KM
991:14a, 21a
977:11a, 20a
887:Baikonur
772:Baikonur
692:4, 5, 6,
689:7920-10C
580:Freescale
393:developed
280:In 1999,
215:provides
7783:missions
7781:Starship
7744:Americas
7742:ViaSat-3
7507:Starlink
7467:Skynet 6
7409:NROL-113
7406:NROL-186
7403:NROL-146
7391:USSF-124
7358:Intruder
7339:NROL-108
7290:Military
7216:GRACE-FO
7191:CASSIOPE
7165:ASBM 1,2
7155:Astra 1P
7068:Eutelsat
6975:Telkom 4
6885:JCSAT-16
6866:JCSAT-14
6446:Dragon 1
6421:RazakSAT
6362:Starship
6329:Falcon 9
6324:Falcon 1
6248:Category
6135:Internet
6125:CYCLADES
6042:Ethernet
5992:Concepts
5916:terminal
5867:wireless
5690:Bob Kahn
5533:Pioneers
5358:Internet
5249:Cable TV
5176:RapidEye
5171:Pleiades
5139:Celestri
5091:Proposed
5067:Tianlian
5062:Starlink
4624:June 22,
4508:Archived
4449:Archived
4424:Archived
4344:Archived
4340:CBS News
4315:cite web
4300:Archived
4274:Archived
4240:Archived
4047:12 March
4041:Archived
4016:Archived
3945:Archived
3888:Archived
3839:Archived
3809:Archived
3733:Archived
3708:Archived
3651:Archived
3610:Archived
3514:Archived
3454:Archived
3429:Archived
3403:Archived
3349:Archived
3277:Archived
3181:Archived
3134:Archived
3080:Archived
2996:Intelsat
2986:Celestri
2964:See also
2919:(Europe)
2913:Svalbard
2882:backhaul
2842:kilobaud
2836:. Small
2791:hydroxyl
1190:Falcon 9
1158:Falcon 9
1135:Inmarsat
1014:Plesetsk
985:Taiyuan
971:Taiyuan
929:Taiyuan
901:Taiyuan
859:Taiyuan
817:Taiyuan
759:-III/SD
710:Proton-K
705:Baikonur
687:Delta II
611:backhaul
599:Inmarsat
522:Falcon 9
445:bankrupt
416:Delta II
401:Motorola
358:has the
296:Overview
241:Motorola
221:coverage
174:Launched
74:Operator
7867:flights
7738:USSF-67
7461:USSF-31
7456:USSF-36
7413:NROL-69
7370:EROS-C3
7353:NROL-87
7326:GPS III
7201:Jason-3
7042:Galaxy
7003:Amos 17
6791:Axiom-4
6759:Axiom-3
6749:Axiom-2
6729:Axiom-1
6349:Block 5
6268:Commons
6258:Outline
6211:Oceania
6130:FidoNet
6115:ARPANET
5928:circuit
5497:digital
5226:History
5057:Orbcomm
5047:Iridium
4992:GLONASS
4987:Galileo
3187:Dec 28,
3036:Thuraya
3021:Orbcomm
2923:Izhevsk
2897:Arizona
2857:handoff
2851:Handoff
1430:Status
1068:precess
1024:97, 98
907:69, 71
865:51, 61
823:42, 44
752:Taiyuan
712:/17S40
583:PowerPC
545:due to
467:LM-700A
370:History
352:Iridium
339:Ka band
264:Ka band
31:Iridium
7921:dagger
7848:Crewed
7763:GOES-U
7759:OTV-7)
7751:Psyche
7360:13A/B)
7266:Euclid
7245:Hakuto
7221:SAOCOM
7196:DSCOVR
7116:SATRIA
7074:OneWeb
7038:SES-22
6962:SES-12
6933:SES-11
6907:SES-10
6890:AMOS-6
6876:ABS-2A
6842:ABS-3A
6777:Crew-9
6765:Crew-8
6754:Crew-7
6744:Crew-6
6739:Crew-5
6734:Crew-4
6724:Crew-3
6714:Crew-2
6709:Crew-1
6704:Demo-2
6697:Crewed
6673:CRS-31
6660:CRS-30
6650:CRS-29
6645:CRS-28
6640:CRS-27
6635:CRS-26
6630:CRS-25
6625:CRS-24
6620:CRS-23
6615:CRS-22
6610:CRS-21
6605:CRS-20
6600:CRS-19
6595:CRS-18
6590:CRS-17
6585:CRS-16
6580:CRS-15
6575:CRS-14
6570:CRS-13
6565:CRS-12
6560:CRS-11
6555:CRS-10
6488:Demo-2
6478:Demo-1
6461:Demo-2
6456:Demo-1
6416:Ratsat
6399:PRESat
6206:Europe
6176:Africa
6160:Usenet
6120:BITNET
6057:Mobile
5933:packet
5442:MOSFET
5437:device
5234:Beacon
5166:Planet
5103:OneWeb
5077:ViaSat
4982:BeiDou
4389:20 May
4136:21 May
3941:GigaOM
3565:
3555:
3409:22 May
3252:22 May
3016:OneWeb
2927:Russia
2917:Norway
2907:Alaska
2786:L-band
1385:gimbal
1187:SpaceX
1154:SpaceX
1104:Aireon
1072:period
935:3, 76
624:L band
518:SpaceX
217:L band
158:Status
131:Regime
7836:IFT-6
7829:IFT-5
7823:IFT-4
7818:IFT-3
7813:IFT-2
7808:IFT-1
7757:X-37B
7640:2024
7607:2024
7582:2023
7562:2022
7547:2021
7530:SSO-A
7526:2018
7364:SARah
7307:OTV-5
7305:X-37B
7129:Ovzon
7024:SXM 8
7008:JCSAT
6861:SES-9
6817:SES-8
6784:Fram2
6550:CRS-9
6545:CRS-8
6539:CRS-7
6534:CRS-6
6529:CRS-5
6524:CRS-4
6519:CRS-3
6514:CRS-2
6509:CRS-1
6189:South
6184:North
6145:JANET
6082:Telex
6072:Radio
5911:Nodes
5906:Links
5827:media
5405:Radio
5390:Pager
5318:Drums
5284:video
5279:image
5269:audio
5098:IRIS²
5002:IRNSS
4685:(PDF)
4674:(PDF)
4650:(PDF)
4643:(PDF)
4481:(PDF)
4474:(PDF)
4383:(PDF)
4368:(PDF)
3584:(PDF)
3563:S2CID
3489:(PDF)
3482:(PDF)
3207:(PDF)
2936:Chile
2909:(USA)
2899:(USA)
2893:Tempe
1764:2017
1748:2017
1636:2012
1424:Date
1377:Apple
1183:Dnepr
1173:Dnepr
1108:ADS-B
1019:Rokot
470:model
412:orbit
333:Orbit
271:poles
166:Built
123:Power
7912:and
7863:two
7733:USSF
7726:ISAT
7721:DSAC
7716:GPIM
7311:Zuma
7299:NROL
7276:IM-1
7271:PACE
7261:SWOT
7256:KPLO
7251:S6MF
7240:IXPE
7235:DART
7211:TESS
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