428:, a collection of Young's work published after her death as well as in several other writings, Young argues that structural (social) injustice "exists when social processes put large categories of persons under a systematic threat of domination or deprivation of the means to develop and exercise their capacities, at the same time as these processes enable others to dominate or have a wide range of opportunities for developing and exercising their capacities". Because most of us are implicated at some level in contributing to structural injustice, this also gives rise to what Young calls a
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accepted norms, rules and practices, and so harm cannot always be traced back to the actions or motivations of particular individuals. The social connection model, in contrast, is forward-looking suggesting that all those who contribute through their actions to structural processes that result in injustice have a (political) responsibility to remedy that injustice. In this, she departs from and contrasts her approach to other political philosophers such as
1937:
362:(1990), in which she presented a relational approach to the question of justice, based upon a group theory of oppression. Synthesizing feminist, queer, poststructuralist, and post-colonial critiques of classical Marxism, Young argued at least five distinct types of oppression could not be collapsed into more fundamental causes, and furthermore could not be reduced to dimensions of distributive justice. Her "five faces" are:
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338:. Because the social rules, laws, and institutional routines constraining certain people constrain them as a group, and because our awareness of injustice almost universally compares classes of people rather than individuals directly, our evaluations of inequality and injustice must recognize the salience of social groups as constituent of a complete theory of justice.
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Young was also honored at Penn State
University through a series of gifts which created the Iris Marion Young Diversity Scholar Award as part of the association for Feminist Ethics and Social Theory's and the Rock Ethics Institute's Philosophy in an Inclusive Key Summer Institute. This Institute is
436:
for harm' model of responsibility, which is more focused on finding guilt, blame or fault for a particular harm. According to Young, the main reason why the liability model fails to address structural injustice is that structures are produced and reproduced by a large number of people acting within
341:
Young's recognition of social groups impelled her to argue for a post-liberal "politics of difference," in which equal treatment of individuals does not override the redress of group-based oppression. Young contrasted her approach with contemporary liberal political philosophers like
523:
designed to encourage undergraduate students from under-represented groups to consider future study in the field of philosophy. Students who are part of this summer institute are awarded the Iris Marion Young
Diversity Award and their studies during the institute include her work.
403:. She discusses how girls are socialized and conditioned to restrict their body movement and think of their bodies as fragile, which then has repercussions for their confidence in accomplishing tasks and goals later in life. The essay also serves as a critique and extension of
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One of Young's contributions, of particular importance to moral and political philosophy, global ethics and global justice are the concepts of structural injustice and its associated approach to responsibility: the social connection model. In an idea developed at length in
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519:, created the Iris Marion Young Award for Political Engagement in 2008 to honor Young's memory and to recognize faculty/staff, graduate, and undergraduate members of the university who impact the community.
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In recognition of her work with the Center for Gender
Studies at the University of Chicago, the center's distinguished faculty lecture series was renamed in her honor in November 2006. In addition, the
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2002:
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of responsibility. In this model, we are to ask ourselves how agents and institutions are to think of themselves in relation to structural injustice. This is starkly contrasted with a '
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Young applied her model of responsibility to a wide range of real-world scenarios, but perhaps most to global labour justice. For example, in connection to the unjust conditions of
170:(2 January 1949 – 1 August 2006) was an American political theorist and socialist feminist who focused on the nature of justice and social difference. She served as Professor of
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395:(1980). In it she explores differences in feminine and masculine movement in the context of a gendered and embodied phenomenological perspective based on ideas from
1997:
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Reiman, Jeffrey (2012-01-01). Young, Iris Marion (ed.). "The
Structure of Structural Injustice: Thoughts on Iris Marion Young's "Responsibility for Justice"".
1982:
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1967:
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Before coming to the
University of Chicago she taught political theory for nine years in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the
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Young, Iris Marion (2001), "Pushing for inclusion: Justice and the politics of difference", in
Terchek, Ronald J.; Conte, Thomas C. (eds.),
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and was affiliated with the Center for Gender
Studies and the Human Rights program there. Her research covered contemporary
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Young, Iris Marion, 'Political
Responsibility and Structural Justice', The Lindley Lecture, University of Kansas 2003.
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Young, Iris Marion (January 1989). "Polity and Group
Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship".
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Young, Iris Marion (2005), "The logic of masculinist protection: reflections on the current security state", in
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Among Young's most widely disseminated ideas is her model of the "five faces of oppression", first published in
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350:, who she claims conflate the moral equivalence of people with procedural rules that treat all people equally.
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Various (August 2008). "In Honor of Iris Marion Young: Theorist and
Practitioner of Justice (special issue)".
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246:. Young held visiting fellowships at several universities and institutes around the world, including the
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Justice as Right Actions: An Original Theory of Justice in Conversation with Major Contemporary Accounts
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Central to Young's philosophy is the contention that concepts of justice were not limited to individual
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In 2009, the Oxford University Press published an edited volume dedicated to Young's philosophy titled
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Young, Iris Marion (Spring 1994). "Gender as Seriality: Thinking about Women as a Social Collective."
1962:
1957:
1941:
499:, Young died at her home in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago on 1 August 2006 at the age of 57.
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Oppression, Privilege, and Resistance: Theoretical Perspectives on Racism, Sexism, and Heterosexism
1080:
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Young, Iris Marion (1997). "On the politization of the social in recent western political theory".
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Young, Iris Marion (1995), "Gender as seriality: thinking about women as a social collective", in
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468:(unlike the liability model which seeks to define specific liable actors), it (2) judges the
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1686:. Gender, sexuality, & women's studies program, University of Pittsburgh. Archived from
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Throwing Like a Girl: A Phenomenology of Feminine Body Comportment Motility and Spatiality
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Throwing Like a Girl: A Phenomenology of Feminine Body Comportment Motility and Spatiality
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awards the Okin-Young Award in Feminist Political Theory, named in honor of Young and
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and studied philosophy and graduated with honors at Queens College. She was awarded a
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Iris married David Alexander, and gave birth to a daughter, Morgen Alexander-Young.
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Young, Iris Marion (2006), "The complexities of coalition", in Burns, Lynda (ed.),
1627:"Iris Marion Young: 1949-2006: U. of C. Professor Focused on Inequality, Feminism"
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Throwing like a girl and other essays in feminist philosophy and social theory
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University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public and International Affairs
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1712:. Rock Ethiics Institute, The Pennsylvania State University. Archived from
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Young, Iris Marion (1985). "Humanism, gynocentrism and feminist politics".
878:, Oxford, UK Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 91–104,
855:, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, pp. 268–278,
226:, and before then taught philosophy at several institutions, including the
17:
871:
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Global challenges: war, self determination and responsibility for justice
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Intersecting voices: dilemmas of gender, political philosophy, and policy
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1740:. Studies in Feminist Philosophy. Oxford University Press. 2009-10-08.
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Memorial Website from Chicago Political Theory Graduate Student Caucus
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758:. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
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Young's interests ranged broadly, including contemporary theories of
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1315:) for a relational approach of justice based on individual morality.
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Her writings have been translated into several languages, including
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Aubert, Isabelle; Garrau, Marie; Guérard de Latour, Sophie (2019).
995:
484:(e.g. through community engagement rather than personal action).
1773:"2021 Section Awards – Women and Politics Research (Section 16)"
1571:"Responsibility and Global Justice: A Social Connection Model"
1413:"Responsibility and Global Justice: A Social Connection Model"
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that other models would find normal or acceptable, it is (3) f
207:
1254:"Equality of Whom? Social Groups and Judgements of Injustice"
1064:
274:, and the Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa.
1803:(March 2007). "Iris Marion Young (1949-2006): A tribute".
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Young, Iris Marion (2005), "Five faces of oppression", in
829:
Rethinking the political: women, resistance, and the state
560:
The thinking muse: feminism and modern French philosophy
453:
approaches to justice, and draws much inspiration from
1737:
Dancing with Iris: The Philosophy of Iris Marion Young
528:
Dancing with Iris: The Philosophy of Iris Marion Young
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606:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
587:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
140:
119:
107:
86:
67:
48:
32:
2003:Deaths from esophageal cancer in the United States
1204:Iris Young defined herself as a socialist feminist
708:
580:
557:
832:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp.
756:Illusion of consent engaging with Carole Pateman
1861:Philosophy in an Inclusive Key Summer Institute
1462:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 52.
621:Young, Iris Marion; DiQuinzio, Patrice (1997).
1332:. In Maree Heldke, Lisa; O'Conor, Peg (eds.).
1021:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
920:, Amsterdam New York: Rodopi, pp. 11–18,
513:Gender, Sexuality, and Women's Studies Program
8:
1554:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1482:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
777:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.
688:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Books on Demand.
669:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.
322:Social groups and the politics of difference
735:. Cambridge Malden, Massachusetts: Polity.
556:Young, Iris Marion; Allen, Jeffner (1989).
1499:"Responsibility and Global Labour Justice"
876:Feminist theory: a philosophical anthology
387:One of Young's most well-known essays is "
40:
29:
1829:Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy
1578:Social Philosophy & Policy Foundation
1525:
1428:
1197:
625:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
564:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
294:; continental political theory including
826:; Laslett, Barbara; Arat, Yeşim (eds.),
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1172:
715:. New York: New York University Press.
1547:
1475:
1182:"Iris Marion Young and Responsibility"
583:Justice and the politics of difference
535:American Political Science Association
360:Justice and the Politics of Difference
1664:from the original on 18 December 2007
1417:Anales de la Cátedra Francisco Suárez
800:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books.
7:
1998:Pennsylvania State University alumni
1637:from the original on 1 December 2017
1406:
1404:
1220:
1218:
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1214:
1212:
648:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell.
482:discharged through collective action
1983:American women political scientists
1261:The Journal of Political Philosophy
960:Women's Studies International Forum
474:orward-looking not backward-looking
1973:21st-century American philosophers
1968:20th-century American philosophers
1225:Nagel, Mechthild (May–June 2007).
1061:"Envisioning a Global Rule of Law"
646:A companion to feminist philosophy
25:
2038:20th-century political scientists
1656:Schonwald, Josh (2 August 2006).
1569:Young, Iris Marion Young (2006).
623:Feminist ethics and social policy
236:Johann Wolfgang Goethe University
1935:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1819:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00517.x
1625:Jensen, Trevor (3 August 2006).
1518:10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00205.x
495:After an 18-month struggle with
27:American philosopher (1949–2006)
2023:Scholars of feminist philosophy
1978:American political philosophers
1779:from the original on 2020-11-30
1754:from the original on 2017-12-30
1607:from the original on 2017-02-22
1537:from the original on 2016-12-25
1506:Journal of Political Philosophy
1437:from the original on 2018-04-16
1336:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 37–63.
1024:. University of Chicago Press.
853:Theories of democracy: a reader
228:Worcester Polytechnic Institute
1658:"Iris Marion Young, 1949-2006"
1378:10.5840/soctheorpract201238439
1059:and Young, Iris Marion (2002)
874:; Andreasen, Robin O. (eds.),
330:. Instead, the recognition of
264:Australian National University
1:
2018:University of Chicago faculty
1988:American political scientists
1199:10.1080/14409917.2019.1596200
1161:List of American philosophers
1099:, and she lectured widely in
212:Pennsylvania State University
99:Pennsylvania State University
1842:10.1111/hypa.2008.23.issue-3
1497:Young, Iris, Marion (2004).
973:10.1016/0277-5395(85)90040-8
941:Young, Iris Marion (1980). "
798:Colonialism and its legacies
515:, in collaboration with the
334:was essential to redressing
256:Institute for Human Sciences
248:Institute for Advanced Study
186:, and normative analysis of
2033:21st-century American women
1993:American women philosophers
1411:Young, Iris Marion (2005).
1325:Young, Iris Marion (2004).
1252:Young, Iris Marion (2001).
278:Philosophical contributions
2054:
1460:Responsibility for Justice
1366:Social Theory and Practice
1327:"Five Faces of Oppression"
1227:"Iris M. Young, 1949-2006"
775:Responsibility for justice
754:; O'Neill, Daniel (2008).
426:Responsibility for Justice
1710:"Iris Marion Young Award"
1684:"Iris Marion Young Award"
1590:10.1017/S0265052506060043
480:, and it can only be (5)
292:feminist political theory
161:
115:
39:
2008:Miami University faculty
1430:10.30827/acfs.v39i0.1040
727:(Conference proceedings)
711:Child, family, and state
510:University of Pittsburgh
354:Five faces of oppression
268:University of Canterbury
224:University of Pittsburgh
127:University of Pittsburgh
2013:Scholars of nationalism
1273:10.1111/1467-9760.00115
666:Inclusion and democracy
478:shared responsibilities
476:, it is a model of (4)
430:social connection model
336:structural inequalities
391:," first published in
383:Embodied phenomenology
184:feminist social theory
152:feminist social theory
899:Women and citizenship
684:Young, Iris (2002) .
545:Selected bibliography
470:background conditions
401:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
308:international affairs
252:Princeton, New Jersey
176:University of Chicago
132:University of Chicago
1292:Contrast Young Kim,
792:Young, Iris Marion;
773:Young, Iris (2011).
752:Shanley, Mary Lyndon
750:Young, Iris Marion;
731:Young, Iris (2007).
703:Young, Iris Marion;
663:Young, Iris (2000).
640:Young, Iris Marion;
602:Young, Iris (1997).
579:Young, Iris (1990).
419:Structural Injustice
2028:Socialist feminists
1801:Fainstein, Susan S.
1456:Young, Iris, Marion
503:Memoriam activities
375:Cultural domination
318:and public policy.
62:New York City, U.S.
1299:2023-06-09 at the
1057:Archibugi, Daniele
1037:Filozofski vestnik
918:Feminist alliances
405:Simone de Beauvoir
397:Simone de Beauvoir
198:Young was born in
1469:978-0-19-539238-8
1313:978-1-4985-1651-8
1186:Critical Horizons
895:Friedman, Marilyn
816:Chapters in books
539:Susan Moller Okin
497:esophageal cancer
445:and the focus on
210:in philosophy by
172:Political Science
168:Iris Marion Young
165:
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34:Iris Marion Young
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1233:on April 8, 2018
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290:and difference;
232:Miami University
180:political theory
148:political theory
81:, Illinois, U.S.
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1850:External links
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1836:(3): vii–181.
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1813:(2): 382–387.
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