1147:
365:
922:
135:
38:
407:
1158:, under his new title of Earl of Glamorgan, on the King's behalf, which promised further concessions to Irish Catholics in the future. Being a very wealthy English Catholic royalist, Glamorgan was sent to Ireland in late June 1645 with secret orders from Charles to agree to the Confederates' demands in return for an Irish Catholic army that would fight for the King in England. The plan would be anathema to most English Protestants at the time. A copy of Glamorgan's secret orders was publicised by the
643:
994:
1348:
121:
690:, which would be overseen by a national council for the whole island. It vowed to punish misdeeds by Confederate soldiers and to excommunicate any Catholic who fought against the Confederation. The synod sent agents to France, Spain and Italy to gain support, gather funds and weapons, and recruit Irishmen serving in foreign armies. Lord Mountgarret was appointed president of the Confederate Supreme Council, and a General Assembly was fixed for October that year.
390:
961:
Catholicism and in June 1645 added the stipulation that the
Catholic clergy should retain all properties taken from the Church of Ireland since 1641. In reality, these were almost impossible to achieve, since they were asking Charles to make concessions he had refused to make to Parliament, while the vast majority of his advisors opposed them on the grounds that doing so would fatally undermine the Royalist cause in England and Scotland.
1292:
1331:
independent, Catholic
Ireland, with the English and Scottish settlers expelled permanently. Many of the militants were most concerned with recovering ancestral lands their families had lost in the plantations. After inconclusive skirmishing with the Confederates, Owen Roe O'Neill retreated to Ulster and did not rejoin his former comrades until
1084:
1138:. At Kilkenny Rinuccini was received with great honours, asserting that the object of his mission was to sustain the King, but above all to help the Catholic people of Ireland in securing the free and public exercise of the Catholic religion, and the restoration of the churches and church property, but not any former monastic property.
1224:
in June 1646 that the
Confederates were in a position to re-conquer all of Ireland. Furthermore, those who opposed the peace were backed, both spiritually and financially, by Rinuccini, who threatened to excommunicate the "peace party". The Supreme Council were arrested and the General Assembly voted
1169:
The nuncio considered himself the virtual head of the
Confederate Catholic party in Ireland. In 1646 the Supreme Council of the Confederates had come to an agreement with Ormonde, signed on 28 March 1646. Under its terms Catholics would be allowed to serve in public office and to found schools; there
960:
Confederate political demands included Irish self-government, secure tenure of their lands, amnesty for any acts committed during the
Rebellion, an equal share in government positions and that these concessions be ratified by a post-war Parliament. In terms of religion, they insisted on toleration of
901:
The
Supreme Council also made its own seal, described as follows: "'Twas circular, and in its centre was a large cross, the base of which rested on a flaming heart, while its apex was overlapped by the wings of a dove. On the left of the cross was the harp , and on the right the crown." The motto on
1282:
However, Charles granted these terms only out of desperation and later repudiated them. Under the terms of the agreement, the
Confederation was to dissolve itself, place its troops under royalist commanders and accept English royalist troops. Inchiquin also defected from the Parliament and rejoined
1270:
These setbacks made most
Confederates much more eager to come to reach an agreement with the royalists and negotiations were re-opened. The Supreme Council received generous terms from Charles I and Ormonde, including toleration of the Catholic religion, a commitment to repealing Poyning's Law (and
1215:
Many believed the
Supreme Council were unreliable since many of them were related to Ormonde or otherwise bound to him. Besides, it was pointed out that the English Civil War had already been decided in the English Parliament's favour and that sending Irish troops to the royalists would be a futile
972:
Irish. While many historians dispute the extent of the differences between the two groups, there are significant variations in terms of political, religious and economic objectives. In general, the Old
English wanted to regain the power and influence they had lost under the Tudors and although they
1303:
refused to join the new royalist alliance and fought a brief internal civil war with the royalists and Confederates in the summer of 1648. So alienated was O'Neill by what he considered to be a betrayal of Catholic war aims that he tried to make a separate peace with the English Parliament and was
1409:
and the ensuing Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–53) caused massive loss of life and ended with the confiscation of almost all Irish Catholic-owned land in the 1650s, though some was re-granted in the 1660s. The end of the period cemented the English colonisation of Ireland in the so-called
1330:
The real significance of the split was between those landed gentry who were prepared to compromise with the royalists as long as their lands and civil rights were guaranteed, and those, such as Owen Roe O'Neill, who wanted to completely overturn the English presence in Ireland. They wanted an
685:
and vowed to obey all orders and decrees made by the "Supreme Council of the Confederate Catholics". The rebels henceforth became known as Confederates. The synod re-affirmed that the rebellion was a "just war". It called for the creation of a council (made up of clergy and nobility) for each
585:, both to control the popular uprising and to organise an Irish Catholic war effort against the remaining English and Scottish armies in Ireland. It was hoped that by doing this, the Irish Catholics could hold off an English or Scottish re-conquest of the country.
1323:. It is suggested that a particular reason for this was that Gaelic Irish had lost much land and power since the English conquest of Ireland and hence had become radical in their demands. However, there were members of both ethnicities on each side. For example,
1715:: "One of the earliest documents signed with this great seal was an order to raise thirty thousand pounds sterling in Leinster, and at the same time, in the same province, thirty-one thousand seven hundred men who were to be drilled and disciplined ..."
1134:. He took with him a large quantity of arms and military supplies and a very large sum of money. These supplies meant that Rinuccini had a big influence on the Confederates' internal politics and he was backed by the more militant Confederates such as
484:. Its institutions included a legislative body known as the General Assembly, an executive or Supreme Council, and a military. It minted coins, levied taxes and set up a printing press. Confederate ambassadors were appointed and recognised in
1404:
established by the Normans in 1297, but it was not based on a democratic vote. Given their large notional power base, the Confederates ultimately failed to manage and reorganise Ireland so as to defend the interests of Irish Catholics. The
725:
The Assembly elected an executive known as the Supreme Council. The first Supreme Council was elected on or about 14 November. It consisted of 24 members, 12 of whom were to abide always in Kilkenny or wherever else they deemed fitting.
1208:– or the majority of the General Assembly. Nor was the papal nuncio Rinuccini party to the treaty, which left untouched the objects of his mission; he had induced nine of the Irish bishops to sign a protest against any arrangement with
1193:, in Ulster and Munster. Moreover, regarding the religious articles of the treaty, all churches taken over by Catholics in the war would have to be returned to Protestant hands and the public practice of Catholicism was not guaranteed.
985:, since this was the only way to retrieve their ancestral lands; however, they were far less united in their demands than the Old English and it has been argued they formed a pressure group, rather than a distinct political philosophy.
722:. The Assembly resolved that each county should have a council, overseen by a provincial council made up of two representatives from each county council. The Assembly agreed orders "to be observed as the model of their government".
1170:
were also verbal promises of future concessions on religious toleration. There was an amnesty for acts committed in the Rebellion of 1641 and a guarantee against further seizure of Irish Catholic rebels' land by acts of
1162:, and to preserve his support in Protestant England the King had to deny his link and even proclaimed Glamorgan as a traitor. To deter the use of Confederate Irish soldiers in England the Long Parliament passed the
1327:, the Gaelic Irish instigator of the Rebellion of 1641, sided with the moderates, whereas the predominantly Old English south Wexford area rejected the peace. The Catholic clergy were also split over the issue.
952:
loyal to the king, which made reaching an agreement with him a matter of primary importance. As a result, the Confederacy never claimed to be an independent government and since only Charles could legally call
897:
was named head general, as they thought he would sooner or later join the Confederates. The Supreme Council issued an order to raise £30,000 and a levy of 31,700 men in Leinster who were to be trained at once.
1388:, those Confederates who had promoted alliance with the Royalists found themselves in favour and on average recovered about a third of their lands. However, those who remained in Ireland throughout the
1482:: "He convened a provincial synod at Kells early in February 1642 in which the bishops declared the war undertaken by the Irish people for their king, religion, and country to be just and lawful."
1651:: "From these there lay a further request to the supreme council of twenty-four persons who were to be elected by the general assembly of which twelve were to be constantly resident in Kilkenny."
2206:
1380:
in 1650. It ended in total defeat for the Irish Catholics and royalists. The pre-war Irish Catholic land-owning class was all but destroyed in this period, as were the institutions of the
1304:
for a short time effectively an ally of the English parliamentary armies in Ireland. This was disastrous for the wider aims of the Confederacy, as it coincided with the outbreak of the
881:
The Supreme Council would have power over all military generals, military officers and civil magistrates. Its first act was to name the generals who were to command Confederate forces:
550:. This prompted them to make an agreement with the Royalists, leading to internal divisions which hampered their ability to resist a Parliamentarian invasion. In August 1649, a large
527:. Charles authorised secret negotiations which in September 1643 resulted in a Confederate–Royalist ceasefire and led to further talks, most of which proved unsuccessful. In 1644, a
1094:
The Confederates received modest subsidies from the monarchies of France and Spain, who wanted to recruit troops in Ireland but their main continental support came from the Papacy.
1593:: "On the 24th of October therefore twenty-five peers,—eleven spiritual, fourteen temporal,—and two hundred and twenty-six commoners had met within the walls of Kilkenny ..."
1316:
with the Royalists; but he could not get the Irish Catholic Bishops to agree on the matter. On 23 February 1649, he embarked at Galway, in his own frigate, to return to Rome.
612:. These men would commit their own armed forces to the Confederation and persuaded other rebels to join it. The declared aims of the Confederates were similar to those of Sir
2211:
1731:: "But as no act or instrument emanating from the supreme council could be genuine and of force, unless sealed with their own seal, they caused one to be made ..." etc.
1056:
mentioned the financial terms of the Cessation, whereby the Confederates undertook to pay Ormonde £30,000 in stages up to May 1644, half in cash and half in live cattle.
2028:
913:
A National Treasury, a mint for making coins, and a press for printing proclamations were set up in Kilkenny. This first General Assembly sat until 9 January 1643.
531:
landed in Scotland to help Royalists there. The Confederates continued to fight the Parliamentarians in Ireland, and decisively defeated the Covenanter army in the
1459:
1558:
1542:
1513:: "... the synod met at Kilkenny on the 10th May 1642. The Archbishops of Armagh, Cashel and Tuam, with 6 other bishops and the proxys of five more ..."
2083:
1178:
1155:
1072:
1026:
2155:
1922 marks the secession of the majority of Ireland from the United Kingdom rather than the creation of a new state. Official name was changed in 1927.
1997:
1335:'s invasion of 1649. This infighting fatally hampered the preparations of the Confederate-royalist alliance to repel the invasion of parliamentarian
1384:
Church. Most of the senior members of the Confederation spent the Cromwellian period in exile in France, with the English Royalist Court. After the
894:
796:
601:
1263:. Then, less than three months later, the Confederates' Munster army met a similar fate at the hands of Inchiquin's parliamentarian forces at the
1271:
therefore to Irish self-government), recognition of lands taken by Irish Catholics during the war, and a commitment to a partial reversal of the
755:
632:
1068:
1837:: "... the thirty thousand pounds which by the articles of the cessation was to be paid, half in money and the rest in beeves and ammunition."
1561:: "Lord Mountgarret was appointed President of the Council, and the October following was fixed for a general assembly for the whole kingdom."
2021:
875:
789:
2236:
1163:
944:, which provided funds to suppress the 1641 Rebellion by confiscating "rebel" lands. In order to keep their estates, in the context of the
801:
59:
2221:
1683:: "It was also enacted that the council should be vested with power over all generals, military officer, and civil magistrates ..."
605:
964:
The Confederate position was further weakened by divisions between the Old English, mostly descendants of those who arrived during the
1014:
766:
1623:
134:
1981:
1209:
1205:
1010:
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81:
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2014:
965:
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678:
559:
328:
1146:
2241:
1428:
1279:– in particular the killings of British Protestant settlers in 1641 – combined with no disbanding of the Confederate armies.
528:
1456:
1200:. However, the terms agreed were not acceptable to either the Catholic clergy, the Irish military commanders – notably
1119:
1114:, who had moved to Paris in 1644. Innocent received the Confederation's envoy in February 1645 and resolved to send a
1088:
749:
2167:
1196:
In return for the concessions that were made Irish troops would be sent to England to fight for the royalists in the
784:
52:
46:
120:
1763:: "Along with the mint the supreme council caused printing presses to be set up in Waterford and Kilkenny ..."
1324:
1275:. In addition, there was to be an Act of Oblivion, or amnesty for all acts committed during the 1641 rebellion and
1256:
1041:
had also landed an army in Ulster in 1642, which remained hostile to the Confederates and to the king – as did the
945:
539:
481:
2216:
1855:
617:
921:
63:
415:
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1319:
It is often argued that this split within the Confederate ranks represented a split between Gaelic Irish and
2037:
1877:
1609:(eds), "Irish Historical Documents 1172–1922". Barnes & Noble London and New York (1943; reprinted 1968)
1240:
582:
450:
383:
305:
230:
1239:
After the Confederates rejected the peace deal, Ormonde handed Dublin over to a parliamentarian army under
562:. By May 1652 it had defeated the Confederate–Royalist alliance, although Confederate soldiers continued a
1411:
1406:
1276:
1264:
1186:
1099:
982:
957:, their General Assembly never claimed to be one, although this did not prevent it enacting legislation.
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699:
575:
473:
442:
292:
237:
823:
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140:
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generally had their land confiscated, with prisoners of war executed or transported to penal colonies.
760:
642:
406:
480:
in the belief they could reach a lasting settlement in return for helping defeat his opponents in the
1779:: "The Assembly broke up on the 9th of January , and fixed their next meeting for the following May."
1313:
1272:
1234:
933:
925:
846:
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and called on all Catholics in Ireland to take the oath. Those who took the oath swore allegiance to
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477:
256:
1347:
841:
2071:
2046:
1851:
1495:
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must first be approved by the English Privy Council, no reversal of the Protestant majority in the
1135:
1123:
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978:
941:
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222:
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The first Confederate General Assembly was held in Kilkenny on 24 October 1642, where it set up a
2141:
2077:
1921:
1913:
1423:
1355:
674:
624:
469:
465:
370:
1545:: "Agents from the synod crossed over into France, Spain and Italy, to solicit support ..."
1834:
1037:, objected to the ceasefire and declared his allegiance to Parliament in England. The Scottish
1977:
1377:
1305:
1221:
1197:
1060:
1021:. This ended hostilities ceased between the Confederates and Ormonde's royalist army based in
862:
818:
719:
613:
593:
563:
532:
485:
2135:
2089:
2050:
1905:
1699:: "Their first act was to name the generals who were to command under their authority." etc.
1131:
1107:
836:
282:
205:
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invaded Ireland in 1649 to crush the new alliance of Irish Confederates and royalists. The
1619:
1463:
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1309:
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was the bloodiest warfare that had ever occurred in the country and was accompanied by
1336:
974:
778:
703:
702:. The Assembly was a parliament in all but name. Present at the first Assembly were 14
609:
551:
543:
489:
201:
175:
161:
1886:
1871:
2200:
1925:
1602:
1433:
928:; the Confederates pledged him allegiance, but the two sides struggled to agree terms
446:
227:
1299:
However, many of the Irish Catholics continued to reject a deal with the royalists.
1243:. The Confederates now tried to eliminate the remaining parliamentarian outposts in
1867:
1308:
in England. The Papal Nuncio, Rinuccini, endeavoured to uphold Owen Roe O'Neill by
1260:
1190:
1115:
1075:– their only intervention on the Royalist side in the civil wars in Great Britain.
1053:
677:, eleven bishops or their representatives, and other dignitaries. They drafted the
596:. They put forth their proposals for a government to Irish Catholic nobles such as
493:
423:
1291:
17:
1747:: "Under same seal an order was issued to establish a mint in Kilkenny ..."
1248:
1127:
1042:
1038:
1034:
524:
508:
411:
1251:, but in 1647 suffered a series of military disasters. First, Thomas Preston's
1212:
or the king that would not guarantee the maintenance of the Catholic religion.
1909:
1400:
Confederate Ireland's style of parliament was similar to the landed oligarchy
1154:
The Supreme Council put great hope in a secret treaty they had concluded with
1049:
1030:
662:
512:
2182:
2169:
1577:: "The assembly, therefore, had all the appearances of a parliament ..."
453:, the Confederates controlled up to two-thirds of Ireland from their base in
1171:
1006:
714:, along with 226 commoners. The Confederate's constitution was written by a
623:
On 17 March 1642, these nobles signed the "Catholic Remonstrance" issued at
616:, the leader of the early stages of the rebellion in Ulster, who issued the
504:
2006:
1896:
Lowe, Lowe (1964). "Charles I and the Confederation of Kilkenny, 1643–9".
1369:
1252:
1064:
949:
658:
635:, a majority of the Catholic bishops proclaimed that the rebellion was a
516:
500:
454:
191:
1917:
627:
that was addressed to King Charles I. On 22 March, at a synod in nearby
973:
were sincere Catholics, did not support establishing the church as the
878:, representing the Crown, was the final member of the Supreme Council.
1083:
1974:
Confederate Ireland 1642–1649 A constitutional and political analysis
1373:
1244:
1022:
715:
520:
472:
and greater Irish self-governance; many also wanted to roll back the
581:
The Irish Catholic Confederation was formed in the aftermath of the
1102:
to liaise with and help the Confederates' Supreme Council in 1643.
1346:
1290:
1145:
1082:
992:
969:
920:
654:
641:
588:
The initiative for the Confederation came from a Catholic bishop,
461:
405:
1529:: "... declare that war, openly Catholic, to be lawful and just;"
1018:
468:. They wanted an end to anti-Catholic discrimination within the
457:; hence it is sometimes called the "Confederation of Kilkenny".
2010:
1106:
strongly supported Confederate Ireland, over the objections of
1181:, which meant that any legislation due to be presented to the
31:
1862:, vol. 11, New York: The Encyclopedia Press, p. 294
2002:
British Civil Wars, Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1638–1660
729:
The members of the first Supreme Council were as follows:
538:
In 1647, the Confederates suffered a string of defeats at
1939:(New revised and enlarged ed.), Dublin: James Duffy
893:
the Munster forces and John Burke the Connacht forces.
1814:
1812:
1255:
army was destroyed by Jones's parliamentarians at the
1059:
In 1644 the Confederates sent around 1,500 men under
1787:
1785:
997:
Battle flags of the Confederates included the words
2122:
2099:
2058:
325:
315:
302:
288:
278:
262:
250:
236:
221:
211:
197:
187:
96:
2207:States and territories disestablished in the 1650s
1005:In September 1643, the Confederates negotiated a "
441:self-government between 1642 and 1652, during the
27:Period of Irish Catholic self-government (1642–49)
653:On 10 May 1642, Ireland's Catholic clergy held a
908:For God, King and Fatherland, Ireland is United
1295:Engraving copy of portrait of Owen Roe O'Neill
1216:sacrifice. On the other hand, many felt after
2136:Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
2022:
8:
1189:and no reversal of the main plantations, or
499:At various times, Confederate armies fought
496:, who supplied them with money and weapons.
2084:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1045:of the Scottish settlers living in Ulster.
649:, where members of the Assembly heard mass.
182:"Irishmen united for God, king and country"
167:
153:
101:
2212:States and territories established in 1642
2029:
2015:
2007:
1964:Ohlmeyer, Jane & Kenyon, John (eds.),
1156:Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester
904:Pro Deo, Rege, et Patria, Hiberni Unanimes
574:For a military history of the period, see
93:
1354:, who conquered Ireland on behalf of the
476:. Most Confederates professed loyalty to
410:Replica of a Confederation flag found in
169:Éireannaigh aontaithe le Dia, rí agus tír
82:Learn how and when to remove this message
1968:, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.
1954:, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001.
1017:, which was signed at Jigginstown, near
932:The last piece of legislation agreed by
895:Ulick Burke, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde
731:
449:, clergy and military leaders after the
45:This article includes a list of general
1620:"Text of the Orders of 24 October 1642"
1444:
1229:Military defeat and a new Ormonde peace
1033:who commanded the Royalist garrison of
1027:Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin
460:The Confederates included Catholics of
155:Hiberni unanimes pro Deo Rege et Patria
1876:, vol. 3 (new ed.), Oxford:
1772:
1756:
1740:
1724:
1708:
1692:
1676:
1660:
1644:
1586:
1570:
1554:
1538:
1522:
1506:
1491:
1475:
1220:Ulster army defeated the Scots at the
1069:James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose
1933:Meehan, Rev. Charles Patrick (1882),
1850:Austin, Sister M. Stanislaus (1913),
1830:
1626:from the original on 14 December 2016
1452:
1450:
1448:
1312:all who in May 1648 took part in the
1067:to support the royalists there under
876:James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven
324:
314:
301:
297:
261:
249:
245:
235:
7:
1998:The Confederate Assembly of Kilkenny
1961:, Cork University Press, Cork, 2001.
1959:Confederate Catholics at War 1641–49
1818:
1803:
1791:
1457:The Confederate Assembly of Kilkenny
1164:Ordinance of no quarter to the Irish
1071:against the Covenanters, sparking a
756:Hugh O'Reilly, Archbishop of Armagh
633:Hugh O'Reilly, Archbishop of Armagh
1287:Civil War within the Confederation
1177:However, there was no reversal of
1130:with the Confederacy's secretary,
885:was to command the Ulster forces,
790:Daniel O'Brien, 1st Viscount Clare
767:Maurice Roche, 8th Viscount Fermoy
445:. Formed by Catholic aristocrats,
103:Comhdháil Chaitliceach na hÉireann
51:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1011:James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde
807:John de Burgh, Bishop of Clonfert
1952:Making Ireland British 1580–1650
1873:The Life of James Duke of Ormond
966:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland
519:, parts of eastern and northern
426:; an explicitly Catholic symbol.
388:
363:
133:
119:
36:
1366:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
977:. Gaelic Irish leaders such as
948:the Confederates claimed to be
785:Miles Bourke, 2nd Viscount Mayo
679:Confederate Oath of Association
529:Confederate military expedition
1429:Early Modern Ireland 1536–1691
694:The first Confederate Assembly
1:
1936:The Confederation of Kilkenny
1888:A Compendium of Irish History
1885:Cusack, Mary Francis (1871),
1466:. British Civil Wars Project.
566:campaign for a further year.
552:English Parliamentarian army
435:Irish Catholic Confederation
98:Irish Catholic Confederation
2237:Former countries in Ireland
1120:Giovanni Battista Rinuccini
1089:Giovanni Battista Rinuccini
414:, Kilkenny; it depicts the
2263:
2222:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1856:Herbermann, Charles George
1283:the royalists in Ireland.
1232:
946:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
573:
482:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
433:, also referred to as the
2151:
2044:
1972:Siochrú, Micheál (1998).
1910:10.1017/S002112140002006X
1891:, Boston: Patrick Donahoe
1142:The first "Ormonde Peace"
618:Proclamation of Dungannon
509:Ulster Protestant militia
342:
338:
298:
274:
246:
149:
115:
110:
1898:Irish Historical Studies
1378:fell after a short siege
1342:
1001:'Long live King Charles'
968:in 1172, and the native
523:, and the region around
437:, was a period of Irish
2247:Provisional governments
2232:17th century in Ireland
2038:Irish states since 1171
1878:Oxford University Press
1462:28 October 2020 at the
1257:Battle of Dungan's Hill
1078:
752:, Archbishop of Dublin
451:Irish Rebellion of 1641
384:Commonwealth of England
306:Irish Rebellion of 1641
231:constitutional monarchy
66:more precise citations.
2227:Irish Confederate Wars
1412:Cromwellian Settlement
1407:Irish Confederate Wars
1358:
1296:
1265:battle of Knocknanauss
1187:Irish House of Commons
1151:
1100:Pierfrancesco Scarampi
1091:
1079:Papal Nuncio's arrival
1029:, a rare Gaelic Irish
1002:
983:Plantations of Ireland
981:wanted to reverse the
929:
700:provisional government
650:
647:Cathedral of St Canice
576:Irish Confederate Wars
474:plantations of Ireland
427:
293:Irish Confederate Wars
168:
154:
102:
2242:Former confederations
1976:. Four Courts Press.
1860:Catholic Encyclopedia
1402:Parliament of Ireland
1350:
1294:
1233:Further information:
1183:Parliament of Ireland
1149:
1086:
996:
924:
889:the Leinster forces,
763:, Archbishop of Tuam
712:Parliament of Ireland
645:
592:, and a lawyer named
409:
198:Common languages
2107:Republic of Connacht
1273:Plantation of Ulster
1235:Second Ormonde Peace
1225:to reject the deal.
1126:, who embarked from
1116:nuncio extraordinary
797:Viscount Mountgarret
602:Viscount Mountgarret
478:Charles I of England
466:Anglo-Norman descent
329:Cromwellian conquest
2179: /
2130:Confederate Ireland
2072:Lordship of Ireland
2047:Republic of Ireland
1343:Cromwell's invasion
1150:The Duke of Ormonde
1124:archbishop of Fermo
1015:Governor of Ireland
824:Col. Brian MacMahon
774:Viscount Gormanston
661:. Present were the
598:Viscount Gormanston
515:; these controlled
431:Confederate Ireland
317:• Established
2142:Patriot Parliament
2078:Kingdom of Ireland
1957:Lenihan, Pádraig,
1424:History of Ireland
1359:
1356:English Parliament
1297:
1152:
1092:
1087:The Papal Nuncio,
1003:
989:The 1643 Cessation
930:
812:Edmund FitzMaurice
761:Malachias O'Queely
651:
625:Trim, County Meath
470:Kingdom of Ireland
428:
416:Coronation of Mary
371:Kingdom of Ireland
18:Irish Confederates
2162:
2161:
2086: (1801–1922)
1950:Canny, Nicholas,
1222:battle of Benburb
1198:English Civil War
1166:in October 1644.
1061:Alasdair MacColla
999:Vivat Rex Carolus
873:
872:
828:Sir Lucas Dillon
819:Nicholas Plunkett
781:, Bishop of Down
620:in October 1641.
606:Viscount Muskerry
594:Nicholas Plunkett
564:guerrilla warfare
533:Battle of Benburb
443:Eleven Years' War
404:
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264:• 1649–1653
252:• 1641–1649
183:
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16:(Redirected from
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2183:52.650°N 7.250°W
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2059:Governing states
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2049:(from 1937) and
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1136:Owen Roe O'Neill
1132:Richard Bellings
1108:Cardinal Mazarin
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1110:and the Queen,
1104:Pope Innocent X
1096:Pope Urban VIII
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851:Robert Lambert
847:Geoffrey Browne
802:Philip O'Reilly
708:Lords Spiritual
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1904:(53): 1–19.
1901:
1897:
1887:
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1859:
1826:
1799:
1794:, p. 2.
1768:
1752:
1736:
1720:
1704:
1688:
1672:
1656:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1614:
1598:
1582:
1566:
1550:
1534:
1518:
1502:
1487:
1471:
1399:
1396:Significance
1360:
1329:
1318:
1298:
1281:
1269:
1261:County Meath
1238:
1214:
1195:
1191:colonisation
1176:
1168:
1153:
1118:to Ireland,
1093:
1058:
1054:Thomas Carte
1047:
1004:
998:
963:
959:
931:
912:
907:
903:
900:
891:Garret Barry
880:
874:
868:George Comyn
728:
724:
697:
652:
622:
587:
580:
537:
498:
494:Papal States
459:
434:
430:
429:
424:Holy Trinity
353:Succeeded by
352:
347:
151:Motto:
150:
78:
69:
50:
29:
2186: /
2138:(1649–1660)
2132:(1642–1653)
2115:(1919–1922)
2092:(1922–1937)
2080:(1541–1800)
2074:(1171–1541)
2053:(from 1922)
1773:Meehan 1882
1761:48, line 30
1757:Meehan 1882
1745:47, line 30
1741:Meehan 1882
1725:Meehan 1882
1713:47, line 14
1709:Meehan 1882
1693:Meehan 1882
1677:Meehan 1882
1661:Cusack 1871
1645:Meehan 1882
1630:14 February
1587:Meehan 1882
1571:Meehan 1882
1559:25, line 27
1555:Meehan 1882
1543:25, line 11
1539:Meehan 1882
1523:Meehan 1882
1507:Meehan 1882
1492:Meehan 1882
1476:Austin 1913
1390:Interregnum
1386:Restoration
1376:. Kilkenny
1321:Old English
1128:La Rochelle
1043:Laggan Army
1039:Covenanters
1025:. However,
1013:, Royalist
663:Archbishops
631:chaired by
548:Knocknanuss
513:Covenanters
412:Rothe House
348:Preceded by
279:Legislature
64:introducing
2201:Categories
1833:, p.
1831:Carte 1851
1775:, p.
1759:, p.
1743:, p.
1729:47, line 4
1727:, p.
1711:, p.
1695:, p.
1679:, p.
1663:, p.
1647:, p.
1622:. Ucc.ie.
1589:, p.
1573:, p.
1557:, p.
1541:, p.
1525:, p.
1509:, p.
1494:, p.
1478:, p.
1052:historian
1031:Protestant
955:Parliament
938:Parliament
831:Dr Fennel
511:and Scots
269:Charles II
228:Confederal
223:Government
141:Great Seal
72:April 2009
47:references
1926:164190317
1819:Lowe 1964
1804:Lowe 1964
1792:Lowe 1964
1440:Citations
1218:O'Neill's
1172:attainder
1073:Civil War
1007:cessation
950:Royalists
934:Charles I
926:Charles I
741:Connacht
735:Leinster
710:from the
683:Charles I
570:Formation
554:, led by
501:Royalists
257:Charles I
212:Religion
111:1642–1652
2123:See also
1918:30006355
1870:(1851),
1624:Archived
1460:Archived
1418:See also
1333:Cromwell
1253:Leinster
1065:Scotland
1050:Jacobite
917:Policies
744:Munster
688:province
659:Kilkenny
637:just war
608:and the
517:the Pale
492:and the
455:Kilkenny
439:Catholic
192:Kilkenny
2171:52°39′N
1858:(ed.),
1844:Sources
1210:Ormonde
1009:" with
738:Ulster
706:and 11
422:by the
327:•
304:•
206:English
188:Capital
60:improve
2174:7°15′W
2144:(1689)
2109:(1798)
1980:
1924:
1916:
1374:famine
1370:plague
1245:Dublin
1023:Dublin
970:Gaelic
716:Galway
671:Cashel
667:Armagh
544:Cashel
521:Ulster
486:France
462:Gaelic
242:
172:
158:
49:, but
1922:S2CID
1914:JSTOR
1854:, in
1098:sent
655:synod
629:Kells
490:Spain
202:Irish
176:Irish
162:Latin
1978:ISBN
1632:2012
1605:and
1372:and
1249:Cork
1247:and
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